John Steinbeck

John Ernst Steinbeck (/ˈstaɪnbɛk/ STYNE-bek;

February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was an John Steinbeck
American writer. He won the 1962 Nobel Prize in
Literature "for his realistic and imaginative writings,
combining as they do sympathetic humor and keen
social perception".[2] He has been called "a giant of
American letters."[3][4]

During his writing career, he authored 33 books, with

one book coauthored alongside Edward Ricketts,
including 16 novels, six non-fiction books, and two
collections of short stories. He is widely known for the
comic novels Tortilla Flat (1935) and Cannery Row
(1945), the multigeneration epic East of Eden (1952),
and the novellas The Red Pony (1933) and Of Mice Steinbeck in 1939
and Men (1937). The Pulitzer Prize–winning The
Born John Ernst Steinbeck II
Grapes of Wrath (1939)[5] is considered Steinbeck's
February 27, 1902
masterpiece and part of the American literary canon.[6] Salinas, California, U.S.
By the 75th anniversary of its publishing date, it had
Died December 20, 1968 (aged 66)
sold 14 million copies.[7]
New York City, U.S.
Much of Steinbeck's work employs settings in his Occupation Novelist · short story writer ·
native central California, particularly in the Salinas war correspondent
Valley and the California Coast Ranges region. His Education Stanford University
works frequently explored the themes of fate and Notable Of Mice and Men (1937)
injustice, especially as applied to downtrodden or works
The Grapes of Wrath (1939)
everyman protagonists.
East of Eden (1952)[1]
Notable Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1940)
awards
Early life Nobel Prize in Literature
(1962)
Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, Spouses Carol Henning
California.[8] He was of German, English, and Irish ​​(m. 1930; div. 1943)​
descent.[9] Johann Adolf Großsteinbeck (1828–1913), Gwyn Conger
Steinbeck's paternal grandfather, was a founder of ​​(m. 1943; div. 1948)​
Mount Hope, a short-lived farming colony in Palestine Elaine Scott ​(m. 1950)​
that disbanded after Arab attackers killed his brother
Children Thom, John IV
and raped his brother's wife and mother-in-law.[10] He
Signature
arrived in the United States in 1858, shortening the
family name to Steinbeck. The family farm in Heiligenhaus, Mettmann, Germany, is still named
"Großsteinbeck".

His father, John Ernst Steinbeck (1862–1935), served as Monterey County treasurer. John's mother, Olive
Hamilton (1867–1934), a former school teacher, shared Steinbeck's passion for reading and writing.[11]
The Steinbecks were members of the Episcopal Church,[12] although Steinbeck later became agnostic.[13]
Steinbeck lived in a small rural valley (no more than a frontier settlement) set in fertile soil, about 25
miles from the Pacific Coast. Both valley and coast would serve as settings for some of his best
fiction.[14] He spent his summers working on nearby ranches including the Post Ranch in Big Sur.[15] He
later labored with migrant workers on Spreckels sugar beet farms. There he learned of the harsher aspects
of the migrant life and the darker side of human nature, which supplied him with material expressed in Of
Mice and Men. He explored his surroundings, walking across local forests, fields, and farms.[16] While
working at Spreckels Sugar Company, he sometimes worked in their laboratory, which gave him time to
write. He had considerable mechanical aptitude and fondness for repairing things he owned.[17]

Steinbeck graduated from Salinas High School in 1919 and went

on to study English literature at Stanford University near Palo
Alto, leaving without a degree in 1925. He traveled to New York
City where he took odd jobs while trying to write. When he failed
to publish his work, he returned to California and worked in 1928
as a tour guide and caretaker[17] at Lake Tahoe, where he met
Carol Henning, his first wife.[11][17][18] They married in January
1930 in Los Angeles, where, with friends, he attempted to make
The Steinbeck House at 132 Central
money by manufacturing plaster mannequins.[17] Avenue, Salinas, California, the
Victorian home where Steinbeck
When their money ran out six months later due to a slow market, spent his childhood
Steinbeck and Carol moved back to Pacific Grove, California, to a
cottage owned by his father, on the Monterey Peninsula a few
blocks outside the Monterey city limits. The elder Steinbecks gave John free housing, paper for his
manuscripts, and from 1928, loans that allowed him to write without looking for work. During the Great
Depression, Steinbeck bought a small boat, and later claimed that he was able to live on the fish and crabs
that he gathered from the sea, and fresh vegetables from his garden and local farms. When those sources
failed, Steinbeck and his wife accepted welfare, and on rare occasions, stole bacon from the local produce
market.[17] Whatever food they had, they shared with their friends.[17] Carol became the model for Mary
Talbot in Steinbeck's novel Cannery Row.[17]

In 1930, Steinbeck met the marine biologist Ed Ricketts, who became a close friend and mentor to
Steinbeck during the following decade, teaching him a great deal about philosophy and biology.[17]
Ricketts, usually very quiet, yet likable, with an inner self-sufficiency and an encyclopedic knowledge of
diverse subjects, became a focus of Steinbeck's attention. Ricketts had taken a college class from Warder
Clyde Allee, a biologist and ecological theorist, who would go on to write a classic early textbook on
ecology. Ricketts became a proponent of ecological thinking, in which man was only one part of a great
chain of being, caught in a web of life too large for him to control or understand.[17] Meanwhile, Ricketts
operated a biological lab on the coast of Monterey, selling biological samples of small animals, fish, rays,
starfish, turtles, and other marine forms to schools and colleges.
Between 1930 and 1936, Steinbeck and Ricketts became close friends. Steinbeck's wife began working at
the lab as secretary-bookkeeper.[17] Steinbeck helped on an informal basis.[19] They formed a common
bond based on their love of music and art, and John learned biology and Ricketts's ecological
philosophy.[20] When Steinbeck became emotionally upset, Ricketts sometimes played music for him.[21]

Career

Writing
Steinbeck's first novel, Cup of Gold, published in 1929, is loosely based on the life and death of privateer
Henry Morgan. It centers on Morgan's assault and sacking of Panamá Viejo, sometimes referred to as the
"Cup of Gold", and on the women, brighter than the sun, who were said to be found there.[22] In 1930,
Steinbeck wrote a werewolf murder mystery, Murder at Full Moon, that has never been published
because Steinbeck considered it unworthy of publication.[23]

Between 1930 and 1933, Steinbeck produced three shorter works. The Pastures of Heaven, published in
1932, consists of twelve interconnected stories about a valley near Monterey, which was discovered by a
Spanish corporal while chasing runaway Indian slaves. In 1933 Steinbeck published The Red Pony, a
100-page, four-chapter story weaving in memories of Steinbeck's childhood.[22] To a God Unknown,
named after a Vedic hymn,[17] follows the life of a homesteader and his family in California, depicting a
character with a primal and pagan worship of the land he works.

Before his novel Tortilla Flat (1935), Steinbeck was an obscure writer "with little success".[24] Although
he had not achieved the status of a well-known writer, he never doubted that he would achieve
greatness.[17]

Steinbeck achieved his first critical success with Tortilla Flat, a novel set in post-war Monterey,
California, that won the California Commonwealth Club's Gold Medal.[22] It portrays the adventures of a
group of classless and usually homeless young men in Monterey after World War I, just before U.S.
prohibition. They are portrayed in ironic comparison to mythic knights on a quest and reject nearly all the
standard mores of American society in enjoyment of a dissolute life devoted to wine, lust, camaraderie
and petty theft. In presenting the 1962 Nobel Prize to Steinbeck, the Swedish Academy cited "spicy and
comic tales about a gang of paisanos, asocial individuals who, in their wild revels, are almost caricatures
of King Arthur's Knights of the Round Table. It has been said that in the United States this book came as
a welcome antidote to the gloom of the then prevailing depression."[1] Tortilla Flat was adapted as a 1942
film of the same name, starring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr and John Garfield, a friend of Steinbeck.[25]
With some of the proceeds, he built a summer ranch-home in Los Gatos.

Steinbeck began to write a series of "California novels" and Dust Bowl fiction, set among common
people during the Great Depression. These included In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men and The Grapes
of Wrath. He also wrote an article series called The Harvest Gypsies for the San Francisco News about
the plight of the migrant worker.

Of Mice and Men was a drama about the dreams of two migrant agricultural laborers in California.
Steinbeck, on vacations to Mexico, witnessed sold-out theater troupes with often poor and illiterate
workers consisting of the audience. As such, Steinbeck chose to write Of Mice and Men with a stage play
in mind. It was critically acclaimed[22] and Steinbeck's 1962 Nobel Prize citation called it a "little
masterpiece".[1] Its stage production was a hit, starring Wallace Ford as George and Broderick Crawford
as George's companion, the mentally childlike, but physically powerful itinerant farmhand Lennie.
Steinbeck refused to travel from his home in California to attend any performance of the play during its
New York run, telling director George S. Kaufman that the play as it existed in his own mind was
"perfect" and that anything presented on stage would only be a disappointment. Steinbeck wrote two
more stage plays (The Moon Is Down and Burning Bright).

Of Mice and Men was also adapted as a 1939 Hollywood film, with Lon Chaney Jr. as Lennie (he had
filled the role in the Los Angeles stage production) and Burgess Meredith as George.[26] Meredith and
Steinbeck became close friends for the next two decades.[17] Another film based on the novella was made
in 1992 starring Gary Sinise as George and John Malkovich as Lennie.

Steinbeck followed this wave of success with The Grapes of Wrath (1939), based on newspaper articles
about migrant agricultural workers that he had written in San Francisco. In August 1936, the San
Francisco News asked Steinbeck to personally interview multiple families in the impoverished
Hoovervilles of the San Joaquin Valley. As Steinbeck visited the slums that hugged the highways across
the Central Valley, he was harrowed by what he saw. He talked with multiple families and vowed to make
a book depicting their struggles. It is commonly considered his greatest work. According to The New York
Times, it was the best-selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940. In
that month, it won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members of the
American Booksellers Association.[27] Later that year, it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction[28] and was
adapted as a film directed by John Ford, starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad; Fonda was nominated for the
best actor Academy Award. Grapes was controversial. Steinbeck's New Deal political views, negative
portrayal of aspects of capitalism, and sympathy for the plight of workers, led to a backlash against the
author for displaying communist views, especially in his hometown of Salinas.[29] Steinbeck received so
many threats that he purchased a handgun for his own safety. Claiming the book both was obscene and
misrepresented conditions in the county, the Kern County Board of Supervisors banned the book from the
county's publicly funded schools and libraries in August 1939. This ban lasted until January 1941.[30]

Of the controversy, Steinbeck wrote, "The vilification of me out here from the large landowners and
bankers is pretty bad. The latest is a rumor started by them that the Okies hate me and have threatened to
kill me for lying about them. I'm frightened at the rolling might of this damned thing. It is completely out
of hand; I mean a kind of hysteria about the book is growing that is not healthy."[31]

The then First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, already a fan of Steinbeck's work from Of Mice and Men,
defended Steinbeck's work in her nationally syndicated newspaper column, "My Day". She wrote: "Now
I must tell you that I have just finished a book which is an unforgettable experience in reading. The
Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, both repels and attracts you. The horrors of the picture, so well
drawn, make you dread sometimes to begin the next chapter, and yet you cannot lay the book down or
even skip a page."[32] After visiting California labor camps in 1940, a reporter asked her if she believed
that The Grapes of Wrath was exaggerated. Roosevelt responded, "I have never believed that The Grapes
of Wrath was exaggerated".[33]

Ed Ricketts
In the 1930s and 1940s, Ed Ricketts strongly influenced Steinbeck's writing. Steinbeck frequently took
small trips with Ricketts along the California coast to give himself time off from his writing[34] and to
collect biological specimens, which Ricketts sold for a living. Their coauthored book, Sea of Cortez
(December 1941), about a collecting expedition to the Gulf of California in 1940, which was part
travelogue and part natural history, published just as the U.S. entered World War II, never found an
audience and did not sell well.[34] However, in 1951, Steinbeck republished the narrative portion of the
book as The Log from the Sea of Cortez, under his name only (though Ricketts had written some of it).
This work remains in print today.[35]

Although Carol accompanied Steinbeck on the trip, their marriage was beginning to suffer, and ended a
year later, in 1941, even as Steinbeck worked on the manuscript for the book.[17] In 1942, after his
divorce from Carol he married Gwyndolyn "Gwyn" Conger.[36]

Ricketts was Steinbeck's model for the character of "Doc" in Cannery Row (1945) and Sweet Thursday
(1954), "Friend Ed" in Burning Bright, and characters in In Dubious Battle (1936) and The Grapes of
Wrath (1939). Ecological themes recur in Steinbeck's novels of the period.[37]

Steinbeck's close relations with Ricketts ended in 1941 when Steinbeck moved away from Pacific Grove
and divorced his wife Carol.[34] Ricketts's biographer Eric Enno Tamm opined that, except for East of
Eden (1952), Steinbeck's writing declined after Ricketts's untimely death in 1948.[37]

World War II
Steinbeck's novel The Moon Is Down (1942), about the Socrates-inspired spirit of resistance in an
occupied village in Northern Europe, was made into a film almost immediately. It was presumed that the
unnamed country of the novel was Norway and the occupiers the Germans. In 1945, Steinbeck received
the King Haakon VII Freedom Cross for his literary contributions to the Norwegian resistance
movement.[38]

In 1943, Steinbeck served as a World War II war correspondent for the New York Herald Tribune and
worked with the Office of Strategic Services (predecessor of the CIA).[39] It was at that time he became
friends with Will Lang Jr. of Time/Life magazine. During the war, Steinbeck accompanied the commando
raids of Douglas Fairbanks Jr.'s Beach Jumpers program, which launched small-unit diversion operations
against German-held islands in the Mediterranean. At one point, he accompanied Fairbanks on an
invasion of an island off the coast of Italy and used a Thompson submachine gun to help capture Italian
and German prisoners. Some of his writings from this period were incorporated in the documentary Once
There Was a War (1958).

Steinbeck returned from the war with a number of wounds from shrapnel and some psychological trauma.
He treated himself, as ever, by writing.[40] He wrote Alfred Hitchcock's movie, Lifeboat (1944), and with
screenwriter Jack Wagner, A Medal for Benny (1945), about paisanos from Tortilla Flat going to war. He
later requested that his name be removed from the credits of Lifeboat, because he believed the final
version of the film had racist undertones. In 1944, bruised, battered, and homesick, Steinbeck wrote
Cannery Row (1945), a love letter to the city of Monterey. In 1958, Ocean View Avenue in Monterey, the
setting of the book, was renamed Cannery Row in his honor.
 After the war, he wrote The Pearl (1947), knowing it would be
filmed eventually. Steinbeck's relationship with Hollywood had
solidified to the point where his books were being green-lit as
movies as they released. The story first appeared in the December
1945 issue of Woman's Home Companion magazine as "The Pearl
of the World". It was illustrated by John Alan Maxwell. The novel
is an imaginative telling of a story which Steinbeck had heard in
La Paz in 1940, as related in The Log From the Sea of Cortez,
John Steinbeck plaque in Sag
which he described in Chapter 11 as being "so much like a parable
Harbor, N.Y. (20180916 151050) that it almost can't be". Steinbeck traveled to Cuernavaca,[41]
Mexico for the filming with Wagner who helped with the script;
on this trip he would be inspired by the story of Emiliano Zapata,
and subsequently wrote a film script (Viva Zapata!) directed by Elia Kazan and starring Marlon Brando
and Anthony Quinn.

In 1947, Steinbeck made his first trip to the Soviet Union with photographer Robert Capa. They visited
Moscow, Kyiv, Tbilisi, Batumi and Stalingrad, some of the first Americans to visit many parts of the
USSR since the communist revolution. Steinbeck's 1948 book about their experiences, A Russian
Journal, was illustrated with Capa's photos. In 1948, the year the book was published, Steinbeck was
elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

New York
Over the course of 276 days in 1952, Steinbeck wrote the first draft of East of Eden, a book he considered
his ultimate test as a writer. He wrote a daily letter to his editor while writing the book. Through them,
Steinbeck explored himself, his creative process, his love for writing, and his family life, for he had just
married his third wife, Elaine Scott, the year prior. Steinbeck, according to Elaine Scott, considered East
of Eden his magnum opus, his greatest novel. As the book was released, he wrote to John Beskow, a
Swedish artist and a confidant of his: "I have put all the things I have wanted to write all my life. This is
'the book'... having done this, I can do anything I want".[17] Also in 1952, John Steinbeck appeared as the
on-screen narrator of 20th Century Fox's film, O. Henry's Full House. Although Steinbeck later admitted
he was uncomfortable before the camera, he provided interesting introductions to several filmed
adaptations of short stories by the legendary writer O. Henry. About the same time, Steinbeck recorded
readings of several of his short stories for Columbia Records; the recordings provide a record of
Steinbeck's deep, resonant voice.

Following the success of Viva Zapata!, Steinbeck collaborated with Kazan on the 1955 film East of Eden,
James Dean's movie debut. Jack Moffitt of The Hollywood Reporter, in a review that appeared after the
March 1955 premiere, wrote "Beautifully acted, and superbly directed by Elia Kazan, it is bound to be
one of the year’s important contributions to screen literature."[42]

From March to October 1959, Steinbeck and his third wife Elaine rented a cottage in the hamlet of
Discove, Redlynch, near Bruton in Somerset, England, while Steinbeck researched his retelling of the
Arthurian legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Glastonbury Tor was visible from
the cottage, and Steinbeck also visited the nearby hillfort of Cadbury Castle, the supposed site of King
Arthur's court of Camelot. The unfinished manuscript was published after his death in 1976, as The Acts
of King Arthur and His Noble Knights. Steinbeck grew up enthralled by the stories of King Arthur, and
the Steinbecks recounted the time spent in Somerset as the happiest of their life together.[43][44]

Travels with Charley: In Search of America is a travelogue of his

1960 road trip with his poodle Charley. Steinbeck bemoans his
lost youth and roots, while dispensing both criticism and praise for
the United States. According to Steinbeck's son Thom, Steinbeck
made the journey because he knew he was dying and wanted to
see the country one last time.[45]

Steinbeck's last novel, The Winter of Our Discontent (1961),

examines moral decline in the United States. The protagonist
Rocinante, camper truck in which
Ethan grows discontented with his own moral decline and that of
Steinbeck traveled across the
those around him.[46] The book has a very different tone from United States in 1960
Steinbeck's amoral and ecological stance in earlier works such as
Tortilla Flat and Cannery Row. It was not a critical success. Many
reviewers recognized the importance of the novel but were disappointed that it was not another Grapes of
Wrath.[46] In the Nobel Prize presentation speech the next year, however, the Swedish Academy cited it
most favorably: "Here he attained the same standard which he set in The Grapes of Wrath. Again he holds
his position as an independent expounder of the truth with an unbiased instinct for what is genuinely
American, be it good or bad."[1]

Apparently taken aback by the critical reception of this novel, and the critical outcry when he was
awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962,[47] Steinbeck published no more fiction in the remaining
six years before his death.

Nobel Prize
In 1962, Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize for literature for his "realistic and imaginative writing,
combining as it does sympathetic humor and keen social perception". The selection was heavily
criticized, and described as "one of the Academy's biggest mistakes" in one Swedish newspaper.[47] The
reaction of American literary critics was also harsh. The New York Times asked why the Nobel committee
gave the award to an author whose "limited talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate
philosophising", noting that "[T]he international character of the award and the weight attached to it raise
questions about the mechanics of selection and how close the Nobel committee is to the main currents of
American writing. ... [W]e think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose
significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the
literature of our age".[47] Steinbeck, when asked on the day of the announcement if he deserved the
Nobel, replied: "Frankly, no."[17][47] Biographer Jackson Benson notes, "[T]his honor was one of the few
in the world that one could not buy nor gain by political maneuver. It was precisely because the
committee made its judgment ... on its own criteria, rather than plugging into 'the main currents of
American writing' as defined by the critical establishment, that the award had value."[17][47] In his
acceptance speech later in the year in Stockholm, he said:
 the writer is delegated to declare and to celebrate man's
proven capacity for greatness of heart and spirit—for
gallantry in defeat, for courage, compassion and love. In
the endless war against weakness and despair, these are
the bright rally flags of hope and of emulation. I hold
that a writer who does not believe in the perfectibility of
man has no dedication nor any membership in literature.

— Steinbeck Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech[48]

Fifty years later, in 2012, the Nobel Prize opened its archives and
it was revealed that Steinbeck was a "compromise choice" among
a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck, British authors Robert Graves
and Lawrence Durrell, French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish
author Karen Blixen.[47] The declassified documents showed that
he was chosen as the best of a bad lot.[47] "There aren't any
Steinbeck in Sweden during his trip
obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is
to accept the Nobel Prize for
in an unenviable situation," wrote committee member Henry Literature in 1962
Olsson.[47] Although the committee believed Steinbeck's best
work was behind him by 1962, committee member Anders
Österling believed the release of his novel The Winter of Our Discontent showed that "after some signs of
slowing down in recent years, [Steinbeck has] regained his position as a social truth-teller [and is an]
authentic realist fully equal to his predecessors Sinclair Lewis and Ernest Hemingway."[47]

Although modest about his own talent as a writer, Steinbeck talked openly of his own admiration of
certain writers. In 1953, he wrote that he considered cartoonist Al Capp, creator of the satirical Li'l Abner,
"possibly the best writer in the world today".[49] At his own first Nobel Prize press conference he was
asked his favorite authors and works and replied: "Hemingway's short stories and nearly everything
Faulkner wrote."[17]

In September 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded Steinbeck the Presidential Medal of
Freedom.[50]

In 1967, at the behest of Newsday magazine, Steinbeck went to Vietnam to report on the war. He thought
of the Vietnam War as a heroic venture and was considered a hawk for his position on the war. His sons
served in Vietnam before his death, and Steinbeck visited one son in the battlefield. At one point he was
allowed to man a machine-gun watch position at night at a firebase while his son and other members of
his platoon slept.[51]

Personal life
Steinbeck and his first wife, Carol Henning, married in January 1930 in Los Angeles.[11] By 1940, their
marriage was beginning to suffer, and it ended a year later.[17] In 1942, after his divorce from Carol,
Steinbeck married Gwyndolyn "Gwyn" Conger.[36] With his second wife Steinbeck had two sons,
Thomas ("Thom") Myles Steinbeck (1944–2016) and John Steinbeck IV (1946–1991).
 In May 1948, Steinbeck returned to California on an
emergency trip to be with his friend Ed Ricketts, who had been
seriously injured when a train struck his car. Ricketts died
hours before Steinbeck arrived. Upon returning home,
Steinbeck was confronted by Gwyn, who asked for a divorce,
which became final in October. Steinbeck spent the year after
Ricketts's death in deep depression.

In June 1949, Steinbeck met stage manager Elaine Scott at a

restaurant in Carmel, California. Steinbeck and Scott
eventually began a relationship, and in December 1950 they
married, within a week of Scott's finalizing her own divorce
from actor Zachary Scott. This third marriage for Steinbeck
lasted until his death in 1968.[22]
John and Elaine Steinbeck in 1950
Steinbeck was an acquaintance of modernist poet Robinson
Jeffers, a Californian neighbor. In a letter to Elizabeth Otis,
Steinbeck wrote: "Robinson Jeffers and his wife came in to call the other day. He looks a little older but
that is all. And she is just the same."[52]

In 1962, Steinbeck began acting as friend and mentor to the young writer and naturalist Jack Rudloe, who
was trying to establish his own biological supply company, now Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory in
Florida. Their correspondence continued until Steinbeck's death.[53]

In February 1966, Steinbeck and his wife traveled to Israel.[54] He visited in Tel Aviv the site of Mount
Hope, a farm community established by his grandfather, whose brother, Friedrich Großsteinbeck, had
been murdered by Arab marauders in 1858 during the Outrages at Jaffa.[55]

Death and legacy

John Steinbeck died in New York City, where his writing career
had begun, on December 20, 1968, during the 1968 flu pandemic
of heart disease and congestive heart failure. He was 66, and had
been a lifelong smoker. An autopsy showed nearly complete
occlusion of the main coronary arteries.[22]

In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated, and

interred on March 4, 1969[56] at the Hamilton family gravesite in
Salinas, with those of his parents and maternal grandparents. His
The Steinbeck family graves in the
third wife, Elaine, was buried in the plot in 2004. He had written
Hamilton plot at the Salinas
to his doctor that he felt deeply "in his flesh" that he would not Cemetery
survive his physical death, and that the biological end of his life
was the final end to it.[34]

Steinbeck's incomplete novel based on the King Arthur legends of Malory and others, The Acts of King
Arthur and His Noble Knights, was published in 1976.
Many of Steinbeck's works are required reading in American high schools. In England, Of Mice and Men
was one of the key texts used by the examining body AQA for its English Literature GCSE until its
removal from the reformed specification that was first examined in June 2018. The text is still widely
studied by GCSE students in Wales and Northern Ireland, although calls have been made for its removal
in Northern Ireland[57] due to concerns about the use of racial slurs in the text. A study by the Center for
the Learning and Teaching of Literature in the United States found that Of Mice and Men was one of the
ten most frequently read books in public high schools.[58] Steinbeck's works have also been banned. The
Grapes of Wrath was banned in August 1939 by the Kern County Board of Supervisors from the county's
publicly funded schools and libraries.[30] It was burned in Salinas on two occasions.[59][60] In 2003, a
school board in Mississippi banned it on the grounds of profanity.[61] According to the American Library
Association, Steinbeck was one of the ten most frequently banned authors from 1990 to 2004, with Of
Mice and Men ranking sixth out of 100 such books in the United States.[62][63]

Literary influences
Steinbeck grew up in California's Salinas Valley, a culturally diverse place with a rich migratory and
immigrant history. This upbringing imparted a regionalistic flavor to his writing, giving many of his
works a distinct sense of place.[16][22] Salinas, Monterey and parts of the San Joaquin Valley were the
setting for many of his stories. The area is now sometimes referred to as "Steinbeck Country".[34] Most of
his early work dealt with subjects familiar to him from his formative years. An exception was his first
novel, Cup of Gold, which concerns the pirate/privateer Henry Morgan, whose adventures had captured
Steinbeck's imagination as a child.

In his subsequent novels, Steinbeck found a more authentic voice by drawing upon direct memories of his
life in California. His childhood friend, Max Wagner, a brother of Jack Wagner and who later became a
film actor, served as inspiration for The Red Pony. Later he used actual American conditions and events
in the first half of the 20th century, which he had experienced first-hand as a reporter. Steinbeck often
populated his stories with struggling characters; his works examined the lives of the working class and
migrant workers during the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression.

His later work reflected his wide range of interests, including marine biology, politics, religion, history
and mythology. One of his last published works was Travels with Charley, a travelogue of a road trip he
took in 1960 to rediscover America.

Commemoration
Steinbeck's boyhood home, a turreted Victorian building in
downtown Salinas, has been preserved and restored by the Valley
Guild, a nonprofit organization. Fixed menu lunches are served
Monday through Saturday, and the house is open for tours on
Sunday afternoons during the summer.[64]

The National Steinbeck Center is two blocks away at 1 Main

Street. Dana Gioia (chair of the National Endowment for the Arts)
told an audience at the center, "This is really the best modern Cannery Row in Monterey
literary shrine in the country, and I've seen them all." Its
"Steinbeckiana" includes "Rocinante", the camper-truck in which
Steinbeck made the cross-country trip described in Travels with
Charley.

His father's cottage on Eleventh Street in Pacific Grove, where

Steinbeck wrote some of his earliest books, also survives.[34]

In Monterey, Ed Ricketts's laboratory survives (though it is not yet

open to the public), and at the corner that Steinbeck describes in National Steinbeck Center in
Cannery Row, also the store that once belonged to Lee Chong and Salinas, California

the adjacent vacant lot frequented by the hoboes of Cannery Row.

The site of the Hovden Sardine Cannery next to Doc's laboratory
is now occupied by the Monterey Bay Aquarium. In 1958, the
street that Steinbeck described as "Cannery Row" in the novel,
once named Ocean View Avenue, was renamed Cannery Row in
honor of the novel. The town of Monterey has commemorated
Steinbeck's work with an avenue of flags depicting characters
from Cannery Row, historical plaques, and sculptured busts
depicting Steinbeck and Ricketts.[34]

On February 27, 1979 (the 77th anniversary of the writer's birth),

the United States Postal Service issued a stamp featuring
Steinbeck, starting the Postal Service's Literary Arts series
honoring American writers.[65] U.S. Route 101 is signed as the
John Steinbeck Highway through
Steinbeck was inducted in to the DeMolay International Hall of Salinas.
Fame in 1995.[66]

On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver
inducted Steinbeck into the California Hall of Fame, located at the California Museum for History,
Women and the Arts.[67] His son, author Thomas Steinbeck, accepted the award on his behalf.

Monterey Bay Roller Derby was founded in 2010. Their team names over the years have referenced
Steinbeck, including Beasts of Eden, Cannery Rollers, Steinwreckers and Babes of Wrath. Their juniors
league was known as the Dread Ponies.

To commemorate the 112th anniversary of Steinbeck's birthday on February 27, 2014, Google displayed
an interactive doodle utilizing animation which included illustrations portraying scenes and quotes from
several novels by the author.[68][69][70]

Steinbeck and his friend Ed Ricketts appear as fictionalized characters in the 2016 novel, Monterey Bay
about the founding of the Monterey Bay Aquarium, by Lindsay Hatton (Penguin Press).[71]

In February 2016, Caltrans installed signage to identify a five-mile segment of U.S. Route 101 in Salinas
as the John Steinbeck Highway, in accordance with a 2014 state legislative resolution.[72]
 In 2019 the Sag Harbor town board approved the creation of the
John Steinbeck Waterfront Park across from the iconic town
windmill. The structures on the parcel were demolished and park
benches installed near the beach. The Beebe windmill replica
already had a plaque memorializing the author who wrote from a
small hut overlooking the cove during his sojourn in the literary
haven.

John Steinbeck Waterfront Park

Religious views
Steinbeck was affiliated to the St. Paul's Episcopal Church and he stayed attached throughout his life to
Episcopalianism although Steinbeck later became agnostic.[13] Especially in his works of fiction,
Steinbeck was highly conscious of religion and incorporated it into his style and themes. The shaping of
his characters often drew on the Bible and the theology of Anglicanism, combining elements of Roman
Catholicism and Protestantism.[73][74]

Steinbeck distanced himself from religious views when he left Salinas for Stanford. However, the work
he produced still reflected the language of his childhood at Salinas, and his beliefs remained a powerful
influence within his fiction and non-fiction work. William Ray considered his Episcopal views are
prominently displayed in The Grapes of Wrath, in which themes of conversion and self-sacrifice play a
major part in the characters Casy and Tom, who achieve spiritual transcendence through conversion.[75]

Political views
Steinbeck's contacts with leftist authors, journalists, and labor
union figures may have influenced his writing. He joined the
League of American Writers, a Communist organization, in
1935.[76] Steinbeck was mentored by radical writers Lincoln
Steffens and his wife Ella Winter. Through Francis Whitaker, a
member of the Communist Party USA's John Reed Club for
writers, Steinbeck met with strike organizers from the Cannery
and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union.[77] In 1939, he signed
a letter with some other writers in support of the Soviet invasion
of Finland and the Soviet-established puppet government.[78]

Documents released by the Central Intelligence Agency in 2012

indicate that Steinbeck offered his services to the Agency in 1952,
while planning a European tour, and the Director of Central
John Steinbeck, with his 19-year-old
Intelligence, Walter Bedell Smith, was eager to take him up on the
son John (left), visits his friend,
offer.[79] What work, if any, Steinbeck may have performed for the
President Lyndon B. Johnson, in the
CIA during the Cold War is unknown. Documents released by the Oval Office, May 16, 1966. John Jr.
Security Service of Ukraine following the Revolution of Dignity is shortly to leave for active duty in
in 2014 indicate that the Soviet KGB suspected him of being an Vietnam.
American agent when he visited locations within the USSR, including Kyiv, in 1947. Consequently, they
watched Steinbeck closely and solicited information about him from their informers.

Steinbeck was a close associate of playwright Arthur Miller. In June 1957, Steinbeck took a personal and
professional risk by supporting him when Miller refused to name names in the House Un-American
Activities Committee trials.[59] Steinbeck called the period one of the "strangest and most frightening
times a government and people have ever faced".[59]

In 1963, Steinbeck visited the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic at the behest of President John F.
Kennedy. During his visit he sat for a rare portrait by painter Martiros Saryan and visited Geghard
Monastery. He also met with Armenian poet Hovhannes Shiraz in Yerevan. Steinbeck's letter of thanks
for Shiraz's hospitality is now displayed at the Shiraz house museum in Gyumri.[80] Footage of this visit
filmed by Rafael Aramyan was sold in 2013 by his granddaughter.[81]

In 1967, when he was sent to Vietnam to report on the war, his sympathetic portrayal of the United States
Army led the New York Post to denounce him for betraying his leftist past. Steinbeck's biographer, Jay
Parini, says Steinbeck's friendship with President Lyndon B. Johnson[82] influenced his views on
Vietnam.[22] Steinbeck may also have been concerned about the safety of his son serving in Vietnam.[83]
Steinbeck opposed the anti-war movement in the United states, denouncing the "fallout, drop-out, cop-out
insurgency of our children and young people, the rush to stimulant as well as hypnotic drugs, the rise of
narrow, ugly, and vengeful cults of all kinds, the mistrust and revolt against all authority – this in a time
of plenty such as has never been known."[84]

Along with Albert Einstein, Steinbeck was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Convention (PWC),
also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950–51 at Palais
Electoral, Geneva, Switzerland.[85][86]

Government harassment
Steinbeck complained publicly about government harassment.[87] Thomas Steinbeck, the author's eldest
son, said that J. Edgar Hoover, the director of the FBI at the time, could find no basis for prosecuting
Steinbeck and therefore used his power to encourage the U.S. Internal Revenue Service to audit
Steinbeck's taxes every single year of his life, just to annoy him. According to Thomas, a true artist is one
who "without a thought for self, stands up against the stones of condemnation, and speaks for those who
are given no real voice in the halls of justice, or the halls of government. By doing so, these people will
naturally become the enemies of the political status quo."[88]

In a 1942 letter to United States Attorney General Francis Biddle, John Steinbeck wrote: "Do you
suppose you could ask Edgar's boys to stop stepping on my heels? They think I am an enemy alien. It is
getting tiresome."[89] The FBI denied that Steinbeck was under investigation.[90]

Major works

Tortilla Flat
Steinbeck's first commercial success, published in 1935, is an episodic fiction recounting adventures of a
loosely attached group of delinquent locals in a shabby coastal district of California. Like other books of
Steinbeck's, Tortilla Flat was adapted into a feature film.[91]

In Dubious Battle
In 1936, Steinbeck published the first of what came to be known
as his Dust Bowl trilogy, which included Of Mice and Men and
The Grapes of Wrath. This first novel tells the story of a fruit
pickers' strike in California which is both aided and damaged by
the help of "the Party", generally taken to be the Communist Party,
although this is never spelled out in the book.

Of Mice and Men

Of Mice and Men is a 1937 tragic novel that Steinbeck rewrote as
a play that same year. The story is about two traveling ranch
workers, George and Lennie, trying to earn enough money to buy Salinas migrant workers, photo by
their own farm/ranch. As it is set in 1930s America, it provides an Dorothea Lange
insight into The Great Depression, encompassing themes of
racism, loneliness, prejudice against the mentally ill, and the
struggle for personal independence. Along with The Grapes of Wrath, East of Eden, and The Pearl, Of
Mice and Men is one of Steinbeck's best known works. It was made into movies three times: in 1939,
starring Burgess Meredith, Lon Chaney Jr., and Betty Field; in 1981, starring Randy Quaid, Robert Blake
and Ted Neeley; and in 1992, starring Gary Sinise and John Malkovich.

The Grapes of Wrath

The Grapes of Wrath was published during the Great Depression and had a contemporary setting,
describing a family of sharecroppers, the Joads, who were driven from their land by the dust storms of the
Dust Bowl. The title is a reference to the Battle Hymn of the Republic. Some critics found it too
sympathetic to the workers' plight and too critical of capitalism,[92] but it found a large audience of its
own. It won both the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction (novels) and was adapted as a
film starring Henry Fonda and Jane Darwell and directed by John Ford.

Cannery Row
The 1945 novel tells of a marine biologist in a seedy district dotted with sardine canneries in Monterey,
California, who is feted by colorful neighbors in gratitude for his kindness to them. Cannery Row and its
sequel, Sweet Thursday, were adapted into a movie in 1982.

East of Eden
Steinbeck deals with the nature of good and evil in this 1952 Salinas Valley saga. The story follows two
families: the Hamiltons – based on Steinbeck's own maternal ancestry[93] – and the Trasks, reprising
stories about the biblical Adam and his progeny. His paternal ancestry is also reflected in the story.[94]
The book was published in 1952. Portions of the novel were made into a 1955 movie directed by Elia
Kazan and starring James Dean.

Travels with Charley

In 1960, Steinbeck bought a pickup truck and had it modified with a custom-built camper top – which
was rare at the time – and drove across the United States with his faithful "blue" standard poodle,
Charley. Steinbeck nicknamed his truck Rocinante after Don Quixote's "noble steed". In this sometimes
comical, sometimes melancholic book, Steinbeck describes what he sees as he travels from Maine to
Montana to California, and from there to Texas and Louisiana and back to his home on Long Island.
However, in 2011, after his death, a reporter who had followed Travels with Charley's trail using the
author's own diaries controverted the book's accuracy, casting Steinbeck's claimed reportage as largely
fictionalized, allegations supported by scholars and Steinbeck's son John.

The restored camper truck is on exhibit in the National Steinbeck Center in Salinas.

Bibliography

See also
Pigasus – a personal stamp used by Steinbeck

References

Citations
1. The Swedish Academy cited The Grapes of Wrath and The Winter of Our Discontent most
favorably.
"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962: Presentation Speech by Anders Österling, Permanent
Secretary of the Swedish Academy" (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1
962/press.html). NobelPrize.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080419002532/htt
p://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1962/press.html) from the original on
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2. "Nobel Prize in Literature 1962" (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1962/
index.html). Nobel Foundation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034222/htt
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3. "Swedish Academy reopens controversy surrounding Steinbeck's Nobel prize" (https://www.t
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13. Jackson J. Benson (1984). The true adventures of John Steinbeck, writer: a biography (http
s://archive.org/details/trueadventuresof00bens/page/248). Viking Press. p. 248 (https://archi
ve.org/details/trueadventuresof00bens/page/248). ISBN 978-0-670-16685-5. "Ricketts did
not convert his friend to a religious point of view—Steinbeck remained an agnostic and,
essentially, a materialist—but Ricketts's religious acceptance did tend to work on his friend,
..."
14. John Steinbeck (1993). Of Mice and Men (https://archive.org/details/ofmicemenpenguin00jo
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immediately asked to photograph it which was generously allowed. It was dated May 9,
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startling new light on East of Eden".

General sources
Benson, Jackson J. John Steinbeck, Writer (second ed.). Penguin Putnam Inc., New York,
1990, 0-14-01.4417X,
Benson, Jackson J. (ed.) The Short Novels of John Steinbeck: Critical Essays with a
Checklist to Steinbeck Criticism (https://books.google.com/books?id=h9sujGBX070C)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231204223056/https://books.google.com/books?id
=h9sujGBX070C) December 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine. Durham: Duke UP, 1990
ISBN 978-0-8223-0994-9.
Benson, Jackson J. Looking for Steinbeck's Ghost (https://books.google.com/books?id=BBk
kI19cXE8C). Reno: U of Nevada P, 2002 ISBN 978-0-87417-497-7.
Davis, Robert C. The Grapes of Wrath: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 1982. PS3537 .T3234 G734
DeMott, Robert and Steinbeck, Elaine A., eds. John Steinbeck, Novels and Stories 1932–
1937 (Library of America, 1994) ISBN 978-1-883011-01-7
 DeMott, Robert and Steinbeck, Elaine A., eds. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath and
Other Writings 1936–1941 (Library of America, 1996) ISBN 978-1-883011-15-4
DeMott, Robert, ed. John Steinbeck, Novels 1942–1952 (Library of America, 2002)
ISBN 978-1-931082-07-5
DeMott, Robert and Railsback, Brian, eds. John Steinbeck, Travels With Charley and Later
Novels, 1947–1962 (Library of America, 2007) ISBN 978-1-59853-004-9
Ditsky, John. John Steinbeck and the Critics (https://books.google.com/books?id=QSl37-sUf
AMC) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231204223055/https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=QSl37-sUfAMC) December 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine. Rochester, NY:
Camden House, 2000 ISBN 978-1-57113-210-9.
French, Warren. John Steinbeck's Fiction Revisited. NY: Twayne, 1994 ISBN 978-0-8057-
4017-2.
Heavilin, Barbara A. John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath: A Reference Guide. Westport,
CT: Greenwood, 2002 ISBN 978-0-313-31837-5.
Hughes, R. S. John Steinbeck: A Study of the Short Fiction. R.S. Hughes. Boston : Twayne,
1989. ISBN 978-0-8057-8302-5.
Li, Luchen. ed. John Steinbeck: A Documentary Volume. Detroit: Gale, 2005 ISBN 978-0-
7876-8127-2.
Meyer, Michael J. The Hayashi Steinbeck Bibliography, 1982–1996. Lanham, MD:
Scarecrow, 1998 ISBN 978-0-8108-3482-8.
Steigerwald, Bill. Dogging Steinbeck: Discovering America and Exposing the Truth about
'Travels with Charley. Kindle Edition. 2013.
Steinbeck, John Steinbeck IV and Nancy (2001). The Other Side of Eden: Life with John
Steinbeck. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-858-8
Tamm, Eric Enno (2005). Beyond the Outer Shores: The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the
Pioneering Ecologist who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell (http://www.americ
anscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/mavericks-on-cannery-row) Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20150810022036/http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/mavericks-on-canner
y-row) August 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-
56025-689-2.

Further reading
Nathaniel Benchley (Fall 1969). "John Steinbeck, The Art of Fiction No. 45" (http://www.thep
arisreview.org/interviews/3810/the-art-of-fiction-no-45-john-steinbeck). The Paris Review.
Fall 1969 (48). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101028143621/http://www.theparisr
eview.org/interviews/3810/the-art-of-fiction-no-45-john-steinbeck) from the original on
October 28, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
George Plimpton and Frank Crowther (Fall 1975). "John Steinbeck, The Art of Fiction No. 45
(Continued)" (http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4156/the-art-of-fiction-no-45-continue
d-john-steinbeck). The Paris Review. Fall 1975 (63). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0101028143631/http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4156/the-art-of-fiction-no-45-conti
nued-john-steinbeck) from the original on October 28, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
 Souder, William (2020). Mad at the World: A Life of John Steinbeck. New York: W. W. Norton
& Company. ISBN 9780393292268.

External links
Works by John Steinbeck (https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Steinbeck%2C%20J
ohn) at Faded Page (Canada)
National Steinbeck Center in Salinas, California (http://www.steinbeck.org/) Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20151218083555/http://www.steinbeck.org/) December 18, 2015, at
the Wayback Machine
FBI file on John Steinbeck (https://vault.fbi.gov/John%20Steinbeck) Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20110416014442/http://vault.fbi.gov/John%20Steinbeck) April 16, 2011, at
the Wayback Machine
The Steinbeck Quarterly journal (http://dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/collection.php?CISOROOT=/stein
beck)
John Steinbeck Biography Early Years: Salinas to Stanford: 1902–1925 (https://archive.toda
y/20150426034424/http://www.steinbeck.org/pages/john-steinbeck-biography) from National
Steinbeck Center
Western American Literature Journal: John Steinbeck (http://westernamericanliterature.com/
john-steinbeck/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181112141334/https://westername
ricanliterature.com/john-steinbeck/) November 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
Cuernavaca, Mexico, 1945 – Mrs. Stanford Steinbeck, Gwyndolyn, Thom and John
Steinbeck (https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/tf6q2nb5mz/) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20190112150225/https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/tf6q2nb5mz/) January 12,
2019, at the Wayback Machine
John Steinbeck (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/634) on Nobelprize.org

Libraries
John Steinbeck Collection, 1902–1979 (http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf3c6002
vx) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081007051627/http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/
ark:/13030/tf3c6002vx) October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
Wells Fargo John Steinbeck Collection, 1870–1981 (http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13
030/tf9d5nb3p0) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110730182626/http://www.oac.cdli
b.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf9d5nb3p0) July 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
John Steinbeck and George Bernard Shaw legal files collection, 1926–1970s (http://archive
s.nypl.org/brg/185676) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105213607/https://archi
ves.nypl.org/brg/185676) January 5, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, held by the Henry W.
and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature, New York Public Library.

Videos
Nobel Laureate page (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1962/steinbeck-
speech.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100109135307/http://nobelprize.org/n
obel_prizes/literature/laureates/1962/steinbeck-speech.html) January 9, 2010, at the
Wayback Machine
"Writings of John Steinbeck" (http://www.c-span.org/video/?169785-1/writings-john-steinbec
k) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160312064349/http://www.c-span.org/video/?16
9785-1/writings-john-steinbeck) March 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine from C-SPAN's
American Writers: A Journey Through History
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Steinbeck&oldid=1257918043"