V.L.Polupan, A.P.Polupan, V.V.

Makhova

A cultural reader

E N G L I S H -S P E A K I N G

C O U N T R IE S

I. GREAT BRITAIN
II. THE USA
III. CANADA
IV. AUSTRALIA
V. NEW ZEALAND
VI. ZIMBABWE
 Unit 84 LIVING IN THE U.S.A........................................................ . 139

Unit 85 U.S. DO LLAR.............................................................................141

Unit 86 FOOD........................................................................................... 142

Unit 87 SHOPPING..................................................................................143

Unit 88 COMMUNICATION.................................................................. 144

Unit 89 U.S. ARMED FORCES.............................................................. 146

Unit 90 AMERICAN HOLIDAY..........................................................147

Unit 91 CULTURAL LIFE IN THE U.S................................................. 149

Unit 92 “WE THE PEOPLE...” .............................................................. 150

Unit 93 AMERICAN LITERATURE...................................................... 151

Unit 94 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES..........................................152

Unit 95 EDUCATION..............................................................................153

Unit 96 AMERICAN YOUTH................................................................ 154

Unit 97 SPORTS AND RECREATION.................................................. 155

Unit 98 HOLLYWOOD........................................................................... 156

Unit 99 DISNEYLAND............................................................................158

Unit 100 NATIONAL PARKS.............................................................. 160

C A N A D A ........................................................................................................................162

Unit 101 CANADIAN SYM BOLS......................................................... 162

Unit 102 LAND OF DIVERSITY........................................................... 164

Unit 103 HISTORY.................................................................................. 165

Unit 104 ECONOMIC LANDSCAPES.................................................. 166

Unit 105 FRENCH CANADA................................................................. 167

Unit 106 WILDLIFE.................................................................................168

Unit 107 LOON M AGIC..........................................................................169

Unit 108 ECOLOGY............................................................................. 170

Unit 109 PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES........................................ 171

Unit 110 OTTAW A..................................................................................174

Unit 111 CITIES....................................................................................... 176

6
 CANADA

Unit 101
C A N A D IA N S Y M B O L S
THE DOMINION OF CANADA
“Shallform and be One Dominion under that Name accordingly.”
The Constitution Act IS
he Dominion of Canada, containing four provinces -Quebec, Ontario, Nova S(

T and New Brunswick was established by the British North America Act on Jul
1867. It combined features of the governments of the United States and Bril
Other provinces joined later: Manitoba -1870,British Columbia -1971, Prince Edward Island -1
Alberta and Saskatchewan 1905, and Newfoundland and Labrador -1949. The Northwest Teri
ries were annexed in 1870 and the Yukon Territory was made a separate territory in 1898.
THE ROYAL AND NATIONAL ANTHEMS OF CANADA
THE ROYAL ANTHEM
God Save our gracious Queen!
Long live our noble Queen!
God save the Queen!
Send her victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long reign over us,
God save the Queen!
T h e r o v a l a n th e m is p e r fo r m e d o ff ic ia lly in C a n a d a in th e p r e s e n c e o f m e m b e r s o f th e R o y a l F
ily , a s part o f th e S a lu te a c c o r d e d to th e G o v e r n o r G e n e ra l an d L ie u te n a n t G o v e r n o r s, a n d o n o th e r о
sio n s .
T h e a n th e m o r ig in a te d as a p a tr io tic s o n g in L o n d o n , E n g la n d , in 1 7 4 5 . N e ith e r th e au th or
c o m p o s e r is k n o w n .
THE NATIONAL ANTHEM
О Canada!
Our home and native land!

162
 True patriot love
in all thy sons command.
With glowing hearts'
we see thee rise,
The True North,
strong and free!
From far and wide,
О Canada,
We stand on guard
for thee.
God keep our land
glorious and free!
О Canada,
we stand on guard for thee.
О Canada,
we stand on guard fo r thee.
“O Canada” was proclaimed Canada’s National anthem on July 1,1980, 100 years after it was first
ang in 1880. The music was composed by C.Lavallee, a well-known composer. The lyrics were written in
»Ю8 by Mr. Justice Weir. French lyrics to accompany the music were written by Sir Routier. The official
iglish version includes changes recommended in 1968 by a special Joint Committee of the Senate and
iuse of Commons. The French lyrics remain unaltered.
THE NATIONAL FLAG
The National Flag was adopted by Parliament on October 22, 1964. It is a red flag containing in
sc center a white square with a single red maple leaf. Red and white are the official colors for Canada,
idared by King George V in 1921 in proclamation of Canada’ s Coat of Arms. The maple leaf was first
asoeiated with Canada as early as the 1700s.In 1834, the first St. Jean Baptiste Society in North America
•ade the maple leaf its emblem. By 1860, the maple leaf was incorporated into the badge of the 100th
asiment /Royal Canadians/ and was used in decorations for the visit of the Prince of Wales that year,
jtxander Muir wrote the Maple Leaf Forever as Canada's Confederation song ini867; it was regarded as
■x national song for several decades. The coats of arms created the next year for Ontario and Quebec both
xiuded the maple leaf. Since 1965, with proclamation of Canada’ s new flag, the maple leaf has become
x most prominent Canadian symbol.
THE COAT OF ARMS
The Coat of Arms displays a lion, a traditional royal symbol, holding the British flag, and a uni-
:r:. a mythological creature with the Flag of Quebec. On the crest there is a heraldic representation of the
j’-il crown. Beneath the crown is a lion wearing a red maple leaf in its front right paw, and standing on a
of red and white cloth. The shield represents the emblems of Great Britain and Quebec to indicate
re British and French background of the country. Beneath the shield there is a motto: ”A Mari Usque ad
The base, or, compartment, is represented with the floral emblems- a thistle of Scotland, a rose of
2: 2nd, a shamrock of Northern Ireland and a white lily fleur-de-lis of Quebec.
From 1921, the Coat of Arms included three maple leaves as a distinctive Canadian emblem.
THE MOTTO OF CANADA
The motto of Canada is in Latin A Mari Usque Ad Mare - From Sea to Sea.
CANADA DAY
July 1st is Canada Day. It is the National holiday of Canada.
QUEBEC NATIONAL DA Y
On June 24, French Canadians honor their patron saint Jean Baptiste. The province observes the
■si holiday Quebec National Day.
THE BEAVER
The beaver attained official status as an emblem of Canada when an “act to provide for the recog-
tan of the beaver as a symbol of the sovereignty of Canada” received royal assent on March 24, 1975.

163
Unit 102
LAND OF DIVERSITY
W h a t is p o p u l a t i o n o f C a n a d a ?
Is C a n a d a a r i c h c o u n t r y ?
Are Canadians a b ilin g u a l nation?
О Canada! Where pines andStaples grow, From east to western sea
Great prairies spread and lordly rivers flow, Thou land of hope, for all who toil!
How dear to us thy broad domain, The true North, strong andfree!

с anada /Indian “kanata” - a village/ is a magnificent land. It has an area of m

10,000,000 square kilometers and population about 28 million; 550,000 Indians,
36,000 Inuits. 23% of population live in rural areas. The majority of the Indian
2,200 reservations. Canada has two official languages: English /69%/, and French /24%/. 6% of Canac
speak Italian, Chinese, German and Portuguese.
Within its borders lies a diversity of life, landscape and climate that few countries can rival,
dered on three sides by oceans, Canada possesses a variety of terrain, from rainforests to nearly desert:
mountains range from the peaks of the western Cordillera to the peaks of the Laurentians. Canada h
land regions. The Canadian Shield, the Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands, Arctic islands, the Appalachian
Great Lakes lowland, the Western Interior and the Western Cordilleras.
The Canadian Shield is the heart of North America and geographic foundation of Canada. It
ers 48 % of the country. Some of the world’s oldest rock -over 3 500 000 000 years old- is found here
called the storehouse of Canada’ s metallic minerals.
The Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands are covered by swampy forests. The harsh climate do
permit fanning here but the animals and minerals of the region are important resources
The Appalachians stretch from the state of Georgia of the Southern U.S. to Newfoundland i
north. They are the oldest Highland region in Canada.
The Great Lakes lowland lies south of the Canadian Shield. It was formed during Paleozoi
It includes the Great Lakes section.
The Western Cordillera stands along the western edge of Canada like a great wall. It is famoi
beautiful glaciers. The Rocky Mountains are on the eastern side of the Cordillera. The highest peak :
Canadian Rockies is Mount Robson /3,954 ml.
Canada is a northern country, but its climate varies dramatically. Winters can be long and
summers often scorching. Ocean currents moderate these extremes - the southwest coast of British G
bia is labeled Canada’ s “banana belt” . Two thirds of Canada has harsh winters /in the far north -40C,
south -18C, at St. John’s, Newfoundland -4C, in Victoria +4С/. Northern and Western Canada are с
summer. A July temperature is +9C, +16C in Victoria. The interior has a continental climate. Southe
Canada has a humid climate. Heavy snow covers eastern Canada in winter.
From the land comes a variety of riches. Forests are the basis of a lumber industries. The ]
Provinces provide wheat and other crops. A bountiful harvest of fruits and vegetables is reaped from
farming districts across the country. Canada is rich in petroleum, natural gas and minerals: its richi
uncounted. Canada is one of the leading producers of nickel and zinc, silver, asbestos, uranium, mo
num, potash and platinum.
Canada’s water resources are remarkable. Its lakes account for one half of the world’ s fresh
River systems provide hydroelectric power for domestic use and export.
The astonishing natural beauty attracts visitors from around the world. The people of Cam
its greatest resource. A mixture of nationalities and races, its population has often been termed a “m
Native people, Indian and Inuit, French and English are joined by immigrants from every corner
globe. It is officially bilingual nation.

164
Unit 103
H ISTORY
W ho were A m e r i n d i a n s ?
W h a t was C a n a d i a n f i r s t s e t t l e m e n t ?
Who is t h e h e a d o f C a n a d a ?
he first Canadians were Amerindians, who came from Asia. Major Amerindian language

T groups include the Iroquois, Algonquian and Athapaskans. When the first Europeans be­
gan to settle in Canada there were 200,000 Amerindians and Eskimos /called Inuit in Can-
_sb. Few now follow their traditional semi-nomadic lifestyles.
Norse explorers from Greenland visited the Canadian coast 1,000 years ago. The first voyage to
I^nada was made in 1497 by John Cabot. S. Champlain founded Canada’ s first settlement. Quebec in
tOS. Montreal was founded in 1642, and, in 1633 Louis IV proclaimed Quebec a French province.
The English Hudson Bay Company was established in Hudson Bay in 1670: During Seven
: tar’s War the French were defeated in 1759. France gave up Quebec to Britain under the Treaty of
•iris/1763/. But the Quebec Act /1774/ guaranteed freedom of religion and recognized French Civil law in
- —jsh courts.
During the American War of Independence, Canadian colonists stayed loyal to Britain, although
:ntreal fell to the Americans in 1775. In 1776 40,000 Loyalists from south of the border went north and
^ e d in Canada, mainly in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Ontario.
The population of Canada increased through immigration. The French Canadians retained their
-j=r.dty, and rivalry with English speaking Canadians.
In 1867 the dominion of Canada was established. It contained 4 provinces - Quebec, Ontario,
: *a Scotia and New Brunswick. Other provinces joined later: Manitoba /1870/, British Columbia /1871,
—nee Edward Island /1873/, Alberta and Saskatchewan /1905/ and Newfoundland and Labrador /1949/.
~-e Northwest Territories were annexed in 1870, and Yukon Territory was made a separate territory in
The Transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railway in 1855 helped unify this vast country. In 1931 Can-
ja became a sovereign nation Within the Commonwealth.
GOVERNMENT
Canada is a democracy, a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the Queen of Canada, who
Queen of Britain, Australia and New Zealand. AH her powers are now exercised by her representa-
t. the Governor General. Canada is a federal state with 10 self-governing provinces and two territories
r£rrolled by the central government.
The written Constitution of Canada is not a single document. It is a collection of 24 documents;
Acts of the British Parliament, 7 of the Canadian, and 4 British orders- in- council. Parliament consists
re Queen, the Senate and the House of Commons. The Senate has 104 members. The Senate can initi-
nv bills except money bills. No bill can become law unless it has been passed by the Senate. The
re-ker of the Senate is appointed by the cabinet. The senators are appointed by the Prime Minister. They
•. с office till age 75.They must reside in the province for which they are appointed. The House of Com-
3CC5 is the major law-making body. It has 282 members, one from each of constituencies. The Speaker is
rscsd by the House itself. The Prime minister is appointed by the Governor General. The Prime Minister
rcoses the members of the cabinet. By custom, every province must have at least 1 cabinet minister. On-
:гэ: and Quebec must have 10 or 12 ministers each. One minister from Quebec must be English-speaking
4:estant.

165
Unit 104
ECONOMIC LANDSCAPES
W h a t is C a n a d a ’s c h i e f i n d u s t r y ?
W h a t d oes C a n a d a e x p o r t ?
Do y o u k n o w w h a t t he o l d e s t C a n a d a ’s i n d u s t r y is?
anada is one of the world’s richest nations. A per capita GNP is $ 11,400. Canadians ec

C joy one of the world’ s highest standards of living.

Canada’ s wealth comes from the exploitation of its rich natural resources and from th
work of its citizens. Canadians are employed in a tremendous variety of jobs. All of these jobs can b
grouped into one of three categories: extractive industries, manufacturing industries, and service industries
Manufacturing and construction employ over 23% of labor force. Manufacturing is the mai
sector of the economy contributing 19% of the GDP.
Industry as a whole contributed 32% by comparison with agriculture, which accounted for 4% an
service industries 64%. Canada’ s chief industry is petroleum extraction. Alberta has rich oil fields.
Canada is the world’ s fourth largest producer of electrical energy. 68% of energy comes from hj
droelectric stations and 9% is produced by nuclear power stations.
Canada exports motor vehicles and parts, petroleum and natural gas, food and animals. Canada'
chief trading partner is the U.S /70% of export and 67% of import/. The economic problems of Canada it
elude U.S. influence in Canadian industry, and unemployment.
Extractive industries include agriculture, employing 3,6 % of labor force, forestry /0,7%/, fishin
and trapping /0,3%/, and mining /1,5%/.
Agriculture employs only 5% of the workforce but it contributes 12% of Canada’ s export. Canad
is among the top ten producer of barley, oats, rye and wheat. The use of a fast-opening wheat made Canad
a major wheat exporter. Only 7% of Canada is farmland and only 50% of this is under cultivation. Aboi
80% of cultivated land is in the prairie provinces Saskatchewan and Manitoba. The other prairie provinq
Alberta, is drier and better suited to rearing beef cattle. The leading dairy farming provinces are Quebe
and Ontario, which together account for 70% of the total dairy production. Ontario is also the leading pro\
ince for sheep and pig farming.
Mining. The chief minerals are petroleum, natural gas, copper , nickel, iron ore,, zinc, potash an
coal. Canada is among top ten producers of antimony, asbestos, gold, lead, silver, tungsten and uranium.
Forestry. Forests cover 37% of Canada, which is the world’ s third largest producer of soft wood
It is also the second largest producer of wood pulp and the leading producer of newsprint - it produces 3
% of the world’ s output.
Fishing is Canada’ s oldest industry. Major products are salmon, cod, lobster and herring.
Trapping. The old fur trade also continues. Beaver is the most important of the wild animals sti
hunted, as also are muskrat, fox and lynx. Mink are reared on farms.
Service industries include finance, trade, transportation and communication, health and educ
tion. They employ 70 % of Canada’ s Labor Force.
Communications. Canada has about 1 million km of roads. There are two main rail systems. Tl
Canadian National Railway is government owned. The Canadian Pacific Railway is a joint-stock compan
The St. Lawrence Seaway is 304 km long. It enables ocean-going ships to enter Great Lakes.
Tourism is a growing industry. About 50 million tourists visit Canada every year.
Social services. The provincial governments are responsible for most health and welfare service
Every one over 65 gets monthly pension.

166
Unit 105
FRENCH CANADA
W h a t do y o u k n o w a b o u t New F r a n c e ?
Do t h e y s p e a k F r e n c h in C a n a d a ?
W h a t is u n i l i g u a l i s m ?
Quebec was one of the first areas in Canada to be explored and settled by Europeans.
he first French attempts to settle along the St. Lawrence River failed. Jacque Cartier ex­

T plored the region in 1535 and claimed the land in the name of King Francois I of France.
Jacque Cartier returned in 1541 with colonists, who fled after two years. Quebec City was
i-rided by Samuel de Champlain as a fur trading post. In 1632, 40 emigrants came to revive the colony,
v -treal was established in 1634. In 150 years of French rule only 10,000 people left Europe for the St.
_ irence Valley. About 500 of them came of their own initiative. The remainder were servants, soldiers or
-ioners.
In 1663, Louis XIV made New France a crown colony and recruited 800 poor girls as brides,
relation of New France was 3,000 colonists and 65,000 by 1759.
New France was less an empire than a web of trading routes. From the 1500s onward French and
rer European ships fished for cod in the waters of Newfoundland. Later they sailed up the St. Lawrence
. ■er to barter for beaver pelts.
French trappers relied on the Huron Indians. Iroquois Indians obstructed the fur trade. Britain el-
'*ed into France’ s commerce by establishing a trading post on James Bay in 1668. Two years later
varies II charted the Hudson Bay Company. Enraged with mortal threat, France attacked British forts and
=c them for several decades.
By 1700 the French empire in North America had reached its greatest territorial extent. It stretched
rJie Labrador Sea to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Atlantic to the Rockies. Yet within the domain
si fewer than 25,000 colonists. Britain in contrast, had 250,000 colonists along the East Coast.
In 1756, The Seven Years’ War began in Europe and the colony clashed with the British settlers.
- "59, Quebec City, capital of Canada, fell to British troops. In 1763, the treaty ending the war stripped
nrrce of all North American lands but 2 islands south of Newfoundland.
The Quebec Act of 1774 guaranteed religious freedom for Roman Catholics and French Civil Law.
-riia's Constitutional Act of 1791 separated the English and French-speaking populations. French Can-
reeame Lower Canada. English Canada became Upper Canada, the core of modem Ontario. After re­
ins in both provinces in 1837 The Province of Canada was created in 1841 by the Act of Union. It
r^ade English the sole official language. However the union was not successful. Canada East and Can-
_ '«Vest, as they came to be known, retained their separate identities. In 1867, on July 1, Quebec and On-
: reeame separate provinces within the Confederation.
Quebec is the largest province in Canada. It is three times the size of France and seven times lar-
_-r r Great Britain. Quebec’s Liberal Party waged a social revolution in the 1960s. It doubled the pro-
^ budget. Quebec secularized its schools and introduced elements of the welfare state. Quebec now
-c_ces a quarter of Canada’ s manufactured goods and much of its iron, copper, paper, and lumber. Eco-
.mc renewal helped awaken political separatism, both legal and revolutionary. The Front de Liberation
- >.cbec set off more than 200 bombs to underscore its demands for independence. Voters chose the
^-iniist Parti Quebecois in 1976 but voted in 1980 against independence.
Language is the leading emblem of distinctness for Quebec Province today. “French is the official
;ггьн_дое of Quebec,” declared Bill 101, adopted in 1977. It requires the government, schools, and business
French. Quebec’ s unilingualism irritates English speakers throughout Canada, required by law to
--Trmnriflte French speakers.
Quebec refused to sign the 1982 constitution. It provoked fears that Quebec Province might se-

167
Unit 106
WILDLIFE
W h a t is C a n a d a ’s N a t i o n a l A n i m a l ?
Do y o u l i k e f l o w e r s ?
Can o r c h i d s g ro w w i t h i n t h e A r c t i c C i r c l e ?
n Canada wild life reins with a supremacy enjoyed in no other country. It includes the Polai

I bear, moose, caribou, cats, beaver, and Canada Goose. It is the little beaver to which Canada
owes the most debt. The early fur traders, in quest of the beaver, opened new frontiers thai
hastened the country’ s progress. The beaver remains the world’ s greatest worker for water and land con­
servation. Their dams hold back rich soils to produce again rather than being lost in sea waters. It can Ы
said the beaver “engineered” much of Canada. As a gesture of gratitude, the beaver has been made Can
ada’s National Animal.
Canada recognizes her duty to the world to conserve all wildlife. The beaver will gain new pro
tection in order that they may continue to work on Canada’s behalf to conserve waters and soils.
Canada is a land of trees. In the north, the Great Boreal Forest /the largest stretch of forest in th
world/, occupying forty per cent of Canada stretches from Newfoundland to Alaska. In fact, this forest bel
extends almost around the world, continuing into the vast taiga forests of Siberia and Northern Europe.
Sugar maple is widely distributed throughout the region. Birch, hemlock, white pine, spruce art
aspen are widely spread. Much of the region has been cleared for farming and the forest is now very frag
mented. A small region to the north of Lake Erie is interesting in that it contains many trees usually foun
further south, such as hickory, tulip tree, black gum, magnolia and sassafras. With great forests and lake
Canada naturally has great diversity of flowers.
The main part of the forest is dark and cool, but twinflower is quite common. The Latin name <
the plant is Linnaea borealis in honor of the great naturalist Carolus Linnaeus, whose favorite flower it
said to have been.
Another beautiful flower of the forest is the calypso orchid. It is a good indicator of undisturb
woodland. Other flowers include pvrolas. such as wintergreen. All this pyrolas contain a drug related
aspirin. The lives have long been used on wounds and bruises to reduce pain. One plant has the comm
name of shinleaf, referring to its traditional use as a shinplaster.
Other flowers are bunchberrv. a close relative of the western dogwood, blueberry, and baked-api
berry, related to the raspberry.
Several of the flowers are remarkable in their appearance. Candvstick looks exactly as its na
suggests. The provincial flower of British Columbia is the Pacific dogwood, a beautiful plant with wl
flowers. Jack in the pulpit is known by over 30 names throughout North America. One of these, Indian l
nip, refers to its use by Indians as a vegetable. When roasted, the root becomes edible.
Orchids are thought of as flowers of tropical rain forests but a few species grow within the Ar
Circle. They are keenly thought after, both by botanists and collectors, but they should be left to grov
peace. One of the loveliest groups of orchids in Canada is pink lady’ s slipper.
Canada’ s countless lakes and streams have their own wild flowers. Open water in the north
large colonies of vellowpond. or bullhead, lily. The Cardinal flower is very beautiful but highly tc
Pickerelweed is found throughout eastern Canada. The seeds of this plant can be eaten like nuts, and
young leaf stalks cooked and eaten like cabbage.
Marshes can be heaven for wild flowers, with wild irises, or blue flags. The tubers are edible,
eaten by ducks /’ duck potatoes’/ and muskrats as well as by humans. Indians are said to have raise:
homes of muskrats for the tubers. Joe Pve weed was named after an Indian who used the plant to cur
vers. Early settlers are said to have used it to cure an outbreak of typhus. Many plants grow in the pra
such as white and pink clovers, daisies, thistles, asters and sunflowers which turn certain areas ye
Their flowers track the sun. Sunflowers have been cultivated for many centuries throughout.

168
 The Rocky Mountains have nearly 300 flowering plants. Purple saxifrage, alpine forget-me-not.
ness campion and alpine buttercup all have flowers with intense colors. Spring in the western mountains
nags with it one of the finest floral displays to be found anywhere. Even before the snow has gone, gla-
■gTlilies carpet alpine meadows with their beautiful white and gold flowers. Mountain pasqueflowers aP-
n r magically from under the snow. A visit to an alpine meadow is a ‘must’ for anyone interested in flow-
!TS-

Unit 107
LOON MAGIC
W h a t is it a b o u t t h o s e l o n e l y wails h a t e c h o a c r o s s t he w a ­
ter?
How can it be t h a t p e o p l e are d e e p l y m o v e d by t h e s e w a t e r ­
fowl?
D oes t h e cry o f t h i s b i r d r e a w a k e n t he s p i r i t o f a p a s t w h e n
we, t o o , were at one wit h n a t u r e ?
he loon is fashioned like no other bird. Each white stripe and feathered dot appear to have

T been placed by the hand of a master painter. The loon seems frankly too perfect to be real.
The bird must be admired from afar. The loon announces its presence even at a distance.
> those soft summer evenings when the sun melts into the water, the faraway laugh of the loon stretches
-rxn shore to shore before sailing into the heavens.
And then the long, ancient wail stirs our spirits. The chaos of the world is forgotten, and our empty
♦J> are filled. We are at one with nature, at one with the loon. We come to understand that the loon is
vning without its wilderness - and the wilderness nothing without the loon.
The loons prefer the shallow waters along the shore, where food is plentiful. New food comes
a day' with the tides. While most loons will winter along the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico, a few try
luck in the waters of the Great Lakes. Cold is not as critical a factor as food supply.
Unlike most birds, loons have solid bones. This enables them to dive easily. A loon can mysteri-
- у "disappear” from the water by sinking much like a submarine. The loon compresses air from inside
>xly, sinking straight down. There is no splash, no ripple across the water. The legs of the loon are set
to the tail. So, the bird is an expert diver, but helpless on land.
When returning to the nest, a loon propels itself forward on the stomach. About half of the day
т •spent feeding. Salt water is ingested by the birds as they feed and drink. The extra salt is secreted from
t body through salt glands. In the evenings loons will flock together
Loon pairs are made of the same individuals year after year. A male and female that share the
territory during the breading season may separate during the winter, spending the cold months on
r r o s i t e sides of the continent. After month apart, the two loons get reaquainted with each other through
and displays. The head is held to the side, the beak dipped4in the water. They circle around each
in this manner. Then they fly to the shore. If the old nest is not there, a new one must be built.
Two mossy green eggs lie in the nest, an attentive parent tending them. The eggs are turned often.
: that were laid just 29 days earlier are hatching. Loon chicks will duck under the water to watch the
xents gather food.
Loons can fly up to 90 miles per hour. Loons often fly higher over land than water. They have
с=23 located by radar at altitudes of 7,000 feet., but in rain and fog they are forced to fly lower. Loons in-
their speed when migrating south. During fall migration they may reach speed of 108 miles per our
K* kmh/. The loons will take advantage of the wind.
Loons issue four distinct calls. The laugh /the tremolo/ is used to signal alarm. It is also used as a
rggdng. The wail ahaa-оооо is used to re-establish contact with a mate. The yodel is bird’ s vocal finger-
as no two birds yodel in the same manner. The yodel is given by the male only, and may be used to

169
declare territory. The hoot is a short, one-note call used when family members are nearby. It serve:
“I ’m OK. Are you OKI” message.
A loon can live 15-30 years. Loons face many hazards, including oil spills, polluted water,
tors, and outright persecution by people as “fish robbers”. The perception that loons are special is a 1
one, but it is this human attitude that saved the loon from extinction. Hundreds of organizations c<
loon recovery projects.
We did it to save a part of us. Without the wilderness, part of us would die. We save them in
to save ourselves.

ECOLOGY
What'is Earth day?
I s it o b s e r v e d in y o u r c o u n t r y ?
W h a t do y o u k n o w a b o u t t h e o z o n e h o l e ?
anada is a land with abundant fresh water. In the past it may have seemed that the

C water resources were limitless. Over time, however, water pollution damaged th
source. Greater care must be taken of it. The sources of chemical pollution in the Ni
River are no secret. For many years chemical companies along the American side of the river buried
waste chemicals near the river. Later the dump was covered with soil and became a residential area
residents suffered of cancer and birth defects. The houses were torn down but chemicals of deadly di
were leaking into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.
The attitude of most people is ”Yes, we need disposal sites —but Not In My Back Yard!” Thi:
tude has even resulted in a new term, the “NYMBY Syndrome”.
Earth Day 1990 /April 22, 1990/ proposed a time of healing and hope, a time to clean the ai
water, save endangered species, replenish the Earth, to reevaluate and change our lives. This is a dov\
earth project, an on- going series of events inviting grassroots participation rather than observation. 1
chance for people to take a hand in their future rather than wait for others to make the ecological decis
Earth Day 1990 - Canada is an independent non-profit society. From the headquarters in Vic
British Columbia, each Canadian can take some positive action, large or small, to benefit the earth. I
person in Canada produces 2,2 kg of garbage daily, making it the top waste-generator in the world,
sonal responsibility to change such statistics must be taken. The motto must be: “Earth Day - Every D
What are the goals? Ban chlorofuorocarbons /CFC/ worldwide; preserve old forests in ternf
and tropical areas; ban non-recvclable packaging; establish a swift transition to renewable energy soi
Water and air pollution are global problems. But solutions to our planet’s problems must be local. V
will change take place? In the home, in the schools, in the workplace, in the community, in the count
the world. Earth Day is the catalyst to urge world leaders to address and correct the earth’s ills.
The International Board of Sponsors has 22 members from 17 countries, among then Prime N
ters of Norway, the USA and Canada. Canada’s Board of Directors includes artists, writers, politic
businessmen, scientists, religious and cultural leaders.
The success of the Earth Day is determined by local citizens who have the dedication to org
community events. The sum of these actions will mark the beginning of a long -term commitment to t
ing a safe, just and sustainable planet.
The global consequences from Earth Day can be far reaching. Recent examples of internal
cooperation such as the 100 nations participating in the Australian ozone layer conference, the U.S.
tance following the Chernobyl disaster, the collaboration in the whale rescue mission, all show ho'
only individuals, but also nations, can work together to increase their effectiveness.
The 1990’s have been termed the “Turn Around Decade”. In order to ensure survival, it is
that we change many of those values and policies that govern our societies. Growth and consumption

170
 progress. This goal needs to be addressed by all of us and collectively. We can achieve the “turn
m nid”.
Our planet in every classroom is a powerful new idea focusing on the relationship between the
-tmidual and the home planet. Wouldn’t it be wonderful if the photograph of the earth, taken from space,
to hang in every classroom in the world! That single image is so powerful that it would be a constant
-Tirader to children everywhere of the world we all share.
NASA provided the Earth image for printing of posters. In 1988 the posters were ready for distri-
■izon. Request was such that a second printing became necessary. Along with the orders came offers to
i^t. Today a project is a component in teaching in schools in Canada, the United States, the United king-
_ш_ Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and West Africa.

Unit 109
PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES
ONTARIO
W h a t is the cradle o f white civiliza tio n o f North A m e r i c a ?
W h a t is the “ B irthplace o f Canada” ?
W h a t is the seat o f F ren ch c u l t u r e in C a n a d a ?
he area is 1,068,582 sq km. Population is about 9 ,000,000. Toronto is the capital, major

T economic center and port of Ontario Floral emblem is White Trillium. Tree: White Pine.
Gemstone: Amethyst. Colors: Green/Yellow. The motto is in Latin Ut incepit fidelis sic
^ ^ n e t - “Loyal she began and loyal she remains”. The Loyalists settled here in 1784.
Ontario is Canada’s second largest, most prosperous and populous province. It is huge and diverse,
borders four of the five Great Lakes. Most of the population lives in the productive south region,
±e shores of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Ontario soil yields the highest total agricultural production
!^e nation. Northern Ontario is a vast track of wilderness, dog sled country.
The most significant landmark is Niagara Falls unequalled in the world. Niagara Falls is a place
history, romance and power! It’s truly a wonder of the world. Niagara Falls lie between Lake
—г n d Lake Ontario. A waterfall in the Niagara is divided by an island into Horseshoe or Canadian Falls
0 ft wide, 162 ft high/ and American Falls /1000 ft wide, 167 ft high/. Niagara’s “fantastic voyage” is
- ?n one of the world’s famous “Maid of the Mist” boats. Visitors enjoy the Journey Behind the Falls
on and Niagara Spanish Aero Car. Skvlon Tower is a breathtaking 775 feet above Niagara Falls
г -evolving Dining Room.
Ontario is the home of Ottawa, Canada’s capital and Kingston, nation’s first capital. In Kingston
- it Fort Henry is a must during your visit. It was built after the war of 1812. Gananoque is known as
“madian Gateway to the 1000 Islands” . Every August Gananoque features the Festival of the Islands.
days there are non-stop concerts, parachuting and fireworks..
NEWFOUNDLAND
The area is 404,517 sq km. Population is 600,000.. The floral emblem: Pitcher Plant. Gemstone:
_:-rite. The motto is “Seek ye first the kingdom of G od ”
Newfoundland is the cradle of white civilization in North America. Long ago Newfoundland
Norsemen and seafaring men from throughout the world. Idioms, long lost in England, still remain
r- :oik lore. Conception Bay, with its giant bluefin tuna, has become one of the big fishing regions of
. ' d. Cod was taken from the Grand Banks off Newfoundland by the time John Cabot anchored here

St.John’s is the capital city of the province. Colorful wooden houses brighten its streets. A variety
- ilife. from seals and sea lions to colonies of nesting seabirds, can be observed in several parks. The
- r :ruresque of them are Gros Morne and Terra Nova.

171
 Newfoundland’s least populated area is its mainland territory, Labrador. Its forests and mine
are important to the province’s economy, but the fishery remains principal resource.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
The area is 5,657 sq km. Population is 125,000. The floral emblem is Lady’s Slipper. Bird: I
Jay. The motto: The small under the protection of the great.
She is truly the “Birthplace of Canada’” as the first Confederation Conference was held in С
lottetown in i864. Prince Edward Island lies 9 miles of the mainland. Her rich red soil and pastoral 1<
scape gives P.E.I .a fairyland appearance. It is a wave-washed, wind-swept, sun-kissed, air -cooled (
ada’s smallest province. It is 224 km long and from 6 to 64 km wide. Prince Edward Island is well km
for its potato crops, fruits and vegetables. The shellfish of Prince Edward Island are a special treat.
The province is valued by visitors for its peaceful atmosphere and the beauty of its green fields
characteristic red soil.
The provincial capital, Charlottetown, is a gracious city with beautiful houses and bouleva
The cradle of Confederation, Charlottetown hosted the 1864 conference that led to the foundation of (
ada in 1867.
NOVA SCOTIA
The area is 55,491 sq km. Population is over 860,000. The floral emblem is Mayflower. Tree:
Spruce. The motto is One defends and the other conquers.
Nova Scotia has a long history and counts it from the days of “wooden ships and iron men”,
nationalities settle the province. The first permanent settlement in Canada was at Port Royal, now г
tional historic park. Nova Scotia has the only Gallic College on the Continent and her Highland Game
famous.
Nova Scotia, surrounded by the sea, has a beautiful coastline. The maritime tradition is ev
everywhere. The magic of Nova Scotia is the Bay of Fundy, Peggy’s Cove and the cape Breton Highl;
places dear to the hearts of fisherman and artists. Nova Scotia is “almost an island and nearly heaven”.
The capital of the province is the port city of Halifax, a fascinating mixture of historic buil<
and modem architecture. From Halifax, it is a short drive to the picturesque and much-photographe<
lage of Peggy’s Cove.
NEW BRUNSWICK
The area is 73,436 sq km. Population is over 712,000. The floral emblem is Purple Violet.
Balsam Fir. Bird: Black-capped Chickadee. The motto is in Latin Spem Reduxit -Hope restored. The
ince is officially bilingual.
New Brunswick is a land of cities, ports, beaches and historic sites. A must for every visi
beautiful Fundy National Park, a panorama of hillsides, sandy beaches and giant Fundy tides. N<
should ever leave New Brunswick without a feast of fresh lobster. 80% of the land is forested. The
mile coastline harbours a fishing industry. Inland waters are favorite with sportsmen.
The capital, Fredericton, is located in the heart of the province, on the beautiful St.John’s
The river, once passable, was the main transportation route of early settlers. Today, the river has
dammed to provide hydroelectric power, but it remains one of Canada’s most scenic waterways,
QUEBEC
The area is 1,540,680 sq km. Population is over 6,000,000. Floral emblem is White Lily.
American Elm. Mineral: Asbestos. Bird: Snowy Owl. The motto is Je me souviens - 1 remember.
Quebec is Canada’s largest province. It is the seat of French culture in Canada. 82 percent of
lation carries on daily conversation and business in French. However nearly all can speak English to
the needs of visitors.
Quebec boasts great areas of unspoiled wilderness. Its greatest river is St, Lawrence. Pap
duction, mining and hydroelectric power are mainstays of Quebec’s economy. The sap of the maple
tapped each spring for real Canadian maple svrup. But to the visitor, the rich Gallic traditions of Me
Quebec City and the hundreds of townships hold the most intrigue. Montreal / pop. 3,000,000/ is C<
largest city and one of the great cosmopolitan centers. It offers magnificent hotels, excellent French
and attractions from Paris, Broadway and Las Vegas.
Historic Quebec City, the province’s capital, embodies much of the allure of Quebec. Foui
1608,it is the only walled city in North America. Its location at the sudden narrowing of the St. La

172
^ reflected in its name - an Indian word, kebec, the place where the water narrows. The modem city is a
-~r-round port and an active commercial centre. The Upper Town draws many tourists. From the horse-
n '*n carriages they may see the ramparts of the Citadel and the roofline of the Chateau Frontenac.
MANITOBA
The area is 650,087 sq km. Population is over 1,000,000. Floral emblem is Prairie Crocus. Tree:
Spruce. Bird: Great Gray Owl. Manitoba has no motto.
Manitoba is the land of fresh air, clear waters, sun and action. It marks the transition between east
j j i west At its western border, it shares the fertile grain-growing soil of the prairies. To its east, it blends
•.:± the evergreen lands of northern Ontario. The southern part of the province is largely agricultural.
•Linitoba is noteworthy for its water resources and forested northern areas. Large lakes-Winnipeg, Mani-
and Winnipegosis- dominate the map.
Manitoba has a most sophisticated attitude to the arts. It offers any kind of fair, festival or celebra-
The Manitoba Theatre Center and the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra are famous around the world.
- Winnipeg in front of Manitoba Legislature Building there is a monument to Taras Shevchenko.
Winnipeg is the capital and the largest city of Manitoba. It celebrates the diverse cultural heritage
•±e province and is the home of the renowned Royal Winnipeg Ballet.
SASKATCHEWAN
The area is 652,900 sq km. Population is about 1,000,000. Floral emblem is Prairie Lily Tree:
* e Birch. The motto is From Many Peoples Strength.
Saskatchewan is a montage of grain fields, gentle waterfalls and rushing rivers. 10,000 lakes and
- ers offer the record catches of trout, walleye, and Arctic grayling. Saskatchewan is North America’ s
г-с.ч factory and Canada’ s breadbasket. Saskatchewan also produces oil, gas, potash, uranium and coal.
; ^s:dents point out a bonus for visitors: no bumper-to-bumper traffic. “ We are big, we are beautiful, and
•mat is pollution1."
The capital city, Regina, is situated on the man-made Wascana Lake. A large park surrounding the
jjLi houses the Legislature Buildings, the Museum of Natural History, the University of Regina, and Sas-
_>£jnewan’s largest centre, it is the home to the University of Saskatchewan.
ALBERTA
The area is 661,185 sq km. Population is over 2,000,000. The floral emblem is Wild Rose. Tree;
Bird: Owl. The motto is Strong andfree.
Alberta is Canada’ s oil capital. It is a land for all seasons. Spring is a time for awakening prairies.
Mr-mer is a time of rodeos. Winter is a time to enjoy in the Canadian Rockies. Calgary is the center of
jg-'e industry. Calgary boasts the largest city area in the North American continent, 156 sq.ml. The cities
n inown for their “old west hospitality” . Alberta’ s most beautiful and interesting areas are the Rockies
re Dinosaur Provincial Park. In Alberta there is Ukrainian community. East of Edmonton there is the
4ri:nian Cultural Heritage Village. In Vergeville there is the huge Ukrainian Easter Egg Sculpture. East
•Edmonton there is St. Volodymyr’s Ukrainian Orthodox Church.
The capital of the province, Edmonton, is known as the “Gateway to the North’ , a city with an in-
_.:r fantasyland - the gigantic West Edmonton Mall. It hosts an annual festival -Edmonton’ s Klondike

BRITISH COLUMBIA
The area is 948,596 sq km. Population is about 3,000,000. The emblems: Pacific Dogwood, Red
' Jay. The motto is Splendor without diminishment.
British Columbia is a province of great beauty. It is Canada’ s third largest province and its most
^graphically diverse. It is also one of the fastest growing regions on the North American continent. For-
is the province’ s number one industry. Tourism runs a close second. Protected inland waters provide
r_norage for countless commercial and pleasure craft. The port city of Vancouver is also known as a fan-
ж е natural playground for sailing, golfing, swimming, hiking and skiing. The Cariboo is a region of re-
иле cattle ranches and the rodeo. There are 350 parks.
The climate is also diverse. The mild, wet weather of the west coast is good for the giant firs and
-ran; Hot sunny summers promote a fruit-growing industry. A multitude of bays and marinas attract
aatsands of boaters each year.

173
 Victoria, the capital, located at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, enjoys a reputation of f
lous parks and gardens. As an example of the gardener’s art is Butcharts Gardens.
YUKON TERRITORY
The area is 482,515 sq km. Population is over 22,000. The floral emblem is Fireweed. Bird:
ven. Gemstone: Lazurite. Yukon has no motto.
Yukon is rich in minerals. Yukon Territory is a land that has inspired poets and writers. It is
land of igloos, the polar bear, dog sleds and the Midnight Sun. The Yukon had its large influx of pop
tion with the Klondike Gold Rush of 1890. Many people are drawn to the north for the splendour of its
tamed wilderness. Yukon’s National Park boasts of Mount Logan - the tallest peak of Canada /5,950 m
The Territory’s largest city, Whitehorse, is also the capital.
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
The area is 3,379,684 sq km. Population is 44,000. The emblem is Mountain Avens. Tree:
Pine. Mineral: Native gold. NWT has no motto;
NWT is the home for 30,000 Eskimos, Indians, and white Canadians. But great frigid regions
resist man. Many waters have never been fished; much of the land never hunted. Most of NWT is acc
ble only by air. NWT is the saga of the 20th century. Those who visit the ‘Land of the Midnight Sun’
ally find themselves caught by its magic and beauty.
Yellowknife is the capital of the Northwest Territories. It prides itself on up-to-date amenities.

Unit 110
OTTAWA
W h o c h o s e O t t a w a to b e t h e c a p i t a l ?
W h a t wa s t h e p r e s e n t o f Q u e e n J u l i a n a t o O t t a w a ?
W h a t is W i n t e r l u d e ?
ttawa is the capital of Canada. It lies on hills along the south bank of the Ottawa I

O 193-km west from Montreal. Attractive parks, stately government buildings add t
to the city. Upper Town and Low Town are the oldest parts of Ottawa.
In early times Indians traveled down the Ottawa River for hunting and trading. In 1613, the F
explorer S. Champlain passed through the area. French fur traders used the Ottawa River as a route
west. In 1784 the Loyalists settled in Ontario. After the war of 1812, the British feared another wa
the U.S. They sought a way to send gunboats from Montreal to Lake Ontario without passing nea
territory. The British sent the Royal Engineers under Colonel John Bv to build the Rideau Canal.
In 1826, British troops formed, the first settlement in the area. The Rideau Canal linked the С
River and Lake Ontario. The town around the construction site became known as Bytown. In 1841,
Canada /now Quebec/ and Upper Canada /now Ontario/ joined to form the Province of Canada. In
the townspeople of Bytown changed its name to Ottawa /Indian “adawe” -to trade/. Adawe was an
tribe that traded in the area. Ottawa was a small town when Queen Victoria chose it in 1857 to be th<
tal of the United Province of Canada. The Queen chose the small town of Ottawa over the cities
ronto, Kingston, Montreal and Quebec. Not only was Ottawa a political compromise but it also lay ;
secure distance from the American border. The Dominion of Canada was established in 1867 with (
as its capital.
Parliament Hill is the site of Canada’s Parliament buildings. Prince of Wales /Edward V
the first stone of the Center Block in 1860. The Center Block is flanked by the East and West blocks
buildings were completed in 1865. The Central Block includes the House of Commons, the Senate
ber, the Peace Tower and offices of MPs.
The House of Commons is at the west end of the Central Block. 295 representatives ma
here. It is decorated in traditional green of the British House of Commons. It is constructed of G
White Oak and limestone from-Manitoba. Visible on the stone’s surface are 450-million-year-old fo:

174
 The Senate Chamber is at the East end of the Center block. Here 104 senators review bills passed
z the House of Commons. Red carpeting and a ceiling of gold leaf create an air of regal splendour in the
venate.
Tjhe Confederation Hall and the Hall of Honour separate the Commons from the Senate. At the end
:z the Hall of Honour is the Library of Parliament. Dominating the domed room is a white marble statue of
r e young Queen Victoria.
Peace Tower rises above the Parliament Buildings. It is 292 feet /89m/ high. The peace Tower was
rd lt to commemorate the end of the WWI. The Tower contains an observation area and houses 53 bells
-a t weigh 54 tons. During July and August the Guard performs a daily changing-the-guard ceremony in
ront of the Peace Tower.
Canada’s Prime Minister has an office in the East Block.
Other Government buildings include the Roval Canadian Mint where visitors may watch coins be-
ng made. The National Library exhibits historical documents. Government House is the official residence
:: the Canadian Governor General. The home of Prime Minister is nearby.
The National War Memorial, at Confederation Square honors the Canadians who died in action
luring the WWI and II. It consists of bronze figures of servicemen and service women marching through a
granite arch. The National Arts Center opened in 1969. The structure houses opera, concert hall and 2 thea-
rss.
Ottawa is famous for its museums. The National Gallery of Canada has Canadian and European
raintings. The Canadian Museum of Nature features animals and minerals. Laurier House is the former
esidence of Prime Minister and a historical museum. The Canadian Museum of Civilization illustrates the
rultures of Inuit /Eskimos/ and Indians.
Ottawa has 647 hectares of parks and playgrounds. Annual events in Ottawa include the 10-day tu-
_:p festival in May. More than 3 million tulip bulbs bloom in parks and along roadways. Queen Juliana of
Netherlands sent the bulbs as a gift to Ottawa. During the WWII Juliana, then a princess, lived in Ottawa.
Vfter returning home she sent Ottawa 100,000 tulip bulbs. Juliana sent Ottawa 15,000 tulip bulbs for the
nnual festival. Ottawa holds a 9-day winter festival, called Winterlude. in mid-February. The festival fea-
lares such sports as car and harness racing on ice, dog-sled racing and broomball / a variation of ice hockey
rlayed on ice without skates and with brooms and a soccer ball./
The Franco-Ontarian festival in June celebrates the French-Canadian culture of Ontario. Every
August, the Central Canada Exhibition offers agricultural and industrial exhibits.
Population of Ottawa is about 500,000. 85% of the people of Ottawa were born in Canada. The
-»t immigrated from Western Europe or U.S. English is the main language of most Ottawans. A number
people speak both English and French.
Ottawa has 335 manufacturing plants. The city is also a center of scientific research. Ottawa has 3
iiily newspapers: The Citizen and The Ottawa Sun are printed in English and the Le Droit - in French.
The local TV stations broadcast in English and French. Out of 19 radio stations. 13 broadcast in
English and 6 -in French.
Ottawa has 180 schools with 77.000 students. The city is home of Carleton University / 16.500 stu­
dents/ and the University of Ottawa /20,000 students/. St. Paul University and the Dominican College of
Philosophy and Theology are also in Ottawa.

175
Unit 111
CITIES
W h a t is t h e w o r l d ’s t a l l e s t b u i l d i n g ?
W h a t is “Top o f T o r o n t o ”?
W h e r e is w o r l d ’s S p a c e P o rt ?
here is always a geographical reason for the establishment of a city and Canadian cities ;

T no exception.

KINGSTON
As one of the ojdest cities in Canada, Kingston boasts an extensive heritage. Located at the end
the Great Lakes, Kingston was the western gate to North America in the 16thcentury. As a fort founded
1673 Kingston became the first capital of the Province of Canada in 1841.
Kingston has been known as a “garrison” town. Point Frederick, the former British naval stati
and dock yard, overlooks Kingston’ s outer harbor. Kingston is the home of the Royal Military college, F
Fortenac /1673/, and Fort Henry /1830s/.
Alas, its national role was shortlived due to its close proximity to the United States, a hosi
neighbor at that time. The loss of capital status turned out to be a blessing in disguise. Kingston escaf
forced growth and was left to gently increase over the decades.
Two national universities, a community college, a medical school, and three teaching hospit
give Kingston big city influence. But a regular farmer’s market and easy access to cottage country givi
small city accessibility and charm.
Dominated by the harbor and graced by fine institutional buildings, Kingston has become a v<
pleasant place to reside.
TORONTO
Toronto is the second largest city of Canada and capital of Ontario. Its population is about 2 n
lion. Toronto is a big port on Lake Ontario. It is an industrial city. Its industries include mechanical г
electrical engineering, motor cars, shipbuilding, textiles, food processing, publishing and banking. Toroi
is the home of University founded in 1827.
The places of interest in Toronto include Casa Loma, The CN Tower, the Sky Dome and Onta
Place.
Casa Loma is a wonderful castle. It was the home of the enormously wealthy royalist Sir Hei
Pellat. The Skv Dome is Toronto’ s exciting new domed stadium, featuring the world’s largest retracta
roof. Its roof opens and shuts during sporting events. Ontario Place is a high-tech fun on the Waterfront
has an out-of-this-world movie theatre.
The CN Tower is higher than the Eiffel Tower/320 m/. It is world’ s tallest freestanding buildii
1815 feet /553,33 m. /. Step inside one of four glass-faced elevators and ride to the top in a thrilling 58 s<
onds. Marvel at the spectacular panoramic view of the city, Lake Ontario and the Toronto Islands. Fr<
1200 feet up on a clear day you can see Niagara Falls-and 75 miles the other way. Space deck /447 m
the World’ s Highest Public observation Deck. Dine in “high style” in the world’ s highest and largest
volving restaurant “Top of Toronto” . It provides a tour of Toronto in 72 minutes /one revolution/. There
Toronto’ s ‘highest” nightclub “Sparkles” /346 ml. Dance, to the latest music and enjoy a fantastic sou
and light show of Toronto by night.
There is an optional visit to the “Tour of the Universe” : a very realistic trip on a space shuttle
the year 2019. It is rated as one of the Top Ten Rides in North America. It is the world’ s only Space Port
MONTREAL
Montreal is the living index of changing Quebec. A mixture of the distinctive spirits of Quebec,
Canada and North America, spikes with the many matured flavors of Europe. Bilingual, multilingual, u
lingual- it depends who you are, who you are speaking to, and where you are in the city that straddles :

176
к. Laurence and its islands and drapes the lower slopes of the regal Mountain. Montreal style is blending
- syles.
It is the largest city in Canada. Its population is 1,200,000. Situated on wooded Montreal Island in
re St. Laurence it is the chief port of Canada. It was founded in 1642 as a French city. Its population
■ached half million in 1911 and doubled in the next two decades. Emerged as Canada’ s premier port, rail-
rac and financial center it lost its economic primacy to Toronto in the late 1960s but remained home for
^acy firms. Industries developed now are rolling stock, engineering, food processing, oil refining. There
rs two famous universities in Montreal- McGill, founded in 1821,English-speaking, and Montreal, char-
гг-d in 1919, French-speaking, Roman Catholic.
VANCOUVER
Vancouver is the chief Pacific port of Canada with the population of 400,000.The main branches
' industry are petrol refining, sawmilling, pulp and paper, food processing, shipbuilding.
Vancouver makes no secret of the fact that it is proud of itself. Its sea-girdled downtown district
:2S sprouted the office towers worthy of a province still booming in the enjoyment of natural resources.
- r^nes are stacked up the slopes that surround its many shores like spectators around a stadium. Vancou-
~ people value their real estate ion the view it will lend them of the spectacle of Vancouver.
Picturesque scenery of the coastline with enticing mysteries of tide and sea mist attract many tour-

Vancouver is the home of the University of British Columbia, chartered in 1915.

Unit 112
MUSEUMS
AND A R T GALLERIES
Are you a m useum goer?
Did you visit a school m useum ?
W o u l d y o u l i k e to v i s i t a M a r i n e m u s e u m ?
anada boasts of many museums an art galleries. Every year millions of visitors come to

C admire vast collections of artifacts and specimens.

Royal Ontario Museum /ROM/ in gives the opportunity to explore, in one place, the
: trry of our world, the collections of life sciences and Canadian portraits. There are educational class­
ics in the Discovery Gallery. Scholars from all over the world come to study its treasures, and students
——kindergarten to university take part in its teaching program.
National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa is the home of many splendid collections. Some of them
n "otable for their breadth and unique quality. Among them are 17 major canvases of James Morris, Can-
^ >most important artist.
Canadian Museum of Civilization in the History Hall traces the discovery and settlement of
-•-."я under a 17 meter high ceiling. The Grand Hall showcases the rich cultural heritage and monumen-
_ ir of native cultures. Entry to the museum is free on Thursdays.
Kingston as former capital of Canada with over 300 years of tradition boasts of many museums
rlaces of interest. There are many attractions in Kingston and area. These include:
Fort Henry is the jewel on the crown overlooking the city. Originally occupied by British and
^radian troops, the Fort is now “garrisoned” by Fort Henry Guard, a group of Canadian students spe-
._L:* trained in the infantry drill, artillery exercises and drum music of the British Army in 1867. The
'■jst puts on daily exhibitions of the drill used at the fort in 1867, whether permitting. Visitors, wearing
•x -museum’ s Army uniform may join the drill. Fort Henry’s museum contains one of the finest collections
- century British and Canadian military uniforms, arms, and medals in North America.

177
 The Marine Museum of the Great Lakes at Kingston where sail and steam began on the Gi
Lakes is in the historical center of the city. The displays trace the development of shipping on the Lai
The museum buildings were once part of a shipyard, now a National Historic Site. The 3000 ton muse
ship Alexander Henry is open for your inspection from late spring to early fall. The museum library ;
Archives contain thousands of books, photographs used by ship enthusiasts and professional historic
The Marine Museum offers always something new for the return visitor.
Agnes Etherington Art Center exposes Canadian and international collections. It boasts
third largest collection in Ontario. It is known as one of Canada’ s most attractive art galleries. Seven vi
ing galleries provide a feast for the eye and mind on every visit.
Bellevue House was home of Canada’ s first Prime Minister Sir John Macdonald. It is a p
of national historic significance. Come to Bellevue House and journey back to 1848 when John Macdoi
brought his family to live in this striking Italian villa on the outskirts of the city. The house was bui
1840. Macdonald rented the house in August 1848, motivated by the chronic ill-health of his wife, Isab
He hoped that it would bring improvement. But their stay was brief. In September 1849, financial wo
made the couple move again to smaller quarters in downtown Kingston. Bellevue was restored and op(
public in 1967 during Canada’ s centennial. In the visitor center an audio-visual presentation introduce
history of the site. A visitor’ s brochure will guide you through the house. Bellevue’ s staff will be hap]
respond to your questions. There is no admission charge.
Murney Tower Museum is a fortified tower on the waterfront. The tower stands as one о
finest martello towers in North America. Its three floors house a collection of military and social arti
of 19thcentury Kingston.
Miller museum of Geology is displaying the oldest collection in Kingston. It is locat
Queen’ s University. On display there are mineral specimens and dinosaur bones.
School museum brings you to the good old days of three “R’ s” -Reading, Writing and '
metics. This popular museum attracts people of all ages
International Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum is a Canadian Institution. It has a fascii
collection of pictures, equipment and mementos which reflects the history of hockey from its org<
beginnings in Kingston in 1886 to the present day.
Communications Museum exposes outstanding military collections. It is one of Canada’ s 1
military museums. The history of Canadian military communications is traced from 1903.
MacLachian Woodworking Museum shows wood in service of man. It is housed in a cec
house. A large collection of woodworking tools is highlighted in exhibits and programs of farming
pioneer Ontario.
Royal Military College Museum has rare collections in a magnificent setting. Housed in tl
Frederic Tower, this museum records the story of Canada’ s military education, the exploits of its
ates. There is also the internationally renowned Douglas Arm Collection.
Kingston harbor is a convenient place to start your boat tour of the 1000 islands.

Unit 113
CANADIAN WAYS
Can y o u p r o n o u n c e vase in C a n a d i a n ?
W h a t is i g l o o ?
Do C a n a d i a n s l i k e d a n c i n g ?
CANADIAN ENGLISH
anada shares with the U.S a large vocabulary. But prestige of British English ha'

C strong influence on Canadian speech and habits. In the speech of Canadians ther
ish colouring. Canadian speech patterns are neither British nor American. Tl

178
l_- Canadianisms. Prominent among Canadians are proper nouns - names of regions: French Shore,
^ 'eud; names given to the natives: Bluenoses, Hogtowners.
Many Canadianisms are loan-words from French, Eskimo and Indian. Many Canadianisms are
t-r.cteristic of certain regions: the Maritimes, Ontario, the Prairie Provinces, British Columbia and the
cr:.-land. Hundred of Canadian words fall into the category of animal and plant names: Canada goose,
i . лрр1е. For many terms there are special Canadian significations: warden, separate school.
In pronunciation Canadians are neither American nor British, though they have much in common
■r x)th. Textile they pronounce [‘tekstail] as the British do, but missile - [misl] - as Americans do. Ca-
fcr-ins pronounce some words in a way that is typically Canadian: khaki -[karki], vase -[vez].
In spelling Canadian usage is influenced by the practice of both Americans and British. In recent
tr . American spellings are becoming more common used in Canada. Many have been adopted by Cana-
ir newspapers and publishers. Young people use such spelling as honor, center, and program more
t than was the case. Some American forms are accepted as proper in many Canadian schools. Canadi-
k -jspond to these variants with equal ease.
PLEASURES AND PASTIMES
The native people Inuits /Eskimos/ survived incredibly cold winter in the igloos -dwellings in the
с - of dome built of blocks of snow. They hunted for food with simple sticks and traveled on toboggans,
ffc nost of them live in normal houses and travel on snowmobiles. '
The Hurons, like many native people of other tribes, were addicted to gambling. Some of them
s.: often lose all the furs they had collected that season or all their wampum /string of beads/. The dish
t ..nd aescara were played in longhouses but, lacrosse, of course, took play outside. The games could
:or several days, with plenty of hospitality. These festivities were enjoyed greatly. The Hurons used
ce magic they knew of to help them win games. Everyone within range was welcomed. Guests were
:: piously and the host ran back and forth to see that no one was neglected. Dancing was an important
[ : :hese feasts. Two old men would be in the center of a circle of dancers and the old men would shake
err and sing.
Singing was very popular. Voices were raised in song at home as well as at church and singing
»: They could be found in many places in the wintertime.
There were ‘house-warmings’ . One of these was known as a “sparking bee”. At these parties
men and misses could cozy up to each other.
Picnics often were planned at the time of horse races. Picnics sometimes were potluck events but,
r some of them became very sumptuous. Family picnics were always looked forward to between
ici of hard work in the summertime.
Agricultural fall fairs got underway. At a local church ladies had a table which displayed “pretty
" A charity bazaar raised money to clothe the poor.
Canadians had a passion for dancing /”togethemess”/. It was an antidote to the isolation of the
i. Тле entire family showed up at dances. Small dances were named ‘sprees’ . Then they became known
КС-s'. Many had callers. Canadians danced Soldier’ s Joy, Pop Goes, and Sir Rodger. Graciousness
ire order of the day. The master of the house should see that all the ladies dance. In the wintertime,
- ived a game called “What will my husband be like”, by pouring liquid wax over a key and drop-
я _rito cold water.

179
Unit 114
EDUCATION
W h a t are l a n g u a g e s o f s c h o o l i n s t r u c t i o n in C a n a d a ?
A r e s c h o o l s f r e e in C a n a d a ?
W o u l d y o u l i k e to s t u d y in C a n a d a ? Why or why n o t ?
anadian government directs the education of children on Indian reserves, Inuit child

C /37,000/, the children of members of Armed forces, and inmates of federal penitentiarie
Provincial governments also control education. Most children attend public schools wh
are coeducational and free.
Canada has two official languages. So some children go to French speaking schools and some
to English speaking ones but most schools are mixed. There are also special schools for the Inuit childrei
The school systems of most of the provinces have 12 grades, in Quebec -11 grades and Ont£
has 13 grades. The normal size of each class is 17.There are separate schools for Roman Catholics <
Protestants. Most of Catholic schools teach in French. Protestant schools use English. All immigrant cl
dren in Quebec are educated in French.
Newfoundland has 4 types of Schools: Pentecostals, Roman Catholic, Seven Day Adventist;
Protestant.
The school’s program is based on compulsory and elective credit system. A subject credi
granted in recognition of the successful completion of a course. School courses include arts, business si
ies, computer studies, English, French, geography, history, mathematics, physical and health educat
science and technological studies.
Courses are offered at one or more levels of difficulty: basic, general and advanced. Especial (
cation pfogram is provided for exceptional pupils, depending upon the student’ s needs.
The evaluation policy at school emphasizes day to day achievement, regular class attendance
class participation.. There exists the program of Scholarship awards /Value $100/ to students who 1
obtained the best grades.
Available to all students are organized programs, counseling, parent consultation and cooperc
education programs.
Students in Canada are expected to try to do their best in all the subjects they study. They are
expected to abide by certain rules of appropriate behavior: regular attendance, punctuality, work ha
respect for self and others, respect for authority and property.
There is a variety of extracurricular and other student activities. A wide variety of sports an
fered: slow pitch, floor hockey, curling, golf, indoor soccer, bowling, volleyball, ice hockey, broon
and badminton.
After graduating from the school the students get a Secondary School Diploma. The Schoo
ploma is granted by the Ministry of Education on the recommendation of the principal of the secor
school last attended, to a student who has commenced a secondary school program and earned a ce
amount of credits.
After graduating from high school Canadian youths may enter colleges and universities. Thei
68 universities in Canada. The most famous and popular among the Canadian and foreign students ai
Queen’ s University in Kingston, the University of Toronto, MacGill University and Trent University.
The Canadian Federation of Students /CFS/ is a national student organization which brinj
gether 400,000 students at over 55 universities, colleges and technical institutes across the country to
for universally accessible, high quality post-secondary education in Canada.

180
Unit 115
SPO R T
W h a t is C a n a d a ’ s n a t i o n a l s p o r t ?
W h o a r e n a t i o n a l h o c k e y h e r o e s in C a n a d a ?
W h a t is t h e N H L ?
anada’s first national sport was lacrosse, which the Indians played before the arrival of the

C Europeans in North America. Lacrossas a field game played between two teams of 10-12
players, each having a curved stick /crosse/ fitted with a shallow string net, used to throw,
_ach and carry the small, hard, rubber ball. Dr. George Beers is the father of lacrosse in Canada. The Na-
icfial Lacrosse Association of Canada was formed in Kingston in 1867. The game was declared Canada’s
;jnonal sport.
As settlement expanded westward so too did sport. Horseracing was very popular. In 1789 the
,'jebec Turf Club was organized. Sport grew hand in hand with settlements. Major influence in such
-;>wth has to be attributed to British Army garrisons populated with officers whose sporting traditions
• fre deeply entrenched in the English Public School system. It is not surprising then that cricket ranked
^rong the most popular sports.
Scottish officers are credited with bringing golf and croquet to Canada. The Canadian Golf Asso-
^inon was founded in Ottawa in 1894.
The Toronto Athletic Games of 1839 launched the organized track and field. They included run-
jumping, shot putting and hammer throwing. In addition, “quoiting” - a sport much like horseshoe
aching / tossing a ring on a peg/- was a popular event on the program.
Scottish influence led to the introduction of the “roaring game” and the first curling club. Ice
xckev evolved from the ancient games of bandy, shinny and hurley. Historians are at odds, as to just
•яеге hockey originated in Canada. Some place it in Montreal in 1837, while others - in Kingston in 1855.
Rowing became popular competitive past time. The initial regatta was held on July 5, 1837. The
L:«ing Club was formed in 1839. Sailing began in Kingston in 1826 with formation of the Boat Race
Гиг. In 1860, during the visit by the Prince of Wales, a special canoeing regatta was held in Ottawa.
Baseball is claimed to be invented in Cooperstown, N.Y. in 1839, but Canadians in Beachville,
I*ELirio, played the game in June 1838.Whatever its origin, baseball enjoyed popularity among rural and
folks. While cricket was a game for the elite, baseball was the game of the people, and was played by
zsl. women and children.
Football, in varying forms, became another sport in which townsfolk could engage. It provided a
- sical contact, the individual strength and the minimal cost factor. A kind of rugby was played in To-
in 1859. Soccer was the most popular football form.
Figure skating, or fancy skating as it was then called, was publicized thanks to demonstration tours
- V S. champion Jackson Haines in 1864. Haines, a ballet master revolutionized skating, moving it to a
~.zr. artistic plateau.
Speedskating involved skaters of all ages and included a variety of novelty races. Billiards became
-rcjiar in Canada in the 19 century. The first billiards tournament was held in 1864. Cyrille Dion claimed
:= -.ational crown, his brother being a challenge player ever.
Basketball was invented in 1891 by Canadian-born PE instructor Dr James Naithmith.
Passive participation was the operative phrase for women. Montreal pioneered active participation
т foort by women with formation of the Montreal Ladies Archery Club in 1858.
Today, hockey is the most popular sport in Canada. Young Canadian players can begin to compete
a gnateur hockey league when they are 7. Toronto is the home of the Hockey Hall of Fame. Professional
д г е from Canada and USA compete in the National Hockey League /NHL/, the highest professional
vckey league. Most players in the NHL are Canadians. Such stars as Wayne Gretzky, Gordie Howe, Guy
_Леиг, and Bobby Orr have become national heroes in Canada. Wayne Gretzky won a gold medal in the
ФП Olympic games.

181
 Other popular professional sports include football, baseball, and soccer. The Montreal Expo
Toronto Blue Jays attract baseball fans from throughout Canada.

Unit 116
CANADIAN CULTURE
W h a t is t h e c e n t r a l t h e m e o f C a n a d i a n w r i t e r s ?
W h o wa s f i r s t E n g l i s h C a n a d i a n p o e t ?
W h a t j s the Group o f S even ?

LITERATURE
anada has two great literatures, one written in French and the other written in Er

C One of the central themes of Canadian writers is the “idea of North” . The literature
link the vast nation.
Canadians have conflicting feelings about the U.S. - a country with which they have much ii
mon, but against which they defense themselves. This duality is a constant theme and challen
Canadian writers.
Early Canadian literature expressed an optimistic pioneering attitude toward the new c<
France Brooke wrote the first Canadian novel “The History of Emil Montague” in 1769.
The first English Canadian to be considered a national poet was Charles Sangster. His poei
St. Lawrence”/ 1856/ celebrates the beauty of the Canadian landscape.
Pauline Johnson was known for her poetry about Indian life. Her father was a Mohawk
chief and hr mother was English Isabelle Crawford.
Margaret Attwood’ s novel Cat’ s Eye /1988/ earned her many awards and international repu1
Michael Tremblay is the leading Quebecois playwright. Among the best known current С
playwrights are D. French and S. Pollock.
THEATRE
Canada’s best-known theatrical event is the Stratford festival, held annually in Stratford,
from May to November. Famous performers appear in the plays of William Shakespeare and othi
dramatists.
Another drama festival is the Shaw Festival in Ontario. The leading theatrical group in
speaking Canada is Le Theatre du Nouveau Monde in Montreal. The National Ballet has featun
international stars as well as such outstanding Canadian dancers as Frank Augustyn, Karen Kain,
ronica Tennant. The Canadian Opera Company in Toronto performs six operas during the seas
September to May.
PAINTING
Early Canadian painters followed European trends. Paul Kane painted pictures of Indi;
Western Canada. A group of landscape painters called the Group of Seven developed the Canadia:
painting. Tom Thomson /1877-1917/was of the best-known Canadian painters. His West Wine
Jack Pine became two of the best-known works of Canadian art.
The works of the Group of Seven are exposed in the McMichael Canadian Art С
Robert and Signe McMichael gave their art collection to the Province of Ontario in 1965. McMi
nadian Art Collection has the special combination of Canadian architecture, Canadian landscape
nadian art that makes it a unique national treasure.
Emily Carr became famous for her painting of the totem poles of British Columbia. The
lection of Canadian Indian Art is in the Raven’s Work Gallery. It contains masks, carvings, and
The finest work of Canadian sculpture includes woodcarving of Indian artists. The McMichael
Art Collection includes Inuit sculpture and drawing.

182
 MUSIC
Canada’s outstanding orchestras are the Montreal Symphony orchestra, he National Arts Center
>chestra, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, and the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. Solo performers
-.~_o have gained fame include the pianist Glenn Gould and the singers Maureen Forrester, Lois Marshall
л и Jon Vickers.
Canadian stars in popular music include the singers Bryan Adams and Anne Murray. Robert Char-
fcoi and Celine Dion became famous singers in French- speaking Canada.
Celine Dion was born on March 30th, 1968, in the little town of Charlemagne, Quebec. She was
re youngest of a 14 children family. Her first name comes from a song Celine that her mother was singing
- rile she was pregnant.
She grew up surrounded by music in a piano-bar restaurant owned by her parents. The family held
-rzular jam sessions, with father playing the accordion and mother playing violin. Everyone in this family
: 2 musician.
She first stood on a table to sing a song at the age of 5. At twelve she decided to become a singer,
mother wrote a song for her; it was recorded on a demo tape and sent to a manager Rene Angelil in
'rntreal. He cried listening to her voice, and agreed to work with her.
When her The Colour of My Love album was released in November 1994, Celine told the whole
:rld who the man in her life was: ’’Rene, you are the colour of my love”.
In December 1994, she married Rene Angelil, 52, her manager, who is 26 her senior. It was the
- ^gest event of the year in Canada.
Canadian singer Alanis M orissette is a world-wide success. Jagged Little Pill has sold 28 million
rpies, making it the biggest selling debut album ever. Her latest album, Supposed Former Infatuation
ArJde, is her most recent success. She won an award for the best album at the American Music Awards.
Alanis began her show business career at the age of 6 when she took up the piano. She began writ-
zz her own songs at the age of 9. By her early teens she had recorded her first single. She also starred in a
~V show. It was hard for her to be two people- a pop star and a normal teenager. Her school used to play a
"^cording of her singing the Canadian national anthem every day, which led to her being picked on by jeal-
us people.
When Alanis was discovered by Madonna, the last said: ’’She reminds me of me when I started
u f. Like Madonna, Alanis’s songs are about her life. Music was a chance for Alanis to escape. She thinks
г а с if she hadn’t been a musician she would have been a psychologist to help others. She likes her music
z make her fans think. She is happy when, they watch the show and go, “Wow, cool!” and then go home
zad kiss their dog.
Alanis has lots of plants and flowers in her dressing room. She also meditates and does yoga.
• Ъ е п she asks man out, she suggests they go to a yoga class on a first date!
Alanis doesn’t like awards. The whole concept of music being judged is strange to her. She thinks
'жх “can make you mad”. These days she seems happy to live her life writing songs.

Unit 117
A LAND OF IMMIGRANTS
W hy do p e o p l e e m i g r a t e ?
W h o w e r e f i r s t U k r a i n i a n e m i g r a n t s in C a n a d a ?
Is C anada a land o f i m m i g r a n t s ?
ost Canadians are immigrants or are the descendants of immigrants. In fact, about 97%

M of Canada’s citizens fit into this category. The remaining 3% are the original Canadi-
ans-the Native people. More then 100 000 new immigrants come to Canada every year.
Why people become im m igrants? Reasons that cause people to leave their country are called push
People who live their country to live in another one are called em igrants. What might make them

183
choose a particular country as their new home? It might be marriage or plentiful of jobs. Reasons which
attract people to another country are called pull factors.
Great Britain was the source of the largest number of new Canadians. Between 1900 and 1920,
great numbers of immigrants came from the Ukraine and Scandinavian countries. Now many people come
from Italy, Portugal, Hong Kong, India, and African countries.
The Canadian government uses a point system to evaluate potential immigrants: ten points if 21 tc
44 years old. A person fluent in English and French receives 15 points. All immigrants with relatives ir
Canada willing to guarantee financial assistance receive ten points
Canada has benefited a great deal from immigration. The impact of immigration on Canadian land
scape may be seen in many ways: many different languages are taught in schools across the countn
supermarkets supply food and clothes from around the world; and ethnic communities have a great cu’
tural impact in some large cities. But the most important things brought to Canada by immigrants are the
skills and enthusiasm.
Canada’ s population is made up of people from all over the world. But “Canada has never been
melting pot; it is more like a tossed salad” . Many communities hold special events to recognize their cu
tural heritage. Those who live in Toronto area, for example, can become world travellers without ever ha
ing to leave the city! This is done through an annual event called Caravan.
Caravan was started in 1969 as non-profit event to highlight the artistic talents, culture and fo
of the many ethnic groups in Metropolitan Toronto. The event encourages different ethnic communities
share their heritage with others. It gives people a chance to experience for themselves the uniqueness
each culture.
Each cultural organization /there are over 40/ sets up a pavilion during the last nine days in Ju
Over 20 000 volunteers prepare the food and drink, decorate the halls, and provide the entertainment. E;
pavilion is given the name of the city, such as Athens, Hon Kong, Kyiv, St. John’s, Port of Spain, or N
Delhi. The pavilions are spread out across Metropolitan Toronto and are connected by special Cara
buses.
To attend caravan you must first purchase a passport that gives you access to any of the pavilii
Caravan is financed by the sale of these passports. When you enter a pavilion, your passport is stam]
just as it is when you enter a country. Once inside, you can hear traditional music, view arts, crafts
stage productions, sample the food and drink of the country, and maybe try one of the dancers.
It takes a great a deal of work throughout the year to prepare for Caravan. Community meml
however find that the planning and practicing together help them appreciate their own culture. Young
pie in particular become more familiar with their own heritage. Through the sale of handicrafts, food
beverages, the pavilions raise money to maintain the cultural activities of their members.
Do people think Caravan is worthwhile? One way to judge is to remember that over two mi
passports are stamped during Metro Toronto International Caravan Week. What a great way to learn <
other cultures! This has created a multicultural society in Canada.

Unit 118
UKRAINIANS IN CANADA
W h a t do y o u k n o w a b o u t U k r a i n i a n e m i g r a t i o n to Canadi
W h a t do U k r a i n i a n s eat at C h r i s t m a s ?
W h a t is h o l y s u p p e r ?

О ver 1 million Ukrainians live in Canada. Desperate needs and life conditions i
Homeland made them look for their happiness over oceans and seas.
Ivan Pylypiv and Vasyl’ Eleniak are considered to be trailblazers of Ukrainian t

184
non. They arrived in Canada bn the ship “Oregon” in-September 1891. Both were 33 years of age when
±ey came there from the Carpathian village of Nebyliv. In the next 25 years 250.000 of their countrymen
followed them. Today their children live in peace, liberty and prosperity.
In 1991 a centenary of Ukrainian emigration to Canada was celebrated. Ramon John Hnatyshyn,
Governor-general of Canada,- a Ukrainian by birth from Chemivtsi, said in his speech: "Ukrainians were
mdispensable to the economic growth o f Canada'."
Most of the overseas Ukrainians no longer speak Ukrainian, but they still warship in their own
diurches and are aware of their origin. Most of them own their own houses. They are believed to be
zhrifty, enterprising, hardworking and conscientious. They are quick to attain a decent standard of living.
UKRAINIAN CHRISTMAS EVE SUPPER
Among Canadians of Ukrainian heritage, the most beloved festival is Christmas Eve. Preparations
start a week before Christmas cleaning the wheat to make kutia. a symbolic dish of honey, poppy seeds and
Aheat kernels boiled in pure rain water. The family gathers for a holy supper of 12 symbolic dishes. The
father of the family traditionally brings in the snip. a handpicked wheat sheaf that represents the spirits of
ancestors. He sets it in a place of honor in the dining room before the table is set. Wheat, flour and bread
are important to Ukrainians.
The first star signals the beginning of the holy supper. Christmas Eve supper begins with the light­
ning of the beeswax candle in the braided bread centerpiece. After a carol and the Lord’ s Prayer, the kutia
:s passed and everyone takes a spoonful. The head of the family raises his spoonful and greets the family
лith “Christ is born” . The rest answer “Glory, praise him”. That’ s the signal to start the meal. The meal is
traditionally meatless and milk-free.
The most well-known dishes are holubtsi /cabbage rolls/ and varenyky / plump crescent-shaped
dumplings/. For dessert, a compote of dried fruit and honey cake complete the menu. Carols end the eve-
:nng arid signal the start of a season of visiting.

Unit 119
UKRAINIAN WRITING
IN CANADA
W h o w as t h e a u t h o r o f “ K a n a d a ” ?
What d o es t rilo g y “ Sons o f S o i l ” s h o w ?
W h o a r e U k r a i n i a n b a r d s in C a n a d a ?
krainian writing in Canada began in the first major wave of Ukrainians. The first story

U was written in 1897 by Nestor Dmytriv when he was visiting Calgary.

The first poem was written in 1898 by Ivan Zbura'near Edmonton. From modest begin-
■ r.gs this literature developed and flourished in the genres of poetry, stories, novels and plays.
The first period of Ukrainian writing, 1897-1920, was permeated with folklore. Zbura, Teodor
-rdyk and Dariia Mohylianka epitomized the pioneer poetry, which could hardly be distinguished from
:.ldore.
However, prose fiction by Sava Chemetskyi, Myroslav Stechyshyn, Pavlo Krat and Vasyl
<_dryk had a higher level of creative achievement. These authors not only depicted hardships of pioneer-
ag but also expressed flavour of struggles for a better life.
In the second period, 1920-50, the Ukrainian writing in Canada broadened thematically and be-
^r;S more artistic. Ivan Danylchuk, born in Sacatchewan, published sophisticated poetry. Onufrii Ivakh
rtonore Ewach/ tried to philosophize in his works, paying attention to aesthete expression. Myroslav Ich-
-Linskyi /Ivan Kmeta/ poured out strong and impressionist lyricism.

185
 In p r o se fic tio n , I llia K y r ia k /E llia s K ir ia k / d is tin g u is h e d h im s e lf w k h h is r e a lis tic trilogy Syn
Z e m li / 1 9 3 9 - 4 5 /. It w a s tra n sla ted a n d a b r id g e d a s Sons o f the Soil in 1 9 5 9 . T h e tr ilo g y s h o w s a panorarr
o f th e lif e o f settlers o n th e p ra ir ies.
O le k sa n d r L u h o v y i a ls o d e p ic te d C a n a d ia n li f e in h is n o v e l B e z h a tn y i /H o m e l e s s , 1 9 4 6 / an
p la y s . S e m e n K o v b e l a n d D m y tr o H u n k e v y c h w e r e a c tiv e in dram a.
The third period o p e n e d w ith th e arrival o f im m ig r a n ts after W .W .I I . In c o n tr a st to a p r e v io i
realism, th ere a p p e a re d v a r io u s litera ry tren d s an d s t y le s , in c lu d in g modernism,
M y k y ta M a n d r y k a p r o d u c e d p o e tr y w ith o r ig in a l im a g e an d th e v e r s ifie d narrative Kanada
1 9 6 1 . It w a s tr a n sla te d in to E n g lis h as '‘C a n a d a ” in 1 9 7 1 .
C a n a d ia n th e m e s w e r e p r o m in e n t a ls o in U la s S a m c h u k ’s novel N a T v e r d ii Z e m li Юп the Ha
Soil! in 1 9 6 7 .
Y a . S la v u t y c h , in h is p o e m s “Z a v o io v n y k y P re rii” / 1 9 6 8 / p ic tu r e d h is im p r e s s io n s o f s e ttle r s ’ 1
an d th e s e v e r ity o f th e N o r th . In 1 9 7 4 th e p o e m s w e r e tra n sla ted b y R . M o r r iso n a s th e Conquerors o f .
Prairies. Y a . S la v u t y c h h a s a ls o w ritten th e lo n g versified narrative “M o ia D o b a /My Epoch/ in Z ib r
T v o r y /C o lle c t e d P o e m s / in 1 9 7 8 .
S in c e th e 1 9 6 0 th ere h a s b e e n a revival in U k r a in ia n literatu re in C a n a d a . A m o n g th e a c tiv e
th o rs h a v e b e e n lyrical poets B o r y s O le k sa n d r iv /p s e u d o n y m o f B o r y s H r y b in s k k y /, B o h d a n M a z e p a , >
patriotic bards L e v k o R o m e n , D a n M u r an d O le
V o r s k lo , S v itla n a K u z m e n k o and T e o d o r M a tv iie n k o ;
H a i-H o lo v k o ; th e thinker woman poet L a r y sa M y r o v y c h h ad
in p o e tr y V o lo d y m y r S k o r u p sk y i. T h e
o c c u p a tio n s in a n c ie n t U k r a in ia n mythology. A m o n g modernists w e r e Iryn a M a k a r y k , M a ria
v a k o v y c h , M a r c o C a r y n n y k , D a n y lo S tru k an d O le k sa n d r O liin y k .
In p r o s e fic tio n , F e d ir O d ra c h , Iv a n B o n d a r c h u k a n d O le k sa n d r S m o tr y c h h a v e b e e n e x te n s i
published. M y k o la K o v s h u n h a s w r itte n d ram a and O le h Z u je v s k y i h a s b e e n v e ry a c tiv e in transk
s y m b o lis t p o e tr y . O r e sia P r o k o p iv h as tra n sla ted m u c h U k r a in ia n p o e tr y in to E n g lis h an d R e n e Coul<
G ard in to F r en c h .
U k r a in ia n a u th o rs in C a n a d a fo r m e d th eir o w n literary s o c ie ty , w h ic h h a s p u b lis h e d 8 v o lu m
th e a lm a n a c “ S l o v o ” / 1 9 7 0 - 8 7 / a n d “A n t o lo h iia u k r a iin s’k o ii p o e z ii v K a n a d i, 1 8 9 8 - 1 9 7 3 “ in 1 9 7 5 .
T h e U k r a in ia n A c a d e m y o f A rts an d S c ie n c e s in C a n a d a an d th e Shevchenko Scientific sc
h a v e r e g u la r ly p u b lis h e d th eir p r o c e e d in g s an d o th e r sc h o la r ly b o o k s.
D e s p it e th e g r ea t v a r ie ty o f th e m e s an d s ig n ific a n t id e a s in U k r a in ia n w r itin g , th ere are o n ly
15 U k r a in ia n C a n a d ia n a u th o rs w h o s e a rtistic a c c o m p lis h m e n ts p la c e th eir litera tu re o n a le v e l eq
that in U k r a in e or h ig h e r .

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