GROUP #:___________ Section:__________ Scores:________

MEDIA and INFORMATION LITERACY

WEEK1
Communication→ the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to
express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else. The exchange of information and the expression of feeling
that can result in understanding.

MEDIA → Media is the plural form of medium, which (broadly speaking) describes any channel of communication. This
can include anything from printed paper to digital data, and encompasses art, news, educational content and numerous
other forms of information.

INFORMATION→facts provided or learned about something or someone: is a broad term that covers processed data and
knowledge derived from study, experience, instruction, signals or symbols.

TECHNOLOGY/DIGITAL→the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry:

"advances in computer technology" machinery and equipment developed from the application of scientific knowledge.
the branch of knowledge dealing with engineering or applied sciences.

LITERACY/LITERATE→ ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, and compute using written or
unwritten materials associated with varying context.

Eight essential components Communication Process

1. Source - The source imagines, creates, and sends the message. In a public speaking situation, the source is the
person giving the speech. He or she conveys the message by sharing new information with the audience. The
speaker also conveys a message through his or her tone of voice, body language, and choice of clothing. This
process of turning thoughts into communication is called encoding.
2. Message - The message is the stimulus or meaning produced by the source for the receiver or audience.
The message consists of the way you say it—in a speech, with your tone of voice, your body language, and your
appearance—and in a report, with your writing style, punctuation, and the headings and formatting you choose.
3. Channel - The channel is the way in which a message or messages travel between source and receiver (What Is
Communication?, 2012). There are multiple communication channels available to us today. These include faceto-
face conversations, letters, telephone calls, text messages, email, the Internet
4. Receiver - The receiver receives the message from the source, analyzing and interpreting the message in ways
both intended and unintended by the source. In order to receive a message, she or he listens, sees, touches,
smells, and/or tastes to receive a message. The process of turning communication into thoughts is called
decoding. The receiver decodes the message.
5. Feedback - When the receiver responds to the source, intentionally or unintentionally, she/he is giving feedback.
1|Pa g e
 Feedback is composed of messages the receiver sends back to the source. Verbal or nonverbal, all these feedback
signals allow the source to see how well, how accurately (or how poorly and inaccurately) the message was
received.
6. Environment - The environment is the atmosphere, physical and psychological, where an individual sends and
receives messages. This can include the tables, chairs, lighting, and sound equipment that are in the room.
7. Context - The context of the communication interaction involves the setting, scene, and expectations of the
individuals involved.
8. Interference or noise – This is anything that blocks or changes the source’s intended meaning of the message. Not
all noise is bad, but noise interferes with the communication process. For example, your cell phone ringtone may
be a welcome noise to you, but it may interrupt the communication process in class and bother your classmates.

FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

1. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION→ It is a form of communication with oneself using internal vocalization or

reflective thinking. We exercise intrapersonal communication more often than we consciously remember. We do it
every time we quietly decide on what to when we contemplate on what decisions to make, or even make
observations or formulate opinions about the things around us which we keep to ourselves.
2. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION→ Interpersonal communication is a form of communication between two
different people who may or may not have a direct relationship with each other but are mutually and actively part
of the communication process.
3. GROUP COMMUNICATION→ It is a type of communication between three or more people interacting to achieve a
specific objective or a certain goal. This form of communication often happens during team-based tasks mostly
done in schoolworks or organizational endeavors.
4. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION→ This is a sender-focused form of communication in which one person is typically
responsible for conveying information to an audience. This form is usually seen during campaigns, speeches, or
other public speaking events.
5. MASS COMMUNICATION→ Public communication becomes mass communication when it is transmitted to many
people through print or electronic media.

Activity 1.1

1. What is Media Literacy?

2. What is Information Literacy?
3. What is Digital Literacy?
4. What are the similarities and differences of media literacy, information literacy, and technology literacy ?

Activity 1.2

Instructions: Answer the questions briefly in your own words.

Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Why is communication a process?
2. What are the important elements of communication?
3. How can we achieve an effective communication with other people?

WEEK2
Definition of Terms:

Information Literacy→ the ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use and
communicate information in its various formats

Media Habits – it is a person’s normal use of media. Example: reading newspaper every morning to get the latest
information on the happenings in the country.
2|Pa g e
Media Lifestyle – it is person’s use of media based on his or her styles, interests and attitudes of individuals. Example:
sport active individuals use Internet to find latest trends and information regarding fitness and health.

Media Preferences – it is a person’s choice of media platform which affected by the accessibility, availability, affordability
and convenience of that media platform. Example: most people prefer watching television as the sources of news
because it is accessible and available.

In simpler terms, Media and Information Literacy is the ability to effectively and efficiently create, use, comprehend, and
share information through any mediated communication. The ability to navigate the media is a powerful and crucial skill.

INFORMATION

• Data that has been collected, processed, and interpreted in order to be presented in a useable form. A broad term
that can cover processed data, knowledge derived from study, experience, instruction, signals or symbols. In the
media world, information is often used to describe knowledge of specific events or situations that has been
gathered or received by communication, intelligence, or news reports.

• Why do you need information?

to be updated with the news, for learning/education purposes, for communication, to acquire knowledge
needed for decision-making.
• Where do you search for information? internet, television, library, radio, newspapers, etc.
• How do you acquire and store information? write, print, photocopy, photograph, download, cloud storage, record,
external memory drives, memory cards
• How will you determine the quality and accuracy of the information that you have?
It should come from a reputable source, such as an institution.
• How do you use the information that you have? share, apply, announce, post, archive, reminder, answer a query,
clarify confusion.
• How will you communicate information? announcement, text, post to social media, face to face session, note,
chat, email, save file
•
Benefits of being media and information literate

1. It teaches you how to verify information and acknowledge others’ perspectives;

2. It encourages audiences to think critically;
3. It promotes responsible information sharing and dissemination;
4. It helps you identify and understand the media’s role in our culture;
5. It teaches you to think and decide objectively, factually, and reasonably;
6. It encourages you to actively participate in public affairs as a citizen;
7. It teaches you to create your own content responsibly; and
8. It makes you better appreciate media products.

Stages/ Elements of
Information Literacy
1. Identifying/recognizing information needs
2. Determining sources of information
3. Citing or searching for information
4. Analyzing and evaluating the quality of information
5. Organizing, storing or archiving information
6. Using information in an ethical, efficient and effective way
7. Creating and communicating new knowledge.

3|Pa g e
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER

“Will you please connect Information Literacy on this statement”?

“Knowledge is an important aspect of human life that leads to activities that contribute to one
gaining wealth, influence, and power.”
“How does information become knowledge?” “Knowledge is the appropriate collection of information through experience
or education, which could be useful in various situations.”

“There are times when you need to share information that you have acquired from various sources written by different
authors. It is inevitable to directly quote their words in order to preserve their meaning. However, quoting someone else's
words without giving credit to the author essentially gives the impression that you are claiming ownership of the words they
have said. This is called plagiarism.”

Plagiarism: Using other people’s words and ideas without clearly acknowledging the source of the information
Common Knowledge: Facts that can be found in numerous places and are likely to be widely known. Example: John F.
Kennedy was elected President of the United States in 1960. This is generally known information. You do not need to
document this fact.
Interpretation: You must document facts that are not generally known, or ideas that interpret facts.
Example: Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player ever to have played the game. This idea is not a fact but an
interpretation or an opinion. You need to cite the source.
Quotation: Using someone’s words directly. When you use a direct quote, place the passage between quotation marks,
and document the source according to a standard documenting style. Example: According to John Smith in The New York
Times, “37% of all children under the age of 10 live below the poverty line”. You need to cite the source.
Paraphrase: Using someone’s ideas but rephrasing them in your own words. Although you will use your own words to
paraphrase, you must still acknowledge and cite the source of the information.

Strategies in Avoiding Plagiarism

• Submit your own work for publication. You need to cite even your own work.
• Put quotation marks around everything that comes directly from the text and cite the source.
• Paraphrase but be sure that you are not simply rearranging or replacing a few words and cite the source.
• Keep a source journal, a notepad, or note cards- annotated bibliographies can be especially beneficial
• Use the style manual in properly citing sources.
• Get help from the writing center or library.
• Keep a source journal, a notepad, or note cards- annotated bibliographies can be especially beneficial
• Use the style manual in properly citing sources.
• Get help from the writing center or library.

ACTIVITY 2.1
“Your group is tasked to plan an academic trip. List
pertinent information on two possible destinations
(somewhere in the country or abroad)”.
Be creative by creating your sample brochure using MS
Publisher, MS Word or any editing software.
● Identify the information needed – what, where, who,
when, why, how.
● Determine all the possible sources, select the best
sources – the world wide web, travel guide books,
brochures, maps and atlases, tour bureaus, family
members, and friends.
● Locate and find information within the sources – blogs, travel reviews, posts from social networking sites, travel
features, pictures, stories, and testimonials.
● Extract the best relevant information and cite pertinent sources

4|Pa g e
 WEEK3
Responsible Use of Media and Information
Information Disorder. Information Disorder refers to the many ways our information environment is polluted – content is
fake, used out of context, or weaponized to attack certain individuals or groups of people. Understanding this landscape is
the first step towards better and responsible use of media and information
There are three categories of Information Disorder: Misinformation, Disinformation, and Mal-information.
1. Misinformation – refers to information that is false, but the person sharing or disseminating it unknowingly perceives it
as something true.
False connection – when headlines or visuals do not support the content
Misleading content - by cropping photos or choosing quotes or statistics selectively
2. Disinformation – refers to content that contains false information with the deliberate intention to mislead or deceive
the audience.
False context – when genuine content is re-circulated out of its original context
Imposter content – persons’ bylines used alongside articles they did not write, or organizations’ logos used in
videos or images they did not create
Manipulated content – when genuine content is manipulated to deceive
Fabricated content – fabricated “news sites” or fabricated visual
3. Mal-information – refers to information that is based on reality but is used to inflict harm
Examples:
• Leaks to the press of private information for personal or corporate interest (e.g., revenge porn)
• Using a picture (e.g. of a dead child, with no context or false context) in an effort to ignite hatred of a
particular ethnic gro
4. Raw-information -- information that has yet to be examined or confirmed
• Because Information Disorder is prevalent in this time, the need to inculcate and practice the responsible use of
media and information is of utmost importance. As media is very much embedded in our lives, it is important that
we must learn the skills on how to responsibly and wisely use this information and media tools at our disposal.
• The Center for Media Literacy (2005) lists five core concepts of Media Literacy:
• All media messages are ‘constructed.’
• Media messages are constructed using a creative language with its own rules.
• Different people experience the same media message differently.
• Media have embedded values and points of view.
• Most media messages are organized to gain profit or power.

The following are seven (7) MIL skills that you, as a media user and producer, should develop:
1. The ability and willingness to make an effort to understand the content, to pay attention, and to filter out noise.
• If you want to see and hear quality content, you should have exerted effort to look for such and understand it.
2. An understanding of and respect for the power of media messages
• We need to be self-aware of the influence of media on our lives. For instance, how media affects our choices in the
clothes we wear, the shows we watch, the songs we listen to, the words we use.
3. The ability to distinguish emotional from reasoned reactions when responding to content and to act accordingly
• Some media products are intentionally shot and broadcasted for their emotional impact. However, media
consumers must still be able to channel this emotional influence to a reasonable reaction.
4. Development of heightened expectations of media content
• When we expect little from the content before us, we tend to give meaning-making little effort and attention.
Moreover, expectations lead to pressure for media outlets to produce factual and quality media content.
5. A knowledge of genre conventions and the ability to recognize when they are being mixed
Genre is a category of expressions within the different media, i.e., “evening news,” “documentary,” “horror movie,” or
“entertainment.” Meanwhile, genre conventions are distinctive, standardized style elements that characterize a particular
genre
Example: ABS-CBN having informal captions or host being both in the news and entertainment department
6. The ability to think critically about media messages, no matter how credible their sources.

5|Pa g e
 • The news media is sometimes referred to as the fourth branch of the government, but this does not mean,
however, that we should believe everything they report. It is important to “triangulate” or look for other credible
sources that may contain the same information.
7. A knowledge and appreciation of the internal language of various media and the ability to understand its effects,
no matter how complex
• Each medium has its own specific internal language, and
this language is expressed in production values – choice of
lighting, editing, special effects, music, camera angles,
location on the page, and size and placement of headline.
Understanding how media creates and shapes various
production also encourages the audience to have a deeper
appreciation of art through media.

What are the Characteristics of a Media and Information Literate Person?

• A media and information literate individual are a Critical Thinker.
• A media and information literate individual know how to protect himself/herself and others on the internet.
• A media and information literate individual know how to evaluate the positive and negative effect of media content
• A media and information literate individual behave properly on the internet.
What is Critical Thinker?
It is your ability to reason. It is about being an active learner rather than a passive recipient of information.
Critical thinkers identify, analyze and solve problems systematically rather than by intuition or instinct.

Why is critical thinking very important? To evaluate information correctly which will result to sound decision making.
WHAT IS NETIQUETTE?
The word netiquette is a combination of ’net’ (from internet) and ’etiquette’. It means respecting other users’ views
and displaying common courtesy when posting your views to online discussion groups.

Reasons why you need to become Media and Information Literate

Person?
• To make informed decisions
• To learn about the world around them
• To build a sense of community
• To maintain public discourse, and
• To engage in lifelong learning
How to use social media RESPONSIBLY?
Social media tools such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter are a part
of everyday life. But using it poorly can cause lasting damage to you and others.

What counts as IRRESPONSIBLE?

Any hurtful, defamatory, libelous or inappropriate in the physical world, it is online too.
Irresponsible behavior can include:
a. making derogatory comments about individuals or organizations, even as a joke
b. sharing confidential information about others
c. sharing sexually explicit, racist, homophobic or inflammatory material
d. flaming or trolling – deliberately provoking arguments, or disruptive behavior
e. making allegations about others
The two golden rules to follow
1. If you wouldn’t say it to someone’s face in a public place, don’t say it online.
2. Don’t rely on privacy settings – anyone who can see your content can download it, copy it, take a screen shot and
then share it publicly.

6|Pa g e
What is a DIGITAL FOOTPRINT?
Your digital footprint is the data trail left by your interactions in the digital world.
It’s a public record of:
• what you said
• what was said about you
• what you liked, retweeted or shared
• where you are or have been
This information is often used for marketing purposes and employer checks. It also makes it very easy for others to gather
information on you in order to impersonate or commit fraud. Less public, but something you need to remember is that
there is also a record of
✓ what you’ve clicked on
✓ what you’ve searched for
✓ your IP address
Remember to:
• think about what you want your social media use to say about you
• consider what you want to achieve, and which tools would be best for the job
• keep your personal and professional identities separate
• check security settings regularly
• communicate positively, not negatively
• choose quality over quantity
• Google yourself regularly
• untagged yourself from photos or posts that could show you in a negative way
Make sure you don’t:
• use social media to complain or vent frustrations
• share personal pictures or information that will reflect badly on you
• announce when you’re on holiday (and leaving your home empty)
• express concerns about others, even if you think you are anonymous
• connect with people you don’t personally know, or at least without there being a purpose for the connection
• forget to log out of shared machine

ACTIVITY 3.1

Topics that can be considered but not limited to:

➢ Anti- Bullying Campaign
➢ Campaign Against Cyberbullying
➢ Be Safe in Cyberspace
➢ Media Message Analysis (Critical Thinking)
➢ Think Before You Click
➢ No to Plagiarism
➢ Proper Behavior on the Internet (Netiquette)

7|Pa g e
 WEEK 4

Evolution of Media - The four ages to the class.

Media is a term that refers to all print, digital, and electronic means of communication.
Technology creates media. The
newspaper you bought is a form of media, DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
as is the movie you streamed for family
bonding, the web site you used to order
product, the billboard you passed on the
way on the street, and the magazine you
read while you were waiting for it. Without
technology, media would not exist, but
remember, technology is more than just
the media we are exposed to.

Traditional Media has a very broad

exposure because it considers everyone,
regardless of age, as its audience.
New Media describes content available
on-demand through the Internet.

8|Pa g e
The Following are Examples of Media and Their Effects to the Society
a. Print Newspaper→ Early forms of print media, found in ancient
Rome, were hand-copied onto boards and carried around to keep the
citizenry informed. With the invention of the printing press, the way
that people shared ideas changed, as information could be mass
produced and stored.
b. Television and Radio→ Radio programming obviously preceded
television, but both shaped people’s lives in much the same way. In both
cases, information (and entertainment) could be enjoyed at home, with a
kind of immediacy and community that newspapers could not offer. Even
though people were in their own homes, media allowed them to share
these moments in real time.
c. Film→ Like television, early films were unifying for society: as people
gathered in theaters to watch new releases, they would laugh, cry, and
be scared together. Movies also act as time capsules or cultural
touchstones for society. Movies illustrate society’s dreams, fears, and
experiences.
d. New Media→ New media encompasses all interactive forms of
information exchange. These include social networking sites, blogs,
podcasts, wikis, and virtual worlds.

Chances are your mobile phone company, as well as the makers of your laptop and your
household appliances, are all counting on their products to fail. Not too quickly, of course, or
consumers wouldn’t stand for it—but frequently enough that you might find that it costs far
more to fix a device than to replace it with a newer model. Appliance repair people say that while
they might be fixing some machines that are twenty years old, they generally aren’t fixing those
that are seven years old; newer models are built to be thrown out. This strategy is called
planned obsolescence. People have trouble keeping up with technological innovation. But
9|Pa g e
people may not be to blame, as manufacturers intentionally develop products with short life
spans.
Homogenization and Fragmentation
➔ Despite the variety of media at hand, the mainstream news and entertainment you
enjoy are increasingly homogenized (standardized). Most of the different news
outlets all tell the same stories, using the same sources, resulting in the same
message, presented with only slight variations. Whether you are reading different
news web site, the coverage of national events will likely be the same.
➔ Simultaneously with this homogenization among the major news outlets, the
opposite process is occurring in the newer media streams. With so many choices,
people increasingly customize their news experience, minimizing their opportunity
to encounter information that does not jive with their worldview which is known as
social fragmentation.
✓ Media as a Fourth Branch of the Government
✓ The Media is considered as the fourth estate or fourth branch of the government because
of the power they wield and the oversight function they exercise.

Functions of Media
1. Monitoring Function. This is to inform the citizens on what is happening
around them.
2. Information Function. This is to educate the audience on the meaning and
significance of the facts.
3. Opinion Function. This is to provide a platform for public political discourse. It
is to facilitate public opinion and expression of dissent.
4. Watchdog Role of Journalism. It denounces the wrongdoing of the
government and the private which leads to increasing of accountability and
spearheading positive changes.
5. Channel for Advocacy of Political viewpoints
What is Digital Divide?
Digital Divide is the economic, educational, and social inequalities between
those who have computers and online access and those who do not.
6. As resource center. It acts as a gateway of information for the society’s
consumption.
7. As the Peace & Consensus Builder. The media should play as the neutral role
in the conflict and provide warring groups a method for representation and voice
to settle their differences peacefully. Peace Journalism promotes careful
reporting that emphasizes on equal voice to all sides of the conflict and resist
explanations for violence. Yellow Journalism is the use of negligent newspaper
10 | P a g e
 reporting, without regard to facts. It is often based upon sensational and crude
exaggeration.

Roles and functions of media in democratic society

Media must be free of the following :
• Censorship (Restriction, Cutting, Editing)
• Self-censorship
• Control of the government
• Physical and moral pressure
• Political prejudice

Service to the people:

• to inform responsibly
• to challenge those in power (government, parliament, local authorities)
• communicate and maintain social relations between social groups effectively.

Main principles:
• not to mislead the public
• reproduce events accurately (reflect the most accurate picture of happenings)

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the use of intelligently connected devices and
systems to leverage data gathered by embedded sensors and actuators in
machines and other physical objects.
By which mobile operators have identified the following key distinctive features:
1. The Internet of Things can enable the next wave of life-enhancing services
across several fundamental sectors of the economy.
2. Meeting the needs of customers may require global distribution models and
consistent global services.
3. The Internet of Things presents an opportunity for new commercial models to
support mass global deployments.
4. The majority of revenue will arise from the provision of value-added services
and mobile operators are building new capabilities to enable these new service
areas.
5. Device and application behaviour will place new and varying demands on
mobile networks.

11 | P a g e
 Activity 4.1
Being an empowered SHS student, your role is to showcase your versatility in all
forms of media. Perform the following instruction:
1. Draw on a short bond paper a political cartoon depicting your opinion about
how Philippine media performs its roles and functions in the Philippines which is
a democratic country.
2. Explain the message of your political cartoon in not less than 3 sentences.

Activity 4.2

WEEK5
TYPES OF MEDIA

A. Print media is a paper publication.

Example: books, newspapers, journals, magazines, newsletters.
B. Broadcast media describes the traditional forms of media that include
television and radio.
C. FILM/MOVIES- refers to the art and industry of creating and distributing
motion pictures, also known as films or movies.
D. Online/New media is a medium which use internet to send information.
Example: Social Media and Sharing Platform (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter),
Website and Blogs, Streaming Audio and Video, Chat rooms, Email

12 | P a g e
 NEW Delivery mode of content in different types of media
1. Live streaming allows a creator to share creation and idea in real time. It can
be in Broadcast media, but commonly used in online media using Facebook,
YouTube and Instagram as its platform.
2. Webinars create a room for seminars, trainings, lectures, and discussion using
online media. It can also be used in presenting new products showcasing latest
creation.
3. Podcast is known as “new radio” merged from the word iPod and broadcast. It
is an audio program done in series and delivered in digital audio. Listeners can
access through online media and download it for offline listening.
4. Infographics is a visual presentation of information and data. It comes in
imagery, charts and minimal texts which allows the reader to have a quick
overview of the concept or idea. Infographics use print media and online media.
5. E-books are electronic version of printed books. Stories can be read on
computer or handheld device. One of the advantages of E-book is its
“interactivity” and “personalization”.

What is Media Convergence?

Definition:
a. The co-existence of traditional and new media.
b. The co-existence of print media, broadcast media (radio and television), the
Internet, mobile phones, as well as others, allowing media content to flow across
various platforms.
c. The ability to transform different kinds of media into digital code, which is then
accessible by a range of devices (ex. from the personal computer to the mobile
phone), thus creating a digital communication environment.

MASS MEDIA AND MEDIA EFFECTS

• Mass Media→ refer to channels of communication that involve transmitting
information in some way, shape or form to large numbers of people
• Media Effects→ are the intended or unintended consequences of what the
mass media does (Denis McQuail, 2010)

MASS EFFECTS THEORIES

1. Third – Party Theory- People think they are more immune to media influence
than others.
13 | P a g e
 2. Reciprocal Effect- When a person or event gets media attention, it influences
the way the person acts or the way the event functions.
Media coverage often increases self-consciousness, which affects our
actions.
3. Boomerang Effect→ refers to media-induced change that is counter to the
desired change
4. Cultivation Theory (George Gerbner)-- states that media exposure,
specifically to television, shapes our social reality by giving us a distorted view
on the amount of violence and risk in the world
5. Agenda-setting Theory (Lippmann/ McCombs and Shaw) -- process whereby
the mass media determine what we think and worry about
public reacts not to actual events but to the pictures in our head, created by
media
6. Propaganda Model of Media Control (Herman & Chomsky )-- The model tries
to understand how the population is manipulated, and how the social,
economic, political attitudes are fashioned in the minds of people through
propaganda.

Propaganda→ ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that
are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.

Activity 5.1
Direction: Draw a visual presentation that shows your understanding on what
is/are the influence of media in the society. You may also produce your output
digitally and submit your final output, with your FULL NAME and SECTION. Put or
print your work using long coupon bond (8.5x13).

Direction: Using the application you are most competent with, make a visual
presentation that shows how different media influence your everyday life.
(example applications: SketchPro, sketch.io, Microsoft Paint, others)

Activity 5.2 1Whole Sheet of paper

Direction: Provide your answers to the following questions.
1. Describe how new technologies have led to the convergence of traditional and
new media.
2. Explain how media convergence creates new opportunities for interaction.
14 | P a g e
 WEEK 6
Indigenous Media and other Sources of Information
Indigenous Media-- It is defined as variety of media expression conceptualized,
produced, and circulated by indigenous people with information appropriate to
their culture.
It is a reflection of the indigenous communities and has been used as a powerful
social movement catalyst all over the world.

Indigenous Knowledge – it is a unique knowledge from a specific culture or

society.
Indigenous Communication – it is the transmission of information through local
channels or forms by which the culture is preserved, handed down and adapted.

Characteristics of Indigenous Media:

➢ oral tradition of communication
➢ store information in memories
➢ information exchange is face-to-face
➢ information is contain within the border of the community

Forms of indigenous media:

a. Folk or traditional media
b. Gatherings and social organizations
c. Direct observation
d. Records (written, carved, oral)
e. Oral instruction

Examples of indigenous media:

a. Riddle (Bugtong) - it is usually a test of wit which requires the audience sees
the meeting between the object referred to.
b. Proverb (Salawikain) – it makes a statement about what it describes. They
provide people with lessons that allow them to cope with the problems of living.
c. Folk epics – These are known as a long oral narrative based on tradition,
beliefs, customs, ideals, and social values. Some ethnic groups have preserved
some epics, sometimes called Ethno Epics.
15 | P a g e
 d. Pasyon (Passion of Christ) – It is a popular Lenten activity to purify one’s soul.
Chanting in vernacular Biblical passages
e. Cenaculo – It is a theatrical presentation of passion and death of Jesus Christ.
f. Tanaga (short poems) - referred as Talinhaga which is associated with mystery,
obscurity, and parabolic speech.

Purpose of indigenous media:

➢ To disseminate information
➢ To entertain the natives in various occasions
➢ Serves as an oral history to be passed to the next generations
➢ Act as socializing agent among the people living in the community

Responsibilities of Traditional Indigenous Culture

1. Carrying out land management practices
2. Protection and maintenance of sacred sites and objects
3 Social Organization – Carrying out roles and responsibilities
4. Totemism – links with nature
5. Tool/weapon making
6. Maintaining education through stories, song, art, dance
7. Performing Ceremonies
8. Carrying out rituals
9. Maintaining shelter
10. Carrying out social control, customary law
11. Food hunting, gardening, gathering, fire management, etc.

Library is a place where artistic, literary, musical and reference materials such
manuscripts, books, and films are kept for use or borrow and not for sale.

Types of Libraries
a. Academic Library. This is for Colleges and Universities
b. Public Library. This is for cities and towns
c. School Library. This is for students from Kindergarten to Grade 12
d. Special Library. This is in specialized environment such as hospitals, private
business and the government.

16 | P a g e
 Different information resources that can be found in the library:
A. Books→ It is one of the best source of information. Books cover virtually any
topic, fact or fiction.
B. Articles → It is a piece of writing about particular subject that is include in a
magazine, newspaper, etc.
Examples of articles:
✓ Scholar / Academic Journals is a collection of articles usually written by
scholars in an academic or professional field.
Examples: Journal of Counseling, Psychology, Philippine Law Journal, and Ateneo
Law Journal
✓ Trade Publications are intended for professional organizations or
professionals or scholars with similar interests.
✓ Magazines is a collection of articles and images about diverse topics of
popular interest and current event.
Examples: Sports, Fashion, Science, etc.
C. Newspapers → These are collections of articles about current events usually
published daily.
D. Almanac → These are annual publication listing a set of events forthcoming in
the next year. It includes information like weather forecasts, farmers' planting
dates, tide tables, and other tabular data often arranged according to the
calendar.

INTERNET
It is a global computer network providing a variety of information
and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocol and considered as the leading source of
information in the digital age.

3 Key Aspects of Internet as a Different Internet Information

source of information: Resources
1. Abundance; 1. Websites
2. Availability, and 2. Databases
3. Accessibility
Website are best for looking news, government information, company information,
and alternate points of view.

17 | P a g e
Databases is an organized collection of data stored and accessed electronically.
Through this, it makes the lives of researchers easier and more efficient.

Evaluation Criteria on How to Assess Online Resources

➢ Currency. It is the timeliness of information.
➢ Relevance. It is the significance of the information that you need.
➢ Authority. It is the source of information.
➢ Accuracy. It is the closeness of the report to the actual data
➢ Purpose. The reason why it is created.

Skills in determining the reliability of information:

1. Check the Author - The author’s willingness to be identified is a good
indication of reliability.
2. Check the Date of Publication or update - While the information may be true, it
may not be reliable if it is outdated and may have lost relevance.
3. Check for Citations - Reliable authors have the discipline of citing sources of
their information.
4. Check the Domain or owner of the site/page.
com – commercial .org – nonprofit organization
.gov – government .mil – military
.edu – educational
5. Check the site design and the writing style. Credible sources take time to make
their information accessible and easy to comprehend.
ACTIVITY 6.1
Exploring Indigenous Information
Direction: Interview the elderly in your family or known elders in your barangay and
ask them about indigenous information about your barangay.

Choose one of the following topics:

a) a legend about the origins of your barangay's name;
b) a famous folklore widely told in your barangay; or
c) an unforgettable event that occurred in your barangay in the past.

Write down the answers of your interviewee by creating a narrative report of their
answers through a video blog. Submit your video on the Google drive link to be
provided by your teacher in your respective group chat (GC).
18 | P a g e
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education

19 | P a g e