Drug Name Drug Action Indications Side Effects Contraindications Nursing

Responsibility

Oral meds

Ketoanalogue +EAA Ketoanalogue + Prevention and therapy Hypercalcaemia Hypercalcaemia, Assess electrolyte
essential amino acids of damages due to may develop. In disturbed amino acid levels
Drug Class: operate by faulty or deficient this case, it is metabolism. In case of Assess allergy to
Nutritional undergoing a process protein metabolism in recommended to hereditary the drug
Supplement called transamination chronic renal decrease vitamin D phenylketonuria it has Caution patient of
by taking nitrogen insufficiency in intake. If the to be taken into the different side
from some non- connection with limited hypercalcaemia account that effects
essential amino protein in food of 40 g persists, reduce Ketoanalogues + Assess vital signs
acids. This process per day (for adults), i.e., the dosage of Essential Amino Acids Administer with food
decreases the generally in patients Ketoanalogues + contains to prevent Gl upset
formation of urea and with a glomerular Essential Amino phenylalanine. No Administer drug at
prevents the filtration rate (GFR) Acids as well as experience has been right time, route,
accumulation of below 25 mL/ min. any source of made so far with the and dosage
uremic toxins, thus calcium. application in Instruct patient to
improving kidney pregnancy and report immediately if
health. Additionally, it paediatrics. symptoms of
ensures the intake of hypercalcemia
essential amino occurs like muscle
acids. weakness,
constipation
Monitor calcium
levels.

NAH C03 Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate is Frequent urge to Contraindicated in any Nurses double-
is a systemic used for the treatment urinate situation where salt check the doctor’s
Drug Class: alkalinising agent. It of metabolic acidosis Headache retention is orders to make sure
Alkalinizing Agents. increases blood and which may occur in (continuing) undesirable such as the right amount
urinary pH by severe renal disease, Loss of appetite edema, heart disease, and form of sodium
 dissociation to uncontrolled diabetes, (continuing) cardiac bicarbonate is being
provide bicarbonate circulatory insufficiency Mood or mental decompensation and used. If it's being
ions, which due to shock or severe changes primary or secondary given intravenously,
neutralises the dehydration, Muscle pain or aldosteronism. they'll prepare it
hydrogen ion extracorporeal twitching carefully, making
concentration. circulation of blood, Nausea or sure it's diluted
cardiac arrest and vomiting correctly.
severe primary lactic Nervousness or After giving the
acidosis. Also is restlessness medication, watch
indicated in severe Slow breathing for signs of side
diarrhea which is often Swelling of feet or effects like muscle
accompanied by a lower legs twitching or
significant loss of Unpleasant taste confusion, which
bicarbonate. Unusual tiredness can happen with an
or weakness imbalance in
electrolytes or the
body becoming too
alkaline. They’ll
keep checking vital
signs to make sure
everything stays on
track.

CAC03 Used as a Used for the Upset stomach Calcium carbonate Check the patient’s
supplementary symptomatic relief of Vomiting use is contraindicated medical history,
Drug Class: source of Ca to help heartburn, acid Stomach pain in hypersensitivity, including kidney
Calcium-containing prevent or decrease indigestion, and sour Belching renal calculus, high issues, allergies, or
Antacids. the rate of bone loss stomach Constipation urine calcium levels, calcium imbalances.
in osteoporosis. It Dry mouth elevated serum Monitor vital signs
also acts as an Increased urination calcium, low serum and lab results,
antacid by Loss of appetite phosphate, particularly calcium
neutralising gastric Metallic taste achlorhydria, or levels.
acidity resulting in suspected digoxin
 increased gastric and toxicity Ensure the correct
duodenal pH. dose and form.
Calcium is best
absorbed with food,
so follow
instructions carefully
and encourage the
patient to drink
water with it.

Teach the patient

how to take the
medication,
potential side
effects, and any
dietary
considerations (e.g.,
avoiding foods that
can interfere with
calcium absorption).

Watch for side

effects, like
constipation, and
signs of too much
calcium, such as
nausea or
confusion. Keep an
eye on electrolyte
levels.

ISDN It works by relaxing Isosorbide dinitrate is Headaches Allergic to nitrates Monitor vital signs:
the blood vessels and used to prevent chest Feeling dizzy, Concomitant use of Check blood
Drug Class: increasing the supply pain (angina) in patients weak, tired or isosorbide with PDE pressure and heart
 Nitrate Class of blood and oxygen with a certain heart sleepy inhibitors such as rate regularly, as the
to the heart while condition (coronary Feeling sick sildenafil and tadalafil medication may
reducing its work artery disease). (nausea) Concomitant use of lower them.
load. When used Flushing of the isosorbide with Assess for side
regularly on a long- face riociguat, a soluble effects: Watch for
term basis, this helps guanylate cyclase symptoms like
prevent angina stimulator used for the dizziness,
attacks from treatment of headache, or
occurring. pulmonary arterial lightheadedness,
hypertension and which are common
chronic side effects.
thromboembolic Educate the patient:
pulmonary Explain the purpose
hypertension of the medication,
Right ventricular how to take it
infarction correctly, and the
Hypertrophic importance of not
cardiomyopathy stopping abruptly

Azithromycin Azithromycin is a indicated for the CNS: fatigue, *Contraindicated in *Azithromycin

macrolide antibiotic treatment of various headache, individuals who have a should be taken as
Drug Class: used to treat a range bacterial infections, somnolence, dizzi. known hypersensitivity directed, with
Macrolide Antibiotics of bacterial infections including community- ness, dysgeusia, to the drug or other attention to timing
by inhibiting protein acquired pneumonia, fever. macrolide antibiotics. with food or other
synthesis in bacteria. acute bacterial Caution should be medications that
It is particularly exacerbations of CV: chest pain, observed in patients may impact
effective against chronic obstructive pal-pitations, with: absorption.
infections caused by pulmonary disease edema.
susceptible strains of (COPD), and acute - History of liver 8Advise patients to
microorganisms and otitis media. It is also EENT: eye disease, report any new or
is commonly utilized used for irritation (oph- arrhythmias, or worsening
in respiratory, skin, pharyngitis/tonsillitis thalmic), oral myasthenia symptoms
and sexually caused by candidiasis. gravis. immediately,
transmitted infections Streptococcus especially signs of
 pyogenes, particularly Gl: abdominal - Known allergic reactions or
in patients who cannot pain, anorexia, interactions liver dysfunction.
tolerate first-line diarrhea, with
therapies. constipation, nau- medications *Patients are
sea, vomiting, such as advised to avoid
stomatitis, antacids that taking azithromycin
dyspepsia, may affect with certain
enteritis, gastritis, absorption and medications that
flatulence, melena. efficacy. can interact
adversely, such as
GU: candidia-sis, p-glycoprotein
nephritis, vaginitis. inhibitors, and to
inform healthcare
providers of all
medications they
are taking.

(ferrous Sulfate + - Ferrous Treatment of: GI: Nausea, *Known *Assess for signs of
Folic Acid) Sulfate: vomiting, hypersensitivity to iron anemia (e.g.,
*Provides elemental - Combined iron abdominal cramps, or folic acid. fatigue, pallor,
Drug Class: iron for hemoglobin and folate diarrhea, or shortness of
Iron supplement and production, oxygen deficiency constipation. *Hemochromatosis or breath).
Vitamin transport, and anemia. Darkened stools hemosiderosis (iron
replenishing iron (due to iron overload disorders). *Evaluate dietary
stores. - Anemia due to content). *Anemias not due to intake and risk
pregnancy, iron or folate factors for
- Folic Acid: malnutrition, or Others: deficiency (e.g., deficiency (e.g.,
chronic blood hemolytic anemia). pregnancy, chronic
*Facilitates red blood loss. Rare allergic illness).
cell production and reactions (rash, *Untreated pernicious
DNA synthesis. Prevention of: itching, or anemia (folic acid can *Obtain baseline lab
swelling). mask B12 deficiency). values (hemoglobin,
*Prevents folate - Anemia in hematocrit, ferritin,
deficiency and pregnancy and serum folate).
supports fetal lactation.
development during
pregnancy. - Neural tube *Administer with
defects during food to reduce
pregnancy. gastrointestinal
upset but avoid
dairy or antacids, as
they reduce
absorption.

*Recommend taking
with vitamin C (e.g.,
orange juice) to
enhance iron
absorption.

*Provide oral
supplements in
divided doses if side
effects occur.

*Monitor for
therapeutic
response (e.g.,
*increased
hemoglobin and
energy levels).

*Watch for side

effects like
gastrointestinal
distress or signs of
hypersensitivity.
 *Check adherence
to therapy,
especially in
pregnant patients.

Telmisartan Blocks Adjust-a-dose (for all CNS: dizziness, * Contraindicated in * Monitor patient for
vasoconstricting and indications): pain, fatigue, patients hypotension after
Drug Class: aldosterone-secreting headache. hypersensitive to drug starting drug.
Angiotensin II effects of angiotensin In patients with biliary CV:chest pain, or its components. * Monitor potassium
receptor antagonist II by preventing obstructive disorders or HTN, peripheral level periodically
angiotensin II from hepatic. insufficiency, edema, intermittent * Use cautiously in during therapy.
binding to the initiate at low doses and patients with hypoten-
angiotensin I up titrate slowly. EENT: pharyngitis, sion, biliary * Most of the
receptor. sinusitis. obstruction disorders, antihypertensive
-HTN or renal and hepatic effect occurs within
Adults: 40 mg PO once Gl: nausea, insufficiency and in 2 weeks. Maximal
daily. BP response is abdominal pain, those with an BP reduction is
dose-related over a diarrhea, dys- activated RAAS, such usually reached
range of 20 to 80 mg pepsia. as patients who are after 4 weeks.
once daily. volume- or sodium- Diuretic may be
GU: UTI. depleted (for exam- added if BP isn't
CV risk reduction in ple, those being controlled by drug
patients at high risk and Musculoskeletal: treated with high alone.
unable to take ACE back pain, myalgia. doses of diuretics). * Alert: In patients
inhibitors Adults age 55 whose renal
and older: 80 mg PO Respiratory: * Safety and function may
once daily. cough, URI. effectiveness in depend on the
children haven't been activity of the RAAS
Skin: ulceration. determined. (such as those with
severe HF), drug
Other: flulike • Overdose S&S: may cause oliguria
symptoms. Hypotension, or progressive
dizziness, tachycardia, azotemia and
 bradycardia. (rarely)

* acute renal failure

or death.

* Monitor patients
with impaired
hepatic function or
biliary obstruction
carefully.

* Monitor patient for

hypersensitivity re-
actions.

* Rhabdomyolysis
has been reported
rarely.

*Monitor patient for

myalgia, stiffiness,
and muscle
weakness.

Nac (N- N-Acetylcysteine ● Acetaminophen Gastrointestinal *Contraindicated in *Monitor for allergic

acetylcysteine) works by restoring toxicity issues (nausea, patients reactions such as
glutathione, a natural ● Chronic vomiting, diarrhea), hypersensitive to drug rash, difficulty
Drug Class: antioxidant, to protect obstructive rash, breathing, or
Mucolytic Agents the liver, particularly pulmonary bronchospasm *Asthma or respiratory swelling, especially
in cases of disease (COPD) (especially in conditions in patients with a
acetaminophen and cystic patients with known sensitivity to
overdose. It also aids fibrosis. asthma) *Severe liver disease the drug.
in breaking down ● Preventing
mucus in the lungs. contrast-induced *Assess respiratory
 nephropathy in status regularly,
at-risk patients particularly in
undergoing patients with
certain imaging asthma, and be
procedures. prepared to manage
bronchospasm or
other respiratory
symptoms.

*Administer with
caution in patients
with liver conditions,
and ensure that N-
acetylcysteine is
used appropriately
for overdose cases
rather than in
general liver
disease.

*Monitor
gastrointestinal
symptoms and
advise the patient to
report any
discomfort, such as
nausea or vomiting,
as it may require
dosage adjustment.

Parental Medication

Furosemide *A loop diuretic that *Used to treat edema *Common side *Contraindicated in *Monitor vital signs
inhibits sodium and associated with heart effects include patients with and electrolyte
 Drug Class: chloride reabsorption failure, liver cirrhosis, electrolyte hypersensitivity to levels regularly.
Loop Diuretics in the kidneys, and renal disease, as imbalances, furosemide or severe Assess for signs of
promoting diuresis. well as hypertension. dehydration, electrolyte depletion. dehydration.
hypotension, Caution is necessary Educate patients on
dizziness, and in those with low blood medication
increased pressure. adherence and
urination. monitoring for side
effects.

Calcium gluconate Calcium gluconate is Calcium gluconate is CNS: anxiety, •Contraindicated in • Monitor calcium
a medication that used to prevent or to tingling sensations, patients with cancer levels frequently.
increases calcium treat calcium sense of who have bone Hy-percalcemia may
levels in your body deficiencies. oppression or heat metastases and in result after large
waves with IV use, those with ventricular doses in chronic
Calcium gluconate may syncope with rapid fibrillation, renal failure. Report
also be used for IV use. hypercalcemia, abnormalities.
purposes not listed in CV: bradycardia, hypophos-phatemia, • Signs and
this medication guide arrhythmias, or renal calculi. symptoms of severe
cardiac arrest with • Use calcium hypercal-cemia may
rapid IV use, products with extreme include stupor,
decreased BP, caution in patients confusion, delir-ium,
vasodilation. taking cardiac and coma. Signs
Gl: consti-pation, glycosides and in and symptoms of
irritation, chalky those with sarcoidosis, mild hypercalcemia
taste, hemorrhage, renal or cardiac dis- may include
nausea, vomiting, ease, and electrolyte anorexia, nausea,
thirst, abdominal disturbances. and vomiting.
pain. • Use calcium chloride
GU: polyuria, renal cautiously in patients
calculi. with cor pulmonale,
respiratory acidosis, or
respiratory failure.

Ceftriaxione Ceftriaxone is an Ceftriaxone is an CNS: Contraindicated to *Check and validate

 antibiotic that targets antibiotic used to treat headache,insomni patient with known the physician’s
Drug Class: bacteria. It works by bacterial infections a, anxiety, hypersensitivity medication order
Antibiotics sticking to specific caused by susceptible dizziness, fever, reaction to
parts of the bacteria's organisms. It is intracranial cephalosporin *Observe 10 rights
cell wall, which are effective for infections hemorrhage antibiotic. of medication
essential for building in the lower respiratory administration
and maintaining the tract, skin and skin- CV: hypotension,
cell wall. When structure, urinary tract, atrial fibrillation *Ensure that the
ceftriaxone attaches bones, and joints. patient is not allergic
to these parts, it Additionally, it is used GI: nausea, to medication
prevents the bacteria to manage intra- diarrhea,
from constructing a abdominal infections, constipation, *Administer the
proper cell wall. As a pelvic inflammatory vomiting, medication slowly to
result, the bacteria disease, uncomplicated abdominal pain avoid discomfort, if
end up with weak or gonorrhoea, meningitis, necessary, can
incomplete cell walls, and for surgical GU: renal dilute 1% lidocaine
leading to their death. prophylaxis. This impairment to ensure comfort
Ceftriaxone disrupts medication works by
the bacteria's ability inhibiting the synthesis Hematologic: *Evaluate for side
to build its protective of the bacterial cell wall, anemia, effects
shell, causing it to thereby causing cell thrombocytosis
break apart and die. death. *Monitor patient for
Metabolic: hypersensitivity
hypokalemia reaction

Skin: rash

Hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone is a Otic solutions are Headache, *Contraindicated in *Advise patients not
glucocorticoid that indicated for infections nausea, vomiting, patients to stop the
Drug Class: reduces inflammation of the external auditory diarrhea, increased hypersensitive to drug medication without
Corticosteroids by stopping white canal caused by appetite, or its ingredients, in prescriber approval.
blood cells from susceptible organisms indigestion, those with systemic
moving to affected and with inflammation. stomach pain fungal infections, and *Explain proper drug
areas and decreasing Hydrocortisone tablets Weight gain, joint in those receiving use to patients or
 capillary leakage. are indicated for certain pain, difficulty immunosuppressive caregivers.
When applied endocrine, rheumatic, sleeping, acne, doses together with
topically, it helps collagen, allergic, and excessive hair live-virus vaccines. *Warn about easy
reduce inflammation, ophthalmic, respiratory, growth bruising.
itching, and redness hematologic, *Use with caution in
while also narrowing neoplastic, edematous, patients with recent *Encourage
blood vessels to gastrointestinal, and MI. exercise or physical
relieve symptoms. other conditions. therapy for long-
*Drugs can cause term use and
hypercorticism or discuss vitamin D or
suppression of the calcium
HPA axis, particularly supplements with
in younger children or prescriber.
patients receiving
high-dose therapy. *Advise avoiding
Withdraw drug slowly. infections (e.g.,
chickenpox,
measles) and
notifying prescriber
if exposed.

Treatment

Salbutamol + Salbutamol acts *Relief and Salbutamol: *Hypersensitivity to Assess respiratory

ipratropium bromide quickly to open management of airway salbutamol, status before and
airways, while obstruction in: *Tremors, ipratropium bromide, after administration
Drug Action: ipratropium provides nervousness, or atropine (e.g., lung sounds,
Bronchodilators sustained relief by *Chronic Obstructive headache, derivatives. oxygen saturation,
preventing further Pulmonary Disease dizziness. respiratory rate).
constriction and (COPD). *Conditions where
reducing mucus. *Tachycardia, beta-agonist or Monitor for signs of
*Asthma (acute palpitations. anticholinergic use is bronchospasm
Improves breathing exacerbations). contraindicated (e.g., improvement or
more effectively than *Dry mouth or severe cardiac worsening.
either drug alone, *Chronic bronchitis or throat irritation. arrhythmias, narrow-
especially in emphysema. angle glaucoma Evaluate cardiac
conditions with Ipratropium without monitoring). status, especially in
chronic or acute *Acute severe or Bromide: patients with
airway obstruction. moderate cardiovascular
bronchospasm. *Dry mouth, throat conditions
irritation, or cough.
Nebulizer or Inhaler
Rare: Blurred Use: Ensure correct
vision, urinary technique (e.g.,
retention. inhalation timing,
mouthpiece
placement).

Administer
bronchodilators
before
corticosteroids if
both are prescribed.

Allow intervals of 5-
10 minutes between
doses, if repeated.

Monitor for relief of

bronchospasm (e.g.,
reduced wheezing,
improved
breathing).

Watch for side

effects such as
tremors,
tachycardia, or dry
mouth.

Evaluate for
overuse, which can
lead to diminished
effectiveness.

Teach proper
inhaler or nebulizer
use.

Instruct on
recognizing
symptoms of
overuse (e.g., rapid
heart rate,
palpitations).

Encourage
hydration to reduce
dry mouth and
throat irritation.

Advise avoiding
triggers for asthma
or COPD
exacerbations (e.g.,
allergens, smoke).