SVGMS SOJAT Page |1 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA Page |2

S. Name of the Experiment Page Date Of Date Of Rem

No No. Experiment Submission arks
1. Salt Analysis- 1 (NH4)2C2O4 07/07/2023 08/07/2023
2. Salt Analysis- 2 (CH3COO)2Pb 14/07/2023 15/07/2023
3. Salt Analysis- 3 CuSO4 21/07/2023 22/07/2023
4. Salt Analysis- 4 Fe2(SO4)3 28/07/2023 04/08/2023
5. Salt Analysis- 5 AlCl3 04/08/2023 05/08/2023
Name : Class : 6. Salt Analysis- 6 ZnBr2 11/08/2023 18/08/2023
7. Salt Analysis- 7 NiSO4 19/08/2023 25/08/2023
Roll No. exam No. 8 Salt Analysis- 8 BaCO3 26/08/2023 01/09/2023
INstItutIoN____________________________________ 9. Salt Analysis- 9 CaCO3 02/09/2023 08/09/2023
10. Salt Analysis- 10 Mg(NO3)2 09/09/2023 15/09/2023
thIs Is CeRtIfy to be the boNafIde woRk of 11. Functional Group Analysis-
16/09/2023 22/09/2023
Phenolic
the studeNt IN the ____________________ 12. Functional Group Analysis-
23/09/2023 30/09/2023
Carboxylic
laboRatoRy duRINg the aCademIC yeaR 2024- 13. Functional Group Analysis-
06/10/2023 07/10/2023
25 14.
Alcoholic
Functional Group Analysis-
07/10/2023 20/10/2023
No. of pRaCtICal CeRtIfIed ____ out of Amine
15. Functional Group Analysis-
03/11/2023 04/11/2023
_______IN the subjeCt of ChemIstRy. Aldehyde
16. Functional Group Analysis-
_____________________ Ketone
04/11/2023 01/12/2023

Teacher Incharge 17. Volumetric Analysis- 1 01/12/2023 02/12/2023

18. Volumetric Analysis- 2 08/12/2023 09/12/2023
_______________________________________ __________________________________

Examiner ‘s Signature Principal

Date: _________ Institution Rubber Stamp

SVGMS SOJAT Page |3 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA Page |4
EXPERIMENT 1
AIM: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt by dry and wet
test.
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, Filter Paper
OBSERVATION TABLE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
a. Color White crystalline Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+
absent.
b. Odour Ammonia like odour NH4+ may be present.
c. Flame Test No Characteristic flame Pb2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ , Ba2+,
Zn2+ absent.
TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No gas is evolved. Dil. H2SO4 group absent.
and add dil. H2SO4
Take a pinch of salt in test tube brisk effervescence with the Conc. H2SO4 group present may
and add conc. H2SO4 then warm evolution of a colorless and be oxalate (C2O42-)
gently odourless gas
Pass the evolve gas through lime lime water turns milky Oxalate(C2O42-)may be present.
water.
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Calcium Chloride test:-
Add acetic acid in the original White ppt. formed. Oxalate(C2O42-) confirmed
solution of salt and boil off CO2
Then add CaCl2 solution.

Add dil. HNO3 or dil. HCl to the ppt dissolves Oxalate(C2O42-) confirmed
white ppt and warm.
KMnO4 test:-
Add dilute H2SO4 to the O.S of Pink color of KMnO4 Oxalate(C2O42-) confirmed
salt followed by KMnO4 solution is discharged
dropwise and warm
TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
Take a pinch of salt in test tube colorless gas with ammonia like Zero group present may be NH4+
and heated with conc. NaOH smell evolve
solution.
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil. Dense white fumes observe may be NH4+
HCl at the mouth of test tube

CONFIRMATORY TEST
Pass the gas into Nesseler’s Reddish brown ppt obtained NH4+ confirmed
reagent

Bring a filter paper dip in CuSO4 Filter paper turns dark blue NH4+ confirmed
near the mouth of test tube
RESULT:
Acidic Radical - Oxalate (C2O42-)
Basic Radical - Ammonium (NH4+)
Formula of Inorganic Salt - (NH4)2C2O4
SVGMS SOJAT Page |5 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA Page |6
EXPERIMENT 2
AIM: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt by dry and wet
test.
MATERIAL REQUIRED : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, Filter Paper
REAGENT REQUIRED : Neutral FeCl3, Oxalic Acid, KI , K2CrO4
OBSERVATION TABLE :
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
a. Color White Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+
absent.
b. Odour Vinegar like smell CH3COO– may be present.
TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
Take a pinch of salt in test tube vinegar like smell is evolve Dil. H2SO4 group present may be
and add dil. H2SO4 CH3COO-
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Oxalic Acid Test/Palm test:-
Take the mixture on palm, add Vinegar like smell CH3COO- confirmed.
solid oxalic acid and few droplets
of water, Rub it with finger and
smell it gently.
Ferric Chloride test :
Take the OS of salt in test tube Solution turns deep red color CH3COO- confirmed.
and add neutral FeCl3 solution
Ester test:-
Salt + C2H5OH + few drops of white ppt. is formed CH3COO- confirmed.
conc. H2SO4 and heat
TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No ammonia like smell. Zero group absent.
and heated with conc. NaOH
solution.
Preparation of Original solution
(O.S.): Shook a pinch of the salt Clear solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
with water. Solution(O.S.)
To a part of the O.S. added 1–2 ml White ppt. formed. Group I present, may be Pb2+,
of dil. HCl Ag+, Hg2+
Filter the ppt and add warm water ppt is soluble may be Pb2+
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Divide the above hot solution into
two parts.
To part 1st add KI solution Yellow ppt obtained Pb2+ confirmed
To part 2nd add K2CrO4 solution Yellow ppt obtained Pb2+ confirmed
Dry test:- Charcoal Cavity test
Mixture + Na2CO3 + 2-3 drops A soft shining metallic bead is Pb2+ confirmed
of water in Charcoal Cavity, formed. It leaves mark on paper
heat it in reducing flame
SVGMS SOJAT Page |7 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA Page |8
RESULT:
Acidic Radical - Acetate (CH3COO-)
Basic Radical - Lead (Pb2+)
Formula of Inorganic Salt - (CH3COO)2Pb
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Handle reagents carefully.
2. Wash Test tube after chemical reactions.
3. Don’t use broken glassware’s.
SVGMS SOJAT Page |9 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 10
EXPERIMENT 3
AIM: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt by dry and wet
test.
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, Filter Paper
OBSERVATION TABLE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
a. Color Blue Cu2+ and Fe3+ may be present
b. Odour No specific odour NH4+, S2– and CH3COO– may be
absent.
c. Flame Test No Characteristic flame Pb2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ , Ba2+ absent
TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No gas is evolved. Dil. H2SO4 group absent.
and add dil. H2SO4
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No gas is evolved. Conc. H2SO4 group absent.
and add conc. H2SO4 then warm
gently
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Barium chloride test:-
To a part of the aqueous solution white ppt. is formed SO42- present.
of the salt acidify with dil. HCl
and add barium chloride solution.
Add Conc. HCl to the test tube ppt. remains insoluble SO42- confirmed.
Lead acetate test:- white ppt. is formed SO42- confirmed.
Acidify the aqueous solution with
acetic acid and add lead acetate
solution.
TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No ammonia like smell. Zero group absent.
and heated with conc. NaOH
solution.
Preparation of Original solution
(O.S.): Shook a pinch of the salt Clear solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
with water. Solution(O.S.)
To a part of the O.S. added 1–2 ml No ppt. formed. Group I absent. (Pb2+ absent)
of dil. HCl
Through a part of the above Black ppt. formed. Group II present. Pb2+, Cu2+ and
solution, passed H2S gas. As3+ may be present.
Add yellow ammonium sulphide ppt becomes insoluble. Group II A present. Pb2+ and Cu2+
solution to the ppt obtained. may be present.
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Heat the black ppt. with 50% ppt. dissolves Pb2+ and Cu2+ may be present.
conc. HNO3

To one part of the above solution, No ppt. formed. Pb2+ absent. Cu2+ may be present.
add dil. H2SO4 and ethyl alcohol.

add excess of ammonium blue solution is obtained, Cu2+ may be present.

hydroxide solution
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 11 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 12
Potassium ferrocyanide test:
To one part of the solution add Chocolate brown precipitate is Cu2+ confirmed.
acetic acid and potassium formed.
ferrocyanide solution.

Potassium iodide test:

To another part add acetic acid White ppt. is formed in brown Cu2+ confirmed.
and potassium iodide solution. coloured solution.

RESULT:
Acidic Radical - Sulphate (SO42-)
Basic Radical - Copper (Cu2+)
Formula of Inorganic Salt - CuSO4

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Handle reagents carefully.
2. Wash Test tube after chemical reactions.
3. Don’t use broken glassware’s.
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 13 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 14
EXPERIMENT 4
AIM: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt by dry and wet
test.
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, Filter Paper
OBSERVATION TABLE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
a. Color Blue Cu2+ and Fe3+ may be present
b. Odour No specific odour NH4+, S2– and CH3COO– may be
absent.
c. Flame Test No Characteristic flame Pb2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ , Ba2+ absent
TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No gas is evolved. Dil. H2SO4 group absent.
and add dil. H2SO4
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No gas is evolved. Conc. H2SO4 group absent.
and add conc. H2SO4 then warm
gently
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Barium chloride test:-
To a part of the aqueous solution white ppt. is formed SO42- present.
of the salt acidify with dil. HCl
and add barium chloride solution.
Add Conc. HCl to the test tube ppt. remains insoluble SO42- confirmed.
Lead acetate test:- white ppt. is formed SO42- confirmed.
Acidify the aqueous solution with
acetic acid and add lead acetate
solution.
TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No ammonia like smell. Zero group absent.
and heated with conc. NaOH
solution.
Preparation of Original solution
(O.S.): Shook a pinch of the salt Clear solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
with water. Solution(O.S.)
To a part of the O.S. added 1–2 ml No ppt. formed. Group I absent. (Pb2+ absent)
of dil. HCl
Through a part of the above No ppt. formed. Group II absent
solution, passed H2S gas. (Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, absent)
To the remaining solution, add 2-3
drops of conc. HNO3 and boil, Reddish brown ppt. formed. Group III present may be Fe3+
then after cooling add solid NH4Cl
and NH4OH in excess
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Dissolve the reddish brown ppt. in
dilute HCl,and divide the solution
into two parts.
Potassium ferrocyanide test. To
one part of the above solution add Prussian blue colouration appear Fe3+ confirmed.
potassium ferrocyanide solution.
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 15 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 16
Potassium Thiocyanate test. To
second part of the above solution Blood red colouration appear Fe3+ confirmed.
add potassium thiocyanate
solution.

RESULT:
Acidic Radical - Sulphate (SO42-)
Basic Radical - Ferric (Fe3+)
Formula of Inorganic Salt - Fe2(SO4)3

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Handle reagents carefully.
2. Wash Test tube after chemical reactions.
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 17 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 18
EXPERIMENT 5
AIM: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt by dry and wet
test.
MATERIAL REQUIRED : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, Filter Paper
REAGENT REQUIRED : Dil. H2SO4, Conc. H2SO4 , MnO2, K2Cr2O7 , NH4OH etc..
OBSERVATION TABLE :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
a. Color White crystalline Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+
absent.
b. Odour No specific odour NH4+, S2– and CH3COO– may be
absent.
c. Flame Test No Characteristic flame Pb2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ , Ba2+,
Zn2+ absent
TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No gas is evolved. Dil. H2SO4 group absent.
and add dil. H2SO4
Take a pinch of salt in test tube Colorless gas with Conc. H2SO4 group present may
and add conc. H2SO4 then warm pungent smell evolve be Chloride(Cl-)
gently
Bring a glass rod dipped in White dense fumes observe may be Cl-
NH4OH near the mouth of test
tube
Heat a pinch of the salt with a light greenish yellow pungent gas may be Cl-
small quantity of manganese is evolved
dioxide(MnO2) and conc. H2SO4.
CONFIRMATORY TEST
AgNO3 test:- To aqueous solution Curdy white ppt.
of salt (Soda extract) , add dil. Insoluble in conc. HNO3 Chloride(Cl-) confirmed
HNO3 , boil and add AgNO3
solution
Shake the white ppt with excess ppt dissolve Chloride(Cl-) confirmed
NH4OH solution
Chromyl chloride test:-
Salt + solid K2Cr2O7 + Conc. Orange red vapours gas evolve
H2SO4 and heat
Pass the gas in NaOH solution NaOH solution turn yellow
Acidify the yellow solution with Yellow ppt is formed Chloride(Cl-) confirmed
CH3COOH and add lead acetate
TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No ammonia like smell. Zero group absent.
and heated with conc. NaOH
solution.
Preparation of Original solution
(O.S.): Shook a pinch of the salt Clear solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
with water. Solution(O.S.)
To a part of the O.S. added 1–2 ml No ppt. formed. Group I absent. (Pb2+ absent)
of dil. HCl
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 19 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 20
Through a part of the above No ppt. formed. Group II absent
solution, passed H2S gas. (Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, absent)
To the remaining solution, add 2-3 White gelatinous ppt. formed. Group III present, may be Al3+
drops of conc. HNO3 and boil,
then after cooling add solid NH4Cl
and NH4OH in excess
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Dissolve the white precipitate in
dilute HCl and divide into two
parts.
To the first part add sodium white gelatinous ppt formed Al3+ confirmed
hydroxide solution and warm.
Add excess of NaOH solution ppt become soluble Al3+ confirmed

Lake Test:
To the second part first add blue Blue floating mass in the colorless Al3+ confirmed
litmus solution and then NH4OH solution is obtained.
solution drop by drop along the
sides of the test tube.

RESULT:
Acidic Radical - Chloride (Cl-)
Basic Radical - Aluminium (Al3+)
Formula of Inorganic Salt - AlCl3
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Handle reagents carefully.
2. Wash Test tube after chemical reactions.
3. Don’t use broken glassware’s.
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 21 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 22
EXPERIMENT 6
AIM: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt by dry and wet
test.
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, Filter Paper
OBSERVATION TABLE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
a. Color White Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+
absent.
b. Odour No specific odour NH4+, S2– and CH3COO– may be
absent.
c. Flame Test No Characteristic flame Pb2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ , Ba2+ absent
TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No gas is evolved. Dil. H2SO4 group absent.
and add dil. H2SO4
Take a pinch of salt in test tube Reddish brown gas with pungent Conc. H2SO4 group present,
and add conc. H2SO4 then warm smell evolve may be bromide (Br-)
gently
Add a pinch of MnO2 in test tube Brown Fumes become intense Bromide(Br-) may be present
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Silver Nitrate test:-
To a part of the aqueous solution light yellow ppt. is formed Br- confirmed.
of the salt acidify with dil. HNO3
Boil, cool and add silver nitrate
solution.
Organic Layer test:-
To a part of the aqueous solution Organic layer acquires Br- confirmed
of the salt acidify with dil. HCl orange colouration.
and add 1–2 ml of carbon
tetrachloride and then chlorine
water. Shake vigorously and allow
to stand.

TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

Take a pinch of salt in test tube No ammonia like smell. Zero group absent.
and heated with conc. NaOH
solution.
Preparation of Original solution
(O.S.): Shook a pinch of the salt Clear solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
with water. Solution(O.S.)
To a part of the O.S. added 1–2 ml No ppt. formed. Group I absent. (Pb2+ absent)
of dil. HCl
Through a part of the above No ppt. formed. Group II absent
solution, passed H2S gas. (Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, absent)
To the remaining solution, add 2-3 No ppt. formed. Group III absent (Fe3+, Al3+)
drops of conc. HNO3 and boil,
then after cooling add solid NH4Cl
and NH4OH in excess
Through a part of this solution, Dull White ppt. formed. Group IV present may be Zn2+
passed H2S gas.
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 23 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 24
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Sodium hydroxide test:
To one part of O.S. add sodium White ppt. is formed. Zn2+ confirmed.
hydroxide solution dropwise.

Add more NaOH solution White ppt. dissolves. Zn2+ confirmed.

Pot. Ferrocyanide test:

To another part, add potassium bluish white ppt. is formed. Zn2+ confirmed.
ferrocyanide solution.

RESULT:
Acidic Radical - Bromide (Br-)
Basic Radical - Zinc (Zn2+)
Formula of Inorganic Salt - ZnBr2

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Handle reagents carefully.
2. Wash Test tube after chemical reactions.
3. Don’t use broken glassware’s.
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 25 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 26
EXPERIMENT 7
AIM: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt by dry and wet
test.
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, Filter Paper
OBSERVATION TABLE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
a. Color Green Ni2+ may be present.
b. Odour No specific odour NH4+, S2– and CH3COO– may be
absent.
c. Flame Test No Characteristic flame Pb2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ , Ba2+ absent
TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No gas is evolved. Dil. H2SO4 group absent.
and add dil. H2SO4
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No gas is evolved. Conc. H2SO4 group absent.
and add conc. H2SO4 then warm
gently
Barium chloride test:-
To a part of the aqueous solution white ppt. is formed SO42- present.
of the salt acidify with dil. HCl
and add barium chloride solution.
Add Conc. HCl to the test tube ppt. remains insoluble SO42- confirmed.
Lead acetate test:- white ppt. is formed SO42- confirmed.
Acidify the aqueous solution with
acetic acid and add lead acetate
solution.
TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No ammonia like smell. Zero group absent.
and heated with conc. NaOH
solution.
Preparation of Original solution
(O.S.): Shook a pinch of the salt Clear solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
with water. Solution(O.S.)
To a part of the O.S. added 1–2 ml No ppt. formed. Group I absent. (Pb2+ absent)
of dil. HCl
Through a part of the above No ppt. formed. Group II absent
solution, passed H2S gas. (Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, absent)
To the remaining solution, add 2-3 No ppt. formed. Group III absent (Fe3+, Al3+)
drops of conc. HNO3 and boil,
then after cooling add solid NH4Cl
and NH4OH in excess
Through a part of this solution, Black ppt. formed. Group IV present may be Ni2+ or
passed H2S gas. Co2+
Dissolve the precipitate in Ppt. dissolves.
aqua regia.
Heat the solution to dryness and Pink ppt formed. Ni2+ may be present
cool. Dissolve the residue in water
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 27 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 28
CONFIRMATORY TEST
To one part of O.S. add
ammonium hydroxide solution Rosy Red ppt. is formed. Ni2+ confirmed.
and few drops of dimethyl
glyoxime.

RESULT:
Acidic Radical - Sulphate (SO42-)
Basic Radical - Nickel (Ni2+)
Formula of Inorganic Salt - NiSO4

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Handle reagents carefully.
2. Wash Test tube after chemical reactions.
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 29 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 30
EXPERIMENT 8
AIM: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt by dry and wet
test.
MATERIAL REQUIRED : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, Filter Paper
REAGENT REQUIRED : K2CrO4 , BaCl2 solution,
OBSERVATION TABLE :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
a. Color White amorphous Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+
absent. May be Carbonate.
b. Odour No specific odour NH4+, S2– and CH3COO– may be
absent.
c. Flame Test Apple green flame Ba2+ may be present
TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
Take a pinch of salt in test tube brisk effervescence with the Dil. H2SO4 group present may be
and add dil. H2SO4 evolution of a colorless and Carbonate(CO32-)
odourless gas

CONFIRMATORY TEST
Pass the evolve gas through lime lime water turns milky Carbonate(CO32-) may be present.
water.
Pass the evolve gas for some more the milkiness produced disappears Carbonate(CO32-) confirmed.
time through lime water.
Barium Chloride test: Salt White ppt form Carbonate(CO32-) confirmed.
Solution +BaCl2
TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No ammonia like smell. Zero group absent.
and heated with conc. NaOH
solution.
Preparation of Original solution
(O.S.): Shook a pinch of the salt Clear solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
with water. Solution(O.S.)
To a part of the O.S. added 1–2 ml No ppt. formed. Group I absent. (Pb2+ absent)
of dil. HCl
Through a part of the above No ppt. formed. Group II absent
solution, passed H2S gas. (Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, absent)
To the remaining solution, add 2-3 No ppt. formed. Group III absent (Fe3+, Al3+)
drops of conc. HNO3 and boil,
then after cooling add solid NH4Cl
and NH4OH in excess
Through a part of this solution, No ppt. formed. Group IV absent.
passed H2S gas. (Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+ absent)
To the remaining ammonical White ppt. formed. Group V present may be Ba2+,
solution add (NH4)2CO3 solution. Sr2+ and Ca2+
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Dissolve the white precipitate in
dilute CH3COOH and divide the
solution into three parts.
To the first part add K2CrO4 Yellow ppt formed Ba2+ confirmed.
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 31 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 32
RESULT:
Acidic Radical - Carbonate (CO32-)
Basic Radical - Barium (Ba2+)
Formula of Inorganic Salt - BaCO3
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Handle reagents carefully.
2. Wash Test tube after chemical reactions.
3. Don’t use broken glassware’s.
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 33 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 34
EXPERIMENT 9
AIM: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt by dry and wet
test.
MATERIAL REQUIRED : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, Filter Paper
OBSERVATION TABLE :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
a. Color White amorphous Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+
absent. May be Carbonate.
b. Odour No specific odour NH4+, S2– and CH3COO– may be
absent.
c. Flame Test Brick red flame Ca2+ may be present
TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
Take a pinch of salt in test tube brisk effervescence with the Dil. H2SO4 group present may be
and add dil. H2SO4 evolution of a colorless and Carbonate(CO32-)
odourless gas

CONFIRMATORY TEST
Pass the evolve gas through lime lime water turns milky Carbonate(CO32-) may be present.
water.
Pass the evolve gas for some more the milkiness produced disappears Carbonate(CO32-) confirmed.
time through lime water.
Barium Chloride test: Salt White ppt form Carbonate(CO32-) confirmed.
Solution +BaCl2
TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No ammonia like smell. Zero group absent.
and heated with conc. NaOH
solution.
Preparation of Original solution
(O.S.): Shook a pinch of the salt Clear solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
with water. Solution(O.S.)
To a part of the O.S. added 1–2 ml No ppt. formed. Group I absent. (Pb2+ absent)
of dil. HCl
Through a part of the above No ppt. formed. Group II absent
solution, passed H2S gas. (Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, absent)
To the remaining solution, add 2-3 No ppt. formed. Group III absent (Fe3+, Al3+)
drops of conc. HNO3 and boil,
then after cooling add solid NH4Cl
and NH4OH in excess
Through a part of this solution, No ppt. formed. Group IV absent.
passed H2S gas. (Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+ absent)
To the remaining ammonical White ppt. formed. Group V present may be Ba2+,
solution add (NH4)2CO3 solution. Sr2+ and Ca2+
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Dissolve the white precipitate in
dilute CH3COOH and divide the
solution into three parts.
To the first part add K2CrO4 No ppt formed Ba2+ absent.
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 35 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 36

To the second part add (NH4)2SO4 No ppt formed Sr2+ Absent.

To the third part add (NH4)2C2O4 White ppt. formed Ca2+ confirmed

RESULT:
Acidic Radical - Carbonate (CO32-)
Basic Radical - Calcium (Ca2+)
Formula of Inorganic Salt - CaCO3
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Handle reagents carefully.
2. Wash Test tube after chemical reactions.
3. Don’t use broken glassware’s.
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 37 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 38
EXPERIMENT 10
AIM: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt by dry and wet
test.
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, Filter Paper
OBSERVATION TABLE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
a. Color White crystalline Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+
absent.
b. Odour No specific odour NH4+, S2– and CH3COO– may be
absent.
c. Flame Test No Characteristic flame Pb2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ , Ba2+,
Zn2+ absent
TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
PRELIMINARY TEST
Take a pinch of salt in test tube No gas is evolved. Dil. H2SO4 group absent.
and add dil. H2SO4
Take a pinch of salt in test tube Brown fumes evolve Conc. H2SO4 group present may
and add conc. H2SO4 then warm be nitrate (NO3-)
gently
Add Cu Turnings or a piece of Fumes become intensify and may be NO3-
filter paper to above solution solution acquires blue color.
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Brown Ring test:-
Add freshly prepared FeSO4 A dark brown ring is formed at the Nitrate (NO3-) confirmed
solution in the original solution of junction of the layers of the acid
salt and then pour concentrated and the solution.
sulphuric acid slowly along the
sides of the test tube

TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

Take a pinch of salt in test tube No ammonia like smell. Zero group absent.
and heated with conc. NaOH
solution.
Preparation of Original solution
(O.S.): Shook a pinch of the salt Clear solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
with water. Solution(O.S.)
To a part of the O.S. added 1–2 ml No ppt. formed. Group I absent. (Pb2+ absent)
of dil. HCl
Through a part of the above No ppt. formed. Group II absent
solution, passed H2S gas. (Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, absent)
To the remaining solution, add 2-3 No ppt. formed. Group III absent.
drops of conc. HNO3 and boil, (Fe3+, Al3+ absent)
then after cooling add solid NH4Cl
and NH4OH in excess
Through a part of this solution, No ppt. formed. Group IV absent.
passed H2S gas. (Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+ absent)
To the remaining ammonical No ppt. formed. Group V absent.
solution add (NH4)2CO3 solution. (Ba2+, Sr2+ , Ca2+, absent)
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 39 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 40
Through a part of the above White ppt formed. Group VI present may be Mg2+
solution, add disodium hydrogen
phosphate solution. Heated and
Magnesium scratched the sides of the test tube.
Ammonium CONFIRMATORY TEST
Phosphate Add dil. HCl to the above Ppt becomes soluble. Mg2+ confirmed.
(White ppt) solution.
To the above solution add NaOH Pink ppt formed. Mg2+ confirmed.
and Titan Yellow Solution.
Cobalt nitrate test:- Pink mass Mg2+ confirmed.
Pink Mass Perform charcoal cavity/Cobalt
nitrate test with the salt

RESULT:
Acidic Radical - Nitrate (NO3-)
Basic Radical - Magnesium (Mg2+)
Formula of Inorganic Salt - Mg(NO3)2
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Handle reagents carefully.
2. Wash Test tube after chemical reactions.
3. Don’t use broken glassware’s.
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 41 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 42
EXPERIMENT 11
AIM:
To identify the functional groups present in the given organic compound.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, litmus paper, ferric chloride, sodium nitrite, Sodium Bicarbonate,
conc. H2SO4 and NaOH
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
State: Liquid
Colour: Light Pink
Odour: Phenolic smell
Solubility in water: soluble in water
Flammability: Burn with dark sooty flame (Aromatic)
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
LITMUS TEST-
Place the drop of given liquid on a color of litmus change to red. Organic compound is acidic may
blue(moist) litmus paper. be carboxylic(-COOH) and
phenolic(Ar-OH) group present.
Aqueous solution of compound No effervescence - COOH group absent, may be
add a pinch amount of sodium Phenolic group present.
bicarbonate
Ferric chloride test:- Appearance of violet colour Phenol confirmed.
Take 2 mL of aqueous solution of
compound in test tube add 5 ml of
neutral ferric chloride solution
LIEBERMANN’S TEST:-
(i). Place 2–3 crystals of sodium deep blue or deep green
nitrite in a clean dry test tube and colouration develops.
add about 1 g of phenol. Heat very
gently for half a minute and allow Phenol confirmed
it to cool. Then add about 1 ml of
conc. sulphuric acid and shake the
tube to mix the contents.
(ii). Add water carefully The colour turns red
(iii). Now add an excess of The blue or green colour again
sodium hydroxide solution appears

RESULT:
Phenolic group is present in the given organic compound.
STRUCTURAL FORMULA:
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 43 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 44
EXPERIMENT 12
AIM:
To identify the functional groups present in the given organic compound.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, litmus paper, Sodium bicarbonate, lime water, Ethyl Alcohol,
Conc H2SO4
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
State: Liquid
Colour: Colorless
Odour: Vinegar like smell
Solubility in water: soluble in water
Flammability: Burn with non sooty flame (Aliphatic)
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. LITMUS TEST-
Place the drop of given liquid on a Blue litmus turns to red Organic compound is acidic may
blue(moist) litmus paper. be carboxylic(-COOH) and
phenolic(Ar-OH) group present.
2. Sodium Bicarbonate Test:
Aqueous solution of compound Brisk effervescence colourless Carboxylic (-COOH) group
add a pinch amount of sodium odourless gas evolved confirmed.
bicarbonate
3. Ester Test:
Take about 0.1 g of the organic pleasant fruity smell observed Carboxylic (-COOH) group
compound, 1 ml of ethyl alcohol confirmed.
and 1–2 drops of conc. H2SO4 in
a test tube. Heat the reaction
mixture on a water bath for about
five minutes. Pour the reaction
mixture in a beaker containing
water.
RESULT:
Carboxylic group is present in the given organic compound.
STRUCTURAL FORMULA:
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 45 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 46
EXPERIMENT 13
AIM:
To identify the functional groups present in the given organic compound.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, litmus paper, Sodium metal, Cerric ammonium nitrate, NaOH
Solution, , Ethyl Alcohol, Conc H2SO4
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
State: Liquid
Colour: Colorless
Odour: spirit like smell
Solubility in water: soluble in water
Flammability: Burn with non sooty flame (Aliphatic)
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. LITMUS TEST-
Place the drop of given liquid on a No change in color observed. Organic compound is neutral,
litmus paper. carboxylic, phenolic and amine
are absent.
2. Sodium Metal Test:
Take 2-3 ml of organic compound Brisk effervescence colourless alcoholic(–OH) group confirmed.
in dry test tube and add a small odourless
piece of sodium metal gas evolved
3. Ester Test:
Take Given liquid in a clean dry pleasant fruity smell observed alcoholic(-OH) group confirmed.
test tube add 1 ml of glacial
acetic acid and 2–3 drops of
conc. sulphuric acid. Warm the
mixture
4. Ceric ammonium nitrate
test:- Aqueous solution of organic pink or red colour obtained alcoholic(-OH) group confirmed.
compound add a few drops of
ceric ammonium nitrate reagent
and shake well

RESULT:
Alcoholic group is present in the given organic compound.

STRUCTURAL FORMULA:
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 47 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 48
EXPERIMENT 14
AIM:
To identify the functional groups present in the given organic compound.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, litmus paper, chloroform, Potassium hydroxide, Sodium nitrite
solution, ß-naphthol, Dil. HCl, Sodium Hydroxide Solution, Ice.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
State: Liquid
Colour: Brownish red
Odour: shoe polish like smell
Solubility in water: soluble in water
Flammability: Burn with dark sooty flame (Aromatic)
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. LITMUS TEST-
Place the drop of given liquid on a Red litmus turns to blue Organic compound is basic, amine
litmus paper. may be present.
2. Detection of element:- N is present
Lassaigne solution + NaOH + Green ppt is obtained
fresh FeSO4 solution,
Add few drops of dil H2SO4 Solution turns blue
3. Carbylamine Test:
Take about 0.2 g of solid KOH in unpleasant smell observed amino(-NH2) group confirmed.
a clean dry test tube and add 2 ml
of ethanol. Warm the test tube
until palletes dissolve. To this add
a few drops of chloroform, small
amount of the given organic
compound and warm gently
4. Azo Dye Test:
Organic compound + few drops of Formation of a orange red dye amino(-NH2) group confirmed.
Conc. HCl + solid NaNO2. Cool
solution in ice bath. Add ß-
naphthol.

RESULT:
Aromatic amine group is present in the given organic compound.
STRUCTURAL FORMULA:
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 49 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 50
EXPERIMENT 15
AIM:
To identify the functional groups present in the given organic compound.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, litmus paper.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
State: Liquid
Colour: Colorless
Odour: Pungent smell
Solubility in water: soluble in water
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Litmus Test-
Place the drop of given liquid on a No change in color observed. Organic compound is neutral,
litmus paper. carboxylic, phenolic and amine
are absent.
2. Sodium Metal Test:
Take 2-3 ml of organic compound in No effervescence alcoholic(–OH) group absent.
dry test tube and add a small piece of
sodium metal
3. Detection of element:-
Lassaigne solution + NaOH + fresh Green ppt is obtained Nitrogen is absent
FeSO4 solution,
Add few drops of dil H2SO4 Solution does not turns blue
4. Burning Test:
Bring a glass rod dipped in the liquid The compound burns with non- Given compound is aliphatic.
into the flame sooty flames
5. 2,4 DNP Test:
Organic compound + 2,4- Dinitro yellow ppt formed. Carbonyl group present may be
Phenyl hydrazine and shake. Aldehyde or Ketone.
6. Tollen’s Test:
Take a small amount of organic Silver mirror is formed on the wall Aldehyde Group(-CHO)
compound in a clean of test tube. confirmed.
test tube and add tollen’s reagent
7. Schiff Test
Dissolve about 0.5 ml of the given Red Coloration. Aldehyde Group(-CHO)
compound in alcohol in a clean test confirmed.
tube and add 1 ml of Schiff’s reagent
and Shake

RESULT:
Aldehyde group is present in the given organic compound.
STRUCTURAL FORMULA:
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 51 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 52
EXPERIMENT 16
AIM:
To identify the functional groups present in the given organic compound.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, litmus paper, sodium nitroprusside, meta dinitro benzene, NaOH.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
State: Liquid
Colour: Colorless
Odour: smell like nail polish remover.
Solubility in water: soluble in water
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Litmus Test-
Place the drop of given liquid on a No change in color observed. Organic compound is neutral,
litmus paper. carboxylic, phenolic and amine
are absent.
2. Sodium Metal Test:
Take 2-3 ml of organic compound in No effervescence alcoholic(–OH) group absent.
dry test tube and add a small piece of
sodium metal
3. Detection of element:-
Lassaigne solution + NaOH + fresh Green ppt is obtained Nitrogen is absent
FeSO4 solution,
Add few drops of dil H2SO4 Solution does not turns blue
4. Burning Test:
Bring a glass rod dipped in the liquid The compound burns with non- Given compound is aliphatic.
into the flame sooty flames
5. 2,4 DNP Test:
Organic compound + 2,4- Dinitro yellow ppt formed. Carbonyl group present may be
Phenyl hydrazine and shake. Aldehyde or Ketone.
6. Schiff Test
Dissolve about 0.5 ml of the given No characteristic reaction. Aldehyde Group(-CHO) absent.
compound in alcohol in a clean test
tube and add 1 ml of Schiff’s reagent
and Shake
7. Meta dinitro benzeneTest:
Take a small quantity of the given Violet colour is formed which Ketonic group confirmed.
compound in test tube and add about slowly fades away.
0.1g of finely powdered m-
dinitrobenzene. Now add about 1 ml
of dilute sodium hydroxide solution
and shake it well.
8. Sodium nitroprusside Test :
Dissolve a small quantity of sodium Red Coloration. Ketonic group confirmed.
nitroprusside in about 1 ml of
distilled water in a clean test tube and
then add a small quantity of the given
compound. Shake the test tube well
and add sodium hydroxide solution
dropwise.

RESULT: Ketonic group is present in the given organic compound.

SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 53 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 54
EXPERIMENT 17 It is a redox titration in which KMnO4 is strong and versatile oxidizing agent. When its treated with
AIM : To prepare 100 ml of M/40 solution of Mohr’s salt. Using this solution, find out the Mohr’s salt solution in sufficiently acidic medium Fe2+ ion are oxidised to Fe3+ in cold according to
molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution by titrating it against standard solution of reaction-
Mohr’s salt. OBSERVATION :
Weight of watch glass = 26.4550 g
Weight of watch glass + Mohr’s salt = 27.435 g
APPARATUS REQUIRED : Burette, conical flask, pipette, burette stand, test tube, white
Weight of Mohr’s salt = 0.98 g
tile, watch glass, volumetric flask (100ml) beaker, funnel, glass rod, weighing machine, wash Volume of Mohr’s salt solution prepared = 100 ml
bottle. Volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken for each titration = 10.0 ml
OBSERVATION TABLE :
CHEMICAL REQUIRED : Mohr’s Salt[FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O] , KMnO4 , dil H2SO4, Volume of Burette Volume of
conc. H2SO4 and distilled water Mohr’s salt Reading KMnO4 Concordant
used used in Reading
S.NO.
(VMohr’s Salt) ml burette VKMnO4 (ml)
Initial Final

1 10 0.0 10.2 10.2

2 10 0.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
3 10 0.0 10.0 10.0

Concordant Volume = 10.0 ml

CALCULATION :
(A)MOLARITY OF THE KMnO4 SOLUTION :
From the overall balanced chemical equation, it is clear that 2 moles of KMnO4 reacts
with 10 moles of Mohr’s Salt.
MKMnO4 × VKMnO4 2
=
MMohr’s Salt × VMohr’s Salt 10

THEORY : Where MKMnO4 = Molarity of KMnO4 solution

(a) Preparation of Standard or Known solution of M/40 Mohr’s salt solution -
VKMnO4 = Volume of KMnO4 solution(Reading)
Mohr’s salt is a primary standard solution. Hence its can be prepared by direct weighting.
Molecular weight of mohr’s salt : 392 g/mol MMohr’s Salt = Molarity of Mohr’s salt solution
VMohr’s Salt = Volume of Mohr’s salt solution
Thus to prepare 1000 ml of 1M Mohr’s salt solution, 392 g of Mohr’s salt is needed.
MKMnO4 × 10.0 2
To prepare 100ml of Mohr’s salt solution, × 100 × = 0.98 g of =
× 10 10
mohr’s salt is needed.
(b) Titration of Mohr’s salt Solution (Standard solution ) with KMnO4 (unknown solution ) –
MKMnO4 = × =
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 55 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 56
= 0.0050 M
(B) STRENGTH OF THE KMnO4 SOLUTION :
Strength in g/L = Molarity × Molar Mass
= 0.0050 × 158 = 0.79 g/L
RESULT :
Molarity of KMnO4 Solution : 0.0050 M
Strength of KMnO4 Solution : 0.79 g/L
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Always rinse the burette and the pipette with the solutions to be taken in them.
2. Remove the air gaps if any, from the burette.
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 57 PRAVEEN SINGH ASHIYA P a g e | 58
EXPERIMENT 18 OBSERVATION TABLE :
AIM : To prepare 100 ml of M/40 solution of Oxalic acid. Using this solution, find out the Volume of Burette Volume of
molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution by titrating it against standard solution of Oxalic acid Reading KMnO4 Concordant
Oxalic acid. used used in Reading
S.NO.
(VOxalic acid) ml burette VKMnO4 (ml)
Initial Final
APPARATUS REQUIRED : Burette, conical flask, pipette, burette stand, test tube, white
tile, watch glass, volumetric flask (100ml) beaker, funnel, glass rod, weighing machine, wash 1 10 0.0 10.2 10.2
bottle.
2 10 0.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
CHEMICAL REQUIRED : Oxalic acid[H2C2O4.2H2O] , KMnO4 , dil H2SO4, conc. H2SO4
3 10 0.0 10.0 10.0
and distilled water

THEORY : Concordant Volume = 10.0 ml

(a) Preparation of Standard or Known solution of M/40 Oxalic acid solution - CALCULATION :
Oxalic acid is a primary standard solution. Hence its can be prepared by direct weighting. (C)MOLARITY OF THE KMnO4 SOLUTION :
Molecular weight of oxalic acid : 126 g/mol From the overall balanced chemical equation, it is clear that 2 moles of KMnO4 reacts
with 5 moles of Oxalic acid.
Thus to prepare 1000 ml of 1M Oxalic acid solution, 126 g of Oxalic acid is needed.
MKMnO4 × VKMnO4 2
=
MOxalic acid × VOxalic acid 5
To prepare 100 ml of Oxalic acid solution, × 100 × = 0.315 g of
oxalic acid is needed. Where MKMnO4 = Molarity of KMnO4 solution
(b) Titration of Oxalic acid Solution (Standard solution ) with KMnO4 (unknown solution ) – VKMnO4 = Volume of KMnO4 solution(Reading)
It is a redox titration in which KMnO4 is strong and versatile oxidizing agent. When its treated with
MOxalic acid = Molarity of Oxalic acid solution
Oxalic acid solution at 60ºC in sufficiently acidic medium C2O42- ion of oxalic acid are oxidised to VOxalic acid = Volume of Oxalic acid solution
CO2 and itself is reduced into colourless Mn2+ ion.
OBSERVATION : MKMnO4 × 10.0 2
Weight of watch glass = 26.4550 g =
Weight of watch glass + Oxalic acid = 26.77 g
× 20 5
Weight of Oxalic acid = 0.315 g
Volume of Oxalic acid solution prepared = 100 ml
Volume of Oxalic acid solution taken for each titration = 20.0 ml MKMnO4 = × × =
.
= 0.0100 M
(D)STRENGTH OF THE KMnO4 SOLUTION :
Strength in g/L = Molarity × Molar Mass
= 0.0100 × 158 = 1.58 g/L
SVGMS SOJAT P a g e | 59
PROCEDURE :
1. Weigh 0.315 g of oxalic acid crystals and dissove them in water to prepare 100 ml of M/40 oxalic
acid solution using a 500 ml measuring flask. Rinse the pipette with the M/40 oxalic acid solution
and pipette out 20 ml of it in a washed titration flask.
2. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution.
3. Add one test tube (∼ 20 ml) full of dilute sulphuric acid (∼ 2 M) to the solution in titration flask.
4. Note the initial reading of the burette.
5. Heat the flask to 60—70°C and add KMnO4 solution from the burette till a permanent light pink
colour is imparted to the solution in the titration flask on addition of a last single drop of KMnO4
solution.
6. Note the final reading of the burette.
7. Repeat the above steps 4–5 times to get three concordant readings.
RESULT :
Molarity of KMnO4 Solution : 0.0100 M
Strength of KMnO4 Solution : 1.58 g/L
PRECAUTIONS :
3. Always rinse the burette and the pipette with the solutions to be taken in them.
4. Remove the air gaps if any, from the burette.