STUDY GUIDE

Topic: Emerging Technologies and Non-Proliferation

Message from the Dais

Assalamulaikum Dear Delegates,

Welcome to the United Nations Security Council. We are tremendously honoured to be
serving as your committee directors. MUNs are a great opportunity for you to polish your
debating and argumentative skills and explore your love and passion for public speaking.
They not only provide you with a platform to put your research and debating skills to test but
are also an amazing platform to gain more understanding and awareness of the global
issues and the way the UN works as well as a great chance to make some amazing
memories and new friends.
We encourage you to give this study guide a thorough read since this will inform you about
the topic of the committee and some information that will prove helpful to you in establishing
your stances and articulating your speech. You are encouraged to get to know your fellow
participants and you will be given plenty of opportunities to do so. Expect a fierce debate
from your sessions; listening is just as important as speaking. We expect you to be well
researched and aware of the topic at hand. If this is your first time, don’t worry about
stepping up to the mantle. Utmost participation in the committee session is highly
appreciated and will allow you to make the most of this experience. Look forward to fun
sessions as well and interact with your peers and your chairs. You will be informed about the
flow of a conference during your sessions so make sure you attend every single one. Lastly,
remember that everyone cannot walk away with an award but the experience matters just as
much as the award. Looking forward to having you all there and to an incredible, informative
and fiery debate.
Regards,
Kanza Sohail

Introduction to the Committee

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United
Nations, tasked with maintaining international peace and security. Established in 1945, the
UNSC holds the authority to make binding decisions that member states are obligated to
implement under the UN Charter. The Council is composed of 15 members: five permanent
members (the P5) with veto power - China, France, Russia, United Kingdom and United
States - and 10 non-permanent members elected for two-year terms.

The UNSC is unique in its ability to authorise the use of force, impose sanctions, and deploy
peacekeeping missions, which makes its role critical in responding to international crises. It
also plays a central role in disarmament and non-proliferation efforts, particularly concerning
weapons of mass destruction (WMD). With global security dynamics constantly evolving, the
UNSC’s actions are essential for addressing threats posed by nuclear, chemical, and
biological weapons.

The issue of Emerging Technologies in Non Proliferation falls under the Council’s mandate
to safeguard global peace. As technology rapidly advances, new challenges arise in
preventing the spread of WMDs. The UNSC must explore how these technologies can be
managed and regulated to prevent misuse, while simultaneously leveraging their potential
for monitoring and enforcement of non-proliferation efforts. Delegates are expected to
navigate complex intersections of technology, security and international diplomacy.

Introduction to the topic

The Rapid advancement of emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI),
biotechnology, cyber capabilities, and autonomous systems, has significantly impacted
global security and non-proliferation efforts. While these technologies offer immense benefits
for development, healthcare, and communication, they also pose new risks for the
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and other dangerous materials.

Emerging technologies can be exploited by state and non-state actors to develop, acquire,
or deploy WMDs more covertly and efficiently. For example, AI can enhance the precision
and effectiveness of autonomous weapons, while biotechnology innovations, such as
CRISPR, may enable the creation of novel biological agents that could be weaponized.
Moreover, the rise of cyberattacks has exposed critical vulnerabilities in nuclear and defence
systems, potentially undermining global non-proliferation regimes.

The international community, particularly through the frameworks established by the nuclear
Non-Proliferation treaty (NPT), Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), and Biological
Weapons Convention (BWC), has long sort to prevent this spread of WMDs, However,
these agreements are increasingly challenged by the dual-use nature of emerging
technologies, which have legitimate civilian applications but can also be adapted for military
purposes.

The Security Council must assess how to regulate and manage the technologies to ensure
that they do not undermine non-proliferation efforts. This includes addressing gaps in current
treaties, improving verification mechanisms, and fostering international cooperation to
mitigate the risk associated with emerging technologies. In doing so, the international
community must balance technological innovation with the imperative of global security.

Background Information

Causes and Root of the Problem

1. Rapid Technological Advancement: The pace of technological change has
accelerated exponentially. According to a report by the World Economic Forum,
advancements in AI, biotechnology, and cyber capabilities are occurring at a rate that
outstrips existing regulatory frameworks. This speed creates gaps in governance and
oversight, allowing potential misuse to flourish.
2. Dual-Use Technologies: Many emerging technologies are dual-use, meaning they
can be applied for both civilian and military purposes. For instance, AI can enhance
agricultural productivity or be used to develop autonomous weapons. The dual-use
nature complicates regulatory efforts, as legitimate uses can quickly be adapted for
harmful applications.
3. Non-State Actors: The rise of non-state actors, including terrorist organisations and
rogue states, has made the landscape more volatile. These entities may lack the
same level of accountability as nation-states and can exploit emerging technologies
to pursue WMD capabilities. A 2021 report from the United Nations Office of
 Disarmament Affairs highlights increasing concern about the potential for non-state
actors to acquire and use biotechnological tools for nefarious purposes.
4. Globalization and Information Sharing: The interconnectedness of global supply
chains and the proliferation of information through the internet facilitate the
dissemination of sensitive technologies. According to the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA), advancements in nuclear technology can be accessed more easily
than ever, increasing the risk of proliferation.

Ongoing Issues Related to the Topic

1. Inadequate Regulatory Frameworks: Existing treaties, such as the Nuclear

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), and
Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), struggle to adapt to the challenges posed by
emerging technologies. A 2022 assessment by the UN Security Council indicated
that many states are not fully compliant with these treaties, highlighting a critical gap
in enforcement and verification mechanisms.
2. Verification Challenges: The lack of effective verification mechanisms for dual-use
technologies presents significant challenges. For example, the BWC lacks a formal
verification process, making it difficult to monitor compliance. The WHO has
emphasised the need for improved surveillance and reporting mechanisms to
address biotechnological threats, yet progress remains slow.
3. Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities: The increasing reliance on digital infrastructure in
defence systems has exposed vulnerabilities. A report by the NATO Cooperative
Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence in 2023 indicated that cyberattacks on critical
infrastructure, including nuclear facilities, are on the rise. This trend undermines
confidence in existing non-proliferation regimes and highlights the urgent need for
improved cybersecurity measures.
4. Ethical and Humanitarian Concerns: The deployment of autonomous weapons
systems raises ethical questions regarding accountability and decision-making in
warfare. The UN has called for a review of the implications of such technologies,
emphasising the need to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law.

Data and Reports from Relevant Organisations

● United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA): Reports indicate that
more than 25 countries are suspected of developing or possessing advanced
dual-use technologies that could be adapted for military purposes.
● World Health Organization (WHO): In its 2023 report, the WHO identified
biotechnology as a double-edged sword, urging member states to strengthen
regulations on genetic engineering to prevent misuse while promoting beneficial
applications.
● International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): In its annual report, the IAEA
highlighted that 15 states are developing advanced nuclear technologies that could
pose non-proliferation risks, stressing the need for enhanced international
cooperation to monitor these developments.

Previous Actions

Major Conferences, Treaties, and Agreements

 1. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (1968):
a. Overview: Aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, promote peaceful
nuclear energy, and foster disarmament.
b. Effectiveness: The NPT has been largely effective in limiting the number of
nuclear-armed states; however, challenges remain, such as non-signatory
states developing nuclear capabilities (e.g., North Korea) and the slow pace
of disarmament among nuclear-armed states, leading to criticisms of its
fairness.
2. Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) (1972):
a. Overview: Prohibits the development, production, and stockpiling of
biological and toxin weapons.
b. Effectiveness: While the BWC has raised awareness of biological threats, its
lack of a formal verification mechanism has hindered compliance and
enforcement. Instances of bioweapons development (e.g., in the former
Soviet Union) demonstrate the treaty's limitations.
3. Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) (1997):
a. Overview: Aims for the complete elimination of chemical weapons and
includes robust verification mechanisms.
b. Effectiveness: The CWC has been relatively successful, leading to the
destruction of over 98% of declared chemical weapons stockpiles. However,
its effectiveness has been challenged by ongoing use of chemical weapons in
conflicts like Syria, raising concerns about enforcement and compliance.
4. Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (1983):
a. Overview: Addresses weapons that may cause excessive injury or have
indiscriminate effects, including discussions on autonomous weapons.
b. Effectiveness: The CCW has established a framework for discussions on
new technologies but has faced criticism for slow progress in regulating
autonomous weapons. Member states have yet to reach a consensus on
binding regulations.
5. Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass
Destruction (2002):
a. Overview: A G8 initiative focused on preventing the proliferation of WMDs
through international cooperation.
b. Effectiveness: The partnership has facilitated collaboration and funding for
capacity-building efforts, but its impact varies by region, and some countries
remain under-resourced in addressing proliferation threats.

Relevant UN Resolutions and International Decisions

1. UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004):

a. Overview: Mandates that states refrain from supporting non-state actors in
developing WMDs and calls for effective national measures.
b. Effectiveness: Resolution 1540 has helped raise awareness and led to the
establishment of national frameworks in many countries. However, challenges
remain in enforcement, particularly regarding non-state actors.
2. UN General Assembly Resolution 70/33 (2015):
a. Overview: Emphasises the need to address security implications of emerging
technologies.
 b. Effectiveness: While the resolution encourages dialogue, its non-binding
nature limits its impact on policy changes at the national level.
3. UN Secretary-General's Disarmament Agenda (2018):
a. Overview: Calls for discussions on the implications of emerging technologies,
including AI and autonomous systems.
4. UN Security Council Resolution 2231 (2015):
a. Overview: Endorses the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)
concerning Iran's nuclear program, which aims to limit Iran's nuclear
capabilities in exchange for sanctions relief.
b. Effectiveness: Initially, the JCPOA was considered a significant diplomatic
achievement, leading to a temporary reduction in Iran's nuclear activities.
However, the U.S. withdrawal from the agreement in 2018 and the
subsequent reimposition of sanctions have undermined its effectiveness,
leading to increased tensions and Iran's acceleration of nuclear activities.
5. G20 and G7 Summits:
a. Overview: These summits have increasingly included discussions on
emerging technologies and their implications for global security, resulting in
joint statements and action plans.
b. Effectiveness: While these discussions raise awareness and encourage
cooperation among member states, the effectiveness of such declarations
can vary, often lacking binding commitments or clear enforcement
mechanisms.
6. The 2021 UN Conference on Disarmament:
a. Overview: This conference addressed the risks posed by emerging
technologies in military applications, calling for the establishment of a working
group to explore regulatory frameworks for AI and autonomous systems.
b. Effectiveness: The conference highlighted the urgent need for discussions
on emerging technologies, but achieving consensus among member states
on specific regulatory measures remains a challenge.

Assessment of Effectiveness

The international actions taken to address emerging technologies and non-proliferation

demonstrate a mixed record of effectiveness:

● Strengths:
a. Framework Establishment: Treaties like the NPT, CWC, and BWC have
established important frameworks for addressing WMD proliferation, creating
a foundation for international cooperation and dialogue.
b. Awareness Raising: Resolutions and conferences have increased
awareness of the implications of emerging technologies for global security,
fostering discussions that were previously sidelined.
● Weaknesses:
a. Enforcement Challenges: Many treaties lack robust verification
mechanisms, making enforcement difficult. The BWC, for example, has no
formal compliance checks, leading to concerns about adherence.
b. Geopolitical Tensions: Political disagreements among member states can
hinder progress, as seen with the JCPOA. The withdrawal of the U.S. from
 the agreement not only strained relations but also reduced the incentive for
compliance among other parties.
c. Adaptation to Rapid Change: The speed of technological advancement
often outpaces the ability of international frameworks to adapt. For instance,
existing treaties do not adequately address the challenges posed by AI and
cyber capabilities, leading to significant regulatory gaps.

Current Situation

Typical Stances of Regional Blocs

1. European Union (EU):

a. Stance: The EU advocates for robust regulatory frameworks that address the
dual-use nature of emerging technologies while promoting innovation. The EU
emphasises the importance of multilateral cooperation and has been active in
discussions about the ethical implications of AI and autonomous weapons.
b. Key Countries: Germany, France, and the Netherlands have been
particularly vocal about the need for strong non-proliferation measures and
have taken a lead role in promoting international dialogue on these issues.
2. African Union (AU):
a. Stance: The AU recognizes the potential benefits of emerging technologies
for development but is concerned about the risks of proliferation, particularly
regarding biotechnology and chemical weapons. The AU calls for
capacity-building initiatives to enhance member states' ability to manage
these technologies safely.
b. Key Countries: South Africa and Nigeria are leading voices within the AU,
advocating for strengthened regulatory frameworks while emphasising the
need for technology to support sustainable development.
3. Asia-Pacific Region:
a. Stance: Countries in this region exhibit a mix of approaches. While some, like
Japan and South Korea, prioritise technological advancement and regulatory
compliance, others, such as North Korea, present significant challenges to
non-proliferation efforts.
b. Key Countries: North Korea remains a critical concern due to its ongoing
nuclear weapons development, while Japan and Australia are strong
advocates for non-proliferation and have been involved in regional dialogues
to enhance security cooperation.
4. United States:
a. Stance: The U.S. emphasises a strong defence posture and the need to
maintain technological superiority. It promotes proactive measures to counter
potential threats from emerging technologies, particularly from adversaries
like China and Russia. The U.S. has also supported initiatives to strengthen
international norms against the misuse of these technologies.
b. Key Countries: The U.S. continues to be involved in dialogues with NATO
allies to address emerging technology challenges collectively.
5. Russia and China:
a. Stance: Both Russia and China have expressed scepticism toward
Western-led non-proliferation initiatives, advocating for a multipolar world
 where their technological advancements are recognized. They emphasise
state sovereignty in developing and deploying emerging technologies, often
prioritising national security over international norms.
b. Key Countries: Russia has been involved in developing advanced military
technologies, while China’s rapid advancements in AI and biotechnology raise
concerns regarding potential military applications.

Key Countries Directly Involved or Affected

a. North Korea: Continues to develop nuclear capabilities despite international

sanctions, raising alarms about the proliferation of WMDs.
b. Iran: Its nuclear program remains a focal point of international negotiations,
especially following the U.S. withdrawal from the JCPOA.
c. India and Pakistan: Both countries maintain nuclear arsenals and are increasingly
focused on the implications of emerging technologies, particularly in terms of
cybersecurity and military applications.
d. Israel: Actively engages in discussions about regional security related to WMDs,
particularly concerning Iran's nuclear ambitions.
e. South Africa: As a leader in the African Union, it advocates for responsible
governance of emerging technologies while being a signatory to various
non-proliferation treaties.

QARMA Questions

1. How can international frameworks be adapted to effectively regulate emerging

technologies without stifling innovation?
2. In what ways can member states enhance cooperation to mitigate the dual-use risks
of emerging technologies, especially in biotechnology and AI?
3. What role should non-state actors play in shaping the discourse around emerging
technologies and non-proliferation, and how can they be effectively engaged?
4. How can the international community address the growing cybersecurity
vulnerabilities associated with emerging technologies in the context of WMD
non-proliferation?
5. What ethical considerations must be taken into account when developing regulations
for autonomous weapons systems, and how can these be integrated into existing
frameworks?
6. How can emerging technologies be leveraged to enhance verification and
compliance mechanisms for existing non-proliferation treaties?
7. What are the potential consequences of a technological arms race, and how can the
international community prevent such a scenario?
8. How can developing countries be supported in building their capacity to manage
emerging technologies while also adhering to non-proliferation commitments?
9. What measures can be taken to address the disparities in technological capabilities
between nations and their impacts on global security dynamics?
10. How can the principles of transparency and trust be fostered among nations to
enhance dialogue and cooperation on emerging technologies and non-proliferation?