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Make complete notes on president of india
President of India: Comprehensive Notes
I. Introduction:
The President of India is the Head of State of the Republic of India. They are the first citizen of India and
represent the unity and integrity of the nation.
The President's role is primarily ceremonial, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of
Ministers. However, they possess significant powers, especially during times of political instability.
II. Election:
Electoral College: The President is elected indirectly by an electoral college consisting of:
Elected members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)
Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of all States and Union Territories (UTs) with Legislative
Assemblies (Delhi, Puducherry, and Jammu & Kashmir).
Proportional Representation: The election is conducted using a system of proportional representation
by means of the single transferable vote. This ensures that the value of each vote remains the same across
states with varying populations.
Term: The President's term of office is five years, and they are eligible for re-election.
III. Powers and Functions:
Executive Powers:
Appoints the Prime Minister and other ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Appoints Governors of States, the Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court and High
Courts, the Attorney General, the Comptroller and Auditor General, etc.
Can promulgate ordinances when Parliament is not in session.
Legislative Powers:
Summons, prorogues, and dissolves Parliament.
Addresses both Houses of Parliament at the commencement of the first session each year.
Gives assent to bills passed by Parliament. Can withhold assent, return a bill for reconsideration
(except Money Bills), or reserve it for consideration by the President.
Judicial Powers:
Grants pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment or suspends, remits, or commutes
sentences in certain cases.
Emergency Powers: Can declare three types of emergencies: National Emergency, State Emergency
(President's Rule), and Financial Emergency.
Military Powers: The Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces.
IV. Impeachment:
The President can be removed from office through impeachment for violation of the Constitution.
The impeachment process can be initiated in either House of Parliament. Charges are preferred by a
majority of at least two-thirds of the total membership of that House.
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The other House investigates the charges. If the charges are sustained by a two-thirds majority of the
total membership of that House, the President is considered impeached and removed from office.
V. Important Provisions:
Oath: The President takes an oath to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution and the law.
Vacancy: If the office of President falls vacant due to death, resignation, or removal, an election must be
held within six months. The Vice-President acts as President until a new President is elected.
VI. List of Presidents of India (Partial - for complete list, please refer to official sources):
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977-1982)
V.V. Giri (1969-1974)
Note: This information pertains to the constitutional role of the President. For the latest updates and complete
historical data, please refer to official government sources and updated textbooks.
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