” Gages Networks refers +o inter cormected corepusing, devices that can exchange dota and ghare’ resources with each other. These “et worked dlevices use a ayeden of yules called “communication protocols, to transmit ‘information over physical ov witelecs +echmologies- a , Applications = ' ay word wide web’! , ~ Digitol video avd audio —Y Storage servers ste > Pamters & fax machines — Use of emaik & metant mecsa ging applications - Ee Using collaboration editwaye’ euich as $ Goede daive 4o shave documents, 2 ost Refererce motel : saan I (open systeme Tnleyconnection) mode} fc a conceptual framework thakistardad * -izs the functors ‘af a telecommunication oy compuding cyelam imto seven abebe hay taijerc. Physical tayer> —7 Ranswicsion of raw bile pai ~ physical ae < A ; ~ Deal With havdwove” componente ‘Like | Cables, connectors & network interface cande.Wi) DBAS HHL Layer — Recponsille for reliable point-to-point & Poh to- multipoint Communication 5 tondles envoy, detection.) corvecHom at. the unk layer: > Examples Ethernet & PPP Ni) Network Layers : , os 7 Manages logical addressing mouting and fowading ef data packets bo devices across different networes: : f ~ Internet potdco] operates ae thic layer iy Transport layer: — . ohed Ensures, end—4o~ end com munication - providing evVOY ‘Yecoverty and flovo Lovdool TCP Lhravemiscim tondsol protocol) y UPP ( User datagrarn Protocol)’ V) Segsion. layer :: ea 1504 a es ‘ + Manages - Secsions or droleques ‘bls: applications : ‘ —> Recpomsible for exialbalireg. mainiama avd Jeuammating Connections - vi) Precenladion layer , > Translates dala blw tne applicadiay ‘layer and lower layers . SHawdle dala Compaession aneigesten anal’ formating for proper presentation - vi) Application lawyer _5 Provides network Services Ainecty fo end-users ov applications 7 Includes polecole for file transfer CETP), emald (SMTP) ey web browsi na-CH11 P) 4 Network Hardunre. Devices- This ave phystcol components that faciviiate commuwication and dada tramsfer within ov Computer network Exe Routers, switches , hubs, nelwork. interface cords (Nice) . * Nekwork topologies: They axe refer +0 the airrantentaunt oy : layout of interconnected alae ino computer: network 69219! Common topologies ~ > Bus Topology ~ cov Topology ~ Rima Topology — Mesh Topology ~ Hybaid Topology4 1) Bus Topology + —7 Angle commumicaton Une Shaved by of devices. : ~ Devices ave connected 40 a contvas bus data ts hamewited’ 40 all devices. % NW) Stay Topology + Central hub oy swilth connects ol devcor ” > bach device’ hos a dedicaled communica on toa central’ point piomoltting ‘beller One ti) Ring Topology . — Devices form a cloced loop. each connected 40 exauty two others. - ‘ ww) Mech topgleqy ‘ Devices awe, muti phe, connections > exacting a | Neduundamt and fautt- tolerad network: WM Hyesid topology ist ComlinatHom of two or move if ferent topelogies usithin a nekwovk5) Vesign sues of Data Wk Jaye > Emoy Petechon & conection! Ensuring accurate dala lioremcsion in the pusenct Of errovs- > Flow Cortrol > Managma the flow of daba blur sevder ard" receiver +O prevent lovaeclton oy data Lose. 4 Addressing > : Assigning, Unique addreceer to devices on the same nebwork +0 facilitate communication > Media Accecs Contyo} + st Controlling Accece Yo the chaved | Canevoans cabtove ~y Prawe cymanonigatient ' rt Ensuring thas the Sender and veceivey are synchrowred in terms of frawe boundaries > Re Reliability Encuring reliadde’ delivery: of data. frames lous Sender € weciewr, 2D) To check if the data with the provided checksum iC Cortech , we Can perform a Checkeum Validation The idea ic to add the dalabitcand the Checkeuny bits & then check if the recut Ie ay onesCno carty): Tf there ic no cary, H means there are Mo etI0Is In the A OMS mission. Check Sum VatictaHan: ovigmal daka(ar Gils): 111 001 0101101011) O001IT10) Oudll Checksum (8 Bits)! 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Hemet 6 Ze10es are appended. -before division. wWivisor = Nolol Divid enced : lo looot14 ©0000, r s stt orot olrcet 000000 \ry 1190 tloto] Jor;oo brorot M= 101 coo llolfeute8) Noisy channel protocols - ' Type of CommuwicaHon prdocol thal le uced m Communication cyceme where the Lrantmiccion chavrel way hnlroduce errors inlo the’ Laancmitled dato- © Stop- AND - wait AKG protocol 1 Diccardey | | the cender ic Tebrancmi thyg aut the dala, Packets againy roll : (110) 1100 1-010. 0G O' Adual Bit trarcwalted | tlOOto1o0000010) Go-Back-N Protocol + Te le a cliding wivelow poledol used for wliabbe data tavefer in Cowpetey nelworke TL ic a condor- taced protocol that altos the deuder to lrancwdt qullipte packele wsithoud wailing for an acknowLedq —meat fov each packer: key ~ features vD Siding usindov mechanism W Sequence numbers ) Curmmu ative Acknowledgements Selective Repeat pactoco} | TL is avother alidivg window protocol uced for — reliable data Ahomefos in Compu.ev mehworke Lt is a Neceivey ‘based protocol thed alloux vecener +40 acknowledge each packet ividviduierty | rather tham 0 Ctmmntative acknowledgment of a cequence of Packets ; 1) Receiver-Based protoce) NW) Each packel 1¢ individually. \ Guided trangnmiesion mocks 5 6 —7 The quided media alco catled wired communication Or bounded Transmssion media — The signal enerqy propagates Anough wires jy Quided wedi — Guided media is used for polvt~ point wowmuwmication.§ ! Tb le cod effective ~y Discrete nelwork topologies are Bivied boy sthe, quided mediaUnguicted medic 14. i¢ alco cated wireless communication oy unbounded franswussion media: —7 the Single energy prenaayatee tag the ous hy Unguided media ° ~7 Unquiced medio. tc Qoeneraly euler for rad bonood casting iw aU inections: DL is expencive r ~> Continous network topologies are foal lag the unguided medio: on ‘ >) Given dota . : 1100, steps siswarSl@y ass, UT Compute Rows parity Column Parity oulo Tit. luceierset hes ool) Mit) . Gs ————— O o ute olo } — >! 000} OUR jecucernes,! ool! (lo o— Ole ooo; kev tt ool) o ——_— 8 ono o— 8 A444 Introduce _€xvors ait t1lo © & €nor Inhoduced ty In sth bit pot! Oe E&I Tntroduuced im the ard bit 7 Govred_ te Recompating Row & Column pari by > Aflev Recomputing. sciloaaiy 40 4404.00 Hoo 11p Onto CON WIggMEH otto