OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

College of Hospitality and Institutional Management

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INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORT SERVICES

COURSE MODULE WEEK / SESSION

Water Transportation 9

Sea Transportation

Session Goals
□ Read and understand week discussion sheet
□ Read required reading materials and view added supplementary
videos
□ Participate in synchronous discussion
□ Participate in canvas discussion board
□ Accomplish and submit necessary session assessments and tasks

Course Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Discuss the brief history and importance of water transport to economy

2. Recognize the category of ships by operations and the types of maritime
transport
3. Provide an overview of the maritime industry of the Philippines

WEEK 9 – ITTS 111 / SRP

 Discussion Sheet
Sea Transportation

It is most commonly known as maritime transport, fluvial transport or waterborne

transport. It is the transport of people (passengers) or goods (cargo) via waterways.
Freight transport by sea has been widely used throughout recorded history.

Maritime transport can be realized over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or barge,
over oceans and lakes, through canals or along rivers. Shipping may be for
commerce, recreation, or for military purposes.

Water transport is often limited to international deep-sea transport and coastal

shipping between local ports. Inland water carriers are dependent on the availability
of navigable lakes, rivers, and canals. In North America, Europe, and Asia, for
example, a significant portion of the total intercity freight tonnage is transported on
inland waterways by river barges and small vessels.

Containerization revolutionized maritime transport starting in the 1970s. "General

cargo" includes goods packaged in boxes, cases, pallets, and barrels. When a cargo is
carried in more than one mode, it is intermodal or co-modal.

Evolution of Water Transportation

 Many thousands of years ago, a raft made by tying several logs together with
creepers, was the first kind water transport that a person could steer.

 A frame boat, built like a basket and covered with animal skins was another
very early boat. A coating of tar kept the boat watertight..

 4000 BC - Boat builders in ancient Egypt used reeds to build what were
probably the first sailing boats.

 2500 BC - the Egyptians were building wooden boats that could sail across
oceans.
 1000 A.D. – Viking boats was used. The longboats were long and narrow so
were able to travel on the open sea, as well as along rivers.

WEEK 9 – ITTS 111 / SRP

  1100 A.D. - Chinese junks were sailing boats with a rudder for steering the
boat, battens on the sails to give them greater, strength, and watertight
compartments long before western ships had them.
 1800 - Fast sailing ships called ‘clipper ships’ were built. They had long, slim
hulls and tall masts.
 1819 - The first steamships to cross the Atlantic combined steam and wind
power.
 1845 - The first ocean-going liners made of iron and driven by a propeller were
being built from this time.
 1910 - Coal burning sailing ships were converted to diesel power, using oil
instead of steam.
 1911 - The hydroplane is invented in the United States.
 1955 - Hovercraft float above the waves on cushions of air and are capable of
high speeds of up to 140 km an hour.
 1959 - The N.S. Savannah, one of the first nuclear powered cargo ships, was
able to sail for three and a half years without refueling. 1959
 1980s – Used as ferries or water taxis, hydrofoils ride on wings that lift the
craft clear of the water so that it rides on skis as it gains speed. Container
ships carry cargo in huge metal boxes which are stacked on the deck. A
modern cargo ship can carry up to one thousand containers. Among the largest
ships ever built, these supertankers are used to transport oil.
 1990s - Cruise liners are ships that carry hundreds of people on floating
holidays.

The Power of Maritime Transport

About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is water-covered, and the oceans hold about
96.5 percent of all Earth's water. This is the main reason why international trade is
so closely related to maritime transport. Sea transportation moves the vast majority
of cargo around the globe.

Maritime transport is a creator of collective wealth, whose contributions to a

country's economy go far beyond the money earned from freights.

1. a basic instrument for a nation's development and economic independence;

2. an indispensable and effective tool in the service of trade, industry, production
and consumption;
3. an activity that generates national income and produces valuable foreign
exchange;

WEEK 9 – ITTS 111 / SRP

 4. an agent for regulating conference freight rates;
5. a source of direct and indirect employment for individuals engaged in transport
operations and in related activities such as provisioning, repairs and
shipbuilding, and a major client for materials used in these activities;
6. a powerful element of national defense in the case of armed conflict.

Category of Ships by Operation

1. A liner will have a regular run and operate to a schedule. The scheduled
operation requires that such ships are better equipped to deal with causes of
potential delay such as bad weather. They are generally higher powered with
better sea keeping qualities, thus they are significantly more expensive to
build.
2. A tramp has no fixed run but will go wherever a suitable cargo takes it.

Primary Maritime Transport Types

1. Bulk carriers are cargo ships used to transport bulk cargo items such as ore or
food staples (rice, grain, etc.) and similar cargo.
2. Container Ships are cargo ships that carry their entire load in truck-size
containers, in a technique called containerization.
3. Cruise Ships are passenger ships used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage
itself and the ship's amenities are considered an essential part of the
experience.
4. Ocean Liner is a passenger ship designed to transport people from one seaport
to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a
schedule. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be
used for other purposes.
5. Refrigerated Ships, usually called Reefers, are cargo ships typically used to
transport perishable commodities which require temperature-controlled
transportation, mostly fruits, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products and other
foodstuffs.
6. Roll-on/Roll-off are cargo ships designed to carry wheeled cargo such as
automobiles, trailers or railway carriages.
7. Tankers are cargo ships for the transport of fluids, such as crude oil,
petroleum products, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG)
and chemicals
8. Multi-purpose Ship or general cargo ship is used to transport a variety of goods
from bulk commodities to break bulk and heavy cargoes.

WEEK 9 – ITTS 111 / SRP

 Secondary Maritime Transport Types

1. Barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of
heavy goods.
2. Tugboat Is a boat used to maneuver, primarily by towing or pushing other
vessels in harbors, over the open sea or through rivers and canals.
3. Ferries are a form of transport, usually a boat or ship, but also other forms,
carrying (or ferrying) passengers and sometimes their vehicles.
4. Dredger is a ship used to excavate in shallow seas or freshwater areas with the
purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different
location.

Segments of Sea Transport Systems

1. Bulk Shipping
2. Liner Shipping
3. Specialized Shipping

Ports

It is impossible to speak of maritime transport without referring to ports, which are

an essential factor in the movement of goods by sea. According to Webster's Seventh
New Collegiate Dictionary, a port is "a place where ships may ride secure from
storms," and where they "may take on or discharge cargo."

A port is also a transfer station at which cargo changes its means of transport from
land to sea or vice versa. It can even be said that a port is a pole for development.

Kinds of Commercial Ports:

1. General ports - which serve all kinds of vessels and deal with all kinds of
cargoes;
2. Bulk ports - which move solid bulk cargo such as coal, ores or grains;
3. Container ports – which serve as a facility where cargo containers are
transshipped between different transport vehicles, for onward transportation.

WEEK 9 – ITTS 111 / SRP

 The ocean transport is a two-ended activity, i.e. always conducted between a port of
loading and a port of destination, so that both ports are necessarily interdependent.
Therefore, greater or lesser efficiency at one of the terminals inevitably has an impact
on the other that can adversely affect shipping companies, a situation shippers do
not always understand.

Port costs account for 50% to 60 % of total liner freight rates, depending on the type
and volume of the cargo, and include handling (reception, delivery, control of loading
and unloading) and fixed costs (amortization, depreciation, interest and
administrative expenses) as well as port dues arid wharfage. This high percentage is
due to the fact that conventional liners generally spend two-thirds of their time in
port and only one-third at sea. Thus there are numerous possibilities for reducing
overall shipping costs by reducing the port component.

Maritime Transport in the Philippines

 There are numerous shipping companies in the Philippines. Notable companies

include 2GO Travel (the successor to Superferry and Negros Navigation) and
Trans-Asia Shipping Lines.
 River ferries - The Pasig River Ferry Service is a river ferry service that serves
Metro Manila, it is also the only water-based transportation that cruised the
Pasig River. The entire ferry network had 17 stations operational and 2 lines.
The first line was the Pasig River Line which stretched from Plaza Mexico in
Intramuros, Manila to Nagpayong station in Pasig. The second line was the
Marikina River Line which served the Guadalupe station in Makati up to Santa
Elena station in Marikina.
 Ferry services - Because it is an island nation, ferry services are an important
means of transportation. A range of ships are used, from large cargo ships to
small pump boats

Ports and Harbors

 The busiest port is the Port of Manila, especially the Manila International Cargo
Terminal and the Eva Macapagal Port Terminal, both in the pier area of Manila.

WEEK 9 – ITTS 111 / SRP

 Philippine Ports Authority - is a government-owned and controlled corporation under
the Department of Transportation as an attached agency. It is responsible for
financing, management and operations of public ports throughout the Philippines,
except the port of Cebu, which is under the Cebu Ports Authority.

MARINA (Maritime Industry Authority)

By virtue of Presidential Decree No. 474, MARINA is mandated to oversee the

following:

1. The early replacement of obsolescent and uneconomic vessels;

2. Modernization and expansion of the Philippine merchant fleet;
3. Enhancement of domestic capability for shipbuilding, repair and maintenance;
4. Development of a reservoir of trained manpower;
5. Favorable climate for expansion of domestic and foreign investments in
shipping enterprises.

WEEK 9 – ITTS 111 / SRP