UNIT 1 Review

K/U Knowledge/Understanding T/I Thinking/Investigation C Communication A Application

Knowledge 7. Which of the following is the best example of a

For each question, select the best answer from the four pandemic? (2.2) K/U A
alternatives. (a) a season during which various viruses coexist in
1. Which of the following is true of organisms that many different regions
reproduce asexually? (1.1) K/U (b) an outbreak of one disease affecting an entire
(a) They often undergo hybridization. Canadian school district
(b) They make up the majority of all organisms. (c) an outbreak of one disease over many countries
and continents
(c) They do not fall under any of the six kingdoms.
(d) a disease that recurs in one defined area or region
(d) The species definition does not apply to them.
annually
2. Which of the following shows the correct descending
8. In which of the following is seaweed, a multicellular
order of taxonomic levels in the traditional taxonomic
protist, commonly used? (2.3) K/U
ranks of classification? (1.2) K/U
(a) fertilizers
(a) kingdom, class, family, species
(b) toothpastes
(b) kingdom, species, family, class
(c) cosmetics
(c) species, family, class, kingdom
(d) all of the above
(d) species, kingdom, class, family
9. What are you eating every time you eat a mushroom
3. Who authored On the Origin of Species? (1.3) K/U
or a truffle? (3.1) K/U A
(a) Carl Woese
(a) abiotic plants
(b) Carl Linnaeus
(b) fungi
(c) Charles Darwin
(c) sessile animals
(d) none of the above
(d) aquatic organisms
4. Which of the following is true of Carl Woese’s
10. Which of the following is true of plants? (3.2) K/U
work? (1.4) K/U
(a) Plants can survive in many different climatic
(a) He was the first to identify the six kingdoms of life.
conditions.
(b) He revealed that all organisms could be classified
(b) Because of their natural resistance, virtually none
into three distinct groups, called domains.
of the world’s plants are threatened.
(c) He established the two-part naming system called
(c) Plants share no characteristics with green algae.
binomial nomenclature.
(d) Most plant species today live in aquatic
(d) He placed all organisms into two kingdoms: Plants
ecosystems.
and Animals.
11. Which of the following is the name given to animals
5. Which of the following is a reason to place birds into a
that do not have backbones or notochords? (3.3) K/U
class of their own? (1.5) K/U A
(a) invertebrates
(a) Birds are among the most easily distinguished of
all animals. (b) vertebrates
(b) Birds are covered in feathers and have powerful (c) chordates
wings and beaks. (d) amphibians
(c) Unlike most other vertebrates, birds lay 12. Which of the following groups do humans belong to?
hard-shelled eggs. (3.3) K/U
(d) all of the above (a) invertebrates
6. What is an inorganic chemical? (2.1) K/U (b) chordates
(a) any chemical that contains carbon (c) echinoderms
(b) any chemical that is produced by living things (d) protostomes
(c) a chemical that has an abiotic origin
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think
(d) all of the above
the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true.
13. Most biologists define a species as a group whose
members are able to freely breed among themselves
under natural conditions. (1.1) K/U

124   Unit 1 • Diversity of Living Things NEL

14. Taxonomists use systems of classification in their daily 36. Only five of the six kingdoms are based on
work, but botanists find little use for classification evolutionary kinship. Name them, and identify the
systems. (1.2) K/U one that is not. (2.3) K/U
15. Taxonomists today rely on only one proven method 37. What is the difference between a haploid cell and a
for classifying organisms. (1.3) K/U diploid cell? (2.3) K/U T/I
16. Plants and fungi each belong to distinct 38. What do fungi and plants have in common?
kingdoms. (1.4) K/U (3.1) K/U T/I
17. Bacteria are essential in the production of foods 39. What are lichens? (3.1) K/U
such as cheeses, yogurt, soy sauce, and chocolate. 40. Describe some current threats to the world’s plants.
(2.1) K/U (3.2) K/U
18. Viruses are small, living particles. (2.2) K/U 41. Why must land plants be able to take in small amounts
19. Viruses cannot reproduce without a host cell. (2.2) K/U of carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere? (3.2) K/U
20. Although protists are abundant, the Protist Kingdom 42. In what way do the bodies of animals with radial
is not very diverse. (2.3) K/U symmetry differ from the bodies of animals with
21. One thing all fungi have in common is that they are bilateral symmetry? (3.3) K/U
helpful to other organisms. (3.1) K/U 43. What are the simplest invertebrates? (3.3) K/U
22. Plants are thought to have evolved from charophytes, a
group of green algae. (3.2) K/U Understanding
23. Jellyfish are an example of an animal species that has 44. In order to assess the diversity of life, scientists must
radial symmetry. (3.3) K/U observe and accurately describe each kind of living
thing. With millions of different kinds of organisms,
24. Like plants and fungi, animal cells have cell walls.
this is a complicated task. What is the first step for
(3.3) K/U
scientists in describing each kind of living thing?
Write a short answer to each question. (1.1) K/U T/I
25. Species can evolve, or change, over many generations. 45. Over millions of years it is not uncommon for species
What is the other natural means by which species can to experience evolutionary change. Name and describe
change or evolve? (1.1) K/U an example of a species that you feel has not undergone
significant evolutionary change. Why do you think
26. Why are plants considered autotrophs? (1.1) K/U
this species’ characteristics have remained basically
27. What is the classic example of the use of a classification unchanged for so long? (1.1) K/U
system in chemistry? (1.2) K/U A
46. Different species vary in their behaviours, habits,
28. Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus introduced a ecological niches, and abundance. They also vary
consistent way of grouping species. What did he base in their genetic makeup, referred to as genetic
the groupings on? (1.2) K/U diversity. (1.1) K/U
29. What is the main difference between the traditional (a) In humans, where does our genetic information
classification system and modern biological come from?
classification? (1.3) K/U A (b) What evidence do you have that your genetic
30. Name the six kingdoms of life. (1.4) K/U information comes from this source?
31. Evidence suggests a strong evolutionary connection 47. Heterotrophs and autotrophs are very different types
between birds and which two unlikely groups of of organisms. Plants are examples of autotrophs.
organisms? (1.5) K/U (1.1) K/U
32. What produces natural antibiotics? (2.1) K/U (a) Define what makes an organism a heterotroph.
33. What is an obligate aerobe? (2.1) K/U (b) Give one example of a heterotroph. Explain how
you know this organism is a heterotroph.
34. Although viruses are non-living particles, they do
share one important trait with living things. What is 48. Briefly describe what you think a typical workday in the
this shared trait? (2.2) K/U life of a botanist might involve. What types of organisms
might he or she study? What system or systems of
35. Viruses do not carry out life functions like living cells
classification might he or she use? (1.2) K/U A
do. When, then, do viruses become active? (2.2) K/U

NEL Unit 1 Review   125

49. Carl Linnaeus was among the first prominent 58. Prokaryotes are extremely important organisms in
biologists to doubt the “fixed” nature of species. many negative ways. (2.1) T/I
He theorized that new species might arise over (a) Explain how they are important in ecosystems in
time. In your own words, describe how a new negative ways.
species might arise. (1.2) T/I (b) Identify two examples of how prokaryotes are
50. Choose three species, two that are somewhat closely important to humans in a negative way.
related and one that is more distantly related to the 59. What are antibiotics? Why are they so important to
other two. Using a phylogenetic tree, illustrate the humans? (2.1) K/U A
relationship between the three species. (1.3) T/I
60. Viruses are small, non-living particles. How, then, are
51. Using clades of animals in one diagram and your they able to be so harmful and destructive? (2.2) K/U
family members in another, demonstrate how a
61. Viruses are responsible for many human diseases and,
phylogenetic tree is similar to a family tree. (1.3) T/I
therefore, are often thought of only in a negative way.
52. In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Viruses can, however, also be used in positive ways.
Species, in which he described his theory of evolution. Discuss one positive way in which viruses can be
Using a simplified phylogenetic tree, illustrate the basic used. (2.2) K/U A
principle of Darwin’s theory. (1.3) T/I
62. Choose one virus about which you have some knowledge
53. Plants and fungi belong to different kingdoms. List and discuss its effects on the human body. (2.2) K/U
some facts that support this classification. (1.4) T/I A
63. Some protists have the ability to cause serious disease,
54. Copy Table 1 into your notebook. Then identify all six but many are valuable to humans. Give two examples
kingdoms and list one example for each. (1.4) T/I A of protists that are valuable or useful to humans and
describe what makes them so. (2.3) K/U
Table 1
64. Describe what makes the Protist Kingdom different
Kingdom Example from the other five kingdoms. (2.3) K/U
65. Fungi have more in common with animals than they
do with plants. (3.1) K/U T/I
(a) Explain how fungi and plants are different.
(b) Describe what fungi have in common with animals.
66. A cousin of the mushroom, truffles, are among the
most expensive foods humans consume. Explain why
you think these fungi are so precious and expensive.
(3.1) T/I
67. Explain how fungi are able to reproduce so effectively
and so abundantly. (3.1) T/I
68. Plants can survive in many different climates. They
have different characteristics that help them succeed
55. Scientists believe that birds are closely related to in their particular habitats. (3.2) T/I
dinosaurs and modern crocodiles. (1.5) T/I (a) Identify a plant you know of that survives in an
(a) Discuss the evidence that supports this theory. extreme climate.
(b) Demonstrate how this evidence links modern-day (b) How do you think this plant is able to succeed in
crocodiles to the ancient dinosaurs. this extreme climate?
56. Despite their incredibly small size, prokaryotes are (c) Explain why you think this plant could or could
dominant forms of life. Describe why, despite their not succeed in a much different climate.
small size, these organisms are so dominant. (2.1) T/I 69. The primitive ancestors of today’s plants lived in the
57. Prokaryotes are extremely important organisms in water. When plants first began to live on land, they
many positive ways. (2.1) T/I developed characteristics that allowed them to live
(a) Explain how they are important in ecosystems. and reproduce in that new environment. (3.2) K/U
(b) Identify two examples of how prokaryotes are (a) What was the first requirement for life on land?
important to humans in a positive way. (b) How did plants adapt to accomplish this?

126   Unit 1 • Diversity of Living Things NEL

70. Though land plants have created a diversity of living 77. Although many new species are discovered each year,
habitats and food sources for countless terrestrial biologists fear that the diversity of life is declining
animals, including humans, this diversity is rapidly. The loss of biodiversity affects humans in
threatened by human actions. (3.2) K/U T/I many ways. (1.1) T/I A
(a) What is the most widespread threat to plant life (a) Describe one case of declining biodiversity.
on Earth today? (b) How has this specific loss of biodiversity affected
(b) How has this threat worsened over the years, and humans?
what have some of the consequences been? 78. Classification systems are extremely useful. By
71. Describe how a jellyfish would look if it had bilateral using the same classification systems, scientists can
symmetry instead of radial symmetry. (3.3) T/I share ideas more easily. Imagine a world without
72. The protostomes include many species that are of classification systems. (1.2) T/I A
great importance to humans and interact with us in (a) How might our knowledge of organisms and
direct ways. Give an example of each of the following, species be affected?
and describe how it affects us. (3.3) T/I (b) Choose a part of your life that would be very
(a) a protostome that affects our food supply different, and explain how it would be different.
(b) a protostome that affects our health 79. A key challenge that traditional taxonomists face
(c) a protostome that affects our economy is deciding and agreeing on what criteria to use to
73. Explain what the development of an amniotic egg did define each taxon. (1.2) T/I A
for vertebrates, and describe what that has evolved (a) Establish a set of criteria for a familiar taxon.
into for today’s mammals. (3.3) T/I (b) What features will be used to base a decision on
74. The world’s marine ecosystems provide humans with whether or not to include organisms in it?
a rich supply of high-quality foods. Unfortunately, 80. Marine biologists and botanists both study organisms,
this supply of food has been adversely affected by a but they have very different jobs. Which job would
number of factors over the years. (3.4) T/I you rather have? Citing job responsibilities, explain
(a) Identify one way in which supplies of marine why. (1.2) K/U T/I A
foods have been affected. 81. Phylogeny is the science that deals with evolutionary
(b) Discuss a potential solution. relationships between and among species. These
relationships can be presented in a phylogenetic tree.
Analysis and Application Refer to the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 to answer
75. Make a clear distinction between individual variability the following questions. (1.3) K/U T/I A
and evolutionary change. You are very different from (a) What is incorrect about the relationships shown
many of your classmates, but you are also very different by the branches of the tree?
from someone who lived 20 000 years ago, from whom (b) Correctly restructure the branches.
you are directly descended. Examine both individual (c) Hypothesize why some of the species are
variability and evolutionary change, and explain how considered more closely related to each other.
they are different. (1.1) T/I A
76. Evolutionary changes usually occur over long periods crocodile fox bat bird
of time and over long distances. Many species today
have very different characteristics compared with the
same species several thousand years ago. And, similarly,
many species living across far-reaching places on Earth
have different characteristics, depending on the climate
and region in which they live. (1.1) K/U T/I A
(a) Giving examples of both, distinguish between
these two different types of evolutionary change. Figure 1 An incorrect phylogenetic tree for bird, fox, bat,
(b) Explain how the cause for change in a species over and crocodile
a long period of time could also be the cause for a
change over great distances and different climates.

NEL Unit 1 Review   127

82. In 1996, Carl Woese used a detailed analysis of living 90. Fungi are some of the most common but least visible
organisms to uncover some relationships between the organisms on Earth. (3.1) K/U T/I A
six kingdoms of life. (1.4) T/I A (a) Analyze the characteristics of fungi.
(a) Compare and contrast Woese’s findings with (b) Use your analysis to assess why these organisms
those of Carl Linnaeus. are relatively unfamiliar to many people.
(b) Though the two had different ideas, explain how 91. Some fungi have fascinating symbiotic relationships
their theories complement each other. with animals. (3.1) K/U T/I
83. Draw a phylogenetic tree that shows the key (a) Explain what it means to have a symbiotic
evolutionary relationships of the six kingdoms. relationship with another organism.
(1.4) K/U C (b) Examine and report on a symbiotic relationship
84. Birds are thought to be the descendants of dinosaurs between a fungus and another organism or species.
because of the many characteristics the two groups (c) Compare the symbiotic relationship you
share. (1.5) K/U T/I A discussed above with one that you have as a
(a) Imagine a familiar species’ characteristics to be human with another species.
more like those of the dinosaurs. 92. Plants dominate most of the land on Earth. They can
(b) Using these new characteristics as evidence, survive in many different climatic conditions, from
explain why your imaginary species might hot and humid tropics to parched deserts and the
be the descendant of the dinosaurs. extreme cold of the High Arctic. Because plants are
Be creative. producers of food, wherever they live, other terrestrial
85. Prokaryotes are extremely important organisms in life forms follow. (3.2) K/U T/I A
many ways. Bacteria are the prokaryotic organisms (a) Examine and compare two different plants that
we are most familiar with. They can be very harmful each thrive in very different, though extreme,
to us, but they can also play very positive roles. climates. What makes each of these plants suitable
(2.1) K/U T/I A for the extreme environment in which it lives?
(a) Compare and contrast a harmful prokaryotic (b) Name another species that also calls each of these
bacteria with one that is known to be beneficial. extreme habitats home because it depends on the
(b) Which of the two do you think has the biggest plants described above.
impact on human life? Why? 93. Most plant species alive today live on land. There are
86. Antibiotics are immensely valuable to humans. some aquatic species, but most are freshwater—only a
Explain how antibiotics work. What makes them so few are marine. Hypothesize as to why this is so.
important? (2.1) T/I A (3.2) K/U T/I
87. Compare and contrast bacteria and viruses. What 94. Illustrate the advantages seed plants have over non-
about their characteristics makes them so different? seeding plants. In what ecosystems, climates, and
What roles do they each play in the lives of humans? weather can only a seed plant thrive? Why is this so?
(2.2) T/I A (3.2) T/I A
88. Explain how vaccines have helped in the fight against 95. We depend on many other animal species for
many of the world’s most devastating diseases. our survival. We use many species of wild and
(2.2) T/I A domesticated animals as sources of food and other
89. The fact that there is no “typical” protist is curious, products. Our dependency, however, goes far beyond
in light of the similarities in each of the other five sources of food. (3.3) K/U T/I A
kingdoms. (2.3) K/U T/I (a) Investigate two uses for which humans depend on
(a) Break down some of the differences that exist other animals that does not involve eating them.
among the protists. (b) What makes these uses so important to us? Are
(b) Hypothesize as to why there is this wide variance there other ways to have the same needs met? If
in the Protist Kingdom. not, why? If so, what might they be?

128   Unit 1 • Diversity of Living Things NEL

96. The common ancestor of all animals was likely 100. Phylogeny is the science that deals with evolutionary
a colonial, flagellated protist that lived at least relationships between and among species—entire
700 million years ago. Since that early organism, populations of individuals. In many ways, these
countless other organisms have been the common relationships, or kinships, are similar to a large family
ancestors of more closely grouped species of animals. tree. (1.3) K/U T/I A
(3.3) T/I A (a) Based on what you have learned about phylogeny
(a) Choose three different species of animals with and phylogenetic trees, design a family tree that
which you are familiar. Describe each one’s shows your extended family, going back several
characteristics. generations.
(b) Based on the three sets of characteristics, (b) How is this tree and how are the relationships
hypothesize what the common ancestor of all within your family similar to the phylogenetic
three organisms might look like and act like. trees you learned about in Chapter 1?
What characteristics might it have? 101. The Linnaean classification system recognized only
97. Although greatly outnumbered by the invertebrates, two kingdoms of living things—Animals and Plants.
the vertebrates are nonetheless a diverse and When biologists began to use microscopes, they
dominant group of animals. Vertebrates have the discovered many new micro-organisms and gained
most advanced organ systems and most complex a better understanding of the cellular structure of
behaviours of all organisms. These features enable living things. It is conceivable, then, that the modern
many vertebrates to inhabit environments that other classification system will change based on new
organisms cannot. (3.3) K/U T/I discoveries and knowledge. Based on what you have
(a) Research and report on two examples of learned, invent a seventh kingdom of life. Be sure
vertebrates that inhabit, or at least can survive in, the organisms in your kingdom are unique. Describe
extreme conditions. them in detail. Be creative. (1.4) T/I A
(b) Analyze why each vertebrate is well suited to its 102. Fossil evidence links birds closely with a group of
habitat. What about these vertebrates makes them carnivorous dinosaurs. Morphological and genetic
adaptable to extreme conditions? evidence also suggests that birds’ closest living
relatives are the crocodiles. Based on what you
Evaluation have learned about classifying organisms using both
98. There is no doubt that all species depend on one fossil evidence and physical characteristics, invent
another. Maintaining and enhancing biodiversity an adapted bird group that more closely aligns with
is essential for the health and sustainability of either the mammalia or amphibia taxon. Be sure to
ecosystems. (1.1) T/I C A include detailed characteristics in your description of
(a) Visit a local ecosystem or a habitat that you this “new” bird to support your decision to add these
know is at risk today. Walk around and study its creatures to their new class. Be creative. (1.5) K/U T/I A
diversity of life. Take notes on what you observe. 103. Viruses are small, non-living particles. They cannot
(b) Construct a detailed report on your findings that grow or reproduce on their own. They do not produce
includes recommendations to slow, correct, or or use energy, nor do they create waste. Viruses enter
rectify the decline that this ecosystem or habitat into and take over control of healthy cells. The cell
is experiencing. eventually makes copies of the virus. Consider what
(c) Communicate your plan in a pamphlet that you a different type of virus might be capable of—a virus
could present to your local wildlife commission. that was a living thing that needed no host cell to
infect, contaminate, or damage. (2.2) K/U T/I A
99. Classifying organisms into various taxa with defined
(a) Describe the characteristics of this living virus.
criteria provides a framework for identifying
organisms. Today, most biologists and taxonomists (b) Predict what would be different about our world
consider all organisms to fall under one of six with these types of viruses around.
kingdoms: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista, Archaea,
and Eubacteria. (1.2, 1.4) K/U T/I A
(a) Make an argument for plants and animals
to be grouped in the same kingdom, using
morphological characteristics.
(b) Also consider different evidence for your
argument that is not based on morphological
characteristics. Be creative.

NEL Unit 1 Review   129

104. Assume the role of an adventure tour guide. Your 110. The development of vaccines was one of the
most important responsibility is to keep your greatest achievements in medicine. Based on what
tourists safe and healthy during their time with you learned about bacteria, viruses, diseases, and
you. Formulate a plan to make all drinking water vaccines, imagine a world in which vaccines did not
collected during your adventure safe for drinking. exist. Describe this world in detail, including the
Communicate your plan in the form of a pamphlet short-term and long-term effects on humans. How
to pass out to each tourist at the onset of your would it be different? T/I C A
adventure. Be sure to discuss the potential dangers 111. Present a strong argument in favour of placing
and diseases that could result from not purifying all humans in their own taxon. Include information on
drinking water. (2.3) K/U T/I A how your position on classifying humans makes more
105. Consider the statement “fungi are the major sense for taxonomists. In your argument, use detailed
decomposers on Earth.” Think about what this means. information from the unit. Make your argument
Are they more harmful or more beneficial to us and convincing to others. T/I C A
to their surrounding environment? What would be 112. Plants are thought to have evolved from charophytes,
different about the world without them and their a group of green oceanic algae. Most plant species
ability to decompose? Choose an ecosystem where living today, though, live on land. What if plants
they are prevalent and modify it by removing all returned to the sea? Write a report on the worldwide
forms of fungi. Predict how their absence would consequences that would ensue if all land plants
change things. (3.1) T/I C returned to the sea. What would life on Earth be
106. Although we are surrounded and supported by like without land plants? How would it affect
ecosystems dominated by plants, most people know humans and animals? Would our continued
very little about them and may think there is not much existence be possible? Support your answer with
to know. There is, however, a great deal to know about facts from Unit 1. T/I C A
these very important organisms. (3.2) T/I C A
(a) Create a short lesson plan in which you engage Research go t o n elson s c i en c e
the interest of your classmates to discover more 113. Research a species of animal on the Internet that
about plants. you know exists only in Canada. In your research,
(b) Include in your lesson those things you find identify how the specific Canadian ecosystem and
interesting, fascinating, and important about environment in which this species has existed has
plants. What makes them so interesting and so resulted in its lack of presence elsewhere in the
important? Why are they essential to our lives? world. What other factors played roles in how the
107. Compare and contrast the simplest invertebrates species has depended on this location? Write a
with the most complex vertebrates. How are these report on your findings. Present your report to
species different? What are their similarities? Make an your classmates. T/I C A
argument for these two very different organisms to be 114. Scientists have studied dinosaurs for many years,
classified into separate kingdoms. (3.3) K/U T/I C A but there is much we do not know about them.
Choose three different species of dinosaur and gather
Reflect on Your Learning information about them. Based on what you learn,
108. Assume the role of taxonomist for your local region. classify them in a phylogenetic tree. T/I
In this new position, you are asked to describe and 115. Type the name Louis Pasteur into a search engine.
classify many of the animals and plants native to your Gather as much information as you can on this
area. Using methods learned in your reading of this important scientist, including all of his contributions
unit, create a report and classification system that to medicine and microbiology. Write a report on
covers as many of the animal and plant species in your findings. Present your report to your classmates.
your region as possible. T/I C A T/I C

109. Visit your public or school library or a local

bookstore. Take careful notes on how the books are
sorted and displayed using a sorting and classification
system. Back at your home, create an elaborate table
modelled after the traditional taxonomic ranks of
classification. Be sure to include as many types and
genres of books as you can. T/I C A

130   Unit 1 • Diversity of Living Things NEL

116. The classification system developed by Carl Linnaeus 118. Research one virus of your choosing on the
(Figure 2) in the eighteenth century is very different Internet. Discover as much as you can about its
from the phylogenetic classification system many characteristics, symptoms, and treatments. Write
scientists use today. Research how systems of a report on your findings. Include in your report
biological classifications have changed as new any recommendations you might have for how this
scientific discoveries are made. How might these disease can be controlled. Present your report to your
changes affect our understanding of biodiversity? classmates. T/I C A
T/I A
119. Slime moulds are now classified as protists, but
they were once considered to be a type of fungus.
One type of slime mould, Physarum polycephalum,
astounded scientists recently because of its ability
to build effective networks. Research this organism
and summarize how scientists are using it to study
network construction. T/I
120. Research flowering plants on the Internet. As more
than 90 % of all modern plants are angiosperms,
or flowering plants, they are obviously the most
prominent and important type of plant. Study
and report on what makes them different from
non-flowering plants. What characteristics give
them such an enormous edge, compared with the
proportion of gymnosperms? Present your report
to your classmates. T/I C A
Figure 2 Carl Linnaeus 121. Research the concept and role of today’s fisheries.
Investigate what, exactly, these important commercial
117. Tuberculosis is a bacterial lung disease caused by enterprises do. Why do many scientists believe that
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is responsible for the more than half of all major fisheries are unsustainable
deaths of about 2 million people each year. It is often and in decline? K/U T/I
detected using X-rays (Figure 3). Research how 122. Many of our most useful inventions were inspired by
this disease is spread, diagnosed, and treated. What nature. For example, George de Maestral invented
factors affect how quickly the disease spreads? What Velcro after studying how burrs stuck to his dog’s
measures can be taken to prevent the spread of the fur. This is an example of biomimicry—human-
disease? T/I A made inventions that mimic what is found in nature.
Research another example of biomimicry. What
inspired it? How is it used? T/I A
123. The largest living thing is not a blue whale or a giant
redwood tree—it is a fungus. Single individuals of the
genus Armillaria are known to spread out beneath
the ground over areas of thousands of hectares.
The largest has a mass of at least 150 tonnes and is
thought to be more than 2400 years old! These fungi
also cause disease in trees. Research these fungi. How
do they affect the forestry industry? How might they
be affected by climate change? T/I A

Figure 3 A tuberculosis infection is often detected using X-rays.

It appears as cloudy white areas in the chest cavity.

NEL Unit 1 Review   131