Internet of Things

Lecture 6
• What is IOT?
• How IOT Works
• History
• IOT Applications

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 Introduction
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of
physical objects or "things" embedded with
electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect
and exchange data.
• IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure.
• Creating opportunities for more direct integration
between the physical world and computer-based
systems,
• Resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and
economic benefit.

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CONT..
❑ Internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm
animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in
sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low or any other
natural or man-made object that can be assigned an Internet Protocol
(IP) address and is able to transfer data over a network.

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Example

❑ Imagine an intelligent device such as a traffic camera. The camera can monitor the
streets for traffic congestion, accidents, weather conditions, and communicate this
data to a common gateway. This gateway also receives data from other such
cameras and relays the information further to a city-wide traffic monitoring
system.
❑ Now, take, for instance, the Municipal Corporation decides to repair a certain
road. This may cause a traffic congestion on the way to a national highway.

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❑ Now, considering this is a smart traffic system, it quickly learns and predicts
patterns in traffic, with the use of Machine Learning. The smart system can,
thus, analyse the situation, predict its impact and relay the information to
other cities that connect to the same highway via their own respective smart
systems.

❑ The Traffic Management System can analyse data acquired and derive routes
around the project to avoid bottlenecks. The system could also convey live
instructions to drivers through smart devices and radio channels.
❑ This creates a network of self-dependent systems which leverage real-time
control. This is just one example of IoT Applications.

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History
The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in 1999,
through the Auto-ID Center at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology) and related market-analysis
publications.Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was seen as a
prerequisite for the IoT at that point. If all objects and people in
daily life were equipped with identifiers, computers could manage
and inventory them. Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may
be achieved through such technologies as near field
communication,, barcodesQR codes, bluetooth, and digital
watermarking.

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How It Works?
❑ An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded
systems, such as processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect,
send and act on data they acquire from their environments.
❑ IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT
gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be
analysed or analysed locally.
❑ The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although
people can interact with the devices.
❑ IoT can also make use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to
aid in making data collecting processes easier and more dynamic.

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Current Status and Future Prospect of IOT

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The potential of IOT

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4 Major Components of IoT Ecosystem

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Sensors/ Devices

• The foremost component to consider in Internet of Things

technology is sensor/devices. A sensor picks up all the minute details
from an environment. The environment can have many complexities.
• What makes IoT security so great is the sensors that pick up even the
most sensitive changes. These sensors are built in the devices which
collects all the data to be used later. For instance, our phone is a device
with built-in sensors like GPS, camera, etc.

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Connectivity
• Once the data is collected it is transferred to the cloud infrastructure
(also known as IoT platforms). But to transfer the data, the devices
will need a medium. That’s when connections like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi,
WAN, cellular networks, etc come into play. These mediums are all
different and must be chosen wisely for best results.
• The effectiveness IoT security highly depends on the speed and
availability of these mediums.

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Data Processing
• After reaching the cloud infrastructure the data has to be analysed so
that the right action can be taken.
• This process is however considered one of the most crucial obstacles
in front of IoT app development.
• The analysis can be as simple as checking the temperature of the AC
or a complex one such as a situation where an intruder comes in and
the device has to identify it through cameras.
• The IoT application is made such that it can process all the data at a
fast rate to take immediate actions.

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User Interface
• The last step is when the user is notified about the action with the help of a
notification or an alert sound sent to the IoT mobile apps. This way the user
will know that his command has been run through the systems.

• However, this isn’t as easy as it seems. It all depends on what is IoT

platform and how the technology has been developed.
• It becomes crucial for Internet of Things (IoT) app development companies
to develop a system that can also be manually adjusted. In a situation where
the temperature of the fridge is not cold enough to freeze ice cubes, users
should be able to do that manually without the system backfiring.

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Why IoT is important?

• The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain
complete control over their lives.
• IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labour costs. It also
cuts down on waste and improves service delivery, making it less expensive to
manufacture and deliver goods, as well as offering transparency into
customer transactions.
• IoT is one of the most important technologies of everyday life, and it will
continue to pick up steam as more businesses realize the potential of
connected devices to keep them competitive.

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Pros and Cons
Some of the advantages of IoT include the following:

❑ ability to access information from anywhere at any time on any

device;
❑ improved communication between connected electronic devices;
❑ transferring data packets over a connected network saving time and
money;
❑ automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a business's
services and reducing the need for human intervention.

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Pros and Cons
Some disadvantages of IoT include the following:

❑ As the number of connected devices increases and more information is shared

between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential information
also increases.
❑ Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers -- maybe even
millions -- of IoT devices, and collecting and managing the data from all those
devices will be challenging.
❑ If there's a bug in the system, it's likely that every connected device will become
corrupted.
❑ Since there's no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it's difficult for
devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each other.

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IOT
Applications
IoT Applications – Wearables

❑ Wearable technology is a hallmark of IoT applications and probably is one of the

earliest industries to have deployed the IoT at its service. We happen to see Fit
Bits, heart rate monitors and smartwatches everywhere these days.

❑ One of the lesser-known wearables includes the Guardian glucose monitoring

device. The device is developed to aid people suffering from diabetes. It detects
glucose levels in the body, using a tiny electrode called glucose sensor placed
under the skin and relays the information via Radio Frequency to a monitoring
device.

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IoT Applications – Smart Home Applications
❑ When we talk about IoT Applications,
Smart Homes are probably the first thing
that we think of. The best example I can
think of here is Jarvis, the AI home
automation employed by Mark
Zuckerberg. There is also Allen Pan’s
Home Automation System where
functions in the house are actuated by
use of a string of musical notes.

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 IoT Applications – Health Care

❑ IoT applications can turn reactive medical-based systems into proactive

wellness-based systems.
❑ The resources that current medical research uses, lack critical real-world information.
It mostly uses leftover data, controlled environments, and volunteers for medical
examination. IoT opens ways to a sea of valuable data through analysis, real-time
field data, and testing.
❑ The Internet of Things also improves the current devices in power, precision, and
availability. IoT focuses on creating systems rather than just equipment.
❑ Here’s how an IoT-enabled care device works.

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IoT Applications – Smart Cities
❑ The thing about the smart city concept is that it’s
very specific to a city. The problems in Hong
Kong are different from New York. Even global
issues, like finite clean drinking water,
deteriorating air quality and increasing urban
density, occur in different intensities across
cities. Hence, they affect each city differently.
❑ The Government and engineers can use IoT to
analyse the often-complex factors of town
planning specific to each city. The use of IoT
applications can aid in areas like water
management, waste control, and emergencies.
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 Cont…

❑ Let’s take an actual example of a Smart City- Palo Alto.

❑ Palo Alto, San Francisco, is the first city of its kind, that took a whole new approach
towards traffic. They realized, most cars on the streets go around and round the same
block, in search of parking spots. That’s the main reason for traffic congestion in the
city.
❑ Thus, sensors were installed at all the parking spots around the city. These sensors
pass the occupancy status of each spot to the cloud. Any number of applications can
consume that data. It can guide the drivers through the shortest route to an open
spot.

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Agriculture

❑ Statistics estimate the ever-growing world population to reach nearly 10 billion

by the year 2050. To feed such a massive population one needs to marry
agriculture to technology and obtain best results. There are numerous
possibilities in this field. One of them is the Smart Greenhouse.
❑ A greenhouse farming technique enhances the yield of crops by controlling
environmental parameters. However, manual handling results in production
loss, energy loss, and labour cost, making the process less effective.
❑ A greenhouse with embedded devices not only makes it easier to be monitored
but also, enables us to control the climate inside it. Sensors measure different
parameters according to the plant requirement and send it to the cloud. It, then,
processes the data and applies a control action.
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IoT Applications – Industrial Automation
This is one of the fields where both faster developments, as well as the quality of
products, are the critical factors for a higher Return on Investment. With IoT
Applications, one could even re-engineer products and their packaging to deliver
better performance in both cost and customer experience. IoT here can prove to be
game changing with solutions for all the following domains in its arsenal.

• Factory Digitalization
• Product flow Monitoring
• Inventory Management
• Safety and Security
• Quality Control
• Packaging optimization
• Logistics and Supply Chain Optimization

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IoT security and privacy issues

❑ The internet of things connects billions of devices to the internet and

involves the use of billions of data points, all of which need to be secured.
Due to its expanded attack surface, IoT security and IoT privacy are cited as
major concerns.

❑ In 2016, one of the most notorious recent IoT attacks was Mirai, a botnet
that infiltrated domain name server provider Dyn and took down many
websites for an extended period of time in one of the biggest distributed
denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks ever seen. Attackers gained access to the
network by exploiting poorly secured IoT devices.

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Cont…
❑ Because IoT devices are closely connected, all a hacker has to do is exploit one
vulnerability to manipulate all the data, rendering it unusable. Manufacturers that
don't update their devices regularly -- or at all -- leave them vulnerable to
cybercriminals.
❑ Additionally, connected devices often ask users to input their personal
information, including names, ages, addresses, phone numbers and even social
media accounts -- information that's invaluable to hackers.
❑ Hackers aren't the only threat to the internet of things; privacy is another major
concern for IoT users. For instance, companies that make and distribute
consumer IoT devices could use those devices to obtain and sell users' personal
data.
❑ Beyond leaking personal data, IoT poses a risk to critical infrastructure,
including electricity, transportation and financial services.

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 Travel

❑ Although various industries can acquire an edge through this technology, tourism is
one of the sectors which stands to benefit the most as the IoT can allow for more
automation, better personalization as well as a boost in the customer experience.
Simultaneously it can also simplify routine tasks involved in operating a hotel or a
travel business.
❑ IoT is aiding the travel industry in numerous areas for instance the employment of
smart devices can aid in enhancing the physical condition of a hotel as well as its
rooms while also cutting down on the energy expenses. In the case of flights, the IoT
sensors can be employed for notifying the staff in case a passenger’s anxiety levels
are escalating beyond a particular level. Alongside this, IoT can also facilitate
tourists with better control and admission to data through their phones.

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IOT Future.
❑ IoT iterates, improves and keeps building. Its networks don’t arrive
pre-assembled, they grow over time. The Internet of Things
(IoT) has amalgamated hardware and software to the internet to create
a smarter world. It has been growing at a significant pace and offers a
multitude of opportunities for government and business. In fact, the
number of openings for IoT professionals is at an all-time high.
❑ So, it is the best time to begin exploring the true potential of this
technology. Because with IoT, the future is now!

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