CHAPTER VI 1. Reading + Shipping Industry & Shipping Management 2. Grammar : Definite & Indefinite Articles 3. Speaking : Talking about Jobs 4. Vocabulary + Job Description of Ship's Crews fa. Reading Comprehension: Shipping Industry | INTRODUCTION Shipping Industry, the industry devoted to moving goods or passengers by water. Passenger operations have been a major component of shipping, but air travel has seriously imited this aspect of the industry. The enormous increase, however, in certain kinds of cargo, for example, petroleum, has more than made up for the loss of passenger trafic. Although raw materials such as mineral ores, coal, lumber, grain, and other foodstuffs supply a vast and stil growing volume of cargo, the transportation of manufactured goods has increased rapidly since World War IL U. HISTORY Commercial shipping began perhaps with the activities of the Phoenician merchants who operated their own vessels, transporting goods in the Mediterranean, The practices they developed were adopted by the merchants of ancient Greece and Rome and were continued by the maritime powers through the Middle Ages to modern times, The Venetians, from 1300 to 1500, owned a huge merchant fleet that served the interests of the merchant traders and the city-state exclusively. From 1600 to 1650 the Dutch ranked first in shipping activity, operating a globe-circing tramp service for merchants of western Europe. A. Advances in the 19th Century Until the 19th century, ships were owned by the merchant or by the trading company; common-carrer service did not exist. On January 5, 1818, the full-rigged American ship James Monroe, of the Black Ball Line, sailed from New York City for Liverpool, inaugurating common-carrier line service on a dependable schedule. A policy of sailing regularly and accepting cargo in less-than-shipload lots enabled the Black Ball Line to revolutionize shipping Two technological developments furthered progress toward present-day shipping practices: the use of steam propulsion and the use of iron in shipbuilding, In 1819 the American sailing ship Savannah crossed the Allantic under steam propulsion for part of the voyage, pioneering the way for the British ship Sirius, which crossed the Atlantic entirely under steam in 1838, Iron was first used in the sailing ‘vessel ronsides, which was launched in Liverpool in 1838 The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 was of great economic importance to shipping. Coinciding with the perfection ofthe triple-expansion reciprocating engine, which was both dependable and economical in comparison with the machinery of the pioneer vessels, the completion of the canal made possible rapid service between western Europe and Asia, The first steam-propelled ship designed as an oceangoing tanker was the Glickauf, built in Britain in 1886. It had 3,020 deadweight tons (dwt; the weight of a ship's cargo, stores, fuel, passengers, and crew when the ship is fully loaded) and a speed of 11 knots. B, The 20th Century ‘Among the technological advances at the tun of the century was the development by the British inventor Charles A. Parsons of the compound steam turbine, adapted to maritime use in 1897. In 1903 A ouupensva apres Mee 34the Wandal, a steamer on the Volga River, was powered by the first diesel engine used for ship propulsion. The Danish vessel Selandia was commissioned as the first seagoing motor ship in 1912 ‘After World War | significant progress was made especially in the perfection of the turboslectric drive During World War Il, welding in ship construction supplanted the use of rivets. The keel of the first nuclear-powered passenger-cargo ship, the Savannah, was laid in Camden, New Jersey, on May 22, 1958, and the ship was launched in 1960, In 1962 it was chartered to a private company for experimental commercial use, but it did not prove financially successful Il, NATURE OF THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY Shipping is a private, highly competitive service industry. The activity of the industry is divided into several categories, namely, liner service, tramp shipping, industrial service, and tanker operation, all of which operate on certain well-established routes A, Trade Routes Most ofthe world's shipping travels a relatively small number of major ocean routes: the North Atlantic, between Europe and eastem North America; the Mediterranean-Asian route via the Suez Canal; the Panama Canal route connecting Europe and the eastern American coasts with the western American coasts and Asia; the South African route linking Europe and America with Aftica; the South American route from Europe and North America to South America; the North Pacific route linking western ‘America with Japan and China; and the South Pacific route from western America to Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, and southern Asia, The old Cape of Good Hope route pioneered by Vasco da Gama and shortened by the Suez Canal has retumed to use for giant oil tankers plying between the Persian Gulf and Europe and America. Many shorter routes, including coastal routes, are heavily traveled B, Coastwise Shipping Technically, coastal shipping is conducted within 32 km (within 20 mi) ofthe shoreline, but in practice ship lanes often extend beyond that distance, for reasons of economy and safety of operation. Under the restriction known as cabotage, the U.S. and many other nations permit only vessels registered under the national flag to engage in coastal trade, Among many small European countries cabotage does not apply, and short international voyages are common. In coastal and short-distance shipping, special-purpose ships are often employed, such as car ferries and train ferries. . Inland Waterways ‘A major part of all the world's shipping moves on inland waterways—rivers, canals, and lakes. Usually such shipping employs smaller, lighter vessels, although in some cases oceangoing ships navigate inland waterways, for example, the St. Lawrence Seaway route to the Great Lakes of North America Containerization, ighter-aboard-ship, and barge-aboard-ship operations have facilated the shipping of cargoes between oceangoing vessels and those of the inland waterways. D. Liner Service Liner service consists of regularly scheduled shipping operations on fixed routes. Cargoes are accepted under a bil-of-lading contract issued by the ship operator to the shipper. Competition in liner service is regulated generally by agreements, known as conferences, among the shipowners. These conferences stabilize conditions of competition and set passenger fares or freight rates for all members of the conferences. E. Tramp Shipping Tramps, known also as general-service ships, maintain neither regular routes nor regular service Usually tramps carry shipload lots ofthe same commodity for a single shipper. Such cargoes generally consist of bulk raw or low-value material, such as grain, ore, or coal, for which inexpensive A ouupensva apres Mee 35transportation is required. Tramps are classified on the basis of employment rather than of ship design. The typical tramp operates under a charter party, that is, a contract forthe use of the vessel. The center of the chartering business is the Baltic Exchange in London, where brokers representing shippers meet with shipowners or their representatives to arrange the agreements. Freight rates fluctuate according to supply and demand: When cargoes are fewer than ships, rates are low. Charter rates are also affected by various other circumstances, such as crop failures and politcal crises. Charter parties are of three kinds, namely, the voyage charter, the time charter, and the bareboat charter. The voyage charter, the most common of the three, provides transport for a single voyage, and designated cargo between two ports in consideration of an agreed fee. The charterer provides all loading and discharging berths and port agents to handle the ship, and the shipowner is responsible for providing the crew, operating the ship, and assuming all costs in connection with the voyage, unless an agreement is made to the contrary, The time charter provides for lease of the ship and crew for an agreed period of time. The time charter does not specify the cargo to be carried but places the ship at the disposal of the charterer, who must assume the cost of fuel and port fees. The bareboat charter provides for the lease of the ship to a charterer who has the operating organization for complete management of the ship. The bareboat charter transfers the ship, n all but legal ttl, to the charterer, who provides the crew and becomes responsible for all aspects of its operation. The leading tramp- owning and tramp-operating nations of the world are Norway, Britain, the Netherlands, and Greece. The carrying capacity of a typical, moder, well-designed tramp ship is about 12,000 dwt, and its speed is about 15 knots, The recent trend is toward tramps of 30,000 dwt, without much increase in speed. F. Industrial Carriers Industrial carriers are vessels operated by large corporations to provide transportation essential to the processes of manufacture and distribution. These vessels are run to ports and on schedules determined by the specific needs of the owners. The ships may belong to the corporations or may be chartered. For example, the Bethlehem Steel Corp, maintains a fleet of Great Lakes ore carriers, a number of specialized ships that haul ore from South America to Baltimore, Maryland, and a fleet of dry-cargo ships that transports steel products from Baltimore to the Pacific coast. Many oil companies maintain large fleets of deep-sea tankers, towboats, and river barges to carry petroleum to and from refineries, G. Tanker Operation Al tankers are private or contract carriers. In the 1970s some 34 percent ofthe world tanker fleet, which aggregates about 200 milion dwt, was owned by oil companies; the remaining tonnage belonged to independent shioowners who chartered their vessels to the ol companies. So-called supertankers, which exceed 100,000 dwt, are employed to transport crude petroleum from the oilfields to refineries. The refined products, such as gasoline, kerosene, and lubricating oils, are distributed by smaller tankers, generally less than 30,000 dwt, and by barges. Discussion items and Comprehension Questions: How do you define the term of shipping industry? What is meant by Coastwise Shipping? What do you know about Liner service? What route was Indonesia included inthe interational trade route? Describe what you know about the types of Charter Party! ‘What is meant by Bareboat Charter? How do you desbribe about tanker operation? Assignment: Mako a summary of the above text with your own words, af least 5 (five) sontences. A ouupensva apres Mee 361b. Reading Comprehension: Shipping Management Whats ship management? I: Jack Roberts, you've worked in ship management for the last 20 years, so I'm sure you won't mind if we describe you as an old-hand at the job! Can you tell us a bit about yourself to start with? JR: Well |initlly chose a career at sea because of my interest in saling and all things nautical. | was determined to learn the art of seamanship first hand and first went to sea in 1974 as a deck cadet. | then spent several years in service, moving up the ranks, on many different types of ships. Going to sea certainly broadened my horizons, gave me the chance to see the seven seas, as it were. | didn't know then that it would provide professional training for a lifelong rewarding career. After a number of years at sea I decided that an entire life on the ocean waves was maybe not what | wanted, and in 1985 made the move back to land, where | swiftly entered the world of ship management. | have seen many changes in ship design, technological equipment and management practices since my early days and as a result the job has always remained fascinating and challenging. |: How, then, would you define ship management? JR: Well that's a good question, | suppose the first thing to say is that ship management is really an umbrella term, covering various different types of management services and these are, in turn, related to all aspects of daily vessel operations, The term describes an intemational business of many characteristics including low margins, relatively low barriers of entry for ship management companies, heavy paperwork, intense competition, high risks and a need to provide a round the clock service, The ship manager must be able to tailor the service to the differing needs of the ship owner, whilst maintaining efficiency and cost effectiveness in service delivery. In other words ship management is the professional supply of a single or a range of services by a management company separate from the vessel's ownership |: Does that mean that the ship manager and ship owner are separate entities? JR: Yes, indeed. The point 'm making is that the management company is separate from the ship owner. This means, in effect, that the supplier of the services, in other words the management company, is considered independent from the user working with his own staff and sometimes from a separate company. The term separate means, in the strictest sense, that there is no common shareholding interest between the ship owner and the manager. We could talk about this particular point later perhaps. I: Can you give some specific examples which typity the relationship between the owner and the manager? JR: Certainly, although i's not as simple as definitions might suggest. The relationship depends very much on the resources and needs of the owner in relation to the services provided by the manager. Just to give a couple of examples then. One example that we have is a situation in which the ship owner elects to retain control over a ‘number of critical functions in the management of his ships - such as the selection of senior officers, safety auditing and the negotiation and management of dry docking - but will outsource the remaining day-to-day management activities to the ship manager. In another example the ship owner himself may retain a technical department to run a core fleet of, let's say, bulk carriers, but should he then acquire a fleet of specialist vessels he would need to use a ship manager to provide the skills required for that specialist leet - I'm talking about maintenance skills as well as the sourcing of sea staff with skils and experience relevant to the fleet in question. These are just two examples though. To sum it up, it's actually the contract between the manager and the owner which defines the exact relationship. A ouupensva apres Mee 37|: Moving on then, can you tell us more about the contract itself? JR: Contracts vary, of course, and are again dependent on the needs and resources of the contracting parties involved. As | mentioned earlier, the manager provides a single or a range of services. The ship owner elects to use a comprehensive range or possibly just one service from those offered by the manager. The contract, then, governs the professional supply or in other words sets out the terms by which the supplier - that's our ship manager provides services to the user in return for a management fee. The ship manager is bound to a contractual set of terms and conditions. We see this in several ways; the ship manager must ensure that the vessel always complies with international rules and regulations, that itis un in a safe and cost efficient manner without threat to the environment and that itis maintained so as to preserve as far as possible its asset value. I: We began this interview by talking about a range of services which might be supplied by the ship manager? What exactly are those services? JR: Essentially the services in question comprise three main groups, namely technical management, crew management and commercial management. There is also a fourth group that can be termed ancillary services, but | won't go into that in detail at the moment. The main objective of technical management is safe, pollution free and cost efficient vessel operation in accordance with intemational rules and regulations and also, to some extent, the protection of asset value. Perhaps one of the most obvious examples of technical management is regular vessel inspections, Crew management is the provision of well‘rained and suitably experienced crew of the nationality required by the ship owner to ensure safe and efficient operation according, again, to international regulations. Commercial management involves the provision of miscellaneous ship broking services relating to the employment of a vessel, but | can come back to that point later. |: Let's look at risk for a moment. Is ship management a risky business? Which party, manager or ‘owner, runs the greater risk in your opinion? JR: As I said right a the star, ship management entails high risks. As to which party runs the greater risk, well, that's debatable. Let's take the ship owner first, since i's often said that he is the prime risk taker. His primary objective and success is dependent upon his abilty to find profitable employment forthe ship and/or to realise a profit from the vessel's resale for demolition or further trading. By contrast the ship manager's aim is to provide a service or services to assist the ship owner in return for a fixed management fee. It would be unfair though to say that the ship manager runs no risk. He might find himself in a situation whereby the owner has run into financial dificulties and is unable to pay, or whereby there is a risk to his reputation due to problems caused by insufficient funding, What | mean by this is that the risk is not borne entirely by one party. |: Well it sounds like a fascinating field to work in, Jack Roberts, thank you for agreeing to speak to us, Discussion Items and Comprehension Questions: 1. Describe what you know about Ship Management, 2. What do you know about a range of services which might be supplied by the ship manager? 3._ Is ship management a risky business? Which party, manager or owner, runs the greater risk in your opinion? 4. Give specific examples which typify the relationship between the owner and the manager. 5. Do you think that the ship manager and ship owner are separate entities? Assignment: Make a summary of the above text with your own words, a least 5 (five) sentences. A ouupensva apres Mee 382. Grammar. Definite & Indefinite Articles 1). DEFINITE ARTICLE: “THE “ Definite Article “THE* is used for a specific noun, and the noun can be countable or uncountable singular or plural. 1. Fora specific /particular noun Ships ofall types use this port ;the ship over there is an LNG carrier. a The gentleman talking to the personnel manager is our new Master. a The engine of my ship must be repaired at once 2. Fora unique object: only one in the world / context a The earth goes round the sun, a The Chief Engineer is observing the rotation of the main engine in the engine room. ( refer toa ship ) a The theatre is on the main road, just after the National Bank. (refer to a district / region) a Parisi the capital of France. 3. For secondly mentioned nouns : 2 Colliers are designed to carry coal. The coal? is carried in buk. a [bought a new car! yesterday, The car? is made in Japan, a | sawa film last night. The fm? was about a soldier’ and a beautiful suburban git! The soldier? was in love with the gi, but the gir! fel in love with a seaman’, Therefore the soldier felt jealous to the seaman? and forced the gir to get married 4, Fora noun in the superlative 2 The largest type of cargo ship is the ULCC. a Where is the nearest bank from here ? a One of the worst habit of modern youth is having a strong foreign-minded consumptive manner. 5. Foradjectives used as nouns : 3 Therrich become richer, the poor become poorer. a My avourite film is the bold and the beautiful 6. For things refer to invention, musics 2 Doyou know when the telephone was invented ? Who designed the first marine boiler ? The bicycle is an excellent means of transport. Can you play the guitar and theviolin 2). INDEFINITE ARTICLE:“ A / AN“ Indefinite Article “ A / AN “is used for a general (not specific) singular countable noun.“ AN" is used before a vowel-sound noun, and * A * before a consonant-sound noun, coo 1. Fora general singular noun : a There is a student in the classroom 2 Aloryy containing dangerous chemical was stolen from a factory in London two days ago. a Abolel ; an hour ; a university ; an umbrella ; an honest cadet ; an apple ; an expensive car ; a merchant ship. A ouupensva apres Mee 392. For expressions of Frequency & Measurement a People in Asia usually eat three times a day. 2 From midnight tonight, petrol wil cost an extra 1p. a litre, a We study English al the campus twice a week. 3. For exclamation sentences : a What alovely day ! a What an awful experience ! a What a talkative pretty female cadet ! 4, To express what something/someone is like 2 A dog is a faithful animal a Jenny has got a big mouth but a sensual pair of lps. a The Captain is an experienced skilled seafarer. 5. To express professions / jobs a Tom’s father is a retired Admiral in the Navy. a Iwant to be an English teacher after resigning sailing Is there anyone in this class a pure honest man ? Exercise &Assignment: Make 10 examples of Articles (5 each of Definite and Indefinite) based your own sentences. 3. Speaking: Talking about Jobs 1. What do you do | What are you? What company do you work ! join now? What organization are you with? What do you work for? What is your position atthe office? What is your rank on board your vessel? 2. lama seaman /. secretary / an engineer. | work for PT. Humpuss Sea Transport division Ihave been working at PT... for about... yeas, 1am in the marketing section / technical division. Jam the Second Mate. Jam the Chief Engineer on MV...... of PT. On board this vessel, | am a Chief Officer. 3. Lam responsible for... (maintenance of boilers) hold the responsibilty of... (the safety equipment) Ihave to supervise / manage / prepare . I handle the operation of Hake care for .. ‘Asa staff of marketing division, | am responsible to the Marketing Manager. 11am responsible to the Chief Officer for the stowage of cargo A ouupensva apres Mee 404. Lusually get to work by... (car/bus).. at 8,00 am. Joften get back home from office at 6.00 in the evening On the way home, | occasionally drop myself at a café fora cup of coffee and for relaxing with friends. In case of busy work, sometimes | have to work overtime J usually sail to Europe once in two months, My ship isa liner and always carries bulk cargo to The voyage from..... to... usualy take about one week 5. like to work in this company because I think | get a good salary here, My salary is very reasonable. The company has much care to any staffs / crew members. Ihave two weeks on leave / holiday / vacation a year. The company also gives me a healthy allowance. The Human Resource Division always pays attention to our career promotion | will get a pension when | retire from the company. 6. My contract (at work) wil last next year. The company has decided to renew my contract. Ihave a planning to move to another company. Ihave been promoted to be The manager asked me to continue my study for promotion. ‘Any staff will have the same opportunity for overseas study. | decided to quit this job because the management has applied a gender and ethnical discrimination here. Speaking exercises and Discussion Items: 1. Make an interview to your fend as a new crew member on board! 2. Practice a real conversation with your partner based on a standard Introduction. 3. Wiite down your conversation above as written transcript. 4. Vocabulary (Shipping Terms): Job Description of Ship's Crews Definitions and clarifications 1. Master (Captain) is the highest responsible officer, acting on behalf of the ship's owner and has no watch in addition to officers 2. Chief Officer is the head of deck department on board ship and responsible for handling the cargo and become an immediate assistant of the Master. (The cargo handling on board is the responsibilty of the Chief Officer. Detail jobs: The Chief Officer (often called the Chief Mate in the United States) is the head of the deck department on a merchant vessel, second-in-command after the ship's Master. The Chief Mate's primary responsibilities are the vessel's cargo operations, its stability, and supervising the deck crew. The mate is responsible for the safety and security of the ship, as well as the welfare of the crew on board. Additional duties include maintenance of the ship's hull, cargo gears, accommodations, the life saving appliances and the fireighting appliances. The Chief A ouupensva apres Mee aMate also trains the crew and cadets on various aspects like safety, firefighting, search and rescue, and various other contingencies. On most vessels, the Chief Officer and First Officer (or First Mate) are synonymous, but passenger vessels often cary a separate First Officer who is junior to the Chief Officer. 3. Second Officer is a ship officer in the deck department who is responsible for navigation and its equipment on board. Detal jobs: The Second Officer (or Second Mate) of a merchant vessel is usually in charge of navigation and is the next licensed position above Third Officer and below Chief Officer. The second mate typically stands the 12-4 navigation watch. That is, the Second Mate will stand watch from 1200 to 1600 at noon and again from 0000 to 0400 in the nights. The Second Mate is typically the navigation officer aboard a ship. The navigation officer is responsible for maintaining the charts and navigational equipment on the bridge. The duties also usually entail developing the voyage plans under the direction of the ship's Master. In the United States system, it takes 360 days of sea service as a licensed Third Officer before one can become a Second Officer. The other duties of this position often depend upon the type of ship worked aboard. On oil tankers, the second officer usually provides the Chief Mate with assistance in tank cleaning, 4. Third Officer is a ship officer in the deck department who is responsible for the lifesaving equipment on board Detal jobs: The Third Officer or Third Mate is the third officer of a merchant vessel. The most junior officer of the ship, the Third Mate is usually the safety officer (responsible for firefighting equipment, lifeboats, emergency systems) and isin charge of a (bridge or cargo) watch 5. Deck Cadet (Apprentice) is a nautical school graduate, entitled to a seaman's book, but is not an officer-proper. The cadet must first carry out a one-year training on board ships, executing tasks of an officer-of-he-watch under the supervision of senior officers. 6. Boatswain (Bosun) is a ship petty officer in the deck department who is responsible to the Chief Officer for maintenance and daily activities on deck. A Boatswain, often (at least since 1868) is in charge of the unlicensed deck crew and is sometimes also third or fourth mate. 7. Chief Engineer is the head of Engine department on board ship and responsible for the smooth running of the whole propulsion power units. The Chief Engineer on a merchant vessel is the offical tile of someone qualified to oversee the engine department. The Chief Engineer commonly referred to as "The Chie? or just "Chie? is responsible for all operations and maintenance that have to do with all engineering equipment throughout the ship. Vocabulary Building: Give concise definitions to the following terminologies and translate to Indonesian language. 4. Boatswain 2. Third Officer 3. Chief Officer 4. Deck Cadet 5. Chief Engineer 6. Second Officer A ouupensva apres Mee 42