Shoulder

joint
Articulation
• This occurs between the rounded head of the humerus and the shallow , pear –
shaped glenoid cavity of the scapula .The articular surface covered by hyaline
cartilage , and the glenoid cavity is deepened by the presence of glenoid labrum .
• Type : synovial ball – socket joint .
• Capsule : the capsule attached medially to the margin of glenoid cavity outside
the labrum; laterally attached to the anatomical neck of humerus . The capsule is a
thin and lax , allowing a wide range of movement .it is strengthened by fibrous
slips from tendons of subscapularis , supraspinatus , infraspinatus and teres minor
muscle
Ligaments
I. Glenohumeral ligaments
II. Transverse humeral ligament
III. Coracohumeral ligament
IV. Coracoacromial ligament (accessory ligament )
Synovial membrane : this attached to the margins of cartilage
covering the articular surface . At form a tubular sheath around the tendon
of long head of biceps brachii .it extend through the anterior wall of the
capsule to form sub scapularies bursa beneath the subscapularis muscle .
Movements and muscle producing movement

I. Flexion.

II. Extension.

III. Abduction

IV. Adduction

V. Lateral rotation and Medial rotation

VI. Circumduction
• Important relation :

• Aanteriorly : subscapularis muscle , axillary vessels and brachial plexus

• Posteriorly : infraspinatus and teres minor muscle .
• Superiorly : supraspinatus m , subacromial bursa , coracoacromial
ligament and deltoid muscle
• Inferiorly : long head of triceps muscle , axillary nerve and posterior
circumflex humeral vessels .
Elbow joint

• Articulation : this occurs between the trochlea and capitulum of the

humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of radius
.Synovial hinge joint .
• Capsule : anteriorly , attached above to the humerus along the upper
margins of the coronid and redial fossae and to front of medial and lateral
epicondyles and below to the margin of coronoid process of the ulna and
anular ligament , which surrounds the head of radius. Posteriorly it is
attached above to the margins of olecranon fossa of the humerus and
below to the upper margins and sides of the olecranon process of the ulna
and anular ligament .
Ligaments

• Lateral ligament
• Medial ligament

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Movement and muscles
• Extension :
• Flexion :
• Important relations:
oAnteriorly : brachialis ,tendon of biceps , median nerve and brachial
artery.
oPosteriorly : triceps muscle and bursa intervening .
oMedially : ulnar nerve and medial ligament .
oLaterally : common extensor tendon and supinator
Proximal radioulnar joint

• Articulation :Between the circumference of the head of radius and anular ligament
and radial notch on the ulna .synovial pivot joint.
• Ligament : anular ligament .
• Synovial membrane : this is continuous above with elbow joint. Below attached to the
inferior margin of articular surface of radius and lower margin of radial notch of ulna .
• Movements : pronation and supination of forearm .
• Important relations :
• Anteriorly : supinator muscle and radial nerve .
• Posteriorly : supinator muscle and common extensor tendon .
 Distal Radioulnar joint
• Articulation : between rounded head of ulna and ulna notch of radius . Synovial pivot joint.
• Ligaments : anterior and posterior ligament strengthen capsule.
• Articular disc : is triangular and composed of fibrocartilage . Attached to the apex of lateral side of
styloid process of the ulna and base of lower border of ulnar notch of radius .it shuts off the distal
radioulnar joint from the wrist and strongly unit the radius to the ulna .
o Movement :
o Pronation
o Supination.
Important relations :
o anteriorly tendons of flexor digitorum profundus .
o Posteriorly : tendon of extensor digiti minimi .
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Wrist joint ( Radiocarpal joint )

• Articulation between the distal end of radius and articular disc above and scaphoid
,lunate and triquetral bones below . Synovial ellipsoid joint.

• Capsule : capsule encloses the joint and attached above to the distal ends of radius
and ulna and below proximal row of carpal bones .

Ligaments :
 anterior ligament
Posterior ligament
Medial ligament
Lateral ligament
 Movement and muscles
• Flexion:
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction.
• Important relations :
• Anteriorly : tendons of flexor digitorum profundus , and superficialis , flexor pollicis longus, flexor
carpi radialis , flexor carpi ulnaris and median and ulnar nerve .
• Posteriorly : tendons of extensor carpi ulnaris , extensor digiti minimi and extensor digitorum, extensor
indicis , extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis , extensor pollicis and brevis and abductor pollicis
longus .
• Medially : posterior cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve .
• Laterally : radial artery .
Joints of hand and fingers
• Intercarpal joints
• Articulation : between individual bones of proximal and distal row of carpus ; and finally , the
midcarpal joints , between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones . Synovial plane joint.

• Ligament :
• Interior ligament
• Posterior ligament
• Interosseous ligament
• Movement small amount of gliding movement is possible .

Carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joints : are synovial plane joints

possessing anterior , posterior and interosseous ligaments . They have common joint cavity
and small amount of gliding movement is possible .
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

• Articulation : between the trapezium and saddle shape base of first metacarpal bone
.synovial saddle – shape joint.

Movement :
 Flexion
 Extension
 abduction.
 Adduction
 Rotation( opposition )
Metacarpophalangeal joints
• Articulation : between the heads of metacarpal bones and the bases of proximal
phalanges .synovial condyloid joints.
• Ligaments :
 palmar ligament
Deep transverse metacarpal ligament
Collateral ligament
Movements:
Flexion
Extension
Abduction.
Adduction
Interphalangeal joints
• Interphalangeal joints are synovial hinge
joints have a structure like that
metacarpophalangeal joints .

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Thank you
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