1 Fig. 2.1 is an electron micrograph showing the bacteria, Vibrio cholerae.

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) Bacteria are prokaryotes.

State two distinguishing features of all prokaryotes.

1 .............................................................................................................................

2 .............................................................................................................................

[2]

(ii) The bacteria shown in Fig. 2.1 each have a flagellum.

Suggest the function of the flagellum in bacteria.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows five species of mollusc.

A B C

D E

Fig. 1.1

Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to E) in the correct
box beside the key.

Key

1 (a) body is completely or partly covered in a shell go to 2

(b) body is not completely covered or partly covered in a shell Limax flavus
2 (a) shell is attached to rocks by thin threads Mytilus edulis
(b) shell is not attached to rocks by thin threads go to 3
3 (a) shell is a spire that comes to a point Buccinum undatum
(b) shell is not a spire that comes to a point go to 4
4 (a) animal has tentacles Nautilus pompilius
(b) animal has 2 tentacles Planorbis planorbis
[3]

(b) State two features that are shown by all molluscs.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 5]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 Fig. 1.1 shows seven different species of amphibian.

A B

C D

E F

not drawn to scale

Fig. 1.1

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correct
box beside the key. One has been done for you.

Key

1 (a) long, narrow body, with or without legs go to 2

body not long and narrow, back legs are larger than
(b) go to 5
the front legs

2 (a) body without legs Gymnopis multiplicata B

(b) body with legs which are all of the same size go to 3

3 (a) raised crest along the back of the body Triturus cristatus

(b) no crest along the back of the body go to 4

4 (a) gills present Necturus maculosus

(b) no gills present Ambystoma tigrinum

5 (a) skin is smooth go to 6

Oreophrynella
(b) skin is not smooth
quelchii
Polypedates
6 (a) digits end in swellings
leucomystax

(b) digits do not end in round swellings Rana temporaria

[3]

(b) Many amphibian species throughout the world are endangered.

Suggest three reasons why many amphibian species are endangered.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 Fig. 1.1 shows seven lizards that are at risk of becoming extinct.

C
A

E
D

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) (i) Name the vertebrate group that contains lizards.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the
correct box beside the key. One has been done for you.

key

1 (a) feet with three toes go to 2

(b) feet with five toes go to 3
2 (a) has a collar or crest on head go to 4
(b) has no collar or crest on head Chalcides minutus
3 (a) spikes along back go to 5
(b) no spikes along back go to 6
4 (a) ridges extend along back and tail Brookesia perarmata
(b) no ridges along back or tail Calumma parsonii
5 (a) blunt, rounded head Amblyrhynchus cristatus
(b) elongated head Cyclura lewisi
6 (a) large raised scales on skin Abronia graminea
(b) scales on skin are not large or raised Varanus komodoensis D
[3]

(b) The effect of humans on the environment has caused the populations of the lizard species in
Fig. 1.1 to decrease.

Explain why conserving lizards is important.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Zookeepers report that isolated female Komodo dragons, Varanus komodoensis, have
produced offspring asexually. This is very unusual in vertebrates.

(i) State two disadvantages of asexual reproduction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) State two disadvantages of sexual reproduction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) Sexual reproduction requires meiosis to occur.

(i) Define the term meiosis.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Explain the significance of meiosis to the survival of endangered species of lizards.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 16]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 Myriapods are a group of arthropods that are commonly found in soil habitats in many parts of the
world. Many myriapods are very small and not easy to identify.

Fig. 6.1 shows four species of myriapod, not drawn to the same scale.

Polydesmus Cylindroiulus Scutigera Scolopocryptops

denticulatus punctatus coleoptrata sexspinosus

Fig. 6.1

(a) State three features of all myriapods that are visible in Fig. 6.1.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ...............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (b) Describe three features of myriapods that could be used to make a dichotomous key to
distinguish between the four species in Fig. 6.1.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ...............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Mitochondria are cell structures that contain a small quantity of DNA.

Scientists are sequencing the DNA of one particular gene in mitochondria to help identify
different species of many animals including myriapods. The sequences that they find are
called ‘barcodes’.

(i) State the part of the cell that contains most of the DNA.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest how DNA barcoding might be useful in the conservation of animals, such as
myriapods.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) State the function of DNA in cells.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) A student found the following information about the feeding relationships between some
organisms in a soil habitat.

Dead organic matter, such as leaves, provides food for bacteria and soil fungi.

Earthworms eat dead leaves.

Many millipedes feed on dead plant matter and also on soil fungi.

Nematodes feed on bacteria and are eaten by springtails.

Centipedes are predators that feed on earthworms, millipedes and springtails.

(i) Draw a food web to show the feeding relationships described above.

[4]

(ii) Describe the roles of the soil organisms in the carbon cycle.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 17]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a Table 1.1 shows some features of the five groups of vertebrates.
Complete Table 1.1 to compare the five groups of vertebrates using a tick (!) to
indicate if the group shows the feature, or a cross (") if not.
The first row has been completed for you.
Table 1.1

group of external ear

scaly skin feathers glands
vertebrates (pinna)
birds ! " ! "

bony fish

amphibians

reptiles

mammals

[4]
Fig. 1.1 shows a southern cassowary, Casuarius casuarius, which is a large bird that cannot fly.
It lives in rainforests in northern Australia and southern New Guinea.
The cassowary feeds on fruits and helps to disperse seeds for many tree species, such as the
cassowary plum.

Fig. 1.1
(b) Suggest why the cassowary can digest the fruit but not the seeds of rainforest trees.

[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Describe one method of seed dispersal that does not require animals.

[2]

(d) State two environmental conditions that seeds require so that they can germinate.

1.

2. [2]

(e) Cassowaries are an endangered species. Many are killed on the roads and
development threatens their rainforest habitat.

Cassowaries, as with many other rainforest species, cannot survive in small nature
reserves.

Suggest why species, such as cassowaries, cannot survive in small nature reserves.

[3]

[Total: 13]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 Crabs are classified, along with prawns, shrimps and lobsters, as crustaceans. Most crabs
live in the sea, although some live in freshwater and there are a few land-dwelling crabs.

Fig. 1.1 shows the structure of a typical crab.

cheliped / claw
eye

carapace
walking legs

abdomen, often tucked

bene ath the rest of the body

Fig. 1.1

(a) State the group of animals that includes crustaceans, insects, arachnids and
myriapods.

[1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 Fig. 1.2 shows four different species of crab.

A spiny spider crab B hairy hermit crab

Maia squinado P agurus hirsutiusculus

C West African fiddler crab D sand crab

Uca tangeri Portunus pelagicus

Fig. 1.2

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Biologists use dichotomous keys to identify different species.

Use Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2 to state one visible feature of each species of crab A, B, C
and D, that could be used in a dichotomous key to identify crabs.

[4]

(c) Crabs show variation in many features.

(i) State one feature of crabs that shows continuous variation.

[1]

(ii) Describe how you would measure variation in the feature you have given in (i).

[1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) Crabs produce huge numbers of offspring, but their populations remain fairly constant
from year to year.

Explain why.

[3]

(e) Emergency medical packs contain bandages made from chitosan.

Chitosan comes from the exoskeleton of crustaceans and has a positive charge to
attract red blood cells. It helps blood clot quickly and also has antibacterial properties.

Explain the benefits of using bandages made from chitosan.

[3]

[Total: 13]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 Arachnids, crustaceans, insects and myriapods are all classified as arthropods.

Scorpions, such as Heterometrus swammerdami shown in Fig. 1.1, are arachnids.

tail

cephalothorax

jaw

abdomen
pedipalp eyes

Fig. 1.1

(a) State three features, shown by H. swammerdami and visible in Fig. 1.1, that arachnids
share with other arthropods.

3 [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (b) Fig. 1.2 shows seven species of arachnid.

A B C

not to scale

Fig. 1.2

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correct
box beside the key. One has been done for you.

Key

1 (a) Abdomen with a tail Abaliella dicranotarsalis E

(b) Abdomen without a tail go to 2

Legs much longer than abdomen and
2 (a) go to 3
cephalothorax
Legs not much longer than abdomen and
(b) go to 4
cephalothorax
3 (a) Hairs on the legs Tegenaria domestica

(b) No hairs on the legs Odielus spinosus

4 (a) Cephalothorax or abdomen segmented Chelifer tuberculatus

(b) Cephalothorax and abdomen not segmented go to 5

Abdomen and cephalothorax about the same
5 (a) Poecilotheria regalis
size
(b) Abdomen larger than cephalothorax go to 6

6 (a) Body covered in long hairs Tyroglyphus longior

(b) Body not covered in hairs Ixodes hexagonus

[4]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 Fig. 6.1 shows three different insects.

Vespula flavopilosa Vespula rufa C allicera rufa

insect 1 insect 2 insect 3

F ig. 6.1

(a) Insects 1 and 2 are more closely related to each other than to insect 3.

(i) Explain how the binomial names indicate that insects 1 and 2 are more closely
related.

[2]

(ii) Explain how the appearance of the three insects suggests that insects 1 and 2 are
more closely related.

[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Vespula flavopilosa gives a painful sting. The insect shown in Fig. 6.2 is very similar in
appearance to Vespula flavopilosa but does not give a sting.

C hrysotoxum cautum

F ig. 6.2

(b) Chrysotoxum cautum is very similar in appearance to Vespula flavopilosa. Explain how
this is an advantage.

[2]

(c) It is thought that Chrysotoxum cautum evolved from an insect that did not have any
stripes.

Suggest how these insects became striped.

[5]

[Total: 11]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 Fig. 1.1 shows a vertical section through a flower of soybean, Glycine max, following
self-pollination. Fig. 1.2 shows part of the section at a higher magnification.

stigma

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.2

(a)
a) Name the parts labelled A to C shown in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2.

C [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (ii) Describe what happens to the structures shown in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2 to bring about
fertilisation. You may refer to the structures labelled A to C by their letters if you
wish.

[3]

(iii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of self-pollination for flowering plants,
such as soybean.

advantages

disadvantages

[4]

(b) Soybean is a dicotyledonous plant.

(i) Name the genus to which the soybean belongs.

[1]

(ii) State two features which are only found in dicotyledonous plants.

1.

2. [2]

[Total: 13]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows seven species of fish that live on reefs in the Caribbean.

A B

C D

E F

Drawings not to scale

Fig. 1.1

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the
correct box beside the key. One has been done for you.

Key

1 (a) Body shape is long and narrow, at least go to 2

10 times as long as its depth
(b) Body shape is not long and narrow, less go to 3
than 10 times long as its depth
2 (a) Fins are pointed Aulostomus maculatus F
(b) Fins are smooth Gymnothorax moringa
3 (a) Both eyes are on top of the head go to 4
(b) Eyes are on either side of the head go to 5
4 (a) Tail fin is long and thin Dasyatis americana
(b) Tail fin is short Bothus ocellatus
5 (a) Fish has one or several dark spots go to 6
(b) Fish has no dark spots Epinephelus striatus
6 (a) Fish has two fins on its back Pseudupeneus maculatus
(b) Fish has more than two fins on its back Chaetodon capistratus

[4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 The wavelengths of light that penetrate water influence the features of fish. Blue light does
not penetrate far into water; red light penetrates much further.

Many different species of cichlid fish live in Lake Victoria in Africa. Some species live in
shallow water and others live in deeper water.

Table 1.2 summarises some of the features of males and females of these species.

Table 1.2

habitat body colour of males retina in eyes of females

shallow water blue detects blue light

deep water red detects red light

Body colour and colour vision are both inherited features. Females select the males that
they mate with and prefer bright coloured males. Male and female eyes of the same
species of cichlid fish are similar.

(b) (i) The ancestors of red and blue cichlid fish were brown.

State how the different body colours of the males first happened.

[1]

(ii) Suggest the advantages of different cichlid fish being able to detect blue and red
light.

[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) Lake Victoria receives considerable pollution from the surrounding area which makes
the water cloudier and reduces the penetration of blue light.

Suggest and explain the likely long-term effects of the cloudy water on the red and blue
cichlid fish.

[4]

[Total: 11]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 Table 1.1 shows some of the external features of the five classes of vertebrates.

Complete the table by using a tick (!) to indicate if each class has the feature or a cross (×)
if it does not. The first row has been completed for you.

Table 1.1

feature
eatu amphibia reptiles birds mammals

mammary
glands × × × !
fur / hair

scales /
scaly skin

external
ears

feathers

[4]

[Total: 4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 Fig. 1.1 shows a bacterium, a virus and a fungus.

not to scale

Fig. 1.1

(a) Complete the table to compare the three organisms shown in Fig. 1.1 by using a tick
(!) to indicate if the organism shows the feature, or a cross (x) if it does not. The first
row has been completed for you.

feature
eature ba virus fungus

produces
spores x !
hyphae

capsule

nucleus

[3]

(b) Explain how the fungus shown in Fig. 1.1 is adapted to obtain its food.

[3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) Explain how the fungus spreads to new sources of food.

[2]

[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 The freshwater mussel, Margaritifera margaritifera, is a mollusc which lives in rivers and
streams.

When the mussel reproduces, gametes are released into the water and fertilisation takes
place.

The embryos, in the form of larvae, attach themselves to the gills of fish and develop there
for a few months.

The larvae then release themselves and grow in sand in the river, feeding by filtering food
from the water.

The number of mussels is falling due to human predation and the species is threatened with
extinction.

(a) The mussel belongs to the group known as the molluscs. State two features you would
expect the mussel to have.

1.

2. [2]

(b) Explain how the species name of the freshwater mussel can be distinguished from its
genus.

[1]

(c) State the type of reproduction shown by the mussel.

Explain your answer.

type of reproduction

explanation

[2]

(d) (i) Fish gills have the same function as lungs. Suggest one advantage to a mussel
larva of attaching itself to fish gills.

[1]

(ii) The mussel develops on the fish gills. Define the term development.

[1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (e) The mussel is threatened with extinction. Name another organism which is also
threatened with extinction and outline how it could be conserved.

name of species

outline of conservation

[3]

[Total: 10]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 Fig. 3.1 shows a female lion in a game reserve.

F ig. 3.1

(a) (i) State one feature, visible in Fig. 3.1, which identifies the lion as a mammal.

[1]

(ii) State one other feature, not visible in Fig. 3.1, which distinguishes mammals from
all other vertebrate groups.

[1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (b) Study the eyes of the lion in Fig. 3.1.

(i) Suggest and explain what the light conditions were when the photograph was
taken.

light conditions

explanation

[2]

(ii) Explain the importance of the eyes reacting to light in this way.

[2]

(c) Scientists say that lions are unable to see in colour.

Suggest how a study of a lion’s retina would provide evidence for this statement.

[1]

(d) The lion in Fig. 3.1 was observing tourists nearby. It turned its head to see zebras
moving in the distance.

Describe how the eyes of the lion would adjust to focus on the zebras.

[3]

(e) The lion was photographed in a game reserve in Namibia.

Explain why the conservation of animals in game reserves is important.

[3]

[Total:13]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 (a Draw a straight line to match the diagram of each tissue with its function. The first has
been completed for you.

absorbs water and

minerals from soil
for the plant

carries oxygen around

the body of mammals

contracts to cause
movement within
animals

moves dust and bacteria

up the bronchi of a
mammal

transports water and

minerals through the
stem of a plant

(not drawn to same scale)

[4]

(b) Explain why a leaf is described as an organ, not a tissue.

[3]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7 The Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis, is a native of America.
A flock of 20 birds was introduced into Britain from America before 1950.
The original flock settled quickly in their new habitat and started breeding. Numbers now
exceed 6000.
The White-headed duck, Oxyura leucocephala, (a native of Spain) is a closely related
species to the Ruddy duck.
Female White-headed ducks are more attracted to male Ruddy ducks than to males of their
own species.
Cross-breeding between the two species produces a new variety of fertile duck.
The White-headed duck is now threatened with extinction.
Some conservationists are considering a plan to kill the British population of Ruddy ducks to
prevent the White-headed duck becoming extinct.

Fig. 6.1 shows a male Ruddy duck.

Fig. 6.1

(a) State two features, visible in Fig. 6.1, that distinguish birds, such as the Ruddy duck,
from other vertebrate groups.

2 [2]

(b) (i) With reference to an example from the passage, describe what is meant by the
term binomial system.

[2]

(ii) State two reasons, based on information in the passage, why the Ruddy duck and
White-headed duck are considered to be closely related.

[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) (i) Explain why Ruddy ducks would not become
b
becom
ec
ecome ex
conservationists carried out their plan.

[1]

(ii) Suggest one factor, other than the breeding habits of the Ruddy duck, that could
result in the extinction of a bird such as the White-headed duck.

[1]

(d) The Ruddy duck feeds on seeds and insect larvae. The ducks are eaten by foxes and
humans.

Explain why these feeding relationships can be displayed in a food web, but not in a
food chain.

[2]

[Total: 10]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 Fig. 1.1 shows seven marsupial mammals.

A
C

not drawn to scale

Fig. 1.1

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (a) (i) State one visible feature that could be used to identify the marsupials in Fig. 1.1 as
mammals.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the
correct box beside the key. One has been done for you.

key

1 (a) tail visible go to 2

(b) no tail visible go to 3
2 (a) back feet at least twice as long as front feet go to 4
(b) back feet and front feet of similar length go to 5
3 (a) large ears relative to the size of the head Phascolarctos cinereus
(b) small ears relative to the size of the head Vombatus ursinus
4 (a) tail at least twice as long as body Sminthopsis longicaudata
(b) tail less than twice as long as body Macropus rufus
5 (a) uniform body colouring Paljara tirarense
(b) markings on body go to 6
6 (a) white band across back and chest Sarcophilus harrisii
(b) no white band across back and chest Dasyurus maculatus G
[3]

(b) Sexual reproduction occurs in all mammals. A zygote is formed from the fertilisation of a male
gamete and a female gamete.

(i) Name the process that results in the formation of haploid gametes.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Explain the importance of sexual reproduction in mammals.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) Marsupials differ from other mammals by giving birth to relatively undeveloped offspring.
Female humans have a placenta and therefore give birth to more developed offspring.

(i) Describe the role of the placenta in humans.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(ii) In humans, the placenta is connected to the amniotic sac which contains amniotic fluid.

State two functions of the amniotic fluid.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 14]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 Molluscs are important animals in many aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

Fig. 1.1 shows four species of mollusc that live in the sea.

common whelk
Buccinum undatum

edible mussel
Mytilus edulis

stout ra zor clam common octopus

Tagelus plebeius not to scale O ctopus vulgaris

Fig. 1.1

(a) State two features shown by all mollusc species.

2 [2]

(b) State two features, visible in Fig. 1.1, in which the octopus differs from the other three
molluscs.

2 [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) The edible mussel, Mytilus edulis, is attached to rocks that are exposed to the air at low
tide.

Use Fig. 1.1 to suggest how an edible mussel is adapted to attach to rocks and survive
when exposed to the air.

[2]

(d) The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, is a freshwater mussel that originates from
rivers in southern Russia.

The mussel was introduced into the Great Lakes of North America and has increased
in huge numbers with serious effects on the food webs of the lakes.

Explain why an introduced species, such as the zebra mussel, can have serious effects
on the populations of the species that are already living in the area.

[3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(e) The freshwater mussel, Pletholophus swinhoei, was used in a project to monitor water
pollution by chemical waste in northern Vietnam.

This was done by regularly counting the number of mussels in the river.

Suggest the advantages of using freshwater mussels to monitor the pollution of water
instead of carrying out chemical analysis of the water.

[2]

(f) Non-biodegradable plastics are a serious problem in many aquatic ecosystems.

Explain the harm that non-biodegradable plastics may cause to organisms in aquatic
ecosystems.

[3]

[Total: 14]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 3 Fig. 1.1 shows a flowering shoot of tiger lily, Lilium tigrinum.

Fig. 1.1

(a) State the name of the genus of the tiger lily.

[1]

(b) Name the parts labelled A to D.

D [4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) The tiger lily plant is a monocotyledon.

List two features, visible in Fig. 1.1, that show it is a monocotyledon.

2 [2]

(d) The tiger lily in Fig. 1.1 reproduces sexually.

Plants reproduce sexually and asexually.

Complete Table 1.1 to show the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual
reproduction to a flowering plant species.

Table 1.1

type of reproduction in
advantages
dvantages dis
flowering plants

asexual

sexual

[4]

[Total: 11]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 Reed warblers are small birds that migrate over long distances between western Africa and
northern Europe.

Fig. 5.1 shows a reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus.

Fig. 5.1

(a) State three characteristic features of birds that are visible in Fig. 5.1.

3 [3]

A study was carried out in Sweden into the effects of natural selection on wing length in
reed warblers.

The wings of young reed warblers reach their maximum length a few days after leaving the
nest.

At this age the wing length in millimetres of each bird was recorded. Each bird was
identified by putting a small ring around one of its legs.

When the birds were caught in net traps as adults, the information on the rings was used to
identify specific birds and their ages.

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 The length of time between ringing and trapping was recorded for each bird that was
identified before it was released.

The mean age at trapping was calculated for birds with each wing length.

The results are shown in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1

wing length at ringing / number of birds mean age at trapping /

mm trapped days
63 or less 24 253

64 72 256

65
5 1 297

66
6 1 346

67
7 1 349

68
8 1 270

69 66 237

70 or more 23 199

total = 771

(b) (i) Explain why wing length is an example of continuous variation.

[2]

(ii) Suggest a feature of reed warblers, other than wing length, that shows
continuous variation.

[1]

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 (c) The researchers concluded that reed warblers with a wing length of 66-67 mm had the
best chance of survival.

(i) Describe the evidence from Table 5.1 that supports this conclusion.

[4]

(ii) The researchers also suggested that more evidence was needed to make this
conclusion.

Suggest what other evidence would show that birds with wings 66-67 mm in length
have the best chance of survival.

[3]

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 (d) Scientists have discovered that genes are responsible for wing length in reed warblers.
The most common length of wing has been 66-67 mm for many generations of these
birds.

Explain how natural selection may be responsible for maintaining the mean wing length
of reed warblers at 66-67 mm.

[4]

[Total: 17]

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1 Fig. 1.1A shows a buttercup, Ranunculus cymbalaria. Fig. 1.1B shows details of a flower of
the same plant.

A B

Fig. 1.1

(a) Explain, using only features visible in Fig. 1.1, why Ranunculus cymbalaria is
classified as a dicotyledonous plant rather than as a monocotyledonous plant.

[2]

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 Fig. 1.2 shows a transverse section through a buttercup root at the end of the cold winter
(W) and at the end of the warm, moist summer S). At the end of the winter, the cells
contain very few starch grains. At the end of the summer, most of the root cells contain
many starch grains.

W S
Fig. 1.2

(b) Suggest why there are few starch grains in the cells of W compared with a large
number of starch grains in the cells of S.

[3]

(c) Describe how enzymes in root cells synthesise starch.

[3]

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 (d) As temperature is increased, for example from 10 oC to 30 oC, enzyme activity
increases.

Explain how increasing temperature affects enzyme activity.

[2]

[Total: 10]

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 (a) Using straight lines, match the names of the flower parts with their functions.
One has been completed for you.

allows the passage of the

anther
pollen tube to the ovary

attracts insects
petal
for pollination

produces
sepal
pollen grains

protects the flower

style
when in bud

the surface on which the

stigma pollen lands during
pollination
[4]

(b) Describe how the stigmas of wind-pollinated flowers differ from the stigmas of insect-
pollinated flowers. Relate these differences to the use of wind as the pollinating agent.

[3]

(c) Discuss the implications to a species of self-pollination.

[3]

[Total: 10]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 Toads are amphibians. Only two species are native to Britain, the Common toad (Bufo bufo)
and the Natterjack toad (Bufo calamita).
Natterjack toads like warm sandy soil in open and sunny habitats, with shallow pools for
breeding. Examples of these habitats are heathland and sand dunes.
Common toads like cooler, more shady habitats, such as woodland.
Many areas of sand dunes are being developed for camp sites. Heathland can easily
change to woodland as trees grow on it. In the summer, woodland is colder than heathland
due to the shade the trees create.
These conditions suit the Common toad, but not the Natterjack. As a result of the changing
habitats the Natterjack toad is becoming an endangered species.

(a) (i) Name one external feature that identifies an animal as an amphibian.

[1]

(ii) Amphibians are a class of vertebrate.

Name two other vertebrate classes.

1.

2. [2]

(b) State one piece of information from the passage to show that the Common toad and
Natterjack toad are closely related species.

[1]

(c) From the information provided, state two reasons why Natterjack toads are becoming
endangered.

1.

2.

[2]

(d) Suggest measures that could be taken to protect the Natterjack toad from extinction.

[2]

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 Fig. 1.1 shows a food web for British toads.

N atterjack C ommon
toad toad

insect adult slugs worms snails

larva e insects

bark flowers le aves

Fig. 1.1

(e) (i) State the trophic level of toads.

[1]

(ii) State which foods the two species of toad both eat.

[1]

(iii) With reference only to food, suggest why the Common toad is more likely to
survive when the two species are in competition.

[1]

[Total: 11]

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