Political Systems
1. Definition:
A political system refers to the framework within which a society organizes and governs
itself. It includes the structures, institutions, and processes through which power and
authority are exercised and decisions are made.
2. Types of Political Systems:
1. Democracy:
o Power lies with the people, either directly or through elected representatives.
o Examples: India, the USA.
o Characteristics: Free and fair elections, rule of law, and individual rights.
2. Republic:
o A form of democracy where the head of state is an elected or appointed official, not
a monarch.
o Example: France, South Korea.
3. Monarchy:
o Rule by a king, queen, or emperor. It can be:
Absolute Monarchy: Complete control by the monarch (e.g., Saudi Arabia).
Constitutional Monarchy: Monarch acts as a ceremonial head, while elected
representatives govern (e.g., the UK).
4. Dictatorship:
o Power concentrated in one individual or a small group.
o Examples: North Korea, some historical regimes.
o Characteristics: Lack of political freedom, censorship, and centralized control.
5. Communism:
o A system where the government controls resources and means of production,
aiming for a classless society.
o Example: China (modified), Cuba.
6. Federalism:
o Power is divided between central and regional governments.
o Examples: USA, Canada, India.
7. Anarchy:
o Absence of a formal government, often leading to disorder.
3. Functions of a Political System:
1. Legislation: Making laws to govern society.
2. Administration: Implementing and enforcing laws.
3. Judiciary: Resolving disputes and ensuring justice.
4. Defense: Protecting the nation from external threats.
5. Public Services: Ensuring welfare through healthcare, education, etc.
4. Political Ideologies:
1. Capitalism: Promotes private ownership and free-market economy.
2. Socialism: Advocates for collective ownership and equal distribution of resources.
3. Liberalism: Emphasizes individual freedom and limited government intervention.
4. Conservatism: Focuses on tradition, stability, and gradual change.
5. Nationalism: Prioritizes national interests over global considerations.
5. Challenges in Political Systems:
1. Corruption: Misuse of power for personal gain.
2. Populism: Policies aimed at appealing to the masses, often disregarding long-term impacts.
3. Polarization: Divisions within society based on political ideologies.
4. Globalization: Balancing national interests with international cooperation.
5. Authoritarianism: Erosion of democratic principles and freedoms.
6. Modern Political Trends:
Digital Democracy: Use of technology to increase transparency and public participation.
Global Governance: Collaboration among nations to address global issues like climate
change.
Rise of Authoritarianism: Decline in democratic practices in some regions.
Youth Movements: Increased political activism among younger generations.
