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Punctuation
Discover the essential rules and tips for mastering punctuation in English! Learn how to
properly use commas, semicolons, periods, and more to enhance your writing skills and
ensure clear, effective communication. Perfect for students, writers, and language
enthusiasts.

What Is Punctuation?
Punctuation is a set of specific marks or symbols that we used to express the meaning
of our sentences clearly and to make the flow of the text smooth. It shows us where we
need to pause, it separates ideas from each other, it lets us know that a certain phrase is
quoting someone else’s words, and has a dozen other important functions.

To understand just how necessary and significant punctuation is, imagine the world
where it doesn’t exist. In that world, we wouldn’t have known where one sentence ends
and the other one starts because there wouldn’t be any full stops. We also would have
had no idea if a certain phrase is a question or not, since there would be no question
marks. And how would we show our emotions in writing if we didn’t have exclamation
marks and ellipses? In short, punctuation, when used properly, makes things easier for
everyone, both writers and readers.

Punctuation Marks
In the English language, there are fourteen main punctuation marks, and here is the list
of them. Some punctuation marks, such as the full stop and quotation marks, are known
by more than one name among English speakers.

1. Full Stop / Period (.)

2. Comma (,)
3. Question Mark (?)
4. Exclamation Mark (!)
5. Quotation Marks / Speech Marks (” “)
6. Apostrophe (‘)
7. Hyphen (-)
 8. Dash (– or —)
9. Colon (:)
10. Semicolon (;)
11. Parentheses ()
12. Brackets []
13. Ellipsis (…)
14. Slash (/)

Punctuation Rules
Full Stop / Period (.)
This is the most popular punctuation mark because you simply cannot write even a
single sentence without using it. So, there are two most common uses of a full stop: to
indicate the end of a sentence, or to follow an abbreviation.

For example:
 We feed this cat every evening.
Mr. Brown does not agree with these new rules.

Comma (,)
A comma is often used to separate different ideas in a sentence. However, it has many
other uses as well, and it is important to remember them as well. Some of the most
common comma rules follow.

1) A comma separates two sentences when putting a full stop between them seems to
create an unnecessarily long pause.

For example:

Mark went by bus, and Allison took a train.

2) Commas separate items in a list.

For example:

We bought apples, peaches, grapes, and oranges in the fruit market.

3) A comma is used after an introductory word or phrase, such as at the end of the day,
however, in contrast, etc.

For example:

Nevertheless, we managed to get home until sunset.

4) If you have a tag question at the end of your sentence, you also need to use a
comma to distinguish it from the rest of the sentence.

For example:

You are going to the party this weekend, aren’t you?

5) If you are directly addressing someone, you need a comma.

For example:

James, what are you doing tomorrow after school?

Question Mark (?)

A question mark, as its name suggests, needs to go at the end of every interrogative
sentence instead of a full stop.

For example:

How old are you?

Do you remember what I told you about yesterday?

Exclamation Mark (!)

An exclamation mark added at the end of a sentence shows emphasis. Depending on
the meaning of the sentence, it can indicate anger, happiness, excitement, or any other
strong emotion.

For example:

Leave me alone!
I’m so happy to see you!
I can’t wait to go to Paris!

Quotation Marks / Speech Marks (” “)

As their name suggests, quotation marks indicate direct quotations. You can also use
them to show that a word or a phrase is being used ironically, or for titles of articles,
book chapters, episodes of a TV-show, etc.

For example:

“You’ll never believe what happened last night,” Jerry said.

In his article “How To Succeed in Everything You Do”, Mary Smith gives her
readers three valuable pieces of advice.

Apostrophe (‘)
An apostrophe has two very important uses. Firstly, it can be used in contractions in
place of omitted letters. Secondly, it can show possession.

For example:

You don’t have to go to the supermarket if you don’t want to.

We need to invite both of Sally’s sisters to the party.

Hyphen (-)
Even though it looks very similar to a dash, a hyphen has very different uses. It’s most
commonly used to create compound words.

For example:

He is a very self-confident person.

Due to various factors, Susan decided to work part-time this summer.

Dash (– or —)
There are two different dashes, the en dash and the em dash, the first being slightly
shorter than the second one. The en dash is usually used to show a connection between
two things, as well as a range of numbers, years, pages, etc.

For example:

London–Paris flight takes about 1 hour and 15 minutes.

For tomorrow’s lesson, I need to read pages 45–78 of the textbook.

The em dash can replace a comma, a colon, or parenthesis. You can also use it to put
emphasis on the ending of your sentence.

For example:

This year, Mark has traveled to quite a few countries—Poland, Germany, Lithuania,
Georgia, and Greece.
Her answer was loud and clear—No!

Colon (:)
A colon is a punctuation mark you will come across very often in different
circumstances. It can introduce an example, a list, an explanation, or a quotation. Or, you
can also use it to emphasize a certain point.

For example:

There are two things you can do: continue being miserable or move on with your
life.
There’s only one person in the world who can tell you what you should do: you.

Semicolon (;)
A semicolon is a punctuation mark that creates a longer pause than a comma but a
shorter pause than a full stop. So, it can be used to create a pause between two
independent clauses that are still closely related to each other.

For example:

My mother is a doctor; my father is an accountant.

Jane has spent the whole morning trying to figure out what to wear; she ended
up choosing the first outfit out of all that she tried on that day.

Parentheses ()
In most cases, you will see additional information in parentheses. Usually, it can be
omitted without creating any confusion for the reader.

For example:

My young daughters (aged 5 and 7) just love playing with our neighbors’ dogs.

Brackets []
Brackets are, in a way, similar to parentheses. However, they are mostly used in
academic writing and when presenting quotes. For instance, the writer can add extra
information or fix mistakes in brackets, without changing the original quotation.

For example:

The witness said, “I could hear him [the policeman] but I couldn’t see him”.

Ellipsis (…)
An ellipsis creates an intriguing and mysterious atmosphere in the text. In addition, it can
be used to show that some letters or even words are omitted.

For example:

So… what happened next?

She was smart, funny and pretty but… something still felt wrong.

Slash (/)
You might need to write a fraction, a measurement, or to suggest alternatives in your
text. These are just three of the instances where you will have to use a slash.

For example:
 For this recipe, you will need 1/2 glass of water and 3/4 glass of flour.
The car was going as fast as 120 km/h.
You need to press the On/Off button.

Punctuation Rules | Infographic

British vs American Style
Though British and American English have lots of similarities, when it comes to
punctuation styles, there are some differences. Of course, if you’re just chatting with
friends who live in either Canada or New Zealand, you don’t have to worry about them
not understanding or judging you. However, if you’re preparing an official and formal
report that will be read by English speakers from a specific part of the world, you should
be careful. Some of the most important differences are listed below.

Quotations
Quotations within quotations are treated differently in British and American English.
According to the American style, you need to put double quotes (” “) to show the initial
quotation and single quotes (‘ ‘) for any quotations within it. The British approach is
completely the opposite: single quotes for the initial quotation and double quotes for
everything within it.

Another significant difference is that the American style puts commas and full stops
inside the quotation marks, while the British style doesn’t.

For example:

“I can’t go out tomorrow,” John sighed, “because, as my dad said, ‘you’ll go out
when hell freezes over.'” (American style)
‘I can’t go out tomorrow’, John sighed, ‘because, as my dad said, “you’ll go out
when hell freezes over”‘, (British style)

Titles
In American English, you should follow people’s titles by a full stop: Mr, Ms, Mrs. However,
this isn’t the case with British English. There, you would simply write, Mr, Ms, or Mrs.

Time
If you’re following the American style, you need to separate hours from minutes when
writing about time with a colon. The British style, however, states that you need to use a
full stop. So, in America, you would say that the time is 11:20, while in Britain, you would
say that it’s 11.20.
Differences Between Punctuation in British and American
English | Infographic

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Curly Brackets (Curly Braces) { } A Super Simple Guide

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 Full Stop (.) When to Use a Full Stop (Period) with Easy Examples

How to Quote a Quote Properly in American & British English

How to Use Semicolons and Colons Effectively

Hyphen (-) When to Use a Hyphen in English (with Great Examples)

Oxford Comma | What Is the Oxford Comma? When Do We Use It?

Parentheses () Brackets [] Quotation marks ” ” Ellipsis …

Parentheses () When to Use Parentheses in English

Punctuation Marks: Names, Rules, and Useful Examples

Quotation Marks ” ” What Are They and When Do We Use Them?

Semicolon (;) When to Use a Semicolon in English

Single Quotation Marks ‘ ‘ When and How to Use Them Correctly

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When to Use a Slash: Backslash (\) vs Forward Slash (/)

Helpful Topics

Punctuation
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