Test for the functional groups in organic compounds

ALCOHOLIC -OH GROUP

PHENOLIC HYDROXYL GROUP
TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUP
TEST FOR AROMATIC AMINE GROUP
TEST FOR ALDEHYDE AND KETONE
GROUP
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 Qualititative analysis of known sample
Dry test for basic radical(Ni2+):

Wet test for basic radical(Ni2+):

Preliminary test for acid radical(SO42-):

Confirmatory test for SO42- :

 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KNOWN SAMPLE

Dry test of basis radical(Fe2+/Fe3+)

Borax Bead test:

OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Wet test: To the sample solution ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide is added, appearance
of precipitate confirms group III radical

Preliminary test for Acid radical(C2O42-):

Dilute sulphuric acid heating: Dil. Sulphuric acid is added to the sample
Confirmatory test:

Experiment Observation Inference

1)

2)
To the sample solution add conc. Violet colour decolourises Oxalate confirmed
Sulphuric acid and add few drops
of KMnO4 solution.
 Qualititative analysis of known sample
Dry test for basic radical(Cu2+):

Wet test for basic radical(Cu2+):

Dry test for acid radical(Cl-):

Wet test for Cl-
 Qualititative analysis of known sample
Dry test for basic radical(Ca2+):

Flame test: A platinum wire is moistened with concentrated with HCl and then dipped in the powdered
salt sample. Then it is held in the Bunsen flame.

Observation Inference
Brick red Colour of the flame was observed by Ca2+ may be present.
naked eye
Green Colour of the flame observed through blue
glass

Wet test for basic radical(Ca2+):

Experiment Observation Inference

1)take original solution and add White ppt. appears presence of group–V cations.
a small amount of solid NH4Cl
and an excess of NH4OH
solution followed by solid
ammonium carbonate (NH4 )
2CO3 .
A white precipitate of calcium Ca2+ confirmed.
2) Add ammonium oxalate oxalate is obtained.
solution and shake well.

Dry test for acid radical(NO3-):

Experiment Observation Inference

Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube Brown fumes evolve which NO3- may be present
and 3-4 drops of conc. H2 SO4 . become dense upon heating the NaNO3 + H2 SO4 → NaHSO4 + HNO3
reaction mixture after addition
of copper turnings and the 4HNO3 → 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O
solution acquires blue colour

Wet test for ( NO3-):

Experiement Observation Inference

Take 1 mL of salt solution in A dark brown ring is NaNO3 + H2 SO4 → NaHSO4+ HNO3
water in a test tube. Add 2 mL formed at the junction of
conc. of H2 SO4 and mix the two solutions. 6 FeSO4 + 3H2 SO4 + 2HNO3 → 3Fe2 (SO4 )
thoroughly. Cool the mixture 3 + 4H2O + 2NO
under the tap. Add freshly
prepared ferrous sulphate along FeSO4 + NO → [Fe(NO)]SO4 Nitroso
the sides of the test tube ferrous sulphate (Brown)
without shaking.
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 AIM:
Physical 1.
2. examination
Noted(a) To
dry
following: Heated Dry (a)
Noted givensalt. analyse
testheating Experiment
a the
tubepinch the
test smell colour
the
and of given
the of
noted the
salt of
salt
salt. the
the in
a for
EXPERIMENT
acidic 12.2
White
specifc
odourNo
Observations and
basic

radicals.

be
absent.NH,
Cu',
Fe, Inference
S²
and Ni?:,
O0
CH,CMn,absent.

may
alitative,Analysis 191
Experiment
(a)Gasevolved
Observations Inference
A
colourless,
evolved which odourless yas CO? may be present.
turned lime
water milky.
(b)Sublinnatian No sublimateforned. Ammonium halides, iodide may
be absent.
() Decrepitation Nocrackling sound observed. Lead nitrate, barium nitrate,
sodium chloride, potassiurn
chloride and potassium iodide
may be absent.
residue
() Colour ofthe Yellow when hot and white Zn2' may be present.
when cold.
Charcoal cavity test
Mixed a pinch of the salt with Yellow when hot and white
double the quantity of Na,CO, Zn2 may be present.
when cold.
and heated the mixture on a
charcoal cavity in the reducing
Aame.

4. Cobalt nitrate test

To the above white residue Green residue. Zn? may be present.
added a drop of cobalt nitrate
solution and heated in
oxidizing flame.
5. Flame test
Prepared a paste of the salt in Green flashes seen with naked Zn?* may be present.
conc. HCland performed flane eye.
test.

6. Borax bead test

Did not perform this test since Cu2, N2, Fe2, Fe3, Mn?
the given salt was white. may be absent.
7. Dil. Sulphuric acidtest
Treated a pinch of the salt with Colourless, odourless gas Co present
dil. H,SO, and warmed. evolved with brisk efferves
cence, turned lime water milky.
Shook a pinch of salt with water Salt did not dissolve. Insoluble CO,2- indicated.
taken in test tube.
8. KMnO, test
To a pinch of the salt added Pink colour of KMnO, was not Ct, Br, I, Fe', C,0, are
discharged. absent.
dlute H,SO, warm andthen a
drop of KMnO, solution.
. Conc. Sulphuricacid
test CI, Br, I, NO, , CH,CO0
Did not perform this test C,0, are absent.
because the salt reacted with
dil. HSO
0, Confirmatory for
tests
arbonate
(a) Shook a pinch Salt did not dissolve. Insoluble carbonate indicated.
of the salt
with water.
192 Comprehensiue Practical Chemistry-x

Experiment Observations Inference

(b) To the salt added dil. HC. Brisk effervescence with evolu Insoluble carbonate confirmed.
tion of colourless, odourless gas
which turned lime water milky.
11. Heated a pinch of salt with Noammonia gas evolved. NH,*absent.
conc. NaOH solution
12. Preparation of Original
solution (0.S.)
(a) Shook a pinch of the salt Insoluble Labelled it as 0.S.
with water.
(6) Shook a pinch of the salt in Clear solution obtained.
dil. HC1.
13. As the O.S. is prepared in dil. Group I absent.
HCI. (Pb2* absent)
14. Through a part of 0.S. passed Noppt. formed. Group II absent
H,S gas. (Pb2, Cu?+ absent).
15. To the remaining solution, Noppt. formed Group III absent.
added a pinch of solid
(Fe+, A13+ absent).
ammonium chloride. Boiled the
solution, cooled it and added
excess of ammonium hydroxide
solution.
16. Through a part of this solution, Dull white ppt. formed. Group IV present.
passed H,S gas. (Zn2+ present)
17. Confirmatory tests for
Zn2+ ion
Dissolved the above dull white
ppt. in dil HCI. Boled off H,S.
Divided the solution into two
parts.
(a) To one part added NaOH White ppt. soluble in exKceSs of Zn2+ confirmed.
solution dropwise. NaOH.

(b) To another part, added Bluish white ppt. Zn?+ confirmed.

potassium ferrocyanide
solution.

RESULT
Acid Radical : CO,
Basic Radical: Zn2.
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