Module 5: Safety and Security System

MIDTERM

Security and Protection System, any of various means or devices designed to

guard persons and property against a broad range of hazards, including crime, fire,
accidents, espionage, sabotage, subversion, and attack.

Development of security systems.

The origins of security systems are obscure, but techniques for protecting the
household, such as the use of locks and barred windows, are very ancient. As
civilizations developed, the distinction between passive and active security was
recognized, and responsibility for active security measures was vested in police and
fire-fighting agencies.

The Secure Systems Development Lifecycle (SSDLC) defines security

requirements and tasks that must be considered and addressed within every
system, project or application that is created or updated to address a business
need.

“Personnel security” is a term often used to include measures designed to select

only those people for whom there is a good prognosis for trustworthiness, on
the premise that losses from employee untrustworthiness are more frequent and
usually larger than losses from outside the system (e.g., burglary, robbery,
shoplifting, espionage) and that one of the best predictors of future behaviour is
past behaviour.

Types of security systems.

Security systems can be classified by type of production enterprise, such as
industrial, retail (commercial), governmental, government contractor, or hospital;
by type of organization, such as contract security or proprietary; by type of security
process, such as personnel or physical security; or by type of security function or
emphasis, such as plant protection (variously defined), theft control, fire protection,
accident prevention, protection of sensitive (national security or business
proprietary) information. Some of these categories obviously overlap.

a) Physical security.
Physical security is the protection of personnel, hardware, software, networks and
data from physical actions and events that could cause serious loss or damage to
an enterprise, agency or institution. This includes protection from fire, flood, natural
disasters, burglary, theft, vandalism and terrorism.
Guard-force training, supervision, and motivation are other important aspects of the
personnel-administration approach to security.
physical security—i.e., protection by tangible means. Physical security has two main
components: building architecture and appurtenances; equipment and devices.

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A building can be designed for security by such means as planning and
limiting the number and location of entrances and by careful attention to
exits, traffic patterns, and loading docks.

b) Equipment and devices

 Security alarm - A security alarm is a system designed to detect intrusions,
such as unauthorized entry, into a building or other areas, such as a home or
school. Security alarms protect against burglary or property damage, as well
as against intruders
 Video surveillance System - is the use of security cameras to monitor and
record activity in a specific area or location for security, safety or monitoring
purposes. Security cameras capture live footage, which can be viewed in
real-time or recorded for later review.
 Access control system - A specialized system that provides entry only to
registered personnel having the authorized credentials that can unlock a
door.
 Monitored security systems - are systems that are actively monitored by a
professional home security company. When the system detects a break-in,
fire, or other emergency, it notifies the security team and, in some cases,
emergency responders.
Example of Popular home security systems:
 SimpliSafe
 Frontpoint
 Abode Systems, Inc.
 Cove
 Ring

 A motion sensor uses one or multiple technologies to detect movement in an

area. When a sensor detects motion, it sends a signal to your security
system's control panel, which connects to your monitoring center. This alerts
you and the monitoring center to a potential threat in building/home.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/security-and-protection-system/Physical-
security

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 Module 6: The building and exterior facilities
MIDTERM

Learning Objectives
At the end of the course the students will be able to
 Identity the components of a building
 Know the basic requirements of each building component

Facilities is a broad term used in the construction and building industry to refer to
the physical structures, equipment, and systems required for various
activities, operations, or services. It encompasses all aspects of
a building or structure, including its design, construction, maintenance,
and management. Facilities can range from small-scale projects such as single-
family homes or offices to large-scale projects such as hospitals, airports,
and industrial plants.

A façade or facade (/fəˈsɑːd/; ) is generally the front part or exterior of a building. It

is a loanword from the French façade (pronounced [fasad]), which means "frontage"
or "face".
Facade. The face of a building, usually referring to the front.

Basic components of a building structure

A building basically consists of three parts, namely

A. Foundation or Substructure
The portion of the building below the ground level which is in direct contact with the
ground to transmit the loads of the building to the ground is called as foundation or
substructure.
The foundation is the most critical part of any structure and most of the failures are
probably due to faulty foundations rather than any other cause. Hence, it is highly
essential to secure good foundations to maintain the stability of the structure. The
primary function of the foundation is to transmit the anticipated loads safely to the
soil below.
In a small building, footing foundations or strip footing foundations with two or three
footings of brick masonry or stone masonry are used, over a concrete bed.

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 B. Plinth and Plinth Level
This is the portion of structure between the surface of the surrounding
ground and surface of the floor, immediately above the ground.
Its height above the ground level is known as plinth level or plinth height. The
thickness of the plinth wall depends upon the weight of the super-structure and the
width of foundation concrete. The plinth height depends upon various factors such
as need of architectural treatment to a building, highest flood level of area,
adjoining ground nature.
Its height is usually 450 mm, 600 mm or 750 mm from ground level and it depends
upon the site condition. The thickness of the wall in plinth may be bigger than the
wall thickness. In a small building the plinth wall thickness is about 230 to 300 mm.
The space between ground and plinth level in a building is filled with sand.

The plinth wall is constructed

 to transmit the load of the superstructure to the foundation
 to act as a retaining wall so as to keep the filling in position below the floor of
the building
 To protect the building from moisture penetration into it. This increases the
stability and durability of the structure
 It enhances the architectural appearance of the building

Plinth beam
The Reinforced cement concrete beam shortly named as RCC beam constructed in
the plinth which is used to transfer the load of building uniformly, on the foundation
is called as plinth beam. It also prevents any crack formation on the wall because of
the improper settlement and behavior of the soil on which the building is
constructed. Its thickness is usually 150 mm and the width is equal to the wall
thickness 300 mm in the plinth.
Basement
Basement is the lower storey of a building which is partly or fully below the ground
level. In an office building or a residential building, basement is used for vehicle
parking or for storage of goods.
Damp-proof course
The building should be dry for the longer life of it and in order to prevent the entry
of dampness into the building, the damp proof course is provided.
The main entry of dampness in a building is through the foundation which absorbs
moisture by capillary action. It is prevented by providing a cement mortar,
impervious layer in the ratio 1:3, mixed with water proofing materials for thickness
of 20mm at the plinth level.

C. Superstructure
The portion of the building above the ground level or substructure is called
Superstructure. The components of a super structure are plinth, wall, lintel, roof etc.

 Wall

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The portion of the super structure which carries the load of the roof is called
as the wall. The primary function of wall is to enclose or divide the space. A
load-bearing wall in the super-structure should be strong enough to take up the
loads safely due to its own weight, super imposed loads and lateral pressure such
as wind. It should be stable against overturning by lateral forces and buckling
caused by excessive slenderness. The wall is built in brick masonry and commonly
has a thickness of about 230 mm.
All the external walls, whether of load bearing construction, should provide
adequate resistance to rain, sun and wind penetration. The walls should offer
sufficient resistance to fire, as they behave as vertical barriers for spread of fire in
the horizontal direction.

 Partition wall
Partition walls are used to make separation or division in a room, and they have a
thickness of 100 milli meter. These are not load bearing walls and they don’t have
any foundation like walls in a building. Partitions can also be obtained by using
timber and glass, this type is commonly used in office buildings.

 Parapet wall
The wall built above the flat roof, which provides safety to the people, while they
are on the top of the roof in a building, is called as a parapet wall. Also this adds
good appearance to a building. The parapet wall thickness may be from 115 mm or
230 mm. Its height is usually 600 mm to 900 mm.

 Flooring
The horizontal surface at the plinth level in a building is called as flooring. The main
function of a floor is a to provide support for occupants, furniture and equipment of
a building and the function of providing different floors is to divide the building into
different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation within the limited
space.
All the floors, whether basement, ground or upper, should be strong enough to
support the floor covering and other superimposed loads. The flooring or floor
covering of all the floors should provide a clean, smooth, impervious, durable and
weather resisting surface. The insulation against heat and sound should be
provided.

 Sills
The horizontal bottom level of a window is called as sill level. In building drawing,
the top view or plan is drawn by considering a section plane at this level. Window
sills are provided between the bottom of window frame and wall below to protect
the top of wall from wear and tear. Window sills are usually weathered and throated
to throw the rain water off the face of the wall.

 Roofs

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A roof is the uppermost part of a building whose main function is to enclose
the space and protect the same from the effects of weather elements such
as rain, sun, wind, heat, snow etc.
The reinforced cement concrete shortly named as RCC slab used to cover the
building is called as roofing. It is constructed as flat or inclined RCC slab of thickness
120 mm and the mix ratio is 1:1.5:3 (that is 1 part of cement, 1.5 parts of sand and
3 parts of jelly). There is much other type of roofs, but RCC roof is commonly used
in small offices and residential buildings.
10 different types of roofs:
1. gable roof
2. butterfly roof
3. hip roof
4. dutch roof
5. mansard roof
6. shed roof
7. dormer roof
8. M-shaped roof
9. gambrel roof
10.flat roof.

there are two main types of roofs:

a. pitched roof structures - Some roofs slope downwards at an inclined angle
from a central point, generally into two parts. In some cases, it can also slope
on just one side. These types of roofs are called pitched roofs.
You can calculate the "pitch" of a roof by measuring its steepness and dividing its
vertical rise by its horizontal span.
These shelters are comparatively cheaper than any other roof type. Traditionally,
they were constructed out of timber. However, in modern times, materials like
structural concrete, reinforced cement concrete, and prestressed concrete are also
being used to construct them.
Some of these roofs use timber as a formwork surface. Pitched roofs are mostly
chosen for structures like warehouses, factory buildings, and workshops. They are
also used in areas with extreme snowfall and rain, due to their provision of effective
drainage.
1. Mono-Pitch Roof - The roof is also called a shed roof, lean-to roof, pent roof &
skillion roof. Constructing a mono-pitch roof requires basic materials, takes
less time and cost, and doesn’t much designing. It is usually used for garages
and storage rooms.

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2. Double Pitch Roof - The double-pitch roof structure is commonly used for
residential buildings, owing to its visual appeal, effective drainage, and
effortless construction process.

3. Couple Close Roof - This roof is similar to a couple roofs. The only difference
is that a horizontal tie connects the legs of the common rafters. This beam
carries all the weight which is otherwise transferred to the sidewalls in a
couple roof.

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This type of roof provides additional storage space, by creating a
triangular-shaped loft on top. Moreover, the design is effortless and can
be easily drawn.

4. Slant Roof - In this roof, the roof has sloped ends in place of vertical ones. It
has two slopes on each side, the lower being steeper than the upper. A slant
roof, too, provides extra space to create an attic on top. Additionally, it slows
down the snow buildup and is better at redirecting the water to your gutter
system.

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5. Purlin Roof - Purlins are horizontal, structural members in a roof. There are 3
types of purlins in a timber-framed roof: purlin plate, principal purlin, and
common purlin. The ones present in steel-framed roofs are usually painted or
greased to protect them from environmental effects. A purlin roof ensures
your roof can be given a different shape or design. On top of that, they make
the design choice more flexible for you.

6. King Post Roof - A king post is a central, vertical support pillar that is
employed while designing bridges, buildings, and aircrafts. From a
crossbeam, a king post rises vertically to the top of a triangular truss.

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The tie beam at the truss's base is supported by the king post, which joins
the truss's apex to its base. The central post is cut off during the
construction of the king post structure before it reaches the top of the roof truss.
Instead, a collar beam, running parallel to the tie beam, hold the king post in place.
A king post roof is used for simple roof trusses. They are cheaper in comparison to
other retaining structures and are also constructed much faster. The structure is
also versatile and accommodates any changes quite easily.

7. Collar Beam Roof – A collar tie is a horizontal structural support placed in the space between
the rafters and raised from the bottom of the structure almost to the centre. The rafters exhibit
a propensity to bend with the application of heavy loads or growth of the roof’s clear span. The
provided collar ties prohibit the rafter from sagging under heavy loads or in high spans. A collar
beam roof is deemed structurally safe for long-span roofs.

b. flat roof structures - A flat roof is a roof that is completely, or almost level. However, whilst they
are described as 'flat' almost all flat roofs are actually laid to a fall to ensure that rainwater can
run off to the lower side. The construction of a flat roof typically involves laying down a
waterproof membrane over a structural deck, which can be made of wood, concrete, or steel.

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The flat roof structure is a complete system. It typically consists of a supporting structure, a
vapour barrier, insulation, waterproofing and effective ventilation. The supporting structure is
usually double-T slab, corrugated steel sheet, reinforced concrete slab or hollow core slab.

 Ceiling
The bottom surface of roof slab, seen inside a room is called as ceiling. The normal
height of ceiling for residential buildings measured from floor in a room, to have the
facilities of a ceiling fan etc. is 3000 mm. This height may be reduced for the
buildings that are to be air-conditioned.

 Lintel Beam
The actual frame of a door or window is not strong enough to support the weight of
the wall above the opening. Hence a Reinforced cement concrete beam constructed
above the window and door openings to support the brick work above is called as
lintel beam. Its thickness is usually 150 mm and the width is equal to the wall
thickness of 230 mm. The height of lintel beam level is equal to the door height
which is usually 2100 mm from floor level.

 Weathering Course
In order to prevent the entry of rain water into the RCC roof slab and transfer of
heat inside the room, below the roof during summer, the weathering course is
provided.

The simple method on weathering course is using lime concrete. Lime mixed with
broken brick aggregate of size 25mm to 35mm in the ratio 1:2.5 for an average
thickness of 90mm. While laying the weathering, a slope of 1: 50 towards rain water
drainage pipe is provided. A course of flat tiles with cement mortar in the ratio 1:3
mixed with crude oil is provided on top of the lime concrete, to have a good
weathering course.

 Sunshade
Sunshade is a horizontal reinforced cement concrete slab provided above the
windows and doors to prevent sunlight and rain water entry into the rooms. It is
constructed by providing an extension from lintel beam. Its joining thickness at
lintel is 75mm and the bottom surface of sunshade is flat and the slope is obtained
in the top surface.
The width of the sunshade is 450 mm to 600 mm and is extending by 150 mm on
either side of door and window.

 Stairs
A stair is a structure consisting of number of steps leading from one floor to another
floor. Location of stair in all types of residential and public building should be such
as to afford the easiest and quickest service possible to the building. It may be
constructed outside or inside of a building.
The main function of stairs is two-fold. Firstly, to provide means of communication
between the various flows for everyday use and secondly that of escape from upper
floor in the event of fire.

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Dwelling houses should desirably have two stairs – the front or principal
stairs for everyday use and a back stair for the service of the house and also
to serve as an escape way in case of emergency. It is advisable to always place a
staircase against a wall as it affords ease of construction lighten ventilation,
economy of space and safety in movement.
Commonly used stairs are
 Straight flight stairs
 Dog legged stairs
 Circular stairs
 Spiral stairs

 Doors and Windows

The main function of doors in a building is to serve as a connecting link between

internal parts and also to allow the free movement into and outside the building.

Windows are generally provided for the proper ventilation and lighting of a building,
and their size and numbers should be properly determined as per requirements.

They should be strong enough to resist the adverse effects of weather such as wind,
rainfall etc. , capable of being made air-tight to achieve insulation against sound
and heat. They should not be affected by white ants and moisture penetration.

 Finishes for walls

Finishes for walls of several types such as pointing, plastering, painting,
distempering, decorative color washing etc. are applied on the walls. They protect
the structure particularly the exposed surfaces from the effects of weather such as
rain, sun, snow, etc.
They provide a true even and smooth finished surface and also improve the
aesthetic appearance of the structure as a whole. They also rectify rather cover to
some extent the poor or defective workmanship.

 Utility Fixtures
These are built in items of an immovable nature which add considerably to the
utility of the building and hence termed as utility fixtures. The most common of
such built-in fixtures are cupboards, shelves etc. these features are generally
provided in the recesses for storing valuable articles etc. The recesses in wall
structure reduce its strength so they are avoided in the modern construction of
houses.
Thus, by abiding the correct proportion of every building material that is to be used
in the process of constructing a house/residential building, it adds more safety and
longer usability of the building.
https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/hsp01/chapter/components-of-a-building/

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 Module 7: Parking areas Relate to major components of the such parking
areas
MIDTERM

Parking Area means an area provided for the parking of motor vehicles and may
include aisles, parking spaces, pedestrian walkways, and related ingress and egress
lanes, but shall not include any part of a public street.
The goal of parking facilities is to provide safe, convenient, and organized spaces
for parking vehicles, whether in commercial areas, public spaces, or transportation
hubs.
Parking Area means an area provided for the parking of motor vehicles and may
include aisles, parking spaces, pedestrian walkways, and related ingress and egress
lanes, but shall not include any part of a public street.

types of parking facilities:

 Parking Lots: Parking lots are open areas designated for parking vehicles.
They are often found adjacent to buildings, shopping centers, recreational
facilities, or public spaces. Parking lots can vary in size, ranging from small
lots with a few parking spaces to large lots that can accommodate hundreds
or even thousands of vehicles. They can be paved or unpaved and may offer
different types of parking arrangements, such as perpendicular, angle, or
diagonal parking.
 Parking Garages: Parking garages, also known as multi-level parking
structures or parking decks, are multi-story buildings specifically designed for
parking vehicles. They provide vertical parking space utilization, allowing for
a higher density of parked vehicles. Parking garages are commonly found in
urban areas or locations with high parking demand, such as commercial
districts, airports, or hospitals. They often feature ramps or elevators for
accessing different levels and can offer both covered and uncovered parking
spaces.

There are several types of parking garages:

1) Single-level parking garage
A single-level parking garage is a parking garage that only has only one floor.
2) Multilevel or multi-storey parking garage
Multilevel or multi-storey parking garages are parking garages that have multiple
floors to park at. The design of a multilevel parking garage can be very different.
The most common design is a garage with ramps to move from one level to
another. Less common are parking garages that use lifts to go from level to level.
Then there are also parking garages with robotic systems that move cars from one
level to another. The floors of the parking garage can either go up, down, or both.

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 3) Underground parking garage
Underground parking facilities are located beneath buildings or public
spaces. They are designed to maximize land use and maintain aesthetic appeal by
keeping parking areas out of sight. Underground parking is commonly found in
densely populated areas or in buildings where surface space is limited. These
facilities provide protection from the elements and often offer secure parking
options.
4) Automated parking garage
The car park operates as followed: You drive your car onto a platform in the garage.
Then the automated parking system will move your car to the available parking
space somewhere in the tower. The cars can be moved vertically and horizontally
with the use of hydraulic or mechanical lifts. There are several benefits to a
multilevel parking facility with an automated parking system. For example, you can
stack more cars in a compact space because the cars are parked by robots. Also,
parking spaces can be smaller because no one needs to get in or out of the vehicle
and people don’t park it themselves; the robotic system doesn’t need as much
space to park a car than a human does. You do need to clean the equipment every
once in a while, plus at least one to four times a year someone needs to check the
equipment to see if it all still works properly. The number of times for a service
check depends on the equipment that is used.
 Park-and-Ride Facilities: Park-and-ride facilities are parking areas typically
located near public transportation hubs, such as train stations, bus terminals,
or subway stations. They enable commuters to park their vehicles and then
transfer to public transportation for their onward journeys. Park-and-ride
facilities help reduce traffic congestion and provide convenient options for
individuals who prefer a combination of driving and public transit for their
daily commute.
 Valet Parking: Valet parking facilities provide a higher level of convenience
by offering professional parking services. In valet parking, drivers hand over
their vehicles to valet attendants who park the vehicles in designated areas.
This service is commonly found in hotels, restaurants, or event venues,
where parking may be limited, and it allows customers to avoid the hassle of
finding a parking space themselves.
 Smart Parking Systems: Smart parking systems incorporate technology to
optimize parking efficiency and improve user experience. These systems use
sensors or cameras to monitor parking space availability and guide drivers to
vacant spots. They may include mobile applications or digital signage to
provide real-time information about parking availability, payment options,
and directions. Smart parking systems help reduce traffic congestion and
enhance the overall parking experience.
Parking Site Requirements
Site Requirements Large and rectangular shaped sites are ideal for parking
structures. Although flat sites are generally more economical to develop, sloped
sites can provide design opportunities such as access on different levels and/or no
ramping between levels. For a reasonably efficient parking layout, double-loaded
parking “bays” range in width from about 54 to 60 feet, depending upon the angle
of parking and the width of the parking space. The overall width of the structure

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should be determined based upon multiples of the chosen parking bay
width. An ideal length for a parking structure is at least 240 feet. Longer
sites provide the opportunity to park along the end bays, which provides more
parking spaces, improves efficiency, and lowers the cost per space. A longer site
also allows for shallower ramps which provide improved user comfort. Generally,
parking bays should be oriented parallel to the longer dimension of the site and
preferably in the predominate direction of pedestrian travel. Walking distance
tolerances from parking to a primary destination are typically 200 to 300 feet for
shoppers, 500 to 800 feet for downtown employees, and 1,500 to 2,000 feet for
special event patrons and students.

Features of concrete and asphalt

Concrete pavement is said to have higher construction costs than asphalt
pavement. However, concrete pavement enjoys various advantages over asphalt
pavement, such as superior levels of durability, strength, abrasion resistance, heat
resistance, and oil resistance.

Asphalt Concrete is a composite material commonly used in construction of roads,

highways, airports, parking lots, and many other types of pavement. It is commonly
called simply asphalt or blacktop. The terms “asphalt concrete”, “bituminous asphalt
concrete” and the abbreviation “AC” are typically used only in engineering and
construction documents and technical literature where the definition of “concrete” is
any composite material composed of mineral aggregate glued together with a binder,
whether that binder is Portland cement, asphalt or even epoxy. To the layperson
Asphalt Concrete pavements is most often called just “asphalt“.
Asphalt is also referred to as bitumen whose main source is petroleum from where it
is derived as the semi-solid compound and it is a thick, sticky, black, highly viscous
liquid. It is classed as pitch and it is found in both natural deposits as well as in
refined products. Asphaltum was the term that was used for asphalt before the 20th
century.
The primary use of the asphalt goes into the construction of the road which
accounts for 70% of the asphalt that is explored.
It has a blackish-brown colour and is available as a solid at low temperatures and as
a liquid at temperatures above 50°C. Asphalt can be found in nature as natural
deposits in many parts of the world, as well as being produced artificially.

Types of Asphalt
 Natural Asphalt: Lake asphalt and Rock asphalt are two types of natural
asphalt. At depths of 3 to 60 metres, lake asphalt can be found as fossil
deposits in areas like Trinidad's lakes. It is made up of 40 to 70 percent pure
bitumen with around 30 percent water content.
 Residual Asphalt: It's made by combining crude petroleum oil with an
aspheric base and distilling it.
 Mastic Asphalt: This is also known as artificial asphalt, is made by combining
the required minerals, such as limestone, dust, fine and coarse aggregates,
with black bitumen that has been heated to a liquid state. It hardens into a
hard elastic block as it cools. It is reheated on the job site and used for

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 waterproofing and pavement construction. Mastic asphalt is long-
lasting, rugged, water-resistant, non-absorbent, non-flammable, and
quiet.
 Asphalt Cement: It is a mixture of bitumen and asphalt with flux oils that
have adhesive properties and can be used to make mastic asphalt. In the
production of bituminous pavements, it is favoured.
 Cutback Asphalt: It is a liquid asphalt that is made up of asphalt cement and
a petroleum solvent. Since they minimise asphalt viscosity for lower
temperatures, they are used in bituminous paints, roof repairs, and other
applications.
 Asphalt Emulsion: This is a suspension of small asphalt cement globules in 50
- 60% water with a 1% emulsifying agent. Tack coats, fog seals, slurry seals,
bituminous surface treatments, and material stabilisation are all examples of
low-temperature applications.

Different kinds of Asphalt Concrete

To be able to provide the best performance to different sectors, a large variety of
asphalt mixes can be offered. Due to the different requirements e.g. a road needs to
fulfill (high traffic, tough weather conditions etc) the respective mix used needs to
have an sufficient stiffness and resistance to deformation in order to cope with the
applied pressure from vehicle wheels on the one hand, yet on the other hand, the
need to have an adequate flexural strength to resist cracking caused by the varying
pressures exerted on them. Moreover, good workability during application is
essential in order to ensure that they can be fully compacted to achieve optimum
durability.
 Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
 Hot mixes are produced at a temperature between 150 and 190 °C.
 Depending on the usage, a different asphalt mixture can be used.
 Porous Asphalt
 Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA)
 Asphalt Concrete
 Asphalt Concrete for very thin layers
 Double layered Porous Asphalt
 Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA)
 A typical WMA is produced at a temperature around 20 – 40 °C lower
than an equivalent Hot Mix Asphalt. Less energy is involved and,
during the paving operations, the temperature in the mix is lower,
resulting in improved working conditions for the crew and an earlier
opening of the road.
 Cold Mix
 Cold mixes are produced without heating the aggregate. This is only
possible, due to the use of a specific bitumen emulsion which breaks
either during compaction or during mixing. After breaking, the
emulsion coats the aggregate and over time, increases its strengths.
Cold mixes are particularly recommendable for lightly trafficked roads.

Landscaping in Hospitality Sector & How it Affects the Guest Experience

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Landscaping
 refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land,
including the following: Living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is
commonly called gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of
creating a beauty within the landscape.
 Landscaping is the art and science of designing and shaping natural scenery.
It is an area of expertise encompassing garden design, landscape
architecture, and agriculture. Landscaping is the process of selecting and
arranging flowers, plants, and other elements so as to create a particular
form of garden design. Landscaping can also refer to the profession of
designing
 The main purpose of landscaping is to create a joyful environment round the
building and give the occupants a healthy breath, good appearance and
natural beauty. Landscape design enhances the aesthetic appeal of a
building. It entails planning the space outside or surrounding a construction
or a building.

The Design Process

The five steps of the design process include: 1) conducting a site inventory and
analysis, 2) determining your needs, 3) creating functional diagrams, 4) developing
conceptual design plans, and 5) drawing a final design plan. The first three steps
establish the aesthetic, functional, and horticultural requirements for the design.
The last two steps then apply those requirements to the creation of the final
landscape plan.

 Understand your site for plant selection and activity location

A thorough inventory and analysis of the site is important to determine the
environmental conditions for plant growth and the best use of the site. Issues of
concern include the soil type, topography, and regional climate. The type of soil
determines the nutrients and moisture available to the plants. It is always best to
use plants that will thrive in the existing soil
Climate concerns begin with temperature: plants must be able to survive the
average high and, most importantly, the average low temperatures for the region.
Recording site conditions and existing vegetation on a base map will reveal the
location of microclimates in the yard. Plants usually fall into one or two of four
microclimate categories-full sun, partial shade, shade, and deep shade. It is
important to remember that sun/shade patterns change with the seasons and over
time as trees get larger.

17
 Figure 1.
Sun and
shade

patterns.
(Figure 1), create microclimates (sometimes called microhabitats). Recording site
conditions and existing vegetation on a base map will reveal the location of
microclimates in the yard. Plants usually fall into one or two of four microclimate
categories-full sun, partial shade, shade, and deep shade. It is important to
remember that sun/shade patterns change with the seasons and over time as trees
get larger.

Figure 2. Site inventory.

18
It is essential to note all the existing conditions on an accurate base map
when doing the site inventory (Figure 2). Utilities such as power lines, septic
tanks, underground utilities and roof overhangs determine plant location. Use a
surveyor's plat of your property for the boundaries and location of your home.
Measure and note on the survey other structures and hardscape such as patios,
driveways, or sidewalks. It is very important to hire a surveyor if you do not have a
plat; guessing the location of boundaries can be a costly mistake.

 Remember the user by considering what you want and need

The users are typically your guest/visitors, and each have their own needs. There
are five things to consider: 1) how do you currently use the yard, 2) how do you
want to use the yard, 3) aesthetically, how do you want it to look, 4) what is your
maintenance style, hands-off or hands-on, and 5) what is your budget.
It is very important to consider how you currently use the yard. For example-which
entry is used, determines the need to re-organize old spaces into new spaces and
amenities. It is also important to remember the vehicles used by your guest;
driveways and parking are space intensive. Budget concerns include the materials,
initial installation costs and the on-going maintenance costs. Determine the time
and money you are willing to put into maintaining the plants and hardscape-be
realistic about your intentions and ability.
 Use a form and/or style theme to help determine shapes and organize spaces
There are many different landscape design themes- from simple to complex, but it
is helpful to choose one to guide your plant and material selection.

 Create and link spaces by designating activity areas and linking with
elements
The yard is an extension of the building where a variety of activities take place

 Consider the function of plants for both the environment and the user
From a design perspective, plant materials have three major functions in the
landscape: aesthetic, structural and utilitarian. Aesthetically, plants create a visually
pleasant environment and structurally plants organize and define spaces. Plants are
utilitarian because they can transform the environment for the comfort of the user
by modifying light, temperature and humidity. Plants can also be used to control
noise and odor, and provide food for owner and wildlife
For psychological comfort plants are used as physical or implied barriers for privacy
and safety. Physical barriers block both the view and access to a space and include
fences, walls and plant hedges. Implied barriers, typically low growing plants, block
access but not the view (Figure 9). Other functions of plants include cleaning the
air, preventing erosion and soil loss, retaining moisture in the soil, and returning
organic matter to the soil.

19
 Figure 9. Physical and implied barriers.

For these reasons, the types of plants to be used (such as trees, shrubs, or
groundcovers) should be chosen in the early stages of planning. Plant types are
chosen for their functional capabilities so that their future purpose and required
space can be considered at the same time.

 Pay attention to detail in the materials, the colors, and the surface textures
Detail in the landscape is derived from the visual quality of plants, hardscape, and
garden ornaments. Sensual qualities such as scent, sound, and touch also add detail
to the landscape. Various combinations of form, color, texture, and size create
aesthetic qualities. Plants come in various forms-such as round, columnar, weeping,
and spreading, that compliment or contrast with each other depending on how
similar or different they are (Figure 13). Form is the most enduring quality of a plant
and thus the most important characteristic.

Figure 13. Plant forms.

 Take time into account for the growth and maintenance of plants

20
Plant selection must consider a plant's growth rate, its mature size and
form, and the maintenance it will require. Fast growing plants may or may
not be desirable depending on the size of the site, the design intent, and the
expected level of maintenance. It is important to know the eventual mature size of
plants so they can be placed in the right location and spaced properly when they
are installed.

 Protect your resources by using sustainable design practices

Be a good steward of the land through the wise use of plants, water, and building
materials. The three areas of greatest impact are the use of resource-efficient
plants, the management of water, and the use of environmentally sound hardscape
materials.

The Importance of Hospitality Landscape Design

Landscaping is not just about making the hotel grounds look beautiful. It has a lot of
other benefits that are worth considering.
Landscaping can help to reduce the temperature on the property. It also helps to
reduce water consumption and improves air quality. Landscaping can also be used
to create natural barriers for noise pollution, provide privacy, and make it easier for
guests to find their way around the property.
Landscaping can make a difference from the first impressions of the property until
the guests leave. In fact, a study showed that tourists do look at the type of
landscaping around a resort. The results from the study of tourists in Turkey showed
that 12% chose a hotel to stay at based on the landscape design. Plus, 80% of those
surveyed indicated that they paid attention to the landscape design at the resorts
they stayed at. Therefore, having a well-designed hospitality landscape can be
effective in tourism and the number of guests at a resort or hotel.

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/EP375
https://www.parking.net/about-parking/parking-facilities
https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/asphalt
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/EP375
Module 8: Lodging Planning and Design
MIDTERM

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Define physical plant.
 Explain Role of facilities in a hotel building
 Explain cost associated with hospitality facilities
 To explain impact of facility design on facility management
 To describe components of a facility
 To explain types of layouts and materials used
 To explain methods and type of hotel building construction
 To describe paints and varnishes

21
Facility management (FM) is a profession that encompasses multiple
disciplines to ensure functionality, comfort, safety, and efficiency of the built
environment by integrating people, place, process, and technology.

Facilities managers are responsible for the security, maintenance, and services of
work facilities to ensure that they meet the needs of the organization and its
employees.
Facilities managers essentially look after all of the services that helps a business or
other organization do its work. Responsibilities can include:
 overseeing and agreeing contracts and providers for services
including security, parking, cleaning, catering, technology and so on
 supervising multi-disciplinary teams of staff including cleaning,
maintenance, grounds and security
 ensuring that basic facilities, such as water and heating, are well-
maintained
 managing budgets and ensuring cost-effectiveness
 allocating and managing space between buildings
 ensuring that facilities meet government regulations and
environmental, health and security standards
 advising businesses on increasing energy efficiency and cost-
effectiveness
 overseeing building projects, renovations or refurbishments
 helping businesses to relocate to new offices and to make decisions
about leasing
 drafting reports and making written recommendations.

The Needs for Good Facility Planning

 The goal: Creating efficiency - The goal of facility planning is to not only
recognize opportunities for efficiency, but to anticipate them as well.
Alleviating inefficiencies within the workplace has rippling effects across the
entire business.
 Facility planning objectives (What are your facility goals?)

22
  Aspects of facility planning - Facility planning is as broad in scope as
the job duties of facilities managers. As a result, FMs need to align
objectives and trends with the different segments of facilities themselves.

4 step process of facility planning are

1. Understanding - The first step, understanding, requires a thorough
knowledge of your organization’s mission, vision, values, and goals.
Thoroughly understand the organization’s mission, vision, values, and
goals.
2. Analyzing - exploration of the range of possible futures and triggers
is needed to analyze your organization’s facility needs using
analytical techniques — such as systematic layout planning (SLP),
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis (SWOT),
strategic creative analysis (SCAN), or scenario planning.
3. Planning - plans for potential responses and periodic updates to
existing plans in response to changes in the market need to be
developed to meet the long-range needs of your specific organization.
4. Acting/Action - act as planned to implement the strategic facility
planning successfully.

The Development Process for Hospitality Facilities

The main aim of any business organization is to earn profit. This not only depends
on the working of an organization but also on its presentation; more so in the hotel
and hospitality sector. The prime motive or objective of any hotel property is to
attract more and more clients and guests and make their visits a memorable
experience. It, thus, becomes a priority to give special consideration to their
accommodation and needs while showcasing the best of the local traditions and
culture. A great deal of this depends on the architecture and designing of a
property.

PHYSICAL PLANT

The term physical plant refers to the grounds, building structure, building systems,
interior finishes (that is paint/ wall paper and so forth) and furniture, fixtures and
equipment of a lodging facility. Many of these components of the physical plant are
highly visible, such as grounds, the exterior building, structure and the furniture
fixtures and equipment.

Essential Components of the Physical Plant

The Essential Components of the Physical Plant are:
 Layout (skeleton, framework for operations)
 Material handling (muscular system for movement/activity)
 Procedures/communications (nervous system for control of activity)
 Utilities/auxiliaries (respiratory, circulatory, & digestive systems)
 Building (skin, hair, ―protective covering‖)
 Estate: land and buildings.
 Comfortable furniture / fittings to rest or work.

23
  Air conditioning plant: to maintain the temperature within the
comfortable
 parameter.
 Kitchen: to take care of customers‘ hunger with proper taste and flavours to
 liking.
 Transport system: include lifts, escalators, a fleet of buses and taxis.
 Audio and video system: to entertain the customers.
 Telecommunication system: to receive and send massages.
 Safety provisions: systems, for personal safety, fire and theft.
 Staff to manage all above.

Role of Facilities in a Hotel Building

Facilities provide an appealing visual environment (ambience, experience and
comfort of the guest). All lodging properties including hotels, resorts, theme parks,
water attractions, casinos – the facilities themselves are an attraction (engages &
entertains the guests). Facilities not only improve level of guest satisfactions but
also help to retain business.

Cost Associated with Hospitality Facilities

Cost associated with hospitality facilities varies from type of hotel as well as
location of the hotel. Total Cost of a hotel project includes the following:
 Cost of land
 Cost associated with land development
 Building and Construction cost
 Cost of land escaping
 Cost of Building systems such as Heating ventilation, and air
 conditioning, lighting system, building transportation system, water
 supply system, safety and security system, waste and garbage management
system, energy management system, rain water harvesting system, property
management systems and so on.
 Cost of furniture, fixtures and equipment
 Cost of interiors
 Cost associated in legal aspects
 Fee of hotel consultants, engineers, interiors and legal experts etc.

Building and System Operation

Lodging building does not operate without continuous attention. The building and
the systems installing in these buildings require basic maintenance, repair or
replacement of failed parts, calibration of controls and equipment, attention to
factors which may pose safety problems and inevitably a major renovation or
rehabilitation. A failure to provide adequate attention to these needs can result in a
poor operating performance of the building which in turn may affect guest
perception of quality, employee performance and morale. The safety of the guests
and employees and the profitability of the operation.

Building Maintenance

24
The actual physical structure of the building may initially seem like
something which requires relatively little effort on the part of the
engineering department. The stone, brick, asphalt, and steel of the most of the
building would appear last for ever.

Equipment Maintenance and Repair

The amount of equipment installed in a modern hotel or motel is astounding. in the
guest room there are television, HVAC Unit, various electric lamps, ventilation fans,
in the bath sanitary fittings and sundry other items. Public spaces have HVAC units
with fans, chillers, pumps and lighting. Pools have pumps, filters, water treatment
systems and more. The kitchen and laundry are full of equipment requiring almost
continual repair and adjustment. The repair and maintenance of all the equipment is
the responsibility of the engineering department. Maintenance means to maintain
something or is to keep in an existing state or to preserve from failure or decline.

Security / Safety Maintenance

Security involves physical assets of the property, employees, suppliers and the
guests while safety involves the potential injury to both employees and guests. At
smaller establishments, it is not unusual for building safety and security to be
largely the responsibility of the engineering department. Some specific safety and
security concerns with exist within the engineering area including key control, lock
rotation, control of tools and supplies, emergency response to fires and other
potentially dangerous situations, safe operations of equipment and tools and
outside contractor interactions.

Site planning - It involves the organization of land use zoning, access, circulation,
privacy, security, shelter, land drainage, and other factors. Site planning includes
the arrangement of buildings, roadways, utilities, landscape elements, topography,
water features, and vegetation to achieve the desired site.

The Hotel Facility Planning process is an essential component of any hospitality

business. It involves setting goals and objectives, identifying the resources needed
to achieve them, and developing a plan of action.
Hotel facility planning considers both short-term and long-term business goals.
Whether it is a feasibility study, space usage, food court design layout,
or kitchen planning, every element of the roadmap prepared by the consultants
at HPG Consulting sets hotels up for growth and success.

Feasibility Assessment
One of the key elements in hotel facility planning, feasibility assessment consists of
market studies to identify trends, competition, and growth opportunities. It
examines how a hotel business is likely to fare over a particular period of time.
Depending upon the outcomes of the studies, a hotel facility plan usually includes
the room for future growth and expansion as reflected in facility planning layouts
and designs.

25
Importance of Planning
Planning is critical to the success of any hospitality business. It ensures that the
business is focused on achieving its goals and objectives and has the resources it
needs to do so. It also helps managers to identify potential obstacles and make
informed decisions about the business’s future direction.

Steps in the Planning Process

The planning process typically involves the following steps:
1. Establishing goals and objectives: This involves setting clear and
measurable goals and objectives for the business.
2. Assessing the current situation: This involves conducting a situational
analysis to identify the business’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats.
3. Identifying resources: This involves identifying the resources, including
human resources, financial resources, and technology, needed to achieve the
business’s goals and objectives.
4. Developing a plan of action: This involves developing a plan of action that
outlines how the business will achieve its goals and objectives.
5. Implementing the plan: This involves putting the plan of action into
practice.
6. Monitoring and evaluating: This involves monitoring the business’s
performance and evaluating the effectiveness of the plan.

Strategies for Effective Planning

There are several strategies that managers can use to ensure effective planning in
the hospitality industry, including:
 Collaboration: Planning should be a collaborative effort, involving all
stakeholders in the business, including employees, customers, and suppliers.
 Flexibility: Plans should be flexible to allow for changes in the business
environment.
 Measurement: Goals and objectives should be clearly defined and
measurable to enable tracking and evaluation of progress.
 Communication: Planning should be communicated effectively to all
stakeholders to ensure everyone is working towards the same goals.
 Regular review: Plans should be reviewed regularly to ensure that they
remain relevant and effective.

How to develop a restaurant concept?

A restaurant concept is the overall idea or theme that defines the restaurant.
The main premise of creating a successful restaurant concept is to deliver a
selling proposition that ensures the venture remains strong even if a similar concept
appears next door. Knowing what distinguishes your planned F&B business and
creating a step-by-step plan on how to capitalise on it, is how the concept is born.
Restaurant Concept Development
The restaurant concept development of a foodservice operation is the overall plan
as to how it will meet the needs and expectations of the market and standout from

26
its competitors. The concept development would concentrate on many
things including restaurant décor, the menu, its pricing and location.
1. menu development - It's about crafting an overall experience that resonates
with the restaurant's target market and concept. Menu planning requires
looking at the big picture beyond just individual dishes. It involves creating a
narrative flow and mix of offerings that work harmoniously.
2. Choose your service style - If you have ever visited a restaurant, you would
have noticed the different types of waiter service styles available. The waiter
service style refers to the way in which food is served and presented to
customers. Some service styles are more formal and sophisticated, while
others are more casual and relaxed.
3. Marketing your restaurant concept - What is a marketing strategy for a
restaurant? Example: Being active on social media platforms is a crucial
marketing strategy for restaurants. By creating and regularly posting content
on platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok, restaurants can reach a
wider audience and build a community of engaged followers.
4. Location selection
5. Research the market – (market research basis) - The process of gathering,
analyzing and interpreting information about a market, about a product or
service to be offered for sale in that market, and about the past, present and
potential customers for the product or service; research into the
characteristics, spending habits, location and needs of your business's target
market, the industry as a whole, and the particular competitors you face.
Market research is an organized effort to gather information about target
markets and customers. It involves understanding who they are and what they
need.
Essentially, it helps you answer some of the following questions:
 What is the size of my market?
 Who are my competitors?
 Which market is best suited for my product or service?
 How much will customers pay for my product or service?
 What are the emerging trends in an industry?
6. brand refinement - is a quicker, less resource-intensive endeavor compared
to a full rebrand. It's a tactical approach to align the brand with subtle market
trends or slight changes in business focus without the hefty tag of time and
resources that a rebrand demands.
The primary goal of a brand refinement is to fix or improve the parts of the brand
that need updating while maintaining the brand recognition and brand equity that
already exists with the current brand.
Brand development is the continuous process of improving an organisation's overall
image. A brand is the perception consumers have of a company's products, services
and image. Developing a brand involves being consistent in the value and quality
that consumers find in a company
7. find inspiration - Inspiration is a feeling of enthusiasm you get from someone
or something, which gives you new and creative ideas.

27
 8. research your target market - As a marketer, understanding your
target audience is vital. This information will define every marketing
plan and strategy you execute.
9. choose a restaurant theme – Select the Visual - But Remember It’s Not Just
About the Visual
Choosing the perfect theme for your restaurant is crucial for your brand identity
and customer experience. Start by defining your brand and understanding your
audience to ensure your theme resonates with them. Conduct thorough
research, analyze competitors, and gather customer feedback to find inspiration.
10.getting the right team - This has to do with choosing people who share the
same values, vision, and goals, who are qualified to work on the tasks and
responsibilities you have now or will develop in the future, who want to work
to their full potential, who complement the others in the team, and who can
learn and adapt quickly.

The role of project planning team

A project team is a group of individuals assembled with a shared purpose: to
collaboratively work toward the successful planning, execution, and completion of a
specific project. Each member brings their unique skills, expertise, and experience
to the table, contributing to the project's overall goals.
Project teams are often carefully selected to encompass a variety of roles and
responsibilities, with a project leader or manager providing guidance and
coordination. The dynamics within a project team are characterized by clear
objectives, defined timelines, and a collective commitment to achieving the
project's desired outcome.
Effective communication, cooperation, and the division of assigned tasks among
team members are essential for a project team's success, as they work together to
overcome challenges, meet milestones, and ultimately deliver the project within
scope, on time, and within budget.

Project management team matrix organization

1. Project sponsor
Project team member roles and responsibilities wouldn’t be complete without a
project sponsor. This person oversees the project from a high level. They are usually
a member of senior management and are responsible for steering the overall vision.
The project sponsor will create S.M.A.R.T. goals, resolve conflicts, remove obstacles,
and sign off on any major project components.
Responsibilities
1. Create overall project vision
2. Make key decisions within the project
3. Approve budget and changes
4. Take inventory of project resources

2. Project leader

28
The role of a project leader, or project manager, is primarily to oversee the
day-to-day details of the project. Some of the project lead’s roles and
responsibilities include making sure the project proceeds within a given timeframe,
under the stated budget, and achieves the goals and objectives set. The project
manager’s responsibilities also include the people component. This person needs to
oversee the project team to keep everyone on task, mitigate problems and make
sure that everyone understands their individual role within the greater project.
Responsibilities
1. Create the project plan
2. Manage components of the plan
3. Delegate tasks to key team members
4. Create a project schedule
5. Lead team members through each phase
6. Pivot directions when problems arise
7. Communicate to team members and senior management

3. Project team members

Once you’ve established a project lead, you’ll need to fill in support team members.
A project team member could be an external consultant brought in to create a new
website or an internal employee who researches and gathers feedback from various
department heads. Project team member roles can be both full-time or part-time
depending on the project’s unique demands.
Responsibilities
1. Solve project objectives
2. Complete tasks in areas of expertise
3. Deliver project responsibilities within deadlines
4. Communicate with project lead on roadblocks
5. Document progress, setbacks, and new processes

4. Business analyst or resource manager

A project can’t run efficiently without the necessary resources. A business analyst,
sometimes also called a resource manager, makes sure the tools are in place for
the project to keep moving forward efficiently. They will also recommend new tools
when needed to streamline the overall process and maximize deliverables.
Responsibilities
1. Solve problems with resources
2. Use available tools to help team members
3. Document and analyze project requirements
4. Analyze that resources meet the defined objectives
5. Assess solutions to make sure they are effective

5. Committees
Projects have various scopes and involve different audiences. Committees can be
comprised of senior management (Steering Committee), customers (Project Client)
and employees (Project Management Office). Depending on the size and complexity
of your project, all three of these committees could be part of your project team.

29
Steering Committee - This committee represents the company
management and other senior-level stakeholders. This group’s goal is to
oversee the project by providing strategic direction. They serve as a support for the
project and solve problems in which the Project Manager may need some
assistance, help steer a project in a different direction, and approve budget
changes.
Project Client - If your project has a direct effect on your clients or customers,
then it’s smart to include them in your project management team structure. For
larger projects, you might even dedicate a second Project Manager to oversee the
needs of your clients. This committee can approve project plans, request changes,
raise issues, approve timelines, and approve project benchmarks.
Project Management Office - This committee is formed from a group of
employees. Their job is to look at the project management structure within your
organization. By dedicating time to the project management process, there'll be a
better synergy across all company projects. Their tasks include sharing project
resources, tools, techniques, and successful case studies to strengthen all future
projects.

Restaurant Design Guide

Thinking about opening a restaurant or café? A meticulous restaurant floor plan of
your venue’s premise can segue into a successful business venture. A floor plan
entails more than rearranging tables. It must be developed carefully to streamline
restaurant operations. There are several crucial elements involving a floor plan that
need to be taken into consideration when designing your venue's layout.

Mapping Out Floor Planning Essentials

When designing your floor plan, you need to factor in the following elements:
 Waiting / entrance area
 Dining room
 Bar / countertop area
 Kitchen and prep rooms
 Storage
 Restrooms
 Compliance with accessibility legislation
 Patio / outdoor dining spaces

To ensure that operations flow accordingly, you may want to ascertain that the back
of the house and patio space synchronize with your restaurant floor plan as well.
Lighting should also be factor in with your layout since it plays a crucial role in
setting the ambiance for your restaurant. Positioning your restaurant tables too
close to large lights can subject your patrons to an unpleasant glare.

Kitchen and Restroom Layout

A commercial kitchen layout generally provides 5 distinct areas for meal
productions:
 Food prep station

30
  Meal cooking
 Service area
 Cleaning/washing
 Storage

This setup is purposely designed to keep staff within their defined stations with less
movement between spaces.
Restrooms should be accessible but situated away from the dining room. A restroom
door that adjoins a dining area creates an uncomfortable situation for both the staff
and patrons. After you’ve identified a kitchen space in your floor plan, you may
want to consider restroom placement. Placing your restroom near your kitchen (as
shown in the diagram below) can save you plumbing expenses by tying it into
adjacent lines. Restrooms should be spacious but not cramped championed with
easy-to-clean fixtures.
In the diagram you can also see a typical floor plan for a casual dining restaurant,
including the kitchen and restroom placing. It also includes some technical
information regarding proper spacing of isles, booths, tables and chairs.

In order to facilitate the work behind the scenes, a well designed kitchen is a must.
Having clearly defined work stations for food preparation, cleaning area, and service
stations helps making the chaos of a busy restaurant kitchen easier. Given enough
space, the recommended layout is one that includes a kitchen island, walk in
storage and refrigeration areas and spacious isles, as shown in the diagram below:

31
Allocating Primary Space
When considering primary spaces for your restaurant floor plan, the general rule of
thumb for determining the allotted area is that the dining room should comprise
most of the total space. The remaining space should be allocated to kitchen,
storage and preparation area. These dimensions may have to be updated and
adjusted if your floor plans include a waiting or bar area. However, those spaces
should be the approximate percentages for the area.
SPACE TOTAL AREA
Dining Room 60% total area
Kitchen, preparation, storage 40% total area

Floor and restaurant layout plans vary by the type of venue and restaurant
furniture you use. It’s important to note that banquet seating may use as little as 10
sq. ft. per person whereas fine dining requires at least 20 sq. ft. per person. It is
common among most restaurants and coffee shops to average around 15 sq. ft. per
person. Seating capacity also takes the space needed for wait stations and traffic
aisles into account. The general seating capacity regulations you should apply to
your restaurant floor plan stipulates:

32
 VENUE Required Sq. Ft. Per Person
Fine Dining 18-20
Full Service Restaurant 12-15
Counter Service 18-20
Fast Food Minimum 11-14
Table Service/Hotel/Club 15-18
Banquet/Event Hall 10-11

Restaurant Furniture Spacing Guidelines

For safety assurance and to allow for the free flow of traffic for customers and
servers there needs to be a minimum space allowance for the traffic path between
the various furniture items. Below are some guidelines served to assist you in
determining the ideal seating space and table height you should consider:
Diagram Setting Space between each

Occupied Chair 18" - 20"

Tables set in parallel 42" - 60" between

sides

Tables on Diagonal 24" - 36" between

corners

One thing to remember when planning your layout and purchasing the furniture is
to match the tables and seating heights:
Table Height Seating Height
Table Height: 29″ – 30″ Chair Seat Height: 17″ – 18″
Bar Height: 36″ – 42″ Bar Stool Seat Height: 29″ – 30″

33
Patio/Outdoor Dining Service
Restaurant interior design concepts and floor plans are applicable to the patio area,
assuming you plan to have one. Your aesthetic concept can be extended outdoors
with the application of the same layout style and proper space planning guidelines
as shown by this diagram below:

Restaurant floor plans for patio spaces should draw the adequate spaces between
tables and umbrellas to ensure that both patrons and wait staff avoid colliding into
the umbrella. Additionally, wide walkways and aisles that run alongside plants
should be included in your patio layout plans as well.

34
Once you’ve designed your restaurant floor plan, you can focus on the décor and the type of restaurant
furniture you want to use for your venue. This largely depends on the type of establishment you have
and the kind of clientele you attract. Depending on the size of restaurant, there are many furnishing
options to consider such as restaurant booths, tables, chairs or a combination of both – including diner
booths and booth tables. Taking the time to meticulously design your floor plan should consider the
available space, type of restaurant and seating arrangements in order to help make your restaurant
business successful.

The following diagram showcases an example of an efficient layout including proper spacing and a
variety of restaurant seating:

https://www.uou.ac.in/sites/default/files/slm/HM-403.pdf
https://hmhub.in/management-functions-behaviour/planning-process/#:~:text=The
%20planning%20process%20is%20an,developing%20a%20plan%20of%20action.
https://hpgconsulting.com/hotel-facility-planning/the-elements-of-hotel-facility-
planning-and-their-significance/#:~:text=Hotel%20facility%20planning%20takes
%20into,up%20for%20growth%20and%20success.
https://www.tgpinternational.com/blog/10-tips-on-developing-a-ground-breaking-
restaurant-concept
https://www.google.com/search?
q=restaurant+concept+development&rlz=1C1ZKTG_enPH908PH908&oq=Restaura
nt+Concept+Development&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBwgAEAAYgAQyBwgAEAAYgAQy
BwgBEAAYgAQyCAgCEAAYFhgeMg0IAxAAGIYDGIAEGIoFMg0IBBAAGIYDGIAEGIoFMgo
IBRAAGIAEGKIEMgoIBhAAGIAEGKIEMgoIBxAAGIAEGKIE0gEJMTQ4NWowajE1qAIIsAIB
&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
https://www.tgpinternational.com/blog/10-tips-on-developing-a-ground-breaking-
restaurant-concept
https://www.affordableseating.net/resources/guides/restaurant-design-guide
https://prezi.com/xrv_elsl8u4b/chapter-12-lodging-planning-and-design/

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 Module 9: Renovation
MIDTERM

Renovation - is the process of improving broken, damaged, or outdated structures.

Renovations are typically done on either commercial or residential buildings.
Additionally, renovation can refer to making something new, or bringing something
back to life and can apply in social contexts.
Builders may renovate to buildings enhance the establishments value as a stable
source of income.
Renovation updates the look and feel of a room—or an entire structure—without
changing its intended purpose.
The term ‘renovation’ refers to the process of returning something to a good state
of repair. In the construction industry, renovation refers to the process of improving
or modernising an old, damaged, or defective building.

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Three types of Renovation Projects
 cosmetic renovation - A cosmetic renovation is a very light-touch
(and typically less expensive) project. The work that goes into this
type of upgrade can include touch-ups like painting, decorating, or
adding some new shelves for your ever-growing book collection. No
plumbing or electric is disturbed, and the layout remains untouched.
 Partial Renovation - Partial renovations often focus on one or two
spaces.
 Gut Renovation - Gut renovations require a lot heavier lifting—both
literally and figuratively. Gut renovations typically include a major
layout change to the apartment such as building a second bedroom or
opening a fairly subdivided space for a roomier layout.

Reasons for renovation

Whether you really like your building the way that it is, your location is part of your
long-term plan, or financially speaking a new building is out of the question, these
are all good reasons to stay where you are.

1. Improve traffic to your business – we have seen it time and again that
renovating a commercial space peaks the interest of people in your
community. It also provides additional promotional opportunities because
having a renovated space to talk about creates a steady and interesting
social media topic. Whether you’re a doctor, restaurant, or a school, you
consistently want to attract new people to your space, Sharing your remodel
should help gain and/or keep followers to communicate the benefits of your
services.
2. Make your current operations more efficient – a company’s business
and flow of work obviously changes over time. A renovation or redesign can
help improve efficiency and provide the right amount of space for staff to
complete their tasks. Whether you need more or repurposed space, a
redesign should be well thought out to improve your operations. Through a
need’s analysis meeting, your architect will be able to determine the updated
spatial needs of your organization.

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 3. Accommodate the addition of new equipment – you know that
piece of equipment that will allow you to do more with less effort?
You've been thinking about it for a while. Making room for it is the first step
to improve your bottom line.
4. Incorporate new energy efficient changes or revamp the element
you've been repairing to save on costs – the green market is expanding
every day and continues to offer products to make your space more energy
efficient. An update of your heating/cooling system, electrical/lighting
system, windows and/or insulation could save you a lot of money on energy
costs each year. Additionally, if you have a system or a part of your building
envelope that leaks, a remodel can eliminate the need for frequent repairs
and maintenance.
5. Can aid in attracting or maintaining staffing candidates – updating
work areas can help boost employee moral, increase productivity through
better lighting or smoother flow of work, and it can also help in gaining
employees that like their work environment because it's comfortable,
modern, and their future needs have been considered.

In summary, it is about your business being relevant, efficient, and interesting.

Common pitfalls of Renovations

Renovation projects can face a number of common pitfalls.
1. Wrong property
The aim when looking for a property to renovate is to find one that isn’t in a
condition that will require very serious work, or even rebuilding. It can be wise to
commission a survey before making a bid, as this can highlight defects and
structural issues that could make the investment more risky than expected. If it is
an old building, it is important to check whether it is listed, or in a conservation area
as this can limit the changes that can be made.

2. Poor cost control

In order to keep costs down and avoid misunderstandings over details, good
communication between client and builder is vital. Often people can make the
mistake of ordering too few materials in the process of trying to keep costs down.
Ordering extra materials can incur time delays and additional costs.

3. Incorrect budgets
Budgets are often over optimistic, as developers are keen to get on with the work.
This can prove risky, as renovation is generally less predictable than new build, with
many ‘hidden costs’ not being accounted for in the original budget.

4. Focus on unnecessary work

Renovators can sometimes focus on the more cosmetic aspects of the project,
whilst neglecting the more important structural issues that could end up being very
costly. In period properties it is sensible to adopt a ‘repair not replace’ approach, as

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retaining period features is often cheaper than replacing them, and they can
add character to the property.

5. Incorrect materials
Problems can arise when buildings are renovated using incorrect or the cheap
materials. So-called ‘miracle treatments’ can also be a problem when applied to
older buildings. For example, spray-on renders and polyurethane foams can
obstruct crucial ventilation paths in walls and roofs.

6. Spending over the ‘market ceiling’

There is a ‘market ceiling’ that applies to every location which dictates the
maximum amount buyers are prepared to spend, regardless of the special features
that can be added to a renovation project. It is important not to get carried away
and fit features that exceed those expectations. Conversely, it is important not to
spend money on misguided works that actually reduce the value of the property.

7. Management
Renovation works are often taken on by people with little or no experience of the
construction industry. Whilst it may seem to be a cost saving not to obtain
professional advice or project management services, this can prove to be an
expensive mistake in the long run.

https://www.wolgast.com/blog/five-of-the-best-reasons-for-a-commercial-building-
renovation

Types of Building Maintenance

Most building maintenance falls into three categories:
a) ● Routine Maintenance: These are scheduled preventive maintenance
tasks to protect a building from decay and preserve its functionality. Routine
maintenance tasks can be performed daily, weekly, or periodically on a
schedule. They include cleaning, garbage removal, lubrication of hinges, an
inspection of utility systems, repainting, and weeding.

b) ● Preventive Maintenance: Preventive maintenance tasks prevent

damage to the building and retain its structural integrity. They enhance the
durability of the building. PM also includes sustainable preventive measures
during the building’s design and construction to withstand storms, floods, and
other calamities.

c) ● Corrective Maintenance: These are activities intended to restore the

functionality and comfort of a building. Managers need to have a corrective
maintenance strategy in place as it’s impossible to completely prevent
damage or decay. Corrective maintenance ensures that everything is back in
operation as soon as possible.

Steps of a Maintenance Program

1. Create a team

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2. Record your equipment
3. Establish maintenance procedures
4. Prioritize maintenance tasks
5. Train your team
6. Seek improvements

Prepared:
Athina Flake-Ochoco LPT, MBA
CHM Faculty

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