Media & Information Literacy 3.

Channel - The channel is the way in which a message or messages

travel between source and receiver (What Is Communication?, 2012).
Module 1: The Influence of Media and Information to Communication
There are multiple communication channels available to us today.
4. Receiver - The receiver receives the message from the source,
analyzing and interpreting the message in ways both intended and
Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, unintended by the source.
person or group to another (SkillsYouNeed, 2020). It is the process of sending 5. Feedback is composed of messages the receiver sends back to the
and receiving messages through verbal or nonverbal means, including speech, source.
or oral 7 communication; writing and graphical representations (such as 6. Environment - The environment is the atmosphere, physical and
infographics, maps, and charts); and signs, signals, and behavior (Nordquist, psychological, where an individual sends and receives messages. This
2020). At its core, communications is the use of messages to generate meaning, can include the tables, chairs, lighting, and sound equipment that are in
both within and across a myriad of cultures, contexts, channels, and media. the room. The room itself is an example of the environment.
Through the effective practice of communications, we are able to improve 7. Context - The context of the communication interaction involves the
cultural, social, personal, and professional experiences, whether between setting, scene, and expectations of the individuals involved.
individual, enterprises or even nations 8. Interference or noise – This is anything that blocks or changes the
Communication Process source’s intended meaning of the message.

Media and information influence to communication- Media and information

technology play a vital role in globalization.

While media can be a good channel for communication and a good source of
information, they also pose some threats to users. Among these are as
follows.

1. Media has become a source of misinformation and fake news. These

sometimes are utilized to push personal gain and agenda, making the
receiver of the information deceived, confused and misinformed.
2. Though media helps us improve the way we communicate it is also
abused by many. Everybody publishes whatever he wants and
unmindful of the consequences of their posts. Social media make
people feel that they are allowed to say whatever comes to their mind,
making them say things that they would not normally say on personal
encounters, thus fueling up bullying (EASE Technology Solutions, 2016).
3. Media can also pose medical, social and psychological issues. What is
posted on media may cause dissatisfaction with body image, creates 10
The eight parts as presented by What is communication (2012):
addiction, promote identity stealing and can destroy interpersonal
1. Source - The source imagines, creates, and sends the message. In a relationships.
public speaking situation, the source is the person giving the speech.
2. Message - The message is the stimulus or meaning produced by the
source for the receiver or audience.
In the process of communication, participants can be both the source of Written communication is influenced by vocabulary and
information and the receiver as well. Information can be broadly defined as grammar, writing style, precision and clarity of the language
data, knowledge, or instructions through signals or symbols. used.
2. Non-verbal Communication- It is sending or receiving of wordless
Two key components in effective communication:
messages. We can say that communication other than oral and written,
1. Development of information such as gesture, body language, posture, the tone of voice or facial
2. Selection of medium or media to be used in disseminating information expression, is called nonverbal communication. In short, non-verbal
communication is all about the body language of the speaker. Also,
Media are tools used by the source to disseminate information to the receiver. non-verbal communication has the following three elements:
It can be broadcast media such as television and radio, print media such as a. Appearance: Even though your appearance may not be
newspapers and magazines, new media or internet, and nontraditional media necessary to determine whether or not you are fit for a post,
like film, and literature. the 12 interviewer can perceive the way you look as a sign of
The concepts and nature of communication professionalism or lack thereof.
b. Body Language: In face-to-face conversations, words are
Communication is an essential skill that a man should enrich. Through hardly the only thing the receivers process. They also take your
communication, people can express their thoughts, positions, and feelings. body language into account.
c. Sounds: In communication, it is often the way words are said,
According to Cambridge Academic Content dictionary, communication is the
not the actuals words themselves that can determine the
process by which messages or information are sent from one place to another
success of the conversation. Tone, pace, volume are
or the message itself. It can also be the exchange of information and the
considered in understanding the true meaning of what
expression of feeling that can result in understanding. Simply say, it is the
someone is saying.
process of sharing messages between human beings.
Based on Purpose and Style
The types of communication
1. Formal communication: It mostly takes place in professional settings.
I. According to Channels Used:
This is practiced in corporate meetings, conferences, and others where
1. Verbal communication- It refers to the form of communication in the primary purpose is to disseminate information concerning parties
which message is transmitted verbally; communication is done by word that are involved in certain type of official business.
of mouth and a piece of writing. And this verbal communication is 2. Information communication: It is most commonly used form of
subdivided into two forms: communication. It takes place in our daily interaction with one another.
a. Oral Communication- In this form, spoken words are used. It It happens in ordinary settings between friends, family, classmates and
includes face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic practically anyone who wished to speak with another. Informal
conversations, video, radio and voice over the internet. Oral communication is casual talk.
communication is influenced by pitch, volume, speed and
Module 2 Media Literacy, Information Literacy, and Technology Literacy
clarity of speaking.
b. Written Communication: Written signs or symbols are used to According to the National Association for Media Literacy Education (NAMLE
communicate. A written message may be printed or USA), Media Literacy is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and
handwritten. In written communication, message can be communicate information in a variety of forms, including print and non-print
transmitted via email, letter, report, memo among others. messages.
According to Yale University, this involves the ability to encode and decode to achieve their goals, develop their knowledge and potential, and participate
symbols transmitted via media and the ability to synthesize, analyze, and fully in their community and wider society.
produce mediated messages.
2. Media Literacy is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in
The Associate of College and Research Libraries (ACRL USA) defines a variety of forms. It aims to empower citizens by providing them with the
information literacy as a set of abilities requiring individuals to ‘recognize when competencies (knowledge and skills) necessary to engage with traditional media
the information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use the and new technologies.
needed information effectively’.
3. Information is a broad term that covers processed data, knowledge derived
The New York State Education Department (NYSED) defines technology from study, experience, instruction, signals or symbols.
literacy as the understanding of the concepts behind computing equipment,
4. Information Literacy is the ability to recognize when information is needed,
network connectivity, and application software; the skills to responsibly use
and to locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate information in its various
appropriate technology to access, synthesize, evaluate, communicate, and
formats.
create information to solve problems and improve learning in all subject areas;
and the ability to acquire new knowledge for on-going and lifelong learning in 5. Technology Literacy is the ability of an individual, either working
the 21st century global workplace. independently or with others, to responsibly, appropriately, and effectively use
technological tools. Using these tools an individual can access, manage,
integrate, evaluate, create and communicate information.

6. Media and Information Literacy are the essential skills and competencies
that allow individuals to engage with media and other information providers
effectively, as well as develop critical thinking and life-long learning skills to
socialize and become active citizens.

7. Media - physical objects used to communicate including mass media (radio,

television, computers, film, etc.). Traditionally, media are source of credible
information in which contents are provided through an editorial process
determined by journalistic values and where editorial accountability can be
attributed to an organization or a legal person. In more recent years the term
‘media’ is often used to include new online media.

Module 3: Responsible Use of Media and Information

Digital Divide— pertains to the social and economic imbalance of the

opportunities to access to, use of or knowledge of information and
communication technology (ICTs). It refers to a gap between sector in the
After knowing the differences among media literacy, information literacy, and
community who can access, has the skills and has desire to use the internet and
technology literacy, here are the terms to be remembered as well.
those who cannot.
1. Literacy is the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate
and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying
contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning, wherein individuals are able
Benjamin Company defines “digital divide” as the disparities in access to 2. Compulsion is more time spent in online activities like gaming,
telephones, personal computers, and the internet across certain demographic bartering of stocks and gambling which cause problems at work.
groups. 3. Cybersex addiction is excessive time spent in surfing porn sites that
could interfere with one‟s relationship.
Due to their distance from major cities, their relatively small population size,
4. Cyber relationship is excessive time spent in social networking sites to
and their low-income private digital service providers do not often invest in far-
make relationship online than spending time with real persons like
flung provinces.
family and friends.
We will be able to overcome this phenomenon by:
Different Symptoms of a computer addict person
1. Lowering the cost of internet connection in the house
1. Emotional Symptoms. These are feelings of guilt, anxiety,
2. A law should be created to make all public places to have free internet
depression, dishonesty, feeling of great happiness or excitement
access set by the government
(euphoric) in front of the computer, defensive, distress, escaping of
3. The different LGUs and NGOs should conduct a forum about the
work, isolation and cannot follow schedule
advantage of technology and how to use the advance technology in
2. Physical Symptoms. These include back pain, headache, increase
rural areas.
or decrease of weight, sleep disorder, carpal tunnel syndrome,
4. The parents should be given trainings related to technology by the
blurred or strained vision.
schools and libraries.
Computer Addiction can be prevented if you:
Computer Addiction
1. set limit in using computers and doing online activities;
Addiction is defined as an overdependence on something or a damaging need
2. talk to your family and friends and mingle with them most of the time;
to do something.
3. organize a non-computer related activity like sports;
Internet is significant to man‟s life. It widens the spectrum of communication 4. place your gadgets away from you when they are not needed
and accessing information. It‟s easy to connect to the people far from us.
Cyber Bullying
What is Computer Addiction?
Social media is a significant tool in communication, and updating information.
Computer Addiction means the inability to control the desire of using the
Cyber bullying is a type bullying done online with the use of technology like
technology (like computers, smartphones and internet) or an extreme use of
computers, laptops, and cellphone that can destroy the physical and emotional
the computer which makes the person uneasy or feel anxiety in the absence of
aspect of the victim (called as bullied) by the one who does the act (referred as
the gadgets. It affects the daily routine in life like work, eating or sleep is
bully).
affected that could lead to social problem, change in behavior, relationships and
thought process. The three reasons why computer addiction exists are Cyberbullying can be prevented by doing the following:
depression, loneliness and social acceptance that youngpeople commonly
1. Be optimistic.
experience.
2. Share the problem with the person whom you can trust.
Types of Computer Addiction 3. Keep your password to yourself. Don‟t share it.
4. Always check the content before posting or sharing it.
1. Information Overload is an excessive online surfing which results to
5. Always log out your account after using.
inefficiency at work and less family interconnection.
6. Respect and love other people and yourself.
Defamation:  Conscience dictates what is wrong and right.
 It often has a religious source.
The Cornell University Law School defines defamation as a statement that
 It may be founded on a notion of human nature.
injures a third party‟s reputation. The civil wrong of defamation includes both
 It is often negative in character, telling people what is not
libel (written statements) and slander (spoken statements).
right.
To win a defamation case, a plaintiff must show four things:  Ethical Egoism
 It says the only person to look out for is oneself.
a. A declaration that a false testimony is a fact;  The Ethics of Duty
b. Publication or communication of that statement to a third  It begins with the conviction that ethics is about doing what is
person; right, about doing one‟s duty.
c. Fault;  Duty may be determined by reason, professional role, and
d. Damages to the subject (person, institution, etc.) of the social role.
statement  The Ethics of Respect
Privacy in this context is defined as the freedom from unauthorized intrusion.  Human interactions should be governed by rules of respect.
Also called as one‟s right to privacy, it refers to the concept that one‟s personal  What counts as respect can vary from one culture to another.
information is protected from public scrutiny.  Utilitarianism
 It seeks to reduce suffering and increases pleasure or
Obscenity and Pornography although related, are not the same. Pornography is happiness.
the term used to refer to any material that uses the elements of nudity to cause  Demands a high degree of self-sacrifice- considers the
sexual arousal among the audience. A pornographic material is considered consequences for everyone.
obscene when it crosses the line to a point that may be offensive.  Utilitarianism claim the purpose of morality is to make the
world a better place.
Copyright is its literal sense means right to copy. The owner of a copyright has
 The Ethics of Justice
the exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, perform, display‟ license, and to
 What is fair for one should be fair at all.
prepare derivative works based on the copyrighted works.
 Treating people equally may not mean treating them the
Plagiarism takes place when someone else‟s work is used by a different person same
and claimed as his or her own.  Virtue Ethics
 It seeks to develop individual character.
Basic Ethical Orientation  It assumes good persons will make good decisions.
Basic Ethical Orientation refers to the ethical perception of an individual. It is  It was developed by Plato and Aristotle.
the reasoning behind his or her moral judgments and ethical practices. The  It is the spiritual exercise.
following are types of basic ethical orientation.  It provides a way of integrating all the theories.

 Divine Command Theories Netiquette or network etiquette is a set of rules for behaving properly online
 Being good is equivalent to doing whatever the Bible—or the (Shea, 1997). These are rules, that may not be strictly enforced or given. They
Qur’an or some other sacred text or source of revelation—tells are regularly followed and are important to keep everyone online in check.
one to do. Virginia Shea published the following guidelines to cover the bases of
 “What is right” equals “What God tells me to do”. netiquette.
 The Ethics of Conscience
 Rule 1: Remember the Human
 Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that one
follows in real life
 Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace
 Rule 4: Respect other people’s time
 Rule 5: Make oneself look good online
 Rule 6: Share expert knowledge
 Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under control.
 Rule 8: Respect other people’s privacy
 Rule 9: Don’t abuse one’s power
 Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people’s mistakes