THE

CB PLL
DATA BOOK
Lou Franklin
.hA

Pr P2 P3 P4 Ps P6 T/B GND V""

A Repair& ModificationReference
IncludesAmerican,British,& EuropeanCB Badios
AM, FM, & SSB Circuits
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .... .......... I
Section I - BASIC PLL BACKGROUND . ...... s
Frequency Mixing - Intermediate Frequencies - SSB Mixing - The
"Odd"
British Channels * The PLL for FM Use - A Basic Crystal
Synthesizer - Equivalent PLL Synthesizer - Elements ofThe PLL System
- Reference Oscillator & Divider - Programmabìe Divider - phase
tbv
ther Detector - Loop Or Low,Pass Filter - Voltage-ControlledOsciìlator - The
nted Loop Mixer - The 5.12 MHz Loop Mixing Output - Current Technical
)rse- Trends - Special Chip Functions - The T/R Shift -
ility Misprogram Code Pin - Frequency SelectPin - Automatic Ch. g,/Ch. 19
Command - Scanning Interface

Section II - BACKGROUND FOR MODIFICATION METHODS ....... 32

Typical Synthesizer Circuit - Binary Programming - VCO Circuit -Loop
Mixing - Phase DetectorCorrection - ReceiverIFs - Transmitter Section
- Truth Charts - BCD Programming - PresettableDividers -Multimode
Programming - Controlling Program Pins - ROM Code Converters -
Other ROM Variations - Loop Mixer Modifications - CB-to-Ham
ConversionProblems- Sample Modification - Crystal Switching Methods
- External Crystaì Oscilìators - Crystaì Sources - The
ReferenceOscillator Crystal - The Impossibìe Chips

Section III - PLL CHIP SPECIFICATIONS 6l

Inside The Mysterious PLL Chip - Explanation of pin Functions - N.Codes
of NewerROM Chips

Block Mixing Diagrams (Pages 6?-92);

Uniden "Export" SSB- SharpCB5470- LC7ll3 SSB- LC7l30/31/3b

-LC7131 SSB- LC7136l37- MC8719SSB- NDI Early - NDI t are
-PLLO2A AM 3-Crystaì- PLLO2AAM 2-Crystal- PLI,O2ASSB -
PLLOSA/O8A- REC86345_ SM51O4SSB _ TC5O8O/81 SSB _
TC9106/9119- TC9109/M88733/LC7r32/CSI2r
- uPD858AM 2-Crysrat
- uPD858AM 3-Crystal- uPD858SSB- uPD861AM ROM - uPD861
AM Binary- uPD2814/28r6/LC7120
AM - uPD2816 SSB- uPD2824SSB

Pin Functions t(Pages93-107):

c5121- CCIil001- CCI3002_ HD42851_LC7rr} _LC71:.3_rc7v0

- LC7130 / 3r/ 35/36/ 37_ M58472_ M58473_ MB87r9/ 8734_ MC145106
- MC14568/14526 - MM55108 _ MSC42502 _ MSM5807_ MSM5907
-NDC4OO13- NIS7261A_ NIS7264B_ PLLO2A _ PLLO1A-
PLL03A/08A- REC86345 _ SM5104_ SM510?_ SM5118_ TC5080_
-
TC9102 TC9103- TC9106/9119 - TC9109/MB87SB - upD858_
uPD861- uPD2810 - uPD2812 - uPD2814 - uPD2816- upD2824
LATEADDITIONS:LC7132, SM5123A, SM5124A . . . . . . . . . lo8
L A T EA D D I T I O NC: P IC h a s s iBsì o c M
k i x i n gD i a g r a m. . . .......... l0g
 INTRODUCTION
The Phase-Locked-Loopor "PLL" Frequency Synthesizer used in CB
radios is a marvelous device. It can generate all the signals neededto
run a complex transceiver, is more accurate than crystal control, and
more reliable becausefewer parts are needed.However, understanding
its operation seemsto causea lot of anxiety among CB operators as well
as professionaltechnicians.It's the purposeof this book to explain in
the simplest, most non-technical terms possible how the PLL works.
Anybody interested in the technical side ofCB radio should find it quite
heÌpful. I've tried to write this for both the casual CB hobbyist and the
professional serviceman.

CB radio is now a worldwide hobby. As an American who's seen it

change from vacuum tubes to transistors, from crystal synthesizers to
PLL synthesizers, I'm in a unique position to explain the PLL's
"chips" detailed here are
evolution. While many of the circuits and IC
actually obsolete now, there are still a lot of those radios out there
needing repair! And since most countries have limited CB operation t<r
only 18,22, or 40 channels, a lot ofinterest these days is in knowin$ how
"legal" channels or
to expand a CR rig to cover more than the
frequencies. Many of the older rigs are actually much better for this
purpose. There is also a lot of interest among ham radio operators in
converting the CB into a 10-MeterHam rig. I will explain in these pages
how PLL repairs and modifications are approached.In many casesthe
changes are quite simple; it's no accident that a lot of American and
European transceivers using certain PLL circuits are so popular even
today. On the other hand, you may be very disappointed to find out that
the most recent generation of IC chips for U.S., U.K., and European CBs
were designed to be aÌmost completely non-modifiable. Better keep that
older rig if you have one!

BRIEF
HISTORY
& OEVELÍ]PMEI{T

The main reason for the development of PLL synthesizers was the
American CB service expansion from 23 to 40 channels in 1976.Until
"crystal
then CBs used a method of frequency generation called
synthesis" or "crystal-plexing". By electronically combining the
"mixer", all the
signals of 2 or 3 quartz crystal oscillators in a common
various Receive/Transmit signals (which are normally not the same)
could be created with only 12 or 14 crystals for AM and a few more for
SSB. This was a great savings in cost, circuit complexity and space,
becauseotherwise at least 46 different quartz crystals would be needed,
- 1 -
 one pair per channel.
give it aìl to the CB manufacturers; enough.quar tz left inthe world to ne(
^T.ffj:.yasn,t
they hid io ,".rr" "o_" for all those rig
Seiko wristwatches!

With CB interest erowing very

rapidly. new methods were required B0
becauseof the incréased numbe,
oii"grr "rtà"""1s. Manufacturers had
out trowto generat"u t".gà rri_tlri?"ig.ruf.
lor{r^s.1ie
o r parts,space,comolexity,.and of1o"";;, *ith a minimum I
'v
;";: iÈ" ;;;;;;;;.;i, #L.t ) ^^
Ì{l!!"ti'.gT, Pv-l.t'ò
"digital" timò.the a-*r."] rcC.r,rrou.,""d irs
pansron, electronic_svn*t".ir"i"'*é"rr."av'*"riil;;.i; cB ex- thr
tasr.senerarionor zs"_"'[;";;i'ù.3:";r,pment chr
i1:l
Degun f: to usepLL had alreadv wa
techniques ratherthan crv.iir". rrr"r" il;;i;;tt:
were very compricated b.ecausetttuv ,"qulrid as many as g discrete ser
lntegrated Circuit (lC) ele
"hip; A'.,;';;re and more electronic
-silicon
tunctlons were crammed.into in fr
a imaller chip space. Today,s pLL
can perform all the needed-i;;;;" be
lTÌ.î""T
ano stgnal generation, of channel selection st tI
using , .l"gi" LSi (ì;L;'rg"il;#i;:
tegration")deviceanda ttanarit-only
oÉt"r"ui?i.t.. es we,, see,this fact s-v
r
i_r!?rh blessinganda curse:G".à b";;;;Ì;J
ctc
keeps_
radiopricesafford
abi",;; ; ;;; il:;" i:fi i:Tili fH,jr","X?î
't'hi
modifications even harcferl t-..-
not
Ìnt(
The FCC and other authorities to
quickly found that because
unexpectedpopularir.yof of the
C1,.wfth'Àiiiil;;l;"pte ail competingfor SON
the samechannels,the use.ofilf egaiÀìà tha
becomingthe rule rather than À;;ó;t"" l""rlttori""a frequencies was s0n
situationtodav'Technici,ans .rìa,rri. is basicalÌy rhe
soondi."ou"rJthàt the first generations
of PLL rigs weresimnreto modifv.
Th;'Fc''c;ffi changedits ruresto 'f
CB man_ufaciu.,"T u." "p""lrl-ÈLl he
::luir: Australia,
$rnce 1o chips to prevent this.
Holland,_B.it"i", a"'a-oih", ólrrni". d iff
1.9'ngafter the U.S., their governments had legalizedCB
took the hint Chr
orrectly with the -or" .""ù." "hi;;i;;it"'iro*".,r", and started off
osc
legattoophotes,cerrain-,r!"i;J;;à"i, through various
"rò"ril in the U.S. and other suc
countriesare still allowedto be impóitJ;i;"th" ..good,,pLL
and this subjectwill be coveredi; chips,
;:;;;;;;;iii;;""
The
and
In all fairness I should mention th_at imp
someinterestingfeaturesnorround the newestchips are capableof eno
in
automaticcommandof the Ct r"""iS earìi"r'sl;"rrtio.rs. For example. e vtrt
Éili*à""" Ci,r""el or Channel
19 Road InformationChannel,.scan.rirrg,,i"Àó.v,
keyboardcontrol, the
sreater reliabilirv. ete. This.is,!"ri.;iiy. ;h;;;?e u sir
PLr t echnotosv is todav,.and rh"r; state-of_the_art in
i;iil;l; -ì.à ir,., chip
oo to preventany determin^ed eouernmentscan typi
radio
rearrywants to' I think it's safeto hobbyisfl;;*úifyi;;;;rc fi; chip
oeLarlrngoperationof the latest pLL assu-mé that iniormation in this book
d""l;;. ;ìlTLe accuratefor rnanv spe
years to come.And since there SA1
"r" ,tiìi.ifìio"" "f "f a* ,ig" ;;ì A;;?
 the world to needing maintenance, the amount of attention devoted to these older
rfor all those rigs is justified.

B00K
0RGAt{tzATt0il
ere required
acturers had
raminimum I've divided this book into three general sections. The first section
was the PLL describes basic PLL theory in "building block" form. We'll start with
I its CB ex- the simplest chips and proceed to the most complex, in
ell along. In chronological order becausethat's the way they have evolved. In this
had already way, you'll begin to understand how the various IC changes affcct
first circuits servicing and modification. I'll assume that you have very littlt'
ts 9 discrete electronic knowledge, even though some of you may be very well-
re electronic informed about other areas of CB electronics.The PLL circuits will only'
oday's PLL be illustrated in "bìack box" or block diagram form to keep things reall)'
rel selection simple. For example, a transistor switching circuit will be representecl
ge-Scale-In- symbolically as a simple switch. Components like resistors, capacitors,
see,this fact etc. will rarely be shown at all unless very essential to the discussion.
iability and This way you'll never have to worry that you've gotten in over your
bugs make head! Specific radio theory regarding AM, FM, or SSB communication s
not directly related to the PLL are left up to you for further study if
interested. Some very basic radio theory must be included, but I've tried
to keep it very uncomplicated. Since I want everybody to learn
ause of the something about this subject, some areas are oversimplified, and I ask
mpeting for that you professional technicians out there have a little patience if
uencieswas something seemsobvious to you.
asically the
3enerations
I its rules to The second section deals with modification methods as they apply ttr
revent this. different generations of PLLs. We'll be discussing such things as Truth
egalizedCB Charts, programming in binary, BCD and ROM, Loop Mixers, external
started off oscillators, and tips on how to attack the various types ofPLL circuits
rgh various successfully.
J.and other
PLL chips,
The last section shows technical specsand block diagrams ofthe chips
and circuits themselves. I've included every known chip of anv
importance. (There were a few very old chips that never lasted long
r capableof enough to bother discussing.) To my knowledge this is the only book
or example, ever published devoted entirely to the subject of CB PLLs. Along with
cr Channel the chip pin diagrams is included a list of every radio make and model
ud control, using that chip which was known at press time. Since several groups of
'f-the-art in chips work the same way, I've also included sample Truth Charts
lments can typical of such groups. I've tried to include special notations when a
garigifhe chip contains some unusual feature you should know about. All the
.nthis book specific pin functions were gathered from manufacturers' spec sheets,
lefor many SAMS Fotofacts and other service manuals, and personal experience,
:sout there
-3-
 -

and are accurateto the bestof my knowledge.

If you don't find vour oarticular.rig moder

incrudedhere,chancesare
that it's identicalio ",,-. ott.. ris,".;;;h;;;;."
Far E asr.companie-s(Cybernà;,ú';i.il;;iiu*on) basically now three
the world'sCB radiosanyway.O"; p-il;;È that m ake gg%,of
.h;;;ì;-;;
under dozensof brand namesas most óf youairàaay #;;i.i
well-known know. F.orcertain
chassis,I've incluied';ffiit; pt';oard numbersso
youmightpossiblyidentifyu" u"t-íu"*ii*in that
,t ur number.
to Englandandtrìurope
in l9g1to srudytheCBsituation
Yl_r^*'o^Llto:
tnerehelped gathering
crqa-tlyin tÉ.especiuicircuit ínio.rn.att;; f;;;
tn";. pages.M_ost Americans will never.;th" ,;;;;;;;;;;1.,;ì
lltherr tavorire
radios:informationun ti,ÀuJàiiionoi!nà*,"r"i'0:i;ó
channelsand FM shouldhelpyour o*"
y ou seeh ow th ey're don^e -oain"ution attemptswhen
com'nier.i.ll;. ì;i;;;ti ;; ;; ;ir;'ií;il;;;
versions of popularAmericanrigs,as wellas thenewest ,.legal,.
FM rigs' arrivàdiustin time r" "'il;;;iliJ U.K._
an i n ternarionalreferenrewgtlj'Éi foor, .o that rhis is trulv
;;;;;;"."iiòi.'srp.r.tar
rh;;;;;il ;i' :;;o'oii{
rigsIike^rhe c^obra
r48GTi-tx.,Fi ri,nrì
Galaxv2t00superGaraxv. 86003900.
andRangà; ÀirGoo fiàJ".i*J ií",,"rr""
U.S.,andareincjudedin $òti; ilI.^ifi/iÉrliir,"_rrics
theseif you
needone.)In.addiiiun,'i;;B;ri;îCÈ onmosrof
overto theAmericanF(:('channir-".rer;."i'so sysremhaschaneed
usingthe AmericanpLL cnrpsanyway. UK radiosarenow

Obviously it's verv difficult (and expensive!)

to contrnuously update a
boo-klike this as new modeis.^p;";;,-b;;;t"
ù-uri" information f.r
understanding any plL circuit yàu'll .u".
*" """ be found here. I,ve
personally managed to. careìog literally
iÀ".r""a" of makes and
models,over manyyearsby the u-se
"f SAi4S-i..t;fu"t., i;"1;;;;;.;i;;
manuals, and schematicssent tome by -y ,"ra"... ,_
f "f *rv."u.*iorà
to add new radio models to my files f-;;i;ù
furure revisions and to
help my readersidentifv a specific"hu..i,
,,. itii circuit. photocopies
of rig circuit- diagrams u." ,lrvuy.--uop.""lràa.
I weìcome your
commentsand suggestionsand frupétt is
UooLhelps yt,u.
Good luck in the Battle Of The pLLl

Lou Franklin, K6NH P h o e ni x , A r i z o n a U

"Supersparks" , .S.A.

-4-
, chancesare
ìly now three
make99%of
may be sold
v.l'or certain
rbersso that
rber.

CB situation
nation found
f" modelsof
Lother80-120
empts when
heEuropean
'legal"
U.K.-
Ithis is truÌy SECTION I
s of "export"
r 3600/3900,
rived in the
s on most of
ras changed
lios arenow
BASIC PLL BACKGROUND
rly updatea
rmation for
rd here.I've
makes and
tory service
aysanxtous
rionsand to
?hotocopies
lcome 5,clur

o n aU
, .S.A.
FBEOUEIICY
MIXIIIG

This principle is so basic to radio theory, whether AM, FM, or SSB, that
it must be discussed briefly before proceeding further. The reason is
becausemixing or "conversion" is a processthat requires two or more
signals, and if there are no longer any crystals used to provide such
signaìs, we have to find them somewhere!And that "somewhere" is in
the PLL circuit.

Whenever two signaÌs are mixed together electronically, the result is

two new frequenciesin addition to the originals. These new frequencies
are nothing more than the sum and difference of the original two, as
seenin Figure 1. In this example,by mixing a 10 MHz and a 15 MHz
signaÌ together,the result will be 10 MHz, 15 MHz, SMHz (15 MHz - 10
MHz) and 25 MHz (15 MHz + 10 MHz). By then passing the signals
through a selectively tuned circuit, only one of the mixing products will
remain and the other will be rejected.The mixing processis important
in PLL circuits becauseit provides other signals required to operate the
radio that have nothing to do with the actual channel generation. Of
course these other signals could be generated by individual crystai
oscillators or tuneable oscillators, but this adds cost and complexity to
the radio. The first generations of PLL circuits did use up to 6 individual
crystal oscillators but they've now evolved to the point where a singÌe
70.240MHz crystal is all that's needed,at least for AM or FM.

FIGURE 1, BASIC SIGNAL MIXING PROCESS

-5-
 t the mix in_gprocess_1o
.Y ! si.i s n a l s The reason is becausemost of
the n e e d e di n a 2 7 ._iaportant?
MHz CB;is;;;';"
directly and economic"'y *hii;ì;ii;s difficult to process
ff;;;* good performance.
The CB/10M Ham band is considered"a
.utfr". frìgf, frequency, and it,s
much better to convert a27 MHz,ls""l
ào*;to'9o-_" lower frequency
where the various Receive_,2Tr"""rni
"lr"uit" *o"r, t o" "o touchy. you,ve
probably seen the terms,,Single-";;;;;r;;;''
applied to receivers;this m.eans ;; .,Doubte_conversion,,
"mixed", that the ZiùHz signaÌ is ,,converted,,,
or ,,heterodvn"a" ao-"-o.r"";;;;;
that's easierto pr.t,cess. to a iower frequency
"dual-con A_typicalAM ;. FMó;rig -"o-.r,ru."ro.,
is generalÌy of the
versit,n" 6uo". For SSB, u .i.rgl"
neededbut since theie are nu Ce.ig" is all that,s
l,;;i;;;;ìy
"us" SSB capability, the
majority crfmultimode tranr"uirr"..
dr.f8."""."i" n forAM and FM
onty. with the SSB circuirs.r.i;;
;;ì;;rì;;i; "o,.,r"rsron. (Sinele_
crnversion quire
is acceptabte r* ssÉ il;;l;,h"
passedthrougha verv sharp.crysral C;R';i;;;i;,"r;:
10.G9b filter, tvpi""ffl "ri;;;;%MH;,
MHz, or rr.275lvrur.feî"ìlìlrì'*;".',!1_,u,"
passihgthem throush sharply-tuned up or down and
circuiis,iil" _u"h easierto get
o_":,fo.Tance,
:^ _:-1 eJoeciattii; ;;-";;.:i;J _"." runed
more.selectivity and sensitivityduring ."""ftiu.r, ."j circuits,the
reduction of unwanted,,spurious': ìh;;;;;
.ig"ìi.'a"ri! transmission.

ilTERME0tATE
FnE0uEilctEs
ftFl

lhe resuìt of converting a 27 WHz

signaì down to a lower frequencv
is an ,.interm"dtrt"iifi;;;;;
duringreceprirn
;; ùi:;. iHH;:::
often th.e only I I.', as shown in Figure
Z'-a.Érv"rr". when a double
conversionoccurs,the resu.ltis two
"high" IFs. tt """ u.u called the ,.first,,or
II,' and the ,,second""J ,:lgrr;f n f,i*ùl
two IF frequencies are almost .,rrir,"..riÌy r_o For CB use,these
iO.AósrrAffr, and 4Sb KHz.
This is partlv becaus".*"I" was
already . loi uf existing electronic
equipment using theseIFs long t"f"."
òÍ."df. "r_" along. (Eg, AM
and F M broadcast receivers,portabres,
'fhus "rro.t*àì" recelvers,scanners.
aut' radios,
etc.) yreeded p;;;. ;;';ri".ai""à,rriìT
manufacturers, {t-re,
provenreliaur", tì
u"a "fr"àp.A.rith".."u"onis because
a
very clever use of the pLL c-ir"uit,
*frl"f,ll;l-;"; always based upon a
10.240 MHz Master Oscillator,
"injection" "u; ù; _.àì ," provide these IF
signaÌs. When rhe i"j"";i;;s;iii",
utou"
it's called "high-side" injection, and io*'-rììJ;r":ection rhe CB signal,
below the 27 MHz cB signal. otder ptLs is when it,s
u"la u"tr, methods but the
very newest chips use low-sideinjection
for reasons you,ll see later.

-6-
causemost of
rlt to process
performance. FIG T]RN 2. FREQ UE N (: Y CONV F:RS/ON PROC'ESS
Lency,and it's
verfrequency
ruchy.You've A . S i n g l eC o n v e r s i o n
t-conversion"
"converted",
,rerfrequency
neraÌly of the I n l e r m e d i a l eF r e q u e n c y( l F )
is all that's
CON VERT ER
apability,the o u t o u t t o D e t e c t o r& A u d i o A m p s
r AM and FM
sion. (Single-
I signals are
rear7.8MHz,
or down and
easier to get
d circuits,the
nd the more
.ission.

'er frequency
This stage is
hen a double
lhe "first " or
B . D o u b l eC o n v e r s i o n
lB use,these
rnd 455 KHz.
ng electronic
ong.(Eg,AM
27 MHz in 1sl or High lF 2nd or Low lF outDut
)rs,scanners,
availabie to lo Detector & Audio
n is becausea Amps
basedupon a
ide these IF
re CB signaÌ,
r is when it's
;hodsbut the
u'll seelater.

-7 -
 S_everalverypopular CB chassistypes use only a single
(Eg, IF of T.gMHz.
Cobra r40/.42GTL or Supersìarl;60wiíh MBé719pif,,
"Adams" itiil
138,/139xLR or President with 858 pLL.) In doing this,
recerverperformance was cheapenedanclselectivity worsened.
f-he faci
that these particular chassis are stilÌ e"tremely popular
t"J;;- i;
becausethey are very easy to modify, not becauseoftheir great
receiver
performancel A deluxe version of the Mtsg7l9
chassis (Eg, Cobra
148/ 2000G"rL.new President "Madison" and ',Grant',1 "rr"."li"t
,"lv
an. easy modification, but here the manufacturerstook
the troubre o"f
using dual conversionon AM with a stancìard4b5 KHz
IF. They also
charged you more for this feature. separate fiìters coulcìbe
usecrfor each
mode to increaseselectivity,becausean SSB signal only requ
in,s ab<,,ut
half the bandwidth of AM or FM. Where in the iirst^"ru_;i;;
compromisedIF filter bandwidth is usedwhich is basicaily
to, *ià" for
SSB and too narrow for AM,zFM, in the ,,de.luxe,,cha-.ssisyuu g"i
gl":ll"-"-t_la"ctivity in every mode. The use of separate SSe ;à
AM/FM IFs is also found in all American ,.rd Eu.opur.,
,r".oiu.r. o]
rigsusing the verv popular pr,L0 2Aprl, chip. This
sÀort background
on design trade-offs will help your ,.,ncle"stanclingof plt,
iiil;
circuits to be described later.

SS8MIXII{G

Some unique problemsoccurwith pLL or crystal rigs in the

SSB mode.
With AM and FM rigs, all we need to do is to generate(or
receive)a
carrier signal and then modulate (or clemodulatl)it. However
for SSB,
the only signal that exists i,son a radio frequency'but is ct
"carrier. anging aiJ
audio rate, above and below the suppressed .lhe
voice in_
telligence is contained only in the upper (USB) or
"sidebands". lo*e, (iSÀ)
For voicecommunications,ihesesidebandsare rimitedJo
about 3 KHz aboveand below the main carrier frequency.(The
limiting
o.ccursby filtering in the mike amplifiers and t-he .f,".p
fl ".v.t"j
filter.) For example on U.S. Channàl 1,26.965MHz,
the USB ;i;;;i
wou-ld.extend up as high as 26.96bMHz + .003MHz - 26.96gMHz."The
LSB signal would extend down as low as 26.96bMHz _.003
MHz _
26.962 MHz. (3 KHz =.003 MHz for those of you who didn,t
realize I
convertedto make the math easier.)The pLL clrcuits must
thereforebe
able to offset themselves. slightly, mixing with the
ott ". ."quiràà
signals during-ssB reception or transmissilon. In addition,
the carrier
oscillator which providesthe carrier for alÌ modes(AM,
FM, SSB) must
also be detuned or offset slightly for SSB, (*) o. (_) as
appiopriate. In
this,way the mixing process will produce the correct
fr"qu".r"v f-
on-channel operation. The SSB offsàts are done very easily
ty "*it"h-
ing in a small bit ofcapacitance or inductance whenever you
change the
mode switch' (This same detuning idea is used otr aiu o.
rirl rigJ trràl
have a front panel DELTA TUNÈ,control.)
- ò -
F of 7.8MHz. A very sharp IF crystal filter is neededfor SSB which will only pass one
PLL, Cobra of the two sidebands.This fiÌter is usually a large rectangular metal can
r doing this, on the main PC board. The newer Uniden chassis has its filter actually
ned.The fact built on a small PC board which sticks up vertically from the main P(l
lar today is board. These filters are uery expensive becausethey use up to 8 quartz
Jreatreceiver crystals to get their sharp seÌectivity. Since you would need two ofthese
r (Eg, Cobra very expensive fiÌters, one for USB and one for LSB, it's much cheaper
Tersnot only to offset the PLL and carrier oscillators through the appropriate
he troubleof switching rather than use two filters for two slightly different I I"
F. They also frequencies. In other words, a constant IF is maintained during SSll
usedfor each use.The cost ofa few resistors,capacitors,transistors,or even a second
rquilcs about crystal osciÌlator is only a fraction of the cost of that secondIF filter'
t e x a m p l ea
y too rvide for The offset process will be very obvious as you study the SSB block
ssrsyou get diagrams in Section III, and is also the reason you will see slightly
LteSSR and different VCO frequenciesshown in the rig's service manual charts.
r versionsof The offset detuning in SSB is still not quite good enough during
background reception,which is why SSB rigs must also have a front paneì control
"Fine-Tune", "Voice Lock", etc.The more common
PLL mixing called a "Clarifier",
"KC shifter". This circuit is nothing more than an
CB term is "slider" or
additional tuning inductance or capacitance wired in parallel with the
main USB,/LSB offset mixers. Think of it as an extra-fine-tune
adjustment to the offset mixing process. The range of most sliders is
factory-limited to about + 1 KHz from channel center, "strapand only wor-ks
e SSBmode. in the iìeceive mode. A very common modification is to over" the
or recerve)a slider so that it will also shift during the Transmit mode' It's not only
rverfor SSB, very easy to do this, but also to increase the sìide range up to about + lr
lnging at an KHz. (Detailed methods for doing this are described in our book, THFI
he voice in- "SCREWDRIVER EXPERT'S" GUIDE.) Later vou'll seeexactlv how
ower (LSB) the offset SSB mixers and clarifiers are connected in the PLL circuit.
rrelimited to
The limiting
p IF crystal "()Dtl"
THE BRITISH
CHAI{I{ELS
USB signal
l8 MHz. The
.003MHz - Many peopìehave askedhow the unusual U.K. CB channelsaffectPl 'l'
ln't realizeI operation. The channels are 27.60125MHz at Channel I up to 27.9912;t
thereforebe MHz at Channel 40, with standard 10 KHz channel spacings. The
rer required answer is that the PLL itself has practically nothing to do with iti
t, the carrier Surprised?A big fuss was made over the belief that when CB was
f, SSB)must recently legalized in Britain, the rigs would need special PLL chips' As
propriate.In it happens, most rigs do have special chips but not becauseof the
'equency for
unusual frequencyassignment.It would have beenjust as easy to use
y by switch- existing chips. The fact that U.K. Channel I is 27.60125MHz rather
u changethe than a nice round number like 2?.600MHz is easily accomplishedin the
FM rigs that offset mixing process like that just described for SSB. This process ts
external to the PLL chip itself. A PLL is only intended to svnthesize or
- 9 -
I
L
generate the channel spacings. The additional l.2S KHz above 27.600
MHz (or 3.5 KHz below 27.605MHz if you prefer)can be set by tuning
coils in the rig at the factory, or by you with an external slider controì.
f'he new U.K. chips are identical to most of the latest American chips,
literally pin-for-pin the same functions. The onÌv differenceis in the
chip's "N-Code" set and the l.2bKHz offset detuning of aìl transceiver
stages shown in F'igure 3. (N-Codeswill be explained in great detail
later.)

THE
PLLF()R
FMUSE

The use of FM over AM or SSB is legally required in many countries.

Ironically it's now becoming popular in the U.S. where itls officially
illegal! Most of the very popular Europeanrigs (Eg, Ham Internationai,
Major, Superstar) are simply the basic American chassis with extra
channels and FM already wired in. The most popular current American
manufacturers such as Cobra, Midland, president, and Coìt have
jumped at the chance to expand their markets by adding the
same
circuits to their American chassis and exporting them abroaì. The pI_L
circuits of all these rigs are basically identical and the differences will
be pointed out as we progress.First though, let's seehow the pLL is used
for FM operation.

During reception, the FM,zPLL circuit is identicaÌ to any other AM or

AM/SSB rig. The PLL is only neededto provide the chànnel spacing
and selection, and the IF injection frequencies.To receiveFM, a Àpeciai
FM detector circuit is switched in. This circuit is typically a single lc
q1{ a few external parts having nothing at all to do with tt e pf,i. pn4,
AM, and SSB are alÌ detectedafter the pLL has done its job on the RF
carrier bv IF mixing. (special PLL chips such as the NEb6 i are actually
used as FM detectors,but that's another subiect entirelv!)

FM transmission is where our PLL's flexibility is used.The pLL circuit

uses a very sensitivestage called a ,,Voìtage-Controlled Oscillator,,or
"VCO".
The smallestchangein the DC control voltage to a VCO circuit
will make it change its frequency.For the moment, just think of FM
transmission as a means of adding this smaìl voltage fluctuation to the
VCO. The fluctuating voltage is taken from the mike amplifier circuit
and is uer-ysmaìl compared to the amount of voltage that wouÌd shift
the rig to a completely different channel. Tun
lreq
In addition this FM voltage is changing a t an audio rafe, riterarÌy rising
and_falling up to 3,000times per second.(Assuming the audio islimitea
to the 3 KHz maximum typical of two-way radio systems.) The
_10_
above27.600
ret by tuning
lider control.
ericanchips,
nce is in the
I transceiver
great detail

Ú,I G I IR T.::ì. O P' I'S h:'I' 7' L]N I N G T,'OB NON-S T'A N DA II I)
ry countries. II.K.lil(]5. SSB. efc.
bis officially
rternational,
s with extra
nt American
d Colt have ToRX&TX
RX&TX
ng the same M IX ERS Amplifiers
,ad.The PLL
ferenceswilÌ
r PLL is used

rI <-1
other AM or
rneÌspacing
I
rM, a speciaÌ funed Coil Lî
r a singleIC
hePLL. FM,
rb on the RF
are actually

t
T u n e dC a p a c i t o r

: PLL circuit
tscillator" or
VCO circuit
think of FM
uationto the
rìifier circuit
I -=

; would shift
T u n i n g c i r c u i t s o f l s e t V C O f r e q u e n c i e sb y p r o p e r a m o u n l l o p r o d u c e d e s i r e d
f r e q u e n c i e se. x t e r n a l o l h e P L L c h i p i t s e l f .

erallyrising
lio is limited
stems.)The

- - -t l -
I
 word" modulation" simply means changing somethingin proportionto
somcthing else. Instead of changing the RF càrriàr
iouter in
proportion to the mike audio as in AM,zSSB,the carrier
friquency is
being changed in proportion to the mike audio. with FM tiansmission
we are simply taking advantage of the fact that the pLL's VCO is so
sensitive.

A B A S ICCR Y S TSAYLN T H E S I Z E R

'l'o
better understand what a pLL does,let's first compareit to the order
crystal-synthesizedmethod of signal generation.This is easy to do if
you think of the entire crystal or pLL synthesizer
as a ,,black box,,
within a larger biack box, namely the whole radio. Figure 4 illustrates
a
very common AM crystal synthesizer in biock diagram form. It uses N
12
crystals to synthesize 28 channels. View the synthesizer within
the Èl
dotted.linesas a single box rather than the three smaller blocks which
compriseit. In the next step we'll just replacethe internal workings F\
of
the big box with a PLL instead
'q
\ì
In this arrangement there are two banks ofcrystals operating in the
MHz and Z'l Mlz range. Changing the channel simply "oi.,bi.,".
l4 s
Fr
u C,)
different pair of crystals togethei. when each crystar u""t '" oscilrator X
is combined in a mixer and passedthrough tuned circuits,
the sum
frequencv-of approximately 88 MHz is cholen. This 3g rvrrr"
sig"ai i"
sent to both a Transmit Mixer stage, and the First Recei.,". Mi*er"stage.
In the_Receiver î)
Mixer, the incoming 27 MHz signal is combined with ihe
lÌ8 MHz signal from the synthesizer. The difference frequency in the
1l
MFIz range (88 MHz - 27 MHz = 11 MHz) is chosenthi; tim; by tuned f
circuits and bec'mesthe first receiverIF. This 11MHz IF is then passed \n
along to a second mixer where it's combined with the outo"l f;-; {
separate f 1.730 MHz crystal oscillator. The difference frÀquency
is
chosenagain; this differenceis the standard 4bbKHzsecondìF *úich
is then detectedand amplified in the audio chain.
È

The transmit mixing is much simpler. The Bg MHz signal

sent to the
Transmit Mixer from the synthesizeris mixed with a separate
ll.27E
MHz Transmit Oscillator. The difference frequency if ZZ
MH, i,
chosen, passed through tuned circuits, amplified and moduìated.

Here'sa specificexample:For U.S. ChanneÌ 1,26.965MHz, the

Channel
Selector switch will connect crystals of ZZ.2}OMHz and 14.9b0
MHz.
]f 9set_w9signals mix to produce a signal of 23.290MH z 14.}E}MHz _
+
38.240 MHz. In the Transmit Mixer, this 8g.240MHz signal will
mix
-12-
proportlon to
er power in €
frequency is
à K
a =
;ransmission 3i
?
6 o
,'s VCO is so Y O E N
ro I
rat
ìe E
o
(t
\

it to the oÌder N
I
easyto do if ? =
"black box" =
t\
ra) Òl
3 f-
I illustrates a q
'm. lt usesl2 N
'r within the n
q
N
I
E
rlockswhich (D
workings of Fr It

3
q
t.ì
t r l
:ingin the 14 H l' I ' I I
1
combines a p I I
r's oscillator I I
its, the sum O T I
Hz signaÌ is U T I
Mixer stage. a T T
nedwith the T I
ncyin the I 1 I I
me by tuned
then passed {
I T
rtput from a
I I
I I
frequencyis I I +cé + 6 8 I
nd IF which
I I
I
ì.íoE -'e 6
I Ég
I
o I sa
= €
Llsent to the L I I I I I ' I I ' I IJ R rr-
.E
ante 77.275
27 MHz is
.ulated.

theChannel
14.950 MHz.
4.950MH2=
nal will mix
-13-
witlr the 71.275 MHz Transmit Oscilìator, producing a difference of'
26.965MHz which is the correct on-channel frequency.(38.240MHz
-11, .275 MHz - 26.965MHz.) Notice that the transmitted sign al is only
converted once in frequency, and this will also be true for PLL circuits.
However the receiver, being AM, uses dual-conversion for best
performance.So its signal is converteddown oncemore.The incoming
signal nf 26.965 MHz first mixes with the 38.240 MHz synthesizer
signal, the difference is chosen, and the result is the first lF of ll.27l:
MHz. (i18.240 MHz - 26.965MHz - 11.275MHz.) When this first IF is
then rnixedwith the separate11.730MHz ReceiverOscillator,the result
KI{2. (11.730MHz - 11.275MHz = 45b KHz.)
is 4r-rl-r

Earlier I mentioned that PLLs use IF frequenciesthat are usually

10.Éi95MHz and 455 KHz partÌy becausea lot of existing tuning coils
were available.In this exampìethe first IF is obviousÌy11.275MHz but
in fact the tuning coils are stiÌl the same as they would have been for
10.695MHz; these coils can cover a wide frequencyrange. Iìemember
this when examining specific PLL circuits becauseyou may find that
the math for the IF's doesn't compute exactly; if the IF appears to be
slightÌy different from that calculatedor shown on the circuit diagram.
it's becausethese tuning coils are often detuned slightÌy to pass the
c0rrect frequency.

EQUIVALENT
PLLSYI{THESIZER

Now let's substitutea new "box" for that ofthe crystal synthesizer.1'he
internal workings of the box itself wilì be saved for Ìater. For the
moment, just picture it as a total unit and you'll understand it more
easily. F'igure5 shows a circuit which is almost identicaÌ to the crvstal
synthesizerof Figure 4. Alt the mixers and conversionsare the same.
'l'he
PLL synthesizer simply produces an exact signal in the 37 MHz
range, dependingupon the setting ofthe Channel Selectorswitch. f.his
signal goesoff in two directionsagain, to theTransmit Mixer and First
ReceiverMixer.

L)uring Transmit, this 37 MHz PLL output is mixed with a sign:rl

coming from a separate 10.695MHz crystal oscillator circuit. 'l'he
mixture passes through tuned circuits which select the difTerence
frequencyin the 27 MHz range and is the actual on-channelfrequencv,
similar to the previousexample.

l)uring Receive,the 37 MHz signal from the pLL mixes with the
-t4-
L difference of
, (38.240MIÌz
signaìis only N
ra ;Èg:
'PLL circuits. I
Y E 6E
sion for best (o < o à
ro
The incoming
z synthesizer
;t IF of 11.271-r
this first IF is
ltor, the result
N
N I
I = E
E o
N r.ft (D
tt are usually or .!
ct
U) I o
g tuning coils
t . 2 7 5M H z b u t
have beenfor F-,
4e.Remember z
may find that q
I ?
appearsto be \ì
= E
'cuitdiagram. *ì
F l\

ly to pass the t-
z rI I

F
I I '
1
I
\ì
I I
I
\\ I = I
\
I I I I
f,ì
=
t-
(l
I I =t-
rthesizer.'Ihe T ì I (l
ater. F or the r{ I x I
stand it more I o T
,.cl
to the crystal S I J Y I
are the same. I o-o I
r the 37 MHz T-
I T
r switch. 1'his I fD T x ò
ixer and F'irst T I +e
t - I I I - I - I I I I J <

Nl!
E

vith a signal
: circuit. 'l'he
he difference
relfrequencv,

xes with the

incoming 27 M}Jz signal to produce the first or high IF, which in this
case is 10.695 MHz. This signal then passes to the Second Receiver
Mixer. In this stage, a very clever extra use is made of the PLL box. It so
happens that almost all PLLs require a "reference oscillator" circuit of
I0.24OMHz to operate. By borrowing a bit of that 10.240M}Jz energy
and sending it up to the Second Receiver Mixer, guess what happens?
Here's the math: 10.695 MHz - t0.240 MHz = 455 KHzr. Once again,
we've managed to make a dual-conversion receiver. and with standard
tuning circuits.

Notice a small but subtle difference in my labeling on the right-hand

side of Figures 4 and 5. In the crystal synthesizer, the second receiver
mixer output says "455 KHz to AM Detector" while in the pLL
synthesizer it says, "455 KH zto AM or FM Detector.Why not FM for the
crystal version? Disregard the fact that FM CB is not tegal in the U.S.
and that CB had not yet been discoveredin the rest ofthe world where it
often is legal. The reason is purely technical. It's very difficult to
frequency-modulate a crystal oscillator for 27 MHz use; the crystals
can't be "pulled" far enough away from their cut frequenciesfor proper
FM deviation to occur. Commercial two-way FM radios that operate in
the VHF or UHF bands can be easily crystal-controlled because the
crystal is multiplied up many times in frequency for final operation.
When such a signal is multiplied up, any change in the controlling
crystal frequency will also be multiplied by the same amount. With th;
PLL, we use a VCO circuit that's very sensitive, and can easily generate
FM where a crystal-synthesized rig could not.

ELEMEl{TS
f)FTHE
PLLSYSTEM

Time now to look inside the mysterious "black box"; I can,t avoid it any
longer! If you're with me so far you'll have little trouble. The description
will be very basic here, getting more specific as we progress.

Trying to describe PLL operation is a little like the situation of giving

somebody a very small gift wrapped up in a very large box. There's a
box within a box within a box, all coveredwith wrapping paper. So far
we've only looked at the wrapping; time to seewhat's inside! Part of the
problem lies in the name, Phase -Locked,-Loop.There's no real be-
ginning to a loop or circle, so it's possibleto jump in anywhere. Once you
understand what each main PLL element does, you can pick the
starting point that you prefer.

Figure 6 shows the basic elements of any PLL system. Arrows show the
direction of signal flow. It's obvious that the signal goes around in one
_16_
, which in this
cond Receiver
PLL box. It so
ator" circuit of
0 MHz energy
rhat happens?
r! Once again,
with standard

t
,heright-hand Ft
econdreceiver p
e in the PLL q
not FM for the \ì
gal in the U.S. \ì
world where it x
ry difficult to
e; the crystals
e
ciesfor proper .n
J
;hat operatein ,'a
'd becausethe Ft
z
nal operation. z Io
he controlling f
o-
ount. With the z
asily generate {

U
q
{
=-
:
e.l
r't avoid it any
b .È9
he description J:l
ress.
& E(,
ttt ;i
tion of giving È È
rox. There's a
N o
I paper. So far î
de!Partofthe = E P
;iG
9
s no real be- T
II p8
(\
rere,Onceyou ci

can pick the

towsshow the
aroundin one
-17 -
 big.circle-or loop. The order I,ve chosen to describe 'l'h
each element is one
which I think is the easiest to understand. (()
ifrà-_u:o, building blocks
are: I t's
tìot
s()
l. ReferenceOscilìator & Divider: I'I,
2. programmableDivider: ('fy
3. phase Detector; loo
4. Loop or Low_passFilter:
b. Voltage_ControlledOscillator(VCO)
PR
()SCILLAT(]F
REFERENCE & DIVIOER
'l'lr
îre(
This circuit connects to the,outside_world (:oIl
through an ordinary crystal
oscilìator.
The very newestchips have i"t"r"li "."il"i"i. ('on
that's.needed irr"ì"""ii
is the crystalitseif a;; , i"* "ó""itors. However thc
majority of chips in current use still need the
a' u"tuur t...rristor oscillator te<r
circuitwith th"^"Iyit-"1:Jhl..os"ilfator op"rrìJ.if_.rt,rniversally nur
trequencyof I0.240MH_r, felyerv oìd dusigns at a
used other rìLlf
such as E.l2 MHz or 10 MHz.)!S_ órhl;
Tho ;"u;;;l;il"",r." with ,,digiral,, [)ro
eÌectroniccircuits,it's verv easvto divider.ignàl a lrr
orro.zaónrui frvti"
number"1,024".If this is don", itru.urulii. u.,?ulput
10 KHz, (1,0.240 r.om the divider of
MHz -.- \0?4 = 10 KHzf;hich lrr"t t .pp".r" to
required channeÌ spacing for most of ti" ;;;ii'. be the
cg "é."i""r. I.la
times a few channersskip around bv 2o o.3o so-"_ <li,r
KiL but this is accounted
for in the next section,tÉe p.ogrrmm;;I" ("(-)
ó;;;..
c'irc
prol
j^Xa-iddisital techniqueswere used with pLLs. .I.his word ,.digital,, I)ia
relers to any electronic circuit tlat can prol
only recognizeone of two
states,
91"1i_f:! "oN', which are typicalty calted ,,/and ,,O,,,,,HIGH,, gra.
"Low", and
or and ,,or.F". Tú"[;i; aìgiiàr a",,i"" as simply a cha
switch, such as the ON/OFF,*it"f, or, À!,ì;: ( lod
of digital is. "analog',, which is , "ir";;l il" electronicopposite
t'h;; ".., "rru.rg" its values ordi
continuously from each-possible"*i."-" sup
,"a theoretically has
of possible values. Th" tóiúùd^"o.,tror is an analog and
h::ff;"d" new
irnp

Many-of the most recent chips actually use

the
srgnaì^todividedown bv 2,0ía,givingà aì"ij", I0.240MHzreference PHA
than l0 KHz. And somechips"ur, ,"tit "iihà" ""tp"t of b KHz rather
a-r"i"io" ,"tio. The 5 KHz
steps make certain PLL function" u""i".
ìo à"co-pfi"fr, as we,ll see 'l'hi
later.
fron
-18_
 'fhe purpose
elementis one of the Reference Divider is to provide a very stab.lt,
ruilding blocks r'omparisonsignal against which all other signals will be synthesized.
It's obvious that if the 10.240MHz signal is not exactly on frequency,
none of the other PLL signals will be either. So all PLL circuits have
some way to trim their outputs to the correct frequency. The majority oi'
PLLs use a small value trimming capacitor or coil in the reference
crystal circuit, although a few PLLs make the adjustments later in the
loop.

PRf)GRAMMABLE
DIVIOER

'f
his is reaÌly the heart of the PLL synthesizer,and a common sourceof
frequency modifications and expansions in most older chips. Iìy
connection to the outside world at the Channel Selector switch, a
rdinary crystal
command is made to divide down whatever signal it's receiving from
rtors where all
the VCO by a precise number. This number is generated using digital
l. However the
techniques and is called an "N-Code", "-: N", or "Divide-By-N"
;istoroscillator
number. The N-Code is a number based upon the digital or "binary"
rniversaÌÌyat a
number system rather than the common decimal system used b5'
. other crystals
people. The word "binary" refers to a pair of two things and it was
with "digital"
already pointed out that a digital circuit can only recognize two states.
140MHz by the
n the divider of
rpens to be the
Each position of the Channel Selector switch changes the N-Code
rervices.Some-
slightly by connecting either a positive DC voltage ("1") or ground
is is accounted
("O") to the appropriate IC pins on the PLL's Programmable Divider
circuit. There are typically 6 to 10 pins on the chip devoted to the
programming function. On the cover of this book is a chip's Block
Diagram showing "P," to "Pu"; the "P" stands for "Program". The
word "digital"
programming pins are called "bits" and the total number of pro-
ize one of two
"HIGH" and gramming pins or bits has a direct relation to the number of possible
, channels which can be synthesized. Many times a special type of N-
ce as simply a
Codecalled "Binary-Coded-Decimal"or "BCD" is used instead of the
tronic opposite
ordinary binary code. This is partly becausethere's a lot of electronic:
Lngeits values
support hardwàre around using BCD inputs, such as keyboard controls
rretically has
and [,ED number displays. It's also becausewhen used with the verv
, is an analog
newest chips, BCD programming helps make modifications almost
impossible.

MHz reference
rf5 KHz rather PHASE
OETECTflR
rtio.The5 KHz
h, as we'll see
This circuit is the decision-maker in the PLL. It receives two signals
from both the Reference Divider and Programmable Divider and
-19-
compares them, Ìooking for an exact match in the divided-down
b5
frequencies. The ReferenceDivider will usualÌy be exactly 10 KHz or
is
5 KHz. (10.240MHz -. I,024 ot 2,048.)However the input from the
cÌ
Programmable Divider may not necessar y be these exacf frequencies,
in which casean error exists.The phase I)etectoris intended to sense
this error and do something about it. when inputs to the phase Detector
vt
are not matched,the loop is said to be,,unlocked',or,,searching.,,The
Phase Detectormust bring the loop into lock by an appropriateoutput 'tl
command to the VCO. This command is in the form ola vàry small bC
bt
correctionvoÌtage,1+1or (-) as required.Most phase deteciorshave a
St
secondoutput calìed a "Lock Detector".If a great error exists between
n(
the compared signals that can't be correcteàin the normal way, the
Lock Detector switches to its opposite Ìogic state. For exampÌe,ii the
St
S€
Lock Detectoris normally at a logic ,,t', oi hign DC voÌtage,Àe out_of_
v(
lock condition will causeit to switch over to the "o" or gróunded state.
th
This change is sensedby an externar switching circuii that's usua y
ul
wired to turn off the transmitter (and sometiÀes even the receiveri.
preventing off-frequency or unstable operation. How far the loop b(
cal I)
vary within its normal lock-up frequenciesis called its ,,capturera^nge.,,

th
L()f)P
{)RLOW-PASS
FILTER

This circuit immediately follows the phase Detector,and is designedto

smooth out the digital waveform entering the VCo circuit. Becausethe B
g(
Phase, Detector is sampling and compaiing inputs at a digitaÌ rate,
literally millions of times per second, thàre will always be high_ t)
intensity "spikes" c.ming out of it. It's impossibre for any erectricaior di
SC
mechanical device to switch on and off initantaneouslyj you can,t go
from zero to some higher value just like that. (No doubt yóu',re seenyolr th
{-
house lamps dim slightly when a Ìarge motor like an air-conditioning
compressorsuddenly switched on; it took time for things to equalize.)IÌ in
these spikes were allowed to pass on to the VCO, they could-causeíhe fr
oscillator's frequency to "jitter" around unstabÌy. The spikes are of a sI
hìgher frequency than the normal digital pulsel and thàt,s why this I)
element is often called a Low pass F tér. It sìops high frequencieJfrom
passing through it. This is exactly the same idea asthe Low pass filter
used on the back of a rig which prevents high frequency harmonics F(
IS
from causing TVI.
re
th
The.T.oop.Filter may be a circuit as simple as a capacitor/resistor th
combination at the output ofthe Phase f)etèctor, or it can take the form
ofan actuaÌ "active filter" inside the chip itseÌf. The active filter is now
(i{
more common as engineers figured out how to cram more and more Ì..
functions int. the chip structure itself. This simplifies design (and cost!)
TI
-20-
vided-down by reducing the number ofexternal circuit parts needed.The Loop Filter
y 10 KHz or is sometimes called a "Charge Pump" because its input capacitor
ut from the charges up to help keep the output waveform very pure.
[requencies,
dedto sense v0LTAGE.C0t{TR0LLE0
0SCtLLAT0n
fVC0l
aseDetector
ching." The
riate output The VCO is a very interesting circuit that has many usesin electronics
ry small DC besidesCB radios, such as the Automatic Fine Tuning (AFT) in a TV or
:tors have a stereoreceiver.The VCO is an oscillator whose frequency is determined
sts between not by the usual coils, capacitors, or quartz crystals, but rather by a
ral way, the special device called a "varactor" or "varicap" diode. It's extremely
Lmple,if the sensitive to the slightest change in DC voltage applied across it. As the
e,the out-of- voltage increases,the diode's internal capacitance decreases,changing
undedstate. the VCO's frequency. Increasing the voltage can make the frequency go
at's usually up or down depending upon how the varactor is wired in the circuit, and
re recelver), both methods have been used in CB VCOs. The output of the Phase
,heloop can Detector looks exactìy like a "staircase" of DC voltage levels when
turerange." going through the range ofchannels, and the tiniest step up or down
wili shift the VCO to the next channel. If you measured this voltage at
the chip with a voìtmeter, you'd find a change as small as .05 volts DC
will shift an entire 10 KHz over to the next channel!

designedto Becausethe VCO is so sensitive to voltage changes, we can make very

Becausethe good use of this fact for FM transmission, SSB slider circuits, and
ligital rate, Deìta-Tune controls on AM,zFM rigs. If you study the schematic
rs be high- diagram of such a rig, you'll always find an extra varactor diode
electricalor somewherein addition to the one used in the VCO itseÌf. Figure Z shows
zoucan't go this general idea. For the SSB slider or Delta Tune, a control on the rig's
i7eseenyour front panel is used to change a DC voÌtage across a varactor diode; this
onditioning in turn changes the varactor's capacitance slightty and therefore the
equalize.)If frequency too. (A much more detaiÌed explanation of slider circuits and
ld causethe specific popular chassis modifications can be found in THE "SCREW-
kes are of a DRIVER EXPI]RT'S" GUIDE.)
is why this
Lencies from
v Passfilter For FM transmission,someof the audio from the mike amplifier circuit
harmonics is sampled off to be used as a control voltage. This voltage, which
rememberis changing at an audio rate,ís appliedto another varactor in
the VCO or Mixer stage at a sensitive place. The result is FM rather
than AM or SSB.
torlresistor
rkethe form
filter is now Continuing around the loop, you'll seethat the VCO's output is fed right
'e and more
back into the Programmable Divider and then to the phase Detector.
n (andcost!) The Phase Detector then decideswhether or not a 10KHz (b KHz) match
-21 -
 FIGIIRt,:7. {rsING 7'HL: SI,)NStT,It/b)
l/(:o sl,AGE
T0 pgoDtr('t: ssB/Dú)LTA_TUNE
Ot,p_ilrs oR r,.M

To RX & TX Mixers

V C O / Mt X ER
srAGE(S)

C l a r i f i e ro r
Delta-lune Control

* DC Control
Voltage
at Front panel
t 4
I
:

RX
,,VARACÎOB''
DIOOES o

AUDIO
MIKE AMPLIFIER
STAGES

To speaker (RX mode) or modulaled

RF stages (TX mode)

-2r-
fAGh) exists between the ReferenceDivider and the Programmable Divider. If
oR t-M so, the loop is ìocked on frequency. Ifnot, the Phase Detector sensesthis
difference and outputs a DC correction voltage to the VCO. This drives
the VCO up or down slightly in frequency untiì an exact match is found
and the loop locks. This entire PLL process can be compared to a
self-correcting mechanical servo system for those of you who are
mechanicalìy inclined. Although it may take many comparison cycìes
before an exact match is found, the entire processhappens in the wink
& TX Mixers of an eye!

You really begin to appreciatethe accuracy ofany PLL system when

you can compare it to the older crystal-synthesized rigs. For examplt:,
using an 8-digit Frequency Counter, I compared the carrier frequencv
accuracy of both types. Where the crystal rig might indicate say,
26.965316MHz on Channel 1 and 26.975124MH2on Channel 2, the
O/MIXER Pt,L rig will typically show something like 26.965004MHz on Channel
'AGE(s) 1,26.975004 MHz on Channel 2, and.27.405004 MHz on Channel 40. In
other words, the PLL is accurate all the way down to the last decimal
place!

We've now come full circle around the loop and hopefully you're still
there. It's now necessary to complicate things a bit more because
certain other PLL circuit functions must be explained to complete your
basic understanding.

THE
Lflf)P
MIXER
f)RO(]WII
Cf]I{VERIEF

The needfor Intermediate Frequenciesand SSB offset mixing has been

expìained. You've also seen how the very sensitive VCO circuit can
change the carrier frequency, slide an SSB clarifier, and generate FM
transmission. However there's still one more basic mixing process
requiredin the majority of rigs that use the older chip technology. While
this processcomplicates the circuitry, it also makes modifications a lor"
easier!

The extra mixing circuit is caÌled the "Loop Mixer", "Down Mixer", or
"Down
Converter". Figure 8 shows its addition to the basic PLL circuit.
Notice that exceptfor the addition of this extra mixer, the PLL circuit is
identical to that of Figure 6 on Page 17. A separate crystal-controlÌed
) or modulaled
mode) oscillator provides the extra mixing signal, and may be used directly or
multiplied up to get it close to the VCO frequency

_23-
 'fh
tht
thr
37
rÈl
dip
ne
'* = ò
x
I ar(
E : E
3 " o LJ T
o o
evl
I
Fi bo
q th(
X o
cr]
-=
e Fo
o
s(,
o
o
F.i J lor
z s\!
-o far
R F s;Ii
F.'. SS
p 4
x
col
q ofl
=
\-ì z Re
{ È

r\ 'r'h
ta os(
on
dif
I c:l-i
a o '

. o
\ J:l Th
E à Mi:
E(/,
act
a r g cor
mu
the
t()
pli(

TH

In

-24-
 The reason many older Pl,Ls require this extra mixing processis that
they were not able to directìy divide down the incoming VCO signal trr
the Programmable Divider. Most common VCOs run in the 16 MHz or
37 MHz range, and a frequency this high was impossible for older
digital dividers to handle; they just weren't fast enough.Nowadays the
newest"CMOS" PLL chips have beenimprovedto the point where thel'
are able to divide down a signaì as fast as 20 MHz. Such chips are
typically found only in AM or FM dual conversion rigs. You'lÌ
eventually learn to hate this particular technologicaì improvement,
becausethe Down Mixer stage was one of those perfect spots to modifv
the rig's frequencies by injecting a different mixer signal with another
crystal.

For SSB use,the f)own Mixer is again offset sÌightìy in frequency,as

seenin Figure 9. When you switch to LSB or USB, separate coils and/or
capacitorsare placed in the circuit whose values will detune the main
o loop oscillator by the correct amount. 'l-he offset circuits are typicaiÌy
z switched in by diodes or transistors, and may have fixed values or
g factory-adjusted trimmers. In most rigs the varactor circuit which
tt
F slides the Clarifier is also connectedhere. However there is one current
SSB chassis (with uPD2824 chip) where the 10.240 MHz crystal
= connectsto the Clarifier but a separate oscillator crystal is the one
x offset for the carrier itself. (Flg, Cobra 146GTL, President AR-141,
E
z RealisticTRC451, Sears6611.i1810.)
3

The Loop Mixer usualìy takes a signal generated from some other
oscillator and mixes it with the VCO signal. Tuned circuits then pass
only the difference frequency on into the Programmable Divider. This
differencefrequency is low enough to be handled by the older type of'
chip dividers, and is generally in the 910 KHz to 4 MHz range.

The crystal-controlledosciìlator signal that's injected into the Dowrr

Mixer can come from severalpossibÌesources.The most obvious is an
actual crystal oscillator using a transistor, and this is still the most
common method. In many cases, this crystal frequency must be
multiplied up by tuned circuits to get it close to the operating range of
the VCO. The most common multiplication is by a tuned coil designed
to double or triple the crystal frequency, although higher multi'
plicationshave been observedin somerigs.

TH5
E. 1 M
2 HL
z00P
M I X I N0G
UTPUT

In many newer chips, there's a provision right on the chip itself for a
signal that can be used for loop dorvn-mixing. This signal is typicalÌ5,
-2b-
 FIGURE 9. OT-FSETTING PLL FOR SSB MIXING ha
5.
an
tri
clr
To RX & TX Mixers US
í.1
an
lts
to
be
V C O / MI X E R
STAGES
CU

Lct
Ior
rvh
bet
I )i.
pr(
oul
thr
ex(
the
vet
Indivldualcoils,capacilorc,
or even crystals may be <rh
switched in heÌe. stil
req
corl

SP

Thr
O O W N M I X E RI N P U TS I G N A L S dea
0pe
bec
N O T E : l h e C a r r i e rO s c i l l a t o rs l a g e i s n o r m a l l y pin
o f f s e ta l s o i n a s i m i l i a rw a y .
T h i s m a i n t a i n sa s i n g l e l F t r e q u e n c yr o r a l l m o d e s
and thus only a
s i n g l el F l i l t e r i s r e q u i r e o .
THE

Thi
-26_
lr.-
 half the 10.240MHz ReferenceOscillator frequency, or 5.12 MHz. The
XING 5.l2MHz signal comesoff a pin right on the IC chip; it's already been
amplified and buffered internally. The 5.12 MHz signal is normallv
tripled to 15.360MHz (5.12MHz x 3) by a tuned coil,which pÌacesit verv
closeto a VCO running in the 16-17M}Jzrange.In a few Motorola rigs
using the TC9105chip, the VCO is running in the 37 MHz range, so the
5.12M Hz is multiplied up by 7 times to get it near this frequency. And in
another very common arrangement, the 10.240MHz master oscillator
itself can be doubled.Borrowing this 10.240MHz energyis a simplewav
to provide not only receiver IF injection as we saw earlier, but can als<r
be used to run the loop mixer itself.

{ TC H N IT
C U R R ETIE CRAE
LN O S

Loop mixing is one easy place for frequency modifications. Un-

fortunately the newest chips (Eg, LC7737, LC7136,TCg109, TC9119)
which are usedfor dual-conversionAM or FM rigs have no loop mixing
becausethey are capable of direct VCO division in their Programmabltr
Dividers. In addition they use special programming tricks to furthcr
prevent modifications. If you own a rig with one of these chips, you're
out of luck at the moment. There are however still millions of rigs out
there using Ìoop mixers. Many are obsoletenow but the most notable
exceptionsare the PLLO2A, MB8719, and uPD858 chassis,which arc
the most popular rigs in worldwide use,for obvious reasons!The ANI
versions of these rigs have generally disappeared because the newer
chips are more fooìproof. But the SSB versions are very common antl
still being marketed almost everywhere. That's because SSB usualll'
requiresloop mixing at this point in PLL technoÌogy, and details ol
common modifications can be found later in this book.

SPECIAL
CHIPFUtICTIl)t{S

There are severaÌ more options which may be found on PLL chips' Most
deal with resistance to illegal modifications, easeof circuit design, ancl
operatorconveniencefeatures.I'll briefly summarize some of these here
becauseyou'ìl need to understand them whenever you're studying thtr
pin diagram of a particular chip.
a similiaw r ay.
n d t h u so n l y a
THT
ER A N S M I T / B Ef TCl E
RSIIVHEI F T

This is a function found only in the very latest generation of chips

-27 -
designed mostly for AM or FM with dual-conversion receivers. I'veo
Examples are the LC7l20,LC7t30/31, LC7186/57,TC9106, TC9109, rvith
TC9119,uPD2814,and uPD2816.A specialIC pin shifts the N-Codeto 'l'ran
the Programmable Divider when that pin goes to its opposite logic îronl
state. l6M
doub
LI.K
For exampìe,the chip may have one set of N-Codeswhen the T,zRpin is rnste
grounded("O") and a different set of N-Codeswhen the T/R pin ishigh lri N'I
with +DC voltage applied(" 1"). You'lt find the chips with this featurein s:ìm€
any rig having only a single 10.240MHz ReferenceOscillator crvstal. d esip
pe a k
tune
was
Becausethere is no other signaì present in the loop that can be used for rnocl
mixing, receiverIF injection, etc., it's necessaryfor the chip itself to beto
generatethe 455 KHz shift used for the receiver'ssecondIF stage.The
T,/R pin is connected through transistor switching circuits to the mike
and sensesthe T/R change.When this change happens,the output of MISP
the Programmable Divider entering the Phase Detectoris of courseno
longer matching the ReferenceDivider's output. The phase Detector
then outputs its correctionvoltage to the VCO , driving it up or down to Man
lock the loop. Generaliy the VCO is driven 4b5 KHz higher in the i ll eg
Transmit mode. pr()g
tunc
be us
once
Chips with the T,uRshift are rarely used with multimode rigs having
bene
SSB, because SSB doesn't require the second 4b5 KHz receiver IF
conversion.One exception at the moment is the U.S. versions of the
Midland 6001/7001.They use the uPD2816chip, which has a T/R pin,
but the pin is not connected; instead a separate crvstal downmixer FREO
oscillator is used, which makes modificàtion easy again. So it's
possibìe,depending upon àou the chip is used, to modify rigs that are 'l'hi s
generally non-modifiable. (Later versions of the 600I/7001 use the
uPD2824,which is pin-for-pinidentical to the uPD2816minus the T,zR
KHz
" 1 "r
pin function.)
;Kh
r(]atl
freclr
The T,zR families of chips are among those first mentioned using an Rerm
internal 5 KHz ReferenceDivider output signal rather than f0 KHz. othe
The standard 10.240MHz crystal is used,but this time it's divided down and
by 2,048.(10.240MHz = 2,048 - 5KHz.) This is necessary becauseit's mod.
easy to get the 455KHz shift; by increasing the N-Code g1 counts from ICs l
the ReceiveN-Codes,the resuìt is 91 x bKHz - 41bKHz. Somechips shift
5 KHz/2.5 KHz for T,/R purposes.(Eg, PLL08A, PLL03A, TC9109.)
-28-
L.
ton Iecelvers. I've observedtwo other variations of the T/R shift idea. In the U.S. rigs
9106,TC9109, with the TC9109 chip, the N-code shifts up by 2,139 counts in the
theN-Codeto Transmit mode while at the same time the Reference Divider shifts
oppositelogic from 5 KHz steps to 2.5KHz steps. This drives the VCO down from the
16 MHz range usedin the Receivemode to the 13MHz range, where it's
doubled to produce the direct on-channel frequency. In the LC7136/37
U.K. rigs, the Reference Divider never changes its 5 KHz steps, but
instead simply shifts down by enough counts to drive the VCO from its
the T,rR pin is
',uR pin is high 16Mhz Receiverange to the 13 MHz range where it's then doubled in the
same way to produce the direct on-channel 27 MHz frequency. Both
this featurein
designs use an IC mixer where the various VCO outputs can either be
illator crystal.
peaked (16 MHz Receivemode) or doubled (27 MHz Transmit mode) by
tuned coils. The PLLO3A (now obsolete)worked on this same idea but
\ì/as way ahead of its time; when people discovered the rig couldn't be
:an be usedfor modified, sales of that chassis disappeared. The chip appeared long
: chip itself to before the FCC made manufacturers use such advanced ideas!
I IF stage.The
its to the mike
r,the output of MISPRÍ)GRAM
Cf)llE
fMCIPII{
is of courseno
hase Detector
; up or down to Many of the newer chips have special N-Code protection to prevent
higher in the illegal modifications. If you try to force an illegal program code on the
program pins with non-acceptablevoltages and grounds, this pin
function is activated. It's very similar to the Lock Detector in that it can
beusedto turn off the transmitter unless a legal program codeexists. So
onceagain, some ofthe extra "features" in the newer PLLS are for the
le rigs having benefit of the manufacturer and the ìicensing government, not for you:
lz receiver IF
ersions of the
las a T./R pin, FREOUETICY
SELECT
al downmixer
IFSIPItI
rgain. So it's
y rigs that are This pin, available in someolder chips, allows selectionof 10 KHz or 5
/7001 use the
KHz ReferenceDivider steps.The division is chosen by the appropriate
ninus the T,/R "1" or "O" on
this pin. Don't confusethis function with the needfor the
5 Khz division usedwith the T,zRshift; it's not for the same purpose.The
featurewhen usedin the new ROM chips allows designersto synthesize
frequenciesin 5 KHz offsets for SSB use in addition to AM/FM use.
Remember,the earlier chips were applied to CB synthesizers ond many
rnedusing an
other kinds of equipment such as VHF marine radios, aircraft radios,
than 10 KHz.
and signal generators. It was only when people went wild with CB
divideddown
'y becauseit's modifications that manufacturers were forced to make snecial "dedicated"
ICs for CB synthesizers only.
1 countsfrom
mechips shift
r, TC9109.)
-29 -
Before you get all excited and think you can turn your rig into one
having 5 KHz channeìs by changing the voltag" or, thi, pin, consider
the fact that the N-Code programming must aÉo change to produce b
KHz steps in the Program mabÌe Divider circuit as well. it can-,tbe done
easily! This pin for cB circuits will either be left unconnected on the
printed circuit board, or connected to grouncl or +DC as necded to
produce 10 KHz channel spacings.(NOTE: FrequencyExpanrìerslike
the MICROMONITOR and MICROSCAN haveiheir òwn pLL circuits
which will replace the rig's PI L circuits, and that's why they can
producecontinuous5 KHz steps.)

AUTf]MATIC
CH.g/CH.
I 9 C()MMAIIIl

This is a special feature found oniy in the very Ìatest chips, like the
LC7I30/31 for American rigs, LC7t3b for 22-channeÌEEÒ rigs, and
LC7136/37 for British rigs. By applying a +DC voltage to thàsé two
specialpins, channel g or channel 1gis automaticalÌy recalledwithout
changing the ChanneÌ SeÌector.you can just push a button, or the pins
can be connectedto a scanning circuit to Àtopon thesechannelswhln a
signal is present. In addition they're "or,.r""t"d internaly to the MIS-
PROGRAM CODE pin. If the MC pin is not used, as in some chassis
variations, attempts to force an illegal program code will cause either
Ch.9 or Ch.t9 to be recalled instead of Hlli"g the transmitter. When
these features are included in the rig model, tÉe MC pin will be tied to
the Lock Detector pin to kill the transmitter. If these features are not
included in your rig model but you,d Ìike to have them, it,s a simple
matter of fitting a SPDT switch betweenthesepins and a +DC voltage
source.(SeeFigure 12,Page 47.)

SCAI{I{I
t{GIIITERFACE

Certain chips such as the LC?120 and those just mentioned can be
connectedto special scanning chips to scan up and down the legal
band, search for an unused channel, etc. These àre useful features Ìor
some people and are often found in rigs having all controls in the mike
"guts"
1nd,!h9 main radio remotely hidden elsewherein the car. (Eg,
RealisticTRC462 "One-Hander".)The advantagesand disadvantages
should be obvious bv now.

-30-

i-
' rig into one
pin, consider
: to produce5
can't be done
nectedon the
as needed to
rpanders Ìike
r PLL circuits
rhy they can

hips, like the

IEC rigs, and
r to these two
ralledwithout
SECTION II
rn, or the pins
rnneìswhen a
ty to the MIS-
somechassis
.l causeeither
mitter. When
will be tied to
BACKGROUND FOR
ltures are not
, it's a simple
MODIFICATION METHODS
l +DC voltage

tioned can be
rwn the legal
ul features for
rlsin the mike
r the car. (Eg,
lisadvantages
 Now^we'reready to get to the.g_ood part you'veprobably all beenwaiting
f o r i S e v e r a lw a y s t o . . t r i c k " - C B , i g " i " t o A
"fu11V" t h o s eh i g h a n d l o w
c ; i ì ; ; ""o.,u..srons,
-FIu- cl
-channels, as well as l0 Meter will be h
explained in this section.
c
C

There are stilÌ two basic.methods of (l

changing f requenciesin the
majority of CBs. At this writing, th" fooìp;;;ì;".ig.,.
flooded the market. esnecially ió. SSe Ìru'u.rot exactl.y
;", ;Jìi".utor" mosr rigs can
be modified using these tricks. These t.i"-k.
;;;;"' T
n
1 . Clange the Programming N-Code on tl
the pLL chio,s tl
p ln s ;
Change the Loop Mixer signal.
S
It's not the purpose of this book a
to teach the basics of. aligning P
transmitters and receivers, so if
;lou,re p_lanning a large il;;;; p
corversion such._asup into the 10 Meter
Ham band, reaiignment of S
other circuits will also be required. A
schematic circuit diagram of the
rig is essential.However for adding """
".ìi" iaditional 40-channel d
segments to most ries. the orly alignment
usually requirJ i;l;-;ir;
PLL's tuning circuits themser"es.rh"is parl
i"-i"rlrp to
with the aid of the circuit schemuti" .;;;;;;1ìperienced vou to figure out
friend.

Before getting more specific, I think it,s

important to describe an actual
PLI-. circuit to make Àur" you understand
it.-""-pf
"' *" operation. Let,s F
walk through the complete circuit, .tup
tt;1;. n
T
tl

A TYPICAL
SYI{THESIZER
CIRCUIT b
b

Refer to Figure 10 on page 84, which is

the pLL circuit ofperhaps the
most popular AM PLL rig ever made. Ir
It's r""" "ora under dozensof :l t^
brand names and uses..ihe """r_pof"iu.ilibza pLL chip. The
AMISSB or AM.zFM,zSSB"a.iatiois?tiri, 1
ll'r"rs are very similar
when you consider the "hr;;;; """a"Jr". SSB offsets and cl
slidersand FMing the VC_O-minor rl
ci.""it. io-Jif uì.riJ.eferring to Chart 1 on
page35,which is a breakdownof all the b
iÀportl.,t
by channelnumber.Sucha chart is;;;;i;;;uded op"ruti.rgconditions P
service manual but certain facts not ."iàì"J-ai*"ily with the radio,s
operationare often left out. I,ll be fiiling i" tfr" to 4O-channel
_i."i"é bla"ks f;;;;;. P
'l-

:
I beenwaiting A PLL circuit may be categorized very generally by the number of
high and Ìow crystals it uses and by whether its VCO is running for low-side or
rions, wiÌl be high-side receiver IF injection. This example is actually the second
generation PLLO2A AM circuit; the first one used a 3-crystal loop and
can be found in Section III. The newest chips use a singÌe 10.240MHz
crystal and low-sideVCO operation in the 16-17MHz range where the
snciesin the VCO can be directly divided without a loop Down Mixer.
uenot exactly
mostrlgs can
The key to synthesizing aÌÌ the requiredfrequenciesis in the Program-
m able Divider, which is the only PLL section that you can control from
the outsideworld at the Channel Selectorswitch. That switch is where
, chip's t h e w h o ì el l r r ) (e s sì r e g i n s .

Supposeyou choose tJ.S. ChanneÌ 1, 26.965MHz. (This description

appÌies to all circuits and chips.) In the Channel I position, the
; of aÌigning Programmable Dividel receivesa very specific set of instructions at its
ge frequency programmi ng pins, which are directly connected to the Channeì
alignment of Selector.This particular instruction set, called an "N-Code", appÌies
Lagramof the only to Channel 1 and is nothing more than a number which will divide
ll 4O-channeÌ down any signal appearingat the ProgrammableDivider input by that
ired is in the number.
r to figure out
rd friend.
BII{AR
PYR(]GBAMMING
'ibean actuaì
:ration. Let's Referring now to Chart 1, you see the N-Code for ChanneÌ 1 is the
number "330" and the numbers progressdown to "286" at Channel 40.
The number 330 is the direct result of applying a +DC voltage of
typicalÌy 4-8volts to certain PLL program pins whiìe grounding certain
other pins at the same time. Recall that the PLL requires a digital or
binary counting system rather than the common decimal system used
by people.

I perhaps the In a binary number system, each successiveprogramming pin or "bit"

ler dozens of is worth exactly twice (or half) that of the pin next to it, such as 1, 2, 4, 8,
L chip. The 16,etc.A series of " 1s" and "Os" appears in the chart for each of the 40
very similar
channels. The " 1" means +DC is applied to that pin, and the "0" means
i offsets and
that particular pin is grounded. The greater the "Power-of-2" controlled
to Chart 1 on
by a pin, the greater its "significance". As you'll see next the greatest
rg conditions Power-of-2for this example is 256 on Pin 7. Therefore Pin 7 is called the
bhthe radio's "Most Significant Bit" (MSB) and the "Least Significant Bit" (LSB) is
r 40-channel
Pin 15,which only has a weight of 1. A chart like Chart 1 that shows the
anks for you. logic states ("1" or "0") ofeach PLL program pin for each channel is
-33-
 E È E =
s<;

!r-
f
E

s /
U =

= È
: t
* t

- >
- € - ! J
È È = =
..\n
v x
eì
t,.- 4
= F J

N--
9ta
l ?
i \ i
È r ì
z ì
aa{
\\-.
. . f o
o
(\l
3 'r
, r N
J =
È \ : J
+ " 1
< :
=
?7
h t = -
z =
F \ ì o

d \
r,
-;q! = i ;
è^-

N(

e a
* * a =
ò . 9 El e 6

T
I
L-
 C H A R T1
r e s c r i b e di n T e x t
s T r u t hC h a r lF o r S a m p l eP L L S y n t h e s i z eD
C i r c u i tC o n s t a n t &

R xl s l
'N" l Ff r e q l CP r o q r aPmr sn
Chanfel Channel d i qt a l v c o l r e q
No J r e ql l v H z l codes (MHz) {[,4Hz)

l 26965 330 17.18 3766 0 l 0 0 0

2 2 69 / 5 329 1 71 9 3767 l 0 0 0 0
3 26985 328 1 72 0 370B 0 0 0 0 0
4 27005 326 1l22 3/ 70 0 I 0 0 0
5 27415 325 1 /2 3 3tì1 l U 0 0 0
21 425 324 1 72 4 3l i2 u 0 0 0 0
27035 323 t 72 5 3/ 73 I 1 0 0 0
8 27055 321 1i2t- 3i Ì5 1 0 0 0
9 27065 320 3 77 6 0 0 0 0 ó
10 27475 319 t 72 9 3Ì11 I l 0 0
tl 27085 318 1 73 0 3778 l 0 0
12 2t 105 316 3780 0 U 0 0
13 2t-1i5 315 37Bt l l 0 0
l4 27 125 314 1 73 4 3782 0 I 0 0
r5 27 135 313 3783 1 0 0
t6 27.155 311 1 73 7 3785 1 l 0 ó 0
1l 21 165 310 1 73 8 3786 0 I 0 0 0
18 27 175 309 1 73 9 3787 1 0 0 0 0
19 2 71 8 5 308 1 74 0 3788 0 0 0 0 0
20 27245 306 1 14 2 37S0 IJ l 0 0 0
21 27.215 305 1i43 37.91 l 0 0 0 0
22 27225 304 1 74 4 3i 92 0 0 0 0 0
23 21255 301 1 14 7 3795 1 0 0
24 21 235 303 r 74 5 3793 1 l ó 0
25 27245 302 r 74 6 3794 0 l 0 0
26 27265 300 17.48 37.96 0 0 0 0
27 27215 299 1 74 9 3797 l 1 0 0
28 21 285 298 1 75 0 3798 0 l 0 0
29 27295 291 3799 I O 0 0
= 30 27305 296 1 75 2 3800 0 0 0 0
31 27315 295 3 80 1 l 1 U 0 0
ió .'i 32 27 325 294 1 75 4 3802 0 l 0 0
< = 33 27.335 293 1 75 5 3803 I U i-l 0 0
34 21345 292 1 75 6 3804 0 0 0 0 0
Ò a 0 0
35 27355 291 3805 1 l 0
36 27365 290 r 75 8 3806 0 l 0 U 0 0
= = = 0 0
è l o 37 21.315 289 17.59 3807 t 0 U 0
38 27.385 288 1 76 0 3808 0 0 0 0 U 0
39 27395 287 1 76 1 3809 l l 1 l 0 0

N O T E S1: ) H I G H L e v e l( ' 1 " \ = 4 . 5t o 5 . 5V D C ;L O W L e v e l( " 0 " ) G N D .

2 ) P i n s7 & 8 p e r m a n e n t lw y i r e dH I G H & L O W r e s p e c t i v e fl yo r a l l 4 0 c h a n n e l s
a n d a r e o f t e n n o t e v e ns h o w n i n t h e T B U T H C H A B T .
3 ) A u s t r a l i a 1n 8C h a n n erl i g f r e q u e n c i easr eU . S .C h a n n e5l Î o U . S .C h a n n e l 2 2

- 3l-r-
 called a "Truth Chart".

How exactìy was the numbcr ,,880,,

states for Channel I only. decided?Chart 2 shows the truth
Above;."h ;ji;o;".u_
l've labelled .,POWERSOF or., are numbers
2,,,such as t, 2, +, g ,ip to ZSObecause
this is
*"": ;,iHy,ir' :.îl :;;;i:' É;;"d
:àT?i" ;í"* "pth" * uighr-oi
rermined.rîr,"1.ò;ii"."11":fl";;,L;l;"xr,r,"""iì;.,i,.
256+64* 8 +2 - 3J0.Fieurer l"h;;;'til;
";íri'#r,u""
".*itching.Try
lî:"iff}" :[i#il"Í^"' "r'"'""r""vJ'..irr,
r"",, beusing rhis

channer
1 Binaryproeram.,"n
""f l,tÎlo;o ^, synthesizer
Described
in rexr
= N 3 3 0 :2 S 6 , sb i t + 6 4 , sb i t * 8 , s b i t +
2,sbit = 330

P O W E R SO F 2
2 8 to 32 64 128 256
PLL PROGRAM
PIN NUMBER t3 14 13 12 11 10 9 I 7
IRUTH STAIE,
C H A N N E L1 0 1 0 '|
0 0 1 0 1

"1" . +4-B
V D C ;, ' 0 ,=, 0 v D C orcround.

Notice from Chart I and Figure

1l.that the logic sratesof pins Z and g
never change at all for
permanently hard-wired ?"y,of th" 40 ;ir;;;;is. Instead they are
to-the chassis """'fr^tfr.t pin Z is
connectedto +DC voltage(,,r,,) always
""J pi" À;;*"y. grounded(,,0,,).
_36_ a
I
À-
rws the truth I"IGURE 11, HOW THE BINARY N-CODE IS GENERATED
are numbers
:causethis is
re weight or
-Code is de-
rple,we have
ritching. Try
e using this

tr28ì f256t
o

P LL O 2 A
l32l t16t l8l 14ì t2l trl

b e di n T e x t

J
I
\
I
to +VOC \
Part of C hannel
Parl
Selector Swilch

-; N = 256 bit + 64 bit + 8 bil + 2 bit = 330lor Channel1

pins 7 and 8
ad they are
7 is always
unded("0").
-37 -
 You'll discoverthat many servicemanuals
won,t even indicate these Whe
pin states in their Truth Charts b""u,r."
th"V ,r"rr", change uhen I'r'o
programming the leeal 40 channels
only. This is-acaseof thoselnissinj l)ir.
bJa.nkgI'm filling infor you, and you "à"
i""ltfri" idea by checking the s(,e.
riB^'s.crrcritdiagram. Compare thó tot"t p.og.u--ing
pins available to t ( ' sL
LrreruLal numoer used ln a 40_channel
rig; you,ll find an obvious Srrìl
modification source!
l r e rt

The l8-ChannelAustralianCB servicewas recently Lf)t]P

to match the standard 40-Channelf,CC a-ericà" expandedlegalty
Australian rigs are simply U.S.rigs *ilÀìirff"i"nt sl.vice. Sirr"" riàr,v I l sc
(Ìimited)Channel
selectorswitch,they can beeasily"modìiì"ai" """". s()tn
For example,Australian Channel 1 t;-il.01b ilre extra channeÌs.
MHz, which is U.S. I)iv
Channel5. The N-Codehereis 325.The N-C;; rvill
(27.225MHz) is 304.Therefor" Uv ,"prog.uÀriing for Australian Ch. 1g
N_Codes of an t8 loop
clannel A"-qtratianrig for numbJr. r7 .
the rig can be
s;";;;;;;;;B2b or tess than 304,
expanded.
'l l)'rhoec
ispr
This particular chip, the pLLO2A, has a total g MHr
of binary programming srf{n
pins, which are pins 7 - lb. It tÍrerefore
fr". *irut,. called a ,,g_bit,, 26.9
binary programmer. Some quick math
wili t"tt vuu that this chip firs t
actuaìlv has apotenfiar channercapab ityof
?-i, o.sr r "rru.rnersl(1+2+4+g+
16+lJ2+64 +128+256-. 511).Only-40 "hurr.r"l.
"* """a fo. Cg p,r.po.à.
but by proper connection and switchìnó
"i ""r."a pins, many more PHA
frequenciesare possible.

Wha
I)ivi
any
VCf)CIRCUIT d i f'fe
; t .I ( )
be il.
this
colr(
Referback to Figure 10 on page 34.This (ì()n s
VCO runs in the 1?MHz range,
going from tT.ISMHzon Chànnel occu
t to ú.AbMÉ; o" Channel 40. The
vco is controlled by an voltage thev
-error it ,ecei'es from the phase
Detector, which is always_looking i"ii -rt"ii"r*""., I to (
Divider and program-àut"- oirria-";;J;;.îh; the Reference
-MHz ReferenceDivider is
v.ery
Sccurately controlred by a 10.240 crystar osc rato. *hose
signal is divided down digitaily by f
,OZ+t" pr"a"'ce the 10 KHz channel BEC
spacrngs. If the Programmable Divider shóuld
Àiro h.pp"., to;;;;;;;
an exact 10 KHz output, the result would
be pàrfecf;^there,à U"ì"
correction from the phase Detector, and
the loof wouÌd be locked. This
-38-
dicate these What would it take to produce a perfect 10 KHz output from the
nnge when Programmable Divider? We've already seen that the Programmabìe
Losemissing I)ivider is set to divide any signal it seesby the number 330.Ifit should
hecking the see,fbr example, a signal of exactly 3.30MHz appearing at its input, the
availabÌeto r e s u l t i n g o u t p u t w o u ì d b e1 0 K H z . ( 3 . 3 0 M H 2 . 3 3 0= 1 0 K H z . )I f w e c a n
an obvious somehow produce an input signal of 3.30 MHz, everything wiÌÌ falì
perfectly into placel

LO()P
MIXII{G
rded legally
Sincemany
It so htippens there's a very easy way to do this by cleverly borrowing
ed)Channel
some existing circuitry. If some 10.240MHz energy from the Reference
rachannels.
L)ivider is taken off and passedthrough a tuned doubler stage, the result
rich is U.S.
will be 2 x 10.240MHz = 20.480MHz. Here'swhere that very important
rÌian Ch. 18
loop mixing principle enters:By mixing the 20.480MHz signal with the
les of an 18
17.18MHz Channel 1 VCO signal, sum and differencefrequenciesare
ss than 304,
produced.Th e sum frequencyis 20.480MHz + 17.l8 MH z = 37.660M Hz.
The differencefrequencyis 20.480MHz - 17.18MHz = 3.30MHz which
is preciselywhat's neededto lock the loop on Channel l. And the 37.660
MHz signal isn't wasted either; it's used as the high-side injection
ogrammrng signal to produce the first receiver IF when mixed with the incoming
ed a "9-bit" 26.965MHz Channel 1 signal. (37.660MHz - 26.965MHz - 10.695MHz
rt this chip first IF).
:ls!(1+2+4+$+
)B purposes
many more PHASE
I]ETECTOR
Cf)RRECTIflT{

What happens if the mixing product entering the Programmable

Divider isn't exactly 3.30MHz? Think about it. Sincethe N-Codeis 330,
any signal other than precisely 3.30 MHz will produce a slightly
different output to the Phase Detector. For example, if a signal of only
3.10MHz entersthe ProgrammableDivider, the resulting output would
be 3.10MHz -: 330 = 9.39393KHz. The Phase Detectorwill now sense
this error and try to correct it by sending a DC voltage to the VCO. This
correctionvoltage will drive the VCO up or down slightly in frequency,
MHz range, constantly being compared in the Phase Detector, until an exact match
nneì40.The occursonceagain. Aìthough this appears to be a trial-and-error process,
r the Phase the whole thing happens in the time it takes you to switch from Channel
reReference 1to Channel2!
:e Divider is
lator whose
lHz channel R E C E IlVFEs B
n to produce
rere'dbe no
Ìocked. This completes the basic loop; everything else is icing on the cake.
-39-
 pl-r, mixersrgnatof
Y"::Xl:|1" lu*.t1." ChannelI 32.660 MHz
Il
i;T*"":*':":l:::' :.rll'l nj
it. ecti
onsì;; ;ì N; ; "il: ilffi ffi :
àt" "
11:l::r..:1lr:d'r,"
"; :3". T;; il' ;il'ì ;;ff il.i;?#riiil::
$';1,1 Bl,iì )ljy i,y_i j"*,,,i,"jilT;;
j1t|: 1ò-6ebffi "'ii."i in",",l
yI:--.a
I* ;,T "r-1_r.. ssr È,,tr,i.* ;;î'ili iil i'::î1XTíli
""ìîfi.8H": ::
theseengrneers
lf,i".::l;ì T:111_:y"
;;; I AImosr "r\ir;
;,
;;;;;" ;;; i;:J; ;'fi: ",':* J:
FMY"i
l|::*":i.::::::"':t
stere.s,
etc.where fi ff :::
o tutolt'#;::#i*àl":î: l
li"1*:,"-T1.1"j,s,
already existed. I
i
(
TRAIISMITTER
SECTIf)I{ )
i
(
For the transmitter of I
.this example,
produced verv simolv..rrv the on_channel frequtncy is
'";;;.;;
(
,"l"irrg'" 10.695 MHz crvstal
osciÌtatorwith thesi._ooò un, ir,À"""íìì;Lr I
differenceis 32.660 mixer ourput.rhe
M\" ió.às5 ùri;: zi.iàs ruur, whichis rhen E
.
tn-""h tunedcircuir, u",l ;Ì,;;;.-liiiu.,._itter RF.amplifier f
:ff:;l
t
f
You can usethe preceedingexplanation d
you find. We'veaÌreadv r,gu.àa as the basrsfbr an-vpJ,L circuit f
;r;;;;;;;;;lho., "o__nn ones for c
you and their block diagrams
appear in SectionlII. c

TRUTH
CHARTS
& PB{]GRAMMII{G
METH()IIS
IIi flETAIL

1'he'lruth Chart is the most important B

first step rn determining how a
modification can be macìe,or even
r/it can be màcle,so we,ll look at it in
greater detail now_
A
'.
The example just expìained was
a eas.ylrl,L circuit using the (l
Drnary type of programming c.de. .very
rt'" quit" f...Ìure lor the same chip p
to have different N-Codesriep""air_rg
upàr, fr-uinì
many crystals are used. ri
whether ifs AM or AM/SSÉ,
"t". i'f,"ìira zl".n"r"f loop had N_Codes el
gorng from 330 down to 2g6,
becaus.trr""" *"r" irre diviciers needed tt
proper loop mixins. An for
earlier pl-ió2i' ;;l;_e used a in
svnthesizer with Nllodes B_crystal
eoi.'e t o^iiiir,ì.}rs. And for the ever_ 1
popular PLLO2A SSB chas-sis
ia_"r1"", ;; ;"u;oo".r, versions), the sI
N-Codesare 2bb down to 211.
e)

Notice that theseN-Codesmay go

up or down with increasing channel
pr
th
-40-
37.660MHz number; this depends purely on the VCO's design. In Section III you
from Figure can compare all the PLLO2A block diagtams to see where and why
[z Reference these differences occur.
rult is 10.695
n product is
FM CBs use
usedin car Meanwhile let's return to a portion of Chart 1to study some of its other
it hardq'are features. Chart 3 shows only the channel number, channel frequency,
and N-Codes from the original chart. Observe the progression of N-
Codes from Channel 1to Channel 40. Notice anything unusual? ?àe
N-Codes are not all consecutiueand skíp afew numbers any time there
is no legal CB frequency. For example, Channel 3 is 26.985MHz, and
Channel 4 is 27.005MHz. What happened to 26.995MHz? It's not a
ìegally assigned channel. This is known to CB people as an "A"
requencyis channel, in this caseChannel 3A. There are also skips at channeìs 7, 11,
{Hz t:rystal
15,and 19.In addition the American FCC Chann els 23,24,and 25 are
output. The
assigned out of order. Therefore all N-Codes as well as VCO and mixer
hich is then
frequenciesare also out oforder in the chart. Many European countries
ìF amplifier
having only 22 channels simpÌy adopted the American scheme exactly
for the fírst 22 channels. Australia uses 18 channels whose numbers
didn't correspond to American,zEEC numbers but many of the actual
'PLL circuit frequencies are the same. And Britain originally used 40 consecutive
nononesfor channels having no skips at all. Remember this fact whenever you're
checking a PLL Truth Chart; otherwise you might think your math is
wrong when it isn't!

BCO
PROGRAMMING
.ininghow a
I look at it in
Another common programming method is called "BCD", which means
"Binary-Coded
Decimal". Think of it as a cross between the binary
(Base2) and human Decimaì (Base10)number systems.Chart 4 shows
it using the
part ofa BCD channel program used in the very popular uPD858SSB
resamechip
als areused, rigs. (Eg,Cobra 138,2139XLR, Realistic TRC 457/ 4í8,Prcsident "Adams",
radN-Codes etc.)This chassis is an older PLL circuit requiring a Down Mixer into
's neededfor the Programmable Divider. If you check the block diagram for this chip
a 3-crystal in SectionIII, you'll seethat the downmix frequenciesare .910MHz to
for the ever- 1.35MHz. Therefore the N-Codes are 91 to 135 for standard 10 KHz
-'rsions),the spacings. Note that the N-Code between channels 3 and 4 skips in
exactly the same way as in the PLLO2A circuit, since Channel 3.,A.is not
a legal CB channel. What's the big difference? Above each PLL
program pin number is now something called "BCD POWERS" rather
ing channel than the previous "POWERS OF 2".
-4r-
 C H A R T3
N - C o d e V a r Ì a t i o n sF o r C h a n n e t
Asstgnnìents

( , n an l l e t Charìr]e N d r qI a l

l 26965 330
2 26975 329
: 26985 328
J 2i 005 326
5 2i015 325
6 2t-A25 324
2i 035 32J
8 2/ 055 321
9 2t 065 320
t0 2i 0t5 319
ll 2i 085 318
12 2t 1Ds 316
13 2i 115 315
1,1 2t- 125 Jrl
15 J13
t6 3 t1
1i 2 71 6 5 3ltl
]B 2 71 ì 5 3{19
l9 2i 185 308
20 2t 2A5 306
21 305
22 2ì 225 301
23 2t255 301
21 2t 235 303
25 2i 215 302
2î, 2i 265 3Lì|]
2i 2ì 2ì5 299
2B 27285 298
29 27295 297
30 27305 296
3l 27315 295
32 2i 325 294
33 27335 293
31 29?
35 2/ 355 291
36 2/ 365 2911
37 2i 3ì5 289
3B 2/ 385 2BB
39 2/ 395 2Bì
 C H A R T4
B C D P r o g r a m m i nogf u P D 8 5 8C h i p D e s c r i b e idn f e x t
(}nes Tens llundreds

BCDPOW ERS 2 4 I 10 20 40 80 100 200

PLLPROGBANl
PINNUIVIBER I J t3 to 17 18 20 21 22
lh l 91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
) h 2 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
lh J 9J 0 0 0 0 0 0
lh 4 95 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

lh 40 135 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
N O T E P n 2 2 p e r m a n e n ty . l r o ! n d e d t o c h a s s r s( ' 0 ) f o r a 4 0 c h a n n e l s

In this system, the pins have been assignedsuch that each successive
group of pins has a weight or significance 10 times greater than the
preceedinggroup. Within each decimal group, weights stilÌ double in
the usual binary progression,exceptthat the highest possiblenumber
in any group can't exceed9 or its decimal muìtiple, such as 90, 900,etc.
(Assuming there were that many pins on the chip.)Each decimal group
can only have a maximum of 4 bits; in this chip, there are only l0rather
than 12programming pins so the Hundreds Group can only add up to a
maximum of (t + 2) x 100 - 300. Figure the total binary value in each
group, multiply it by 1, 10,or 100 as appropriate, and add the groups
together:Ones Group + Tens Group + Hundreds Group, etc.

Since each group has a value, the sum of the groups produces the
N-Code.For Channel 1, we thereforeget 1 + (10 + 80) = 91.Try the math
yourself for the other pins. Notice also that pin 22 is permanently
grounded, since its weight is "200" and vre never need an N-Code
bigger than 1115. (100+ 30 + 5 - 135).By using alì 10 programming pins
(pins 13 to 22) there's a potential channel capacity of9 + 90 + 300 = 399
channelsif N-Codescould be programmed from 1 to 399.This fact has
been put to much use in frequency modifications! Once again, the 858
chip has this excess capability for possibÌe use in other synthesizer
circuits besidesCBs.

Beforeyou get too excited about all the potential channels hidden inside
somePLL chips, I must point out that most rigs can't possibly cover as
wide a range as these chips without a lot of retuning. Modern rigs are
capableof about 1.2MHz to 1.8MHz total bandwidth, which means 120
to 180 l0 KHz AM,TFM CB channels.
-43-
The BCD method was originally used in about ll%t of the older
generation circuits. The reason was becausecertain support hardware c
I
s.uch_as BCD switches, keyboard controllers, and i-Àegment LEf)
displays required BCD inputs. The current generation alÀost .l*ry" €
usesBCD inputs. Someexamplesare the LC7l2O,LC7lB0/Bl,LCZldb,
LC7136/37, uPD28t4, uPD2816,and upD2g24..ih""" chips aÌso onìy
have 6 programming pins.
1
P R E S E T TtAl IEVLI O
E EBS
t
L

An interesting variation of the programming expansionschemeis used 1

in the new Cobra 148GTL-DX,which is a very popular rig soìd only in e
Europe and the U.K. In order to get f 20 channels,they sta.t off*ithih" li
same very flexible chip, the MCl4b106, as usedin the typical PLLO2A b
chassis. Only this time, the N-Codescan be preset to a new set of 40 L'
channels each time you changethe L,M,H band switch. This is done by u
usin g-two special digital counter chips, the MC 1400gs,wired such thai
each band selectionalso changes thè set of N-codes.The net resuìt is c
that a single Loop Mixer crystal ( 1b.00MHz) can be usedto provide 120 E
channels. In previous 80 or 120 channel schemes. additional looo b
mixing crystals are switched in while maintaining a single set of
N-Codesall the time. A
n
The reason for doing this is purely economic: The Cobra 148GTL-DX c.
can offer 120 AM/FM/SSB channels, and a dual_conversion AM it
receiver, for a total ofonly BcrystaÌs in the whole radio. Compare this to
the typical 120-channelCybernet (Ham Int'Ì, Colt, Major, etc.)or the b
120 channel Uniden Superstar 860,which require b anà 6crystals re_
spectively. The cost of a crystaì to the manufàcturer is aboui
$B each,
while the costof two MC 14008sis about g1 total. Sincethereis roughly a c
5:1 mark-up from manufacturer's cost to actual retail price of a ri!, túis
means a savlngs to you of 930 to $45 on the totaì retail pricel Y
C(

The idea ofpresettable dividers is also found in several other pLL chips. sl
The most common example is the MBg719. While the chip at first
dr
lpp"ql" to have 7 binary programming pins, closer study shows that r€
Pin 10is actually used to presetdif f er"rrl N-cod"" for use with different
loop mixer crystals in the American rig versions. (11.112bMHz vs. tl
('(
_lJq?58MHz crystal in an otherwiseidentical chassis.)In the newest tì
Il:9_"1_Eulgpean rigs (Eg, Statker ST9F-DX, Superstar B60FM) rhe tn
MB8719 or MC145106chip is usedalong with the MC14008presetíabre
dividers to provide 80 or 120channels. In the Stalker, they even provide th
IS
an additional Loop Mixer osci ator on its own smarì pc boarà which
can be switched in to give the 40 U.K. channels as weÌÌ. (15.4g25MHz for hr
the first 80 "FCC" channels, and tb.bb62b MHz for the 40 U.K. sÌ
SC
-44-
I the older channels.) Of course the N-Codes are different for each band and the
t hardware Band Selector switches both the crystals and the proper IC pro-
ment LED gramming at the same time.
ost always
11,LC7135, MULTIMl)flE
PRÍ)GRAMMIT{G
s also only
There's one chip that deservesspecial mention, even though it's not
being used much anymore: the uPD861. NEC really outsmarted
themseÌves with this one!

emeis used The 861 has some special controÌ pins so that the designercan choose
;oldoniy in either binary or BCD programming. There are 8 binary programming
off with the lines, which means a possible2s-l or 255 channels when used in the
al PLLO2A binary mode. In the BCD mode, a special "ROM" Code Converter is
rw set of 40 connectedto allow only the legaÌ 40 channels. Thus the 861 could be
s is doneby used in other synthesizer applications. In Section III you'lÌ find the
rdsuchthat exact specs;note that simply changing the voltages on a couple of
ret result is control pins wiÌl allow you to convert a rig which when used in the
provide120 BCD/ROM mode is non-modifiable. You can then program it directly in
tional loop binary with switches.
ryle set of
A few chips such as the uPD2810, uPD2814, and uPD2816 allow
multiple choices of N-Code sets such that several possible downmixer
circuits can be used.This feature is intended only for design flexibility;
I48GTL.DX it won't help you in your modification attempts. (Actually the feature
ersion AM was intended to make the chip usable in both AM,zFM and SSB circuits,
rparethis to but to date only the AM/FM design has been found in CB rigs.)
etc.)or the
crystals re-
rut $3 each,
is roughly a C()NTRflLLII{G
PRÍ)GRAM
PII{S
rf a rig, this
:e! You know that to controì a program pin, a voltage or ground must be
connectedto that pin. Most chips have resistors built into the chip
structure which are connected internally to the main +DC supply or
'PLL chips.
ground pins ofthe chip. Theseresistorsare caÌled "pull-up" and "puÌl-
hip at first down" as they automatically force the logic state to
shows that respectively, unless controlled externally. The external control takes
th different the form ofthe Channel Selectorswitch if the pin is needed,or a direct
25 MHz vs. connectionto the rig's circuit board ground or +DC ifnot neededfor only
the newest a 4O-channelset of N-Codes. When you need to control a pin for
360FM) the modifications, cut the circuit board trace leading to that pin and bridge
presettable the cut rvith a small (7+watt) resistor of about 1K to 4.7K ohms. This will
ven provide isolate that pin until it's ready to be switched by you. In addition it can
oard which help protect the chip from possibledamage due to static electricity; a pin
325MHz for shouÌd never be left "floating" and should always be connected to
he 40 U.K. somethingexternally.
-45-
 Returning to our first example,
the pLLO2A has internaì puìì_down
resrstors,which means that eàch prog.uÀ
pi" i"'"1*ays i;ih;;ò;, s;;;;
until +DC is applied externarrv.
Sà iriour.i"àiii""ti"" cails fcrrcontrol
ofsay' Pin 7, cut the fo tracegoing pin
to 7 and bridge it with a resistor.
Figuret2 showsthe orincipie;i'.;;;;i
iiiio.,t.or; it,s commonly
usedwith the pLLO2A.n4e'8fr9, ;àìpfrA'#'"hro". you can alsouse
this idea to get the auíom.atic
C.h.g/lg.""uif fuuru." in the LC7131,
L,C7rB6/s7
"tu".i. lr"ir," ,ìà-i*.",t
k:l"tt,:à.". atreadyhave ii

R()M
PR(]GRAM
C()DE
CONVERTEBS

'Ihe
reason the newest:l,l_,. ".:î BCD
programmrng ìs purely a legal
one:By using BCD combinedwith
a sneakyldditionut circuit insicrethe
chip catled "RoM,,, any iilegaif;;q;;;;;fi;ficarions
programming voltages by changing
.are now impossible. .fhe current F.CC
require that the pLL chip can rules
only ";;;;'" àtal of 6 programming
pins. So even by usine ihe .t."r*í,r"[ìiil:r;;-,
possiblechannelsto zs_t, ". this aìone limits
OSlg_t"f"f,"";"ì:. ii + 2 + 4 +8 + l6 + 32 =
63.) By c-ombiningBCD and ROM,
;;;';iii'r,r_rr". is reducertro
exactly 40,22,or lg as the casemay
be for variouscountries.

d*î, the British government has given

lr_ their ,,CB 27/g1,, approvai

iiisi,i;;ilji?"Hi'.},".:,,ryJ:.tx,:;[:1
c h a s s i os r r h e . T C e t r g
u ' i a u i " r , 1 " r i i . ì ; ' i ; ; ' i ; S . . t h eo n l yr i g s
sri'
ii1i,,f"""*:ru:,*::.",*::Í:*'lii
&tì?ìi':.i,:ifi
#JrdlL'"':l;ilifr".xl&"4llrlff
ilxx'-fft,Hi*,i.;
;'"':ffi
*i:i:.'.,.".ffi d+tli'i*:;l;T
"ut".*iuaroi;;;#;r"Hillit"":"j#*+:i,{ef
when
rheword
gers
"rr.iit#""liiaxXl.rXT;
ii#"T,",y- ::::i,".x*;::i,nm;
llt:lîjjlnihilim,
ùrnce governments finally got
wise to all the boo eg OB frequencies
b e r n gu s e d ,R O M w a s t h e a n s w e r .
A . , R O M C o d eU o n v e r t e r , , i n s i c lae
tl]r is-the-kev to preventing
ILL modifications. ,I.he rerm ,,ROM,,
means "Read Only Memory', I

^u"di;;;;"f " "."a i" digitaÌ computer

systems. Inside the chip, safety
_46_
""r;i;;;;'ti;;;"", is a RoM Code i
t
^\_
I pull-down
he "0" state
s for control
,ha resistor.
i commonl5t
:an also use
;heLC71ll1,
FIGURE 12. USING EXTERNAL PULL-UP OR PI]LL-DOWN
Ldy have it RESISTOR TO CONTROL A CHIP'S PIN FUNCT:ION

Lrelya ìegal
Litinsidethe
ry changing P L LI C C H I P
; FCCIrules
ogrammrng
alonelimits
8+16+32=
reduced to
es. 1K lo 4.7K Cut Foil
1/4W Reslslor Re mo t e -C o nt r o l l e dS w i t c hW i r e
lfrace -t
l" approval ,
{T 2740and

f'
37Cybernet
rly rigs still
r PLLO2A or
angedtheir xlerna
ì a Il S w i t c h
riginal FCC , cB/t
/ PA o r v o
d haveto go own
preference.)
r newerP[,L
'ill probably
lel appears,
ccidentthat
T o + V D Ca n d G r o u n d
r themarket
r the "good"

frequencies
;er"inside a
:rm "ROM"
;alcomputer
ROM Code
-47-
 Converter. The required_
N-Codes for orrly the ìegally_authorized
werepermanentty
w.itté.,ìr,to
th" IC chipdurins
ilTffi":rfflannels

Theprogrammt"*otrTl:::.1lnect,the
chiprorheoutsidewortdafthe
'!]ilTltf]S:H iJr:l":1':used
onrv
to"oil-àna
,h"còM;;;;;;.;
orherwords,th;;;;;î"'l,
rtrcation plans, and he,s j:_l?:ifi
untouchabl"lil:Ti,ffiil:.?,;ifl:l"l*lt
Th" óh;nel Selectorinstructs
ll" r-owt'theRoM releases
thecoir-eJN-èù"-..r theprogrammable
í#:'y:,"?l:!1'rT'rii{}llil+a:lru
ranguage), ,,Give
me
"6" is rhen
?,x,;,s
a,lEl^"|g,,: tr,"
apph:gto the_correct
^sód
J.ae.addingup to the
::,T^o_"_.
vot[ages pìnsi
,"og,,i,",.nd,i;;il;,L1..o":rirl..".1LT:í*li
Divider.
and grounds.

If you shouldr:"^
voltagesandgrounds. ll,r_"1::,"r;i;j;;i"ram
thechip.eithe. codewith orher
igna.""ioi completely,
kills the
"
:lî ìH:T?iil:,iirffif ::.r l' yiiÉrier à"";,einstea
dAìsothe
jili::i.J*L_,..1"i
:iff ;f T,gT,Tfi"
li:l.,"","Ìi;,;"*'ii;yfr
t^ta sectionof a RoM Truth
il,::: chart showinghowthis ideaworks.
i ji'"i":l,i?T.Yl:.
iiJi"''"" :i 3î bilBò; ;; giu- - i.,gmethod.rt's
itsnumber d;;;;,;;i;-;38 ìlîJ:;l:lî;:j.;r.".r"_o uv",rii.,g
",i
convertstr," p.os.i-' * a" to* r,,i"uu;ì; ";
;i,llé.X?
f; #H"Liill
Below Chart 5 is a draw
g,i,::rts_"ù*il,i;;.i1ff
t.0M{rzrange.r arreadvli:ii,-_lf ;fl!:ì,1:ll,"i:"Jilé";sl
,tfe knií
,nput to t heprogrammabrrD i };;il;".:Ì,;
vider fr-om;;." i.ò'ó; 16 il : î',.,:Hr,
fi'3ff
HlÎi:f'ÍTi;ln" BCD ";;;;i;'i'"r1ì ""ff
KH, ",
"o, r.à
-" "i'"'r* "d,Ti:t:q*
?il1 $:ttf ': ii;
IÌîÌ,1- some n:l
!1vìder,, simpte'marh r"u yo; i h;;.,f,:
. d,"T.f,i.ilil,

j.*ffi
.wilr lj:

*+,ff
-i#t*Nfi
-iLtfi
fi _48_
Lthorized
ip during
CHART 5
C o m b i n i n gB C D w i t h R O M f o r i l l e g a lc h a n n e lp r e v e n t i o n
rld at the
borelease
:ircuit. In
BCD POWERS 20 10 8 1
our mod-
instructs BCD CODE 6 5 3 2 1

ammable ch. 6 0,6 0 0 0 1 'I

0
addition, ch. 7 o,7 0 0 0 1 1 1
(in BCI)
up to the ch.74 No N-code ore
rrd use of ch. 8 0,8 0 0 0 0 0
iOM will
ammable ch.23 .l 'I
2,3 0 0 0 1
rith other
', kills the ch.24 2,4 1 0 0 1 0 0
AIso,the ch. 25 2,5 1 0 0 I 0 1
h modeto ch. 26 2,6 1 0 0 'I
1 0
on use.A

leaworks.
rthod.It's
alling out
hich then 5 KHzoutlo Pha6o
rensto be. Programmable II 6.330fí llz
f}elector
1 6 . 3 3M
0 H zi n p u t D ivider =3.266=5KHzl
l r o mV C 0 R
. eceive
M o doen l y + N = 3,266
cChannel
) signaÌ in
1 that the ROM
"Middleman"
LneÌ6 (RX
ted to the
r this chip
:ammable
-Code for
fill in the
I eventhe
Examples T/B filorvin RXfllode)
v t
)7136/37,
t2816,and
MB8733.)

-49-
 ()THER
Rf)M
VARIATIOT{S

'Ihere
are severalnewer Toshiba chips (TCg106,TC9109,TC911g)that
first appear to use very odd-looking program codes in their íruth
Charts. You won't be able to figure out any kind of binary .. Éót
progression when studving the sequenceof ,,1s', and ,,0s,'.
That,s
becausethese chips coniain l.uo sets àfnOnt, and are designed to work
with standard r'tary or LEf) channer serectorswitches.ihe "ode you
see in the Truth Chart actually does two different things:

1. Signals the second ROM set to releaseits stored N_

Codesinto the programmable Divider. It doesthis only
when a legal program code is presented to the firsi
ROM set.

2. Applies the correctset of+f)C voÌtagesand grounds to

-2_digít,
light up all the proper segments of the 7-
segment LEI) channel numbers.This is anotheibit of
digital magic that we won,t get into here!

These chips use 8 programming pins to control the LED channel

display,whereth. BCll chips only need6 pins. you can think of the first
ROM set as nothing more than u "orrrr".t.. which translates an g-bit
rotarv switch code into a language that can be understood by
the
channel display and the seconclROM set.Figure 13 shows the general
idea. The chips bv the way are nearly impossibìeto modify by uiy
"."y
method.

About the only good thing to be said in defenseof arÌ thesenewer

RoM
cfils.j; that they've helped to keep radio prices affordabl" bt;.;u1i;
simplifying the PLL circuits. And thev're more reliable t""ui"l"
tfr".,
are_fewer parts to go bad. Compareall the block diagrams in Section
III
and you'll get some appreciationofjust how far the pLL has
evolved.
Tr
D
L(
Lf)()P
MIXEB
M()I)IFICATIf)I{S

Now let's look at the second possible conversion method,

that of
changing the L.op Mixer frequency itseÌf. This is one of the
easiest
ways to modify a PLL circuit that contains a downmix signaÌ.
A few
chips such as the PLL02A, MB8Z19,and upDg58 can be Àodified
by
-DU-
 F'IGT]RE 13. IIOW A DOUBLE-ROM IS USED FOR PROGRAM
CODE DETECTION & LED DISPLAY
('I'('9 I 06, TCs I 09, TCg 1 1I Chips.)
)119)that MlsprogramCode
eir Truth 1 0 . 2 4[ ]0H z RE F E R E N C E tofX lnhibil

r or BCD -----r! D I V I D ER
+ 2.048
. lhat s R € f e r e 0n S
c rC .
rdto work
rcodeyou

N- 13-Bil
nly PROGRAMMABLE
I n p ullr o m
irst VCO D I V ID E R
P t P ZP 3 P t ZP t 3

sto
,7-
it of
ROM.2
P R O G R A MC O D E
) channel 1 2 3 3 94 0
rfthe first
rs an 8-bit
cd by the
re general
/ any easy
ROM.1
C O D E D E T E C T I O N&
L E OC H A N N E LD I S P L A Y
rwerROM
cy greatly
luse there
ìectionIII
s evolved. To LÉD Channel
D i s p l a yD e c o d e r
Logic

d, that of
he easiest
nal. A few To Channel Seleclor switch
odified by
-51 -
 iì:T:li:i:[-J::ìruìf,
""",J":,H::"":Ji:ff
:i],J""Lil?:merh
Changing the mixer cr

*l**lff*#*mt---:'..
trfi j3fr
t5;#îi,f
i;;
".u
5E.i,1,:11,'g
Never forget there,s alw

i*".,'*l:=
i,Htitri4:trli;:ijr-;r::xriíi:;
".*l**$*-*;n:""*
ilflxf^,,"rl,".xtttdffi
htxrinrirvrT;'rftl;*i,t
j:,LYoaM'-FM;;;
*:":ir,=,"Jì;i:::ilTiHdTr
T;;-"}',îàf
i,.'.{{".nt:-;:1J"'_"fu
îî;""ÎTi'd:.;l'*.],l
*T't[+#;l,j".t*
#F#ildig$i,i=f
CB.TO-HAM
Cf]iIVEBSI{)il
PRflBLEMS

Wh en permanent ly plan
ning.a CB_to_l0 Meter change,

í:lii:::l;rJtrî,i;ii:f j:t;xru,,*iili
ils4,mru;:
trom rtsoriginaldesignlimits
_.v pf
t he pLL.s Lock

roc,K-upor capturerange.you can u"" ir,"iòò out"ia" of its normal

easilydefertlny Lock Detector
tothatÈi-iii" J.f;'t-.*oneendorrhe by
;ilffi'"iJ'lîfr:n;j";'Jì:":
r,"-;i;;F,il;;Jà"J"lit"n""itró",::*ft :r,::i:nîl**:;:;"ml
-52_

t-
methods. SAMPLE
M()I]IFICATI()N

Once again I'm using the PLLO2A chassis, this time the SSB version.
L10Meter Refer to its Block Diagram in Section III as we proceed.
uencyCB
lm band.
rd to add The VCO for this chassisruns in the 17MHz range, and is mixed with a
rom Ham 20 MHz signaì to produce the downmix signal into the Programmable
ican PLL Ifivider. This downmix signaÌ is 2.55MHz on Channel 1, down to 2.11
MHz on Channel 40. The 20 MHz mixing signal can be generatedin two
different ways, and you'll find both methods used. Either a crystal in
the 10 MHz range is doubled,or a crystal in the 20 MHz range is used
Lvolvinga directly. The American 40-channelversion uses a l0.0b2b MHz loop
g'sdesign mixer crystal oscilÌator. You can add complete new 4O-channel
-' ngs can segments by switching in new crystals according to the formuìa:
vork, and
usedby a New Crystal = 10.0525MHz I (N x .1125),
'm broad-
suffer.It's where N is the number of 40-channel segments above or below the
"legaì"
rr only 40 40 channels where you want to begin.
pecsthan
channels.
40 dB for A s a n e x a m p l e ,u s i n g a c r y s t a l o f 1 0 . 1 6 5M H z ( 1 0 . 0 b 2 5M H z + . 1 1 2 5
rejection. MHz) wiìl give you a 40-channeìband segmentstarting at 27.4l5MHz
frequency in the Channel 1 position. If you do this, you wilt still have the same
]B CITY skips in the "A" positions and Channel 28-25 positions. In some
bleedover European versionsofthis chassis,a small PC board containing the l0
MHz SSB MHz or 20 MHz crystals is installed; a front panel switch is already
thereto chooseamong the Low, Medium, and High (L,M,H) bands.The
sameidea is usedin the Superstar360,which is a European version of
the basic American MB8?19 chassis. It contains an extra pC board
with additional l1 Mhz tripler crystals that are switched in from the
front oanel.

LL's Lock In this type of modification, there will always be the exact same skips at
e the rig. the "4" positions and Channel 23-25 positions as there are for the
FIzor more normaì 40FCC channels.That's becausethe Tfuth Chart and programming
its normal N-Codes are stilì the same; they are already pre-determined by the
etectorby Channel SeÌectorswitch. In other words, the N-Codes are identical. If
end of the N = 255 for Channel 1 with the 10.0525MHz crystal, it will still be
diodeend 255 with any other loop mixing crystal. The new loop crystaì simpÌy
then put it drives the VCO higher or lower as required to maintain the identical
downmix input to the Programmable Divider.
-53-
 CRYSTAL
SWITCHIT{G
METHÍ]OS

Figure 14 shows three ways to switch in extra mixing crystals. For

diode or transistor switching, the actuaÌ switch can be a little-used
switch aìready on the rig, such as the CB,upA. Otherwiseyou can driìl a
small hoÌe in the side or rear of the metal frame and instalÌ a miniature
SPDT toggle switch. For the CD4066IC switch, you can drill a frame I
It
hoìe for a miniature rotary switch. The important point is that the OR
crystals and electronicparts themseìvesmust be physically very close
to the existing crystal; long wire leads are outl There's enoush
capacitancein 6" of switch wire to pull the oscillator off frequency or
kilì it completely.With the new crystaÌ and its associatedparts righi by
the original crystal, it's perfectly safe to use long wires to the;itcil
itself. Any of thesethree switching circuits can betuilt on a smalr piece
of perf board or PC board and mounted near the orisinal osciliator
circuit.

EXTERIIAL (]SCILLAT(]RS
CRYSTAL

As PLI-s devekrpedmore on-chip functions, the processof loop mixing

was simpìified. Instead of needing a separatetransistor osciliertor,the
chips began providing a suitabÌemixing signaÌ directÌy offone oftheir
pins. 'I'his signal is typically b.l2 MHz, which is haÌf the Reference
Oscillator frequency. (10.210MlHz --- 2 5.12 MHz.) Since the most
common VCO frequenciesare in the 16-17MHz or il4-il7MHz.ranges,
it's an easy matter to multiply the 5.12 MHz signal up by the proper
amount to mix with the VCO and produce a downmix sienal into lhe
l ' r o g r a m m a b l e| ) i v i d e r .

The most common circuit usesa l6 MHz VCO anrì triples the b.l2MHz
u p t o 1 5 . 3 6 0M H z . ( 5 . 1 2M H z x 3 - 1 5 . 3 6 0M H z . ) T h i s i s u s u a l l yd o n eb y
passing the 5. I2MHz chip output through a tuned coil and then mixins
it with the VCO. In addition most chips having this feature alsc,have
the T./R shift feature neededto producethe 455KHz IF difference for the
receiver.To make matters even worse,they also use ROM! ExampÌes
are the LC7l20, TCg102,uPD281.1,and upD2816.

Since the 15.360MHz signal never changes between Transmit and

Re-ceivemodes, aìÌ you need is to replace this signal with a slightly
different one to get a ne'w 40-channelband segment,To do this, you
must build a very simple crystal oscillator circuit with the proper new
crystaì. Figure 15 shows the general idea for both the AIMZS-SBrigs
-b4-
 F'IGT.RU1.1.('RYS'I'AL SWITCHING METHODS
'stals. For 4 PoleRotary or
little-used l n d i v i d uSawl i l c h B s

candrill a
miniature
ill a frame
I
s that the !
very close n
's enough U
)quencyor
ts right by
! lK falll
'A I 4 ll 8
the switch P i n6 C o n l r oXl sT A L 5
rmaìlpiece P i nl 2 C o n l r oXl sT A LB "
Pin5 Controls X.IALtì"
oscillator P i nl 3 C o n t r oXlIsA I 0 ' 12
cD4066
5 1 5V f ) C t4 lc l3

6
7
2 3 l0 I

'Iu(lSC
H0TSl0t
r o pm l x l n g
illator,the
rneof their
Reference
e the most xrALr l---l
r----f*I xrarz DxTAt I f-..lxTAt-2
Hz ranges,
the proper
al into the

e 5 . 1 2M H z
lly doneby
renmixing 2N3904.
etc.
: also have
:ncefor the
Examples

.nsmit and
. a slightly
.othis, you
propernew SPDTSWITCH
Í/SSB rigs + 12VI)C

-Da-
 FIGURE 15. ADDING EX'TERNAL lÀ't

LOOP OSCILLATOR SIGNAL

N(
SSB: Cobra 146cTL, Midtand.6001(new), 7001 (new), presidentAR-144,AX_144,
RealislicTRC451,Sears663.3810, cu
UnidenpC244,pearce_Simpson SuperCheetah. frr
O O W N M I XI N P U T S lor
all
'l'L
(III
u P D 2 8 2 4P L L

wt
5.l2 MfizPin
bo
*---l
CLARIFITR
& SS8 t------t l.'o
OFFSEfS I EXTERNAL I si\
i oscrLLAroRi po
E to.zlotrtttz L:'jI: j cot
an
T RealisticTRC453,Uniden PC122(P8062chassis).
U n i d e nP R O - 6 4 0 E(P8105
chassis).
Se

I"o
wh

No
A M : S e e l i s t u n d e r e a c h p L L i n S e c t i o nl l l sig
co ti
D O W N M I XI N P U T S
pro
bot
eve
shc
PLLS: vco/ swi
u P D 2 8 1 4u, P D 2 8 1 6 MIXER (F'o
T C g 1 0 2 ,L C 7 1 2 0( s o m e )
osc
5.12Milz Pin cryt

I CR
0EuA.luIt -l
llf Presenll
1-;;;;
I
L^ | EnrrAL
: O S C I L L A T O,R l, l
For
COII
I o.z4o
ùtHz
tì;_;Mi;
E L---_ J
T
P o i n l sm a r k e d" x " a r e u s u a Í y a s m a f id i s c c a p a c i t o ry. o u c a n r i f to n e e n d f r o m p c
board
a n d s w i t c h b e t w e e ns t a n d a r da n d m o d i f i e d4 o - c h a n n esl e t s .
I've
abo
-56-
 with the uPD2824 chip and the uPD2816chip used in the more common
AM or AM/FM rigs. Inject the new signal at the points marked "X".
NOTE: You can't use a crystaì oscillator exactly as shown for the SSB
144, AX-144, circuits, because both the Clarifier and the mode offsets are generated
Sheelah. from the l0.240 MHz crystal. These would be disconnectedand would no
longer work. Our EXPANDER f6O includes special jumpers which
allow the correct modification in these chassis types.

The new signal will be in the 14-16MHz range. To calculate the new
I&TX
taqes
crystal, the formula is
New Crystal = 15.360MHz + (N x.450),
where N is once again the number of 40-channelband segmentsabove or
below the "legal" 40 channels.(The standard CB band is 450 KHz wide.)

For example, a new crystal of 15.810MHz (15.360MHz + .450MHz) will

RNAL 1 give you a higher 40-channelband starting at27 .4l1MHzín the Channel 1

'r: i
LAroRi position. This is exactly how it's done in the European versions of the
common American LC7120PLL chassissoldby Midland, Colt, Commtron,
and others. Again, there will be the usual skips becausethe Channel
Selectorwas designedthat way, and thesechips also use ROM.

F'orl0-Meter Novice ham conversions,a new crystal might be 16.455MHz,

which gives you 28.060MHz (Ch.1)to 28.500MHz (Ch.40).

Now you're probably wondering, "Well great, but where do I get a new
signal to repìacethe 15.360MHz that comesfrom the PLL?" The answer of
courseis that you must build one, but it's very easy. Figure 16 shows a
proven crystal oscillator circuit that you can buiìd on a small piece ofperf
board or PC board and place closeto the original injection point. You can
even combine this oscilÌator with one of the crystaì switching methods
flx&tx shown earlier on the same piece of board. This could then be remoteìy
!hges switched from the front panel again, giving you 80 or 120channels total.
(For the lazy, you can orderour EXPANDER 160 which is a combination
oscillator & switch, or our EXPANDER 240 which is just a G-position
crystal switch. Write for details.

CRYSTAL
SOURCES
I
;il1
LLATOR;
For thoseofyou having trouble locating a special-cutcrystal, the foìlowing
companiesare very good if you have no other local source:
1 6M H z I
J CRYSTEKCorp. JAN Crystals
P.O.Box06135 OR P.O.Box 06017
Ft. Myers,FL 33906U.S.A. Ft. MyersFL 33906I I.S.A.
(800)237-3061 (800)237-3063
romPCboard
I've dealt with both these companies and they're both good. The cost is
about $6 these days plus shipping. Be very specific when ordering. You
-57 -
 nt
ca
= - 4
3€B H
-3+

.== F;E ca
fo
: -:3
E.€EÈ = > ex
E È :
.=:'E
= 9 8
E :
= F : = TH
.::F=
cJ a\.1 = :=

s
È5F-3 Sc
_s== H nc
RÈ 3HEÉ si
wl
;ÈÈ = É:::
\ì Crl
rì rr = Iu
î b=* 'tt
e
U Z ;EE= slf
o5 E 3È Ì
o E - E
ch
lE 5:E = ('h
È! î . - E > -
.a.l-= A
rh
PX *l-
= ' j 3 =
F- .9 =
E
op
of
R S
\J :s:

s! t re Ht' - é E ó
THI

-r\S
; l \
no
ì ì In
< |\ t Ìt
: b
far
Eq N,{l
h l
int
l v iìn

'Ì'h
ts I
ci r
Th
yol
-58-
 must state the exact frequency desired, holder type, accuracy, and load
capacitance.Holder types are normally HC18/U for solder leads and
3ÉH HC25/U for plug-ins. Accuracy should be at least.00b% or better. Load
:.E; capacitanceis typically 32 pF which is fine for AM-only rigs; however
! = o
for SSB rigs you shouìd get the 20 pF crystals becausethey require less
external capacitance to trim and when part ofthe Clarifier circuit they
' É - will slide much further.
: s =
: b F

;t;= THE ()SCILLAT()R

REFERETICE CBYSTAL
- ( \ J = =

!:E=
:EF3 So much for the modifiable ROM chips. It's important to emphasize
;3ge €- iÉE now that you can neuer modify any AM,zFM pLL circuit using the
single 10.240 MHz design by changing this crystal. Many péople
= = = L
wrongly believe it can be done, but it can't. Too many internal cÉip
functions depend upon this exact frequency. For example, the 4EbKHz
i ;:* T,zRshift is the direct result of digitally dividing down this signal. If the
aEE-* signal were changed by changing the crystal, the T,zR shift would
change because the output from the Reference Divider would also
::E = change. This of course would change the VCO and mixer frequencies,
: È >o there would be no 455 KHz receiver IF injection and therefore no
aar-=a
:- e. j 3 = operating receiver. The guys who designed these things are way ahead
E Ei
u=.E 9
ofyou! (This doesnot apply to the LCZ1Bl SSB chassison page Zl.)
Z é e- z
THE
I M P O S S ICBHL IEP S
As if to pour salt into your wounds, governments and engineershave
now createda generationof PLL ICs that are almost totally foolproof.
In addition to using a single 10.240MHz crystal, T,zRshift, and ÈOM.
there is no loop mixing either. The Programmable Dividers are now so
fast that they can directly divide down a VCO frequencyas high as 20
MHz. Since there's nothing to be mixed, you can,t change the
ingredients!These chips use a VCO running in the l6-17 MHz range
and include:
t,C7130,t,C7131,M88733,TC9106,TCgl09 (40-channeltI.S.)
LC7 135(22-channelEEC)
LC7136,L,C7137,TC9119(40-channelU.K.)
LC71:12(40-channelU.S. and U.K.)
SM512:ì4, SM5124A(4O-channelU.S.)
Cll121 (40-channelU.S.)
The bestway arounrìthis probÌem,if you can't get one of the older rigs,
is to buy a rig having SSB in addition to AM or AM/FM. fhe SSB
circuits either use a loop mixer or don't usethe T.uR shift, at least not yet.
They'rea bit more expensivebut that's part of the priceyou must pay if
you ever expectto go "upstairs".
-59-
Another possiblesolution is to use an EpRoM
modification board.
Theseallow you to customizethe channelprog";;ming
and will work in manv of the nu*"t RéM'pl; to your needs,
circuits. you
pl9ql3--_ou_t the skips,in-cludeb KHz spacing,or even program can
100KHz T/R shift for l0-Meterrepeat",ur". f]u.l in a
n"w publication,THE
CB EPROM DATA BOOK ty tvtu"ii" i. É*f.".i"g,
how.tomaketheseboards,but ufro i""fuaì, ""iJ-rti". explains not only
pC artwork
rnd
for the m.ostpopularssB chursi. typ".. Èigirlv".""o--"rraed!
more we'll be offerins theseconversionboaràs Further-
soon.you "r" g"iirir
details by writing ro us and """ro.t"g,.|u"Àiìi"den,

CB CITYINTERNATIONAL
P.0.Box31500
Phoenix,
Arizona
85046
U.S.A.

THEBASICMODTFICATIOM
pLL circuit appàà.stJIe,
ln::11tl.lthe the harder it will be
to modify. There are fewer "rra f"*." p-i""us where you can
jump in with your own progra-
codesd"ì"op _i*i.rg signals.

Good luck and Happy DXingl

-60-
bionboard.
your needs,
s. You can
cgram in a
rtion, THE
ns not only
PCartwork
rd!Further-
:an get full

SECTION III
r it will be
'e you can
rgsignals.
PLL CHIP
SPECIFICATIONS
This section contains specific information for almost everv PLl, chip ever usedin CB
r a d i o s .A f e w v e r y o l d d e vi c e sw e r e , r m i r t e d : 5o u r c h an c e so f e v e rs e ó i ng t h e m a r e n i l .
However I have included some other obsoletechips becausethere are still radios out
there using them that may need repair or modification ifencountered. It will become
obvious by the amount of spacedevoted to each chip which ones have survived with
the greatest popularity.

First we'll illustrate the actual internaì workings ofthe IC chip itself. All the various
eub-circuitsofmodern PLLs are shown in block diasrarn form. folìowed bv a detailed
d e f i n i t i o n o f p i n f u n c t i o n t e r m i n o l n g y .A n . v t i m e y , , u r e r e f e r r i n g t o a s j e c i f i c c h i p ,
you'll understand at a glance which pin is which. And ifyou should happèn to get the
actual data sheets from the manufacturer, you'll be equipped to figure out his
particular terminology and circuitry.

There are special pages showing the internal --:-N numbers for the most common
ROM chips. I've included this lo help you belter understand how the newer ,,state-of-
the-art" devicesfunction in the overall PLL circuit. For example,knowing the N,Code
for a specific channeÌ and mode, and the divisor of the ReferenceDivider, you can O
calcrrlate the VCO frequenciesfor that channeì. This may be very useful for repair
{
work becausefew manufacturers these days hother to provide anything but the most {
crude, unreadable schematic diagrams!
6
-ì
Chassis bìock diagrams for the most numerous and popular PLL circuits are shown
next, in alphabetical order by chip manufacturers' letter prefix. Signal mixing and
flow direction, programming, and VCO,UIF frequencies are incìuded, u" -àll u"
general SSB offsets,Clarifiers, and FM connection points. Theseserveto teach you in F\
the most direct way how to isolate a problem or modification area ofthe pLL circuit. p
Remember that these diagrams are purposely very oversimplified; I've assumed you
read the text of Sections I & II first! When used alrng with a service manual,
schematic, or SAMS Fotofacts, any of these circuits can be understood.

F-'.
Finally, each specific chip is describedin great detail, again in alphabetical order by
letter pxefix. Often the deviceis made by severalmanufacturers, which may be a great
help in finding a replacement for repair. Most pin functions were determìned either U)
from manufacturers' spec sheets or a careful study and r:ross-referenceof known
chassis. (I have thousands of rig diagrams in rny files!)
z
I n a f e w c a s e so f v e r y o l d c h i p s ,n o d a t a s h e e t sw e r ee v e r a v a i l a b l e .s o p i n f u n c t i o n s
were determined by studving the schematics.Therefore a few functions mav not be
defined exactly but all the most popular, current PLL chips are well-documented.Also
i n c l u d e di s a l i s t o f e v e r y r i g m o d e lk n o w n t o u s et h e c h i p a t p r e s st i m e . I n s o m ec a s e s
they are further identified by referenceto one ofthe block miiing diagrams. Ifyour rig
isn't listed, chances are that it's identical to one that is; there are hardly any,re*
chassis being produced these days, even in the tl.K. The only differences are the
"manufacturer's"
model nurnber and some cosmeticchanqes in the cabinet. For the
better-known tJniden and Cybernet chassis, actual pC boàrd numbers are included
when known. PC board numbers mav vary slightly from those shown since thereare
minor changes in production runs.

-61 -
rr usedin CB
them are nil.
ilì radios out &
; will become
urvived with
O o
t
>9
E G

.l the various tt; -Be

.=E ; 6 =
by a detailed O C
rpecificchip, O =
F ò
pento getthe
d È
gure out his
fr:s à3e";
I H E =
- !
= o
Ei i
oiúo t
r---
tt

rostcommon o
,ver
"state-of- a.3ÈH t N

FEÉÈ
t l f '
.gthe N-Code t l
L'.'- J
ider,you can o
ful for repair
ì Eit ò ri-J
but the most
t:i; g=eI
Freg !t=[ .,
=
o
c
tt
o

ÈÈ€i i
,tsare shown o
o
I mixing and =
l, as well as
: teachyou in
: PLL circuit.
: { l .(E) lc-:
lrr
h
r.r
3;.s
:O -
(o
o uJ
i-'-1
r - f f i
assumedyou
vicemanual, E ;'t ò J
d t :
t E ^t
IIJ L
o c''l

H€ÉÉ 9 a < -
=fi 9 -'85

iFrsI
f ul od
=o
t\i :-'= È
ul>
e3
ol f ;
É!
J
:==;
h :c3 1 1 ! 6+ . s =é
tical order by
ray bea great
'minedeither
\J
!
cl:It
- ò c
a 3
't.
o .t.
i È [=
r c eo f k n o w n
E$ g É o í f
l o l
55:
pin functions
rs may not be
H'st
o,.9 =
rmented.Also ';é ' -ot- .ii
In somecases
m s .I f y o u r r i g
rdly any new
iÉP
encesare the ;g; ; o
binet. For the
bE
q)
-tl
s are included ò55
;incethere are

-62_
 EXPLANATION OF PIN FUNCTION TERMS

V1'6 or Vpp This is the +DC supply voltage which actually provides the operating polver to
the chip, and is generally in the range of 4-8 volts.
GND or Vgg This is the DC power ground connection for the above.
NOTE: A chip may be found to have one or more of its functional pins tied to
either of the above sources.This may be done to enabìe a specifrcfunction by
connecting that function to a "1" or "0", or to prevent an unused function pin
from "floating" unconnected to prevent a possible change in its logic state.
RI ReferenceOscillator input. This is where the (usually) 10.240MHz crystal is connected.
Crystal pins sometimes called "X" by the manufacturer.
RO ReferenceOscillator output. In most chips the crystal is simply connected across Rl
and RO becausethe chip has a built,in oscillator circuit which only requires some
external capacitors. However some chips such as the pLL02A don't have the built-in
oscillator; thus there is no RO pin and an active transistor oscilÌator is required
externally which connects to RI.
l,'2R A built-in : 2 circuit which provides an output of half the 10.240MHz Reference
Oscillator frequency, or 5.12 MHz. If used, it normally connecteto a tripler circuit to
provide a 15.360MHz signal (5.12MHz x 3) which can be used for loop mixing with the
16 MHz VCO. This mixing provides a low-frequencysignal input or downmix to the
Programmable Divider.
Rts Buffered output ofthe 10.240MHz ReferenceOscillator. This signal ifpresent can be
used for mixing with the 10.695MHz receiverfirst IF or mixing with the 16 MHz VCO
during TX mode to provide the 4bb KHz second IF (RX) or the direct on-channeì
TX frequency.
FtN Input to the Programmable Divider which is coming from the output of the VCO.
Sometimes called "PI" (Programmable Input) or ,,DI,, (Divider Input) by some
manufacturers. This is the actual downmix signal or direct VCO signal in the faster
chips which will be comparedto the ReferenceDivider's output in the phase Detector.lt
is the change in this signal's frequency which forces the phase Detector and VCO to
correct until the loop locks.
DO Phase Detectoroutput. Sometimescalled ,,PO" or ,,pD gg1,, (phase Output) or ,,EO"
(Error Output) by some manufacturers. This is the output which results from
comparing RI and Fyry. Ifthe two inputs don't match exaclly, this circuit eends a DC
correction output to the Loop Filter,/VCO until the loop conects itself and locks up.
LI) Lock Detector.Sometimescalled "LM" (Lock Monitor) by some manufacturere.This is
a second output of the Phase Detector which is used to kill the transmitter (and
sometimes the receiver)if the loop is not locked and operating correctly. Some chips
have more than one Lock Detectorpin and thus you'll sometimessee,,LD1" and,,LD2"
on the specs. When two Lock Detectors are used, their normal outputs are usually
oppositelogic states;i.e.,one LD is normally ,,1" and the other is normally,,0". This is a
convenient design feature which allows the manufacturer some flexibility becausehe
can have a choiceofinhibiting circuits; somework with LOW outputs, somework with
HIGH outputs. Some rigs use both LD pins in their circuits.
M(l Misprogram code netector. The same idea as the Lock Detector.this is found in the
newer ROM chips. If you try to force an illegal program code on the chip, this pin is
activated and will kill the transmitter, receiver, or in some cases, call up Ch.g or
Ch.19 instead.
T/R Transmit/Receive switch. As explainedin section I, this is usedto provide the 4bbKHz
offset for the receiver'ssecondIF stagein dual-conversionAM orFM rigs. pressingthe
mike button changes thie pin's logic state to its opposite state fron the RX Mode. This
shifts the ROM controlling the Programmable Divider, and in eome chips also shifte
-63-
I
 the output of the ReferenceDivider from standard 5 KHz steps to 2.b KHz steps.'Ihe
T,/R shift is the reasonyou'll seetwo different setsofN-Codesand VCO frequenciesin a
nng polver lo rig's service manual or SAMS Fotofacts.
NOTE: Some manufacturers' chip spec sheets show a bar (-) above some pin
functions, such as LM, T,uR, etc.This bar is a digital logic symbol which indicateswhat
rl pins tied to state ("1" or "0") that pin is in when activated. For example, thelR with the bar
c function by notation means that the pin is normally HIGH (" 1") in the ReceiveMode and normally
I function pÍn LOW ( '0") in the Transmit Mode.frfmeans the Lock Monitor rs '^activeLOW": i.e..it
;s logic state. is normally HIGH but goes I-OW if the loop is unlocked.
lis connected. FS Frequency Select.This is a feature of some chips which allows them to synthesize
frequenciesin either l0 KHz CB steps, or 5 KHz steps. Remember,some older chips
ted across RI such as the PL[,02A were intended for other uses besidesCB, such as VHF marine
:equiressome radios, aircraft radios, etc.,where 5 KHz channel spacing is common. In additir-rn,this
qethe built-in feature often makes it easier to synthesize SSB frequencies as well as AM,'FM
rr is required although the feature hasn't beenused much for this. f)epending upon whether the chip
has an internal pull-up or pull'down resistor here, it is generally connectedto produce
Hz Reference 10 KHz CB spacings in the older chips. The newer chips having a T/R shift must use
Lplercircuit to the 5 KHz spacing when the TrR pin is also used. IMPORTANT: You can't use this
ixing with the function to get 5 KHz channel spacings,becausethe Programmable divider must als.l
rwnmix to the change to match the spacing.
A I , A O Active Loop F'ilterAmplifier input and output. This circuit ifpresent is usedto smooth
)resent can be out the digital waveform coming from the Phase Detector, before it's applied to the
r 16MHz VCO VCO. (Seetexi.) This filter is found in the newer CB-only chips. The older chips (Eg,
ct on-channel PLL02A) require external passive fîlters using capacitors and resistors.In many rigs
you'll find that these pins are connectedeither directly or through a resistor so that
they are placed in series between the Phase Detector output pin and the VCO input.
t of the VCO.
put) by Eome FIL Active filter. We'reusing this designation in ceÌtain very old chips when the exact spec
rl in the faster sheetsare not available but it's known from studying the chip's wiring in the rig that
r8eDetector.It the pins are in fact part of a loop filter.
rr and VCO to T & Q This is a wave-shapingcircuit found in a few NEC chips (uPD2810,uPD28l4, uPD2816,
and uPD2824).It adds design flexibility but is often not even connected.This circuit
Lrtput)or
"EO" consistsof an input amplifier and a "flip'flop", and its purposeis to change a sine-wave
. lesùlts fiom input (T) to a square wave output (Q) which is more compatibÌewith digital electronic
uit sendsa DC circuits.
iand locke up. P u . P r Program
o Selectpins from Channel Selectorswitch. (Sornetimescalled "D" for "L)ata"
cturers.This is rather than "P" for "Program".) These pins control the actual channel selection,as
Insmitter (and explained in Section II. They may control selectionthrough straight binary coding,
ly. Some chips BCD, or ROM. The sub-numbersindicate the weight or significance of each pin. For
)1" and
"LD2" example if there were 8 programming pins, P1 to Pg, P1 would be in the "least
rts are usually significant bit" and P6 would be the "most significant bit". The higher the sub-number,
l y " 0 " . T h i s i sa the greaterthe weiFht of that pin.
lity becaueehe NC No Connection.An unusedpin. May actually be disconnectedinside the chip, or simply
omework with not used for that particular rig's PLL circuit.
Special remarks when necessary.
is found in the
hip, this pin is
all up Ch.9 or

idethe455KHz
fs.PresBingthe
RX Mode. This
hips also shifts
-64-
 THE IN I'ERNAL + N-CODIìS OF T'HE NEWER ROM CHIPS
Shown hereare partial charts for the latest lìOM I,t,L chips which wilì give you an
i d e a o f w h a t .i s a c t u a l l y g o i n g ' n i n s i d et h c I ì e f e r e n c ea ' < ì f \ o g r a m m a b l e D i v i d e r s .I t
w o n ' t h e l p v . u a b i t a s f . r a s m o d i f i c a t i o rsr , b u t i t w i l l h e l py o u r o v e r a l lu n d e r s t a n d i n g
of the chips and their funttio.s withi. the rig. Refer also t. the chassismixin!
d i a g r a m s f o r t h e s ec h i p s s h o w r rl a t e r i n t h i s s e c t i o n
I Q 7 l 3 O/ 3 1 . T ( : 9 10 6 ( U . s . )
1,c7135(FI.]C)
N( )'I'F]S:
RX 't x Ì. 9l ci)unt upslrilt on'l'X provides,tii Kl lz offset for receiver
('h. I ll2i),1 jil.1; ll rnixing
('h. 2 ] 25rì ;l ; l 1 ; 2 IÙ'flrlnrr, & I'r.grarnrnabk, l)ivirlers use i KHz steps.

l ' ì x a t t r p l er r f \ ' ( ' ( ) l ) e t r : r m i n a t i o n ,( ' h . l :

ll,2i1 x ir KIIz 1 1 i . 2 7 0M I l z ( l ì X M o d e )
/'l. )'r
,t.tt / l ì . : 1 . 1 ; . <5 K t l z 1 6 . 7 2 . .lr\ 4 l l z t ' l ' X M o d r , )

I'h rr I

TCgr09 (U.S.)
Uniden Chassis
NO'I'ES:
IìX 1'X L S p e c i a l = 2 c i r t . u i t i n I ' X m o d e c h a n g e s R e f e r e n c eI ) i v i d e r
ch. I ]251 i;lfr:j ( ' Ltrp u t t o 2 . i I ( [ l z s t e p s .' l h r , 2 . J l l 9 r , o u n 1u p s h i f t p r o d u c e s
('h a
2 it25(; ;illì; a 1lì N'lllz \'('O uhicb is then doubled for the direct on
channll'l'X lrlqrrcncl.

[,ìxampìt'oî \]('O l)clerrlilrrtion, (,h. l:

Ch. 10 :t:142 i l il,2t'l x i Kllz I { j . 2 7 ( ìl l l l z ( l l X M o d e )
; . 1 1 9 : lx 2 . 5 K l l z t:ì.182i Mflz ('l.X Mocle)
( l l J . . 1 l ì 2 iN l l l z x 2 2 { i . t ) 1 i iM H z . r

L C 7 r 3 6 ,L C 7 l 3 ? ( L t . K . )
('ybernet Chassis
N( )' l l.tS:
'I'X
L l ì e f e r c n r , e& I ' r o g r a n r m a b l eI ) i v i d o r s u s e 5 K H z s t e p s .
(lh. I iliì81 2;{i 2 . I ' X \ ' ( ' ( ) f r e q r r c n c ri s d o u b l e d t r r p r o v i d c d i r e c t o cnh a n ì r e i
('h 2 it:ì8il 2;61 lreqlleDf\..

L ì x a r r r p l eo f \ ' ( ' O I ) c t e r m i n a t i o n , C h . 1 :
l Ì . 1 ì 8 1x 5 K l I z l6 90i Mltz fRX Mode)
ch. 40 3459 21gs 2,76{) x 5 KIIz I J.800 MHz l'l.X Mode)
(lll.8ft) MIIz x 2 27.6([ MHz + |.25 Kflz
t u n e d o l T s e f 2 i . f i l ) 1 2 5N t l t z . )

-- 65 --
 TCgr l9 (U.K.)
{ CHIPS llniden Clhassis
glve you an
NOTF]S:
: Dividers,It RX 'I'X
l ldentical operatiÌìg principal to U.S. TCg106 and
derstanding clh. 1 3ll8l :1412 LC7130 31. OnÌy differenceis the N-Codesthemselves.
Lssismixing ('h 2 tìlllJ3 , J 4 1 4 2. Relercnce & Programmable I)ividers use 5 KHz eteps.
l ì . 9 l c o u n t u p s h i f t o r r ' l ' X p r . o v i d e4s5 5 K H z o f f s e t f o r r e c e i v e r
Il'rnixing.

ch..10 :1.1;9 it;,i(ì lìxarnpìe'of V('O l)etcrmination, Ch. l:

iì.il3l x ;-rK Ilz I lì.!10i,Mllz (RX Mode)
It for receiver ; 1 , 1 î ?x . : rK I l z I ?.:J60N'lf lz ('f X Mode)
. L 2 ; K l l z t u n e do Il.st'ts
KHz stcps.

P L L O 3 A ( U . S .- A M )
PLLO8A (l.lt.cr - FM)
NO'I'FìS:
RX 1'X L Special . 2 circuit in l.X mode changes ReferenceDivider
llJ I output to 2.5 KHz steps.
clh. 2 1208 1299 2 . 9 l - c o u n t u p s h i l t o n ' l ' X p r o v i d e 4s 5 5 K H z o f f s e t f o r r e c e i v e r
IF mixing when VCO frequency is doubled.
lì. Since chips cannot divide VCO directÌy, they are down-
rnixed with the 10.240MIlz ReferenceOecillator signal,
Cl\.22 1258 t3t9 producing 6 Mllz outputs (RX Mode) and 3 MHz outputs
('l'X Mode) into dividers. Standard 16 MHz VCO is ueed.
,1. PLL08A contains only the first 22 FCC channels for EEC
'enceDivider
l,rò;, use; otherwise both clrips are identical.
ift producesa
he direct on
E x a m p l eo f V O O D e t e r m i n a t i o n(. l h . 1 :
1,206x 5 KIfz + 10.240MHz - t6.27OMHz (RX Mode)
1,297x2.5 KHz r t0.240MIlz 1iJ.4825MHz(TX Mode)
(13.4825MItz x 2 = 26.96irMHz. îhus VCO is doubled in
exactìy tlìe same way as tlre 'LCg109or I-C7136,r3?to produce
the direct on channel 'l'X frequency.)

KHz steps.
t on'channel

-66-
 ;= 8e
9é E=
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f = =
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F-{
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6€ € a
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o 9EÈ È = F
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,^lL0ntrot
: 1.I = 0
usedt0 lurnoll ore MirerlCinputbetween
TXE "27 MHz
8r. "'17 MHroulto TXAnls.
oulto nX Miier

t00Ets il00Ets
P a c8
e0 9 3 , 8 1 9 J
Royce 582/651, Kraco2410
6A9i64Z
s8EtcMs-4 Pac€8003
Sommertamp lS3l0DX Royce607
S8ELCM.8P
Realislic
lRC209-18
0bsolete
chipusingbinaryinputs
andinternat
B0M. o-bs-0lete
chipusrlgbinary
Inputs.
[Jnique
in thatit cortains
||sownmire.lo. lheVCo.

I
HD42851 c5121
(Hitachi) f

M00ELs ù
M00Ets Conlacl40FM PaceC88001,
Sharp
C85470
SSB C88002
G.E.3.5909A Regency
CB-1,
C8-2
Midland
77-155 UnicRV-C840TB
PttFulcTtoxs
I = P 1 1 3
PilrFuilCTtofts
2 = PZ 14 = FS' I SEG.A t
3 = P3 15 = PR0C. otv.oul 2 . JÈU-d 13
= P 4 1 6 = PDltt homBEt.DtV. 3 SEG.C 14 AO
5 = P 5 1 7 = REF, OIV,OUT
= P 6 4 SEG"D AI il
1 8 = PDlNtrompRoG.DtV.
= P7 19 = 4 0 5 JÈU.È PDOUI
I = P 8 2 0 6
U
5Ell-t 1l LD' C
9 = thR 21 = PDOUT
10 = R l 18 T/R'' B
2 2 = 10" I
1l = R 0 2 3 t9 cH.9
12 = 9 RI 20 EI
Voo 24 = MC(tjsually uncoonected.) STEP'''
10 . RO 21 itc
C
= 10(Ht st€ps,
0 = 5 XHzsteos t1 Tr
=Locled,0=Untocted LED8AR/GRAPH 0n
MULTIPLEX
OUI tF
Ar inlereslingchipthat,seasyto
mistakelortheup0861 '1 . Locked,, is
asthe 0 Unlocked
prnoulis almoslidentical.
Withpint4 LOW,N-Code "1 fx, . AT
is pure 0 Rx *.1 . SfEPUP,0 . srEP0r,l Fo
8-bilbinirywitha rangeolN .53-308.
Withpinl4 HtcH,fange
is N - 3-191. Thelateslt[,î/FMtypechip,idenlicat tF
I pin 14is H|GHandpins7 & I areLOiV, inmrxrng
totheTC9109 up
pfogramming onPage104.Notethisoneusesa singledatabil
is in BC0withstandardN_Code otgl-135. to slepupof MD
Many oown.eJiflinating
lheerpensiyegCDlypeChannel
inlernal
functions brought
outto lC pinslor easier Seleclor cry
trouble_ swrrct.
LrtethesM5123ars951256
shooling.Seeblockmiringdiagram. (page.l08),
thiscontains mil
rneLÈudrverswithinlhechip.Noteasilymodified. MC
-93 and
 LC7110 vdd Vss
(Sanyo) P1
88 P2
BI P3
it0DEls 80 P4
G.E.3-58014,587t8 P5
TRC454,
Realistic 18C470 AO P6
142000,
Sanyo T44000,
f46000 AI P7
PO P8
tD' P9

Anobsolele chiDwithinternal 80il andbindryinputs.

Asusedi0 above
models, '1 = Locled.0= Unloc*ed
.-lied HIGH
- l l = 1 5 0{ C h1. l t o 1 9 4{ C h4. 0 1 .

LC7113 vdd Vss

(Sanyo) P1
Y,R P2
BI P3
MODETS RO P4
TRC459/TRC480
Realislic SSB FS" P5
thalil contains
PO P6
rig!Uses7-bitbinaryptogramming
chipusedin a veryexpensive
^n 0ùs0lele wilhinlernal
pull-down Pin9 presets
resislors. lhecounterasl0llowsì L0' P7
Pin9 HIGH.54 + N,
Pln9 LolV,128+ il '1 = Locl€d,0 = ljnloc|(ed
" 1 = . ! - 1 0 2 4 ,=0 + 1 1 5 2
SincePinI is grounded pulleddownLoWin lheBealistic,
or artomatically it
raisi0g
tllcHallowsa possible
64channels ùelowCh.1. Hovrevetsincein thisrig = 172
at Ch.40andlhemarimum l{ possiÙle 19highchannels
is 191,onlyanadditional can Seeblockmixinqdiagram.
be0rooramm€d. Afterlhat,youmustreplace the17 MHzL00P Crystal.
8002
8.2

LC7120 P1 vss
(Sanyo) P2 AO
P3 AI
P4 PD
M00Ets P5 LDI
)1 u.s.: P6 t02
77-101C,
cott222.itidland100M.77-1018. 77-824C,
Pal0mar (late).SS8600,
S58500
TRC462,
Realistic R0byn
S85400, (Stovrawav)
SBE47CB tfs' ,l t/,4
ErDort:
li8"
3
vdd lr
I '
BB
240.Hyslar100,Jawsll, Midland 150M, Slag357,
Coll510,Commtron Vlll.Formac
FRANK
BI bL , ' RO
Tfislar120,
Vice'Presidenl
IAR/GRAPH oneollhelalerBCo/R0M chips nowlinding itswayinloEuropean rigs.lheptogramminq, 10.695 MH?ll
IPTEX
OUT lFS,andT/Rpinsuseinternal pull-down fesistofs.Chipuses5 KH.divider sleps.LD1 9.785MHzlF
is activeLoW;102is acliveHIGH. Several l{-Code selsarepossible de9€nding upon ' I ,T = 0
AMor SSBuseandchoice 0l lt, verysimilarl0 uP02810. Eramples l0r At{ cifcuilsl
, O- S T E D
PN For10.695 MHzlf, tl-Codes are182to 270(RX)and273l0 361{TX);lor 9.785ilHz
lF,ll-Cod€sare364t0 452(RX)and273l0 361(lX).tlolice thatthe455KHzmayshin
inglotheTC9109 up0rdown0nfX relativc to rvielherlie lF is operallngaboYeor Èelow lh€10.24MHz
, billo slepup or miringsignal.ForSSBuse,thel/R and%Rpinsar€nolused:inslead a separate
Channel Seleclor crystal pr0vldes
0scillal0r th€loopmiri0g.F0rAMckcuit,seetheuPD2814/2816 block
mlrin0diagtam. MostSSBchassis
l{oTE: using lhischip0rtheuP0858 (andsomewilh
108),thiscontains MCl15106 0r uP02824)haveidenlical mainchassis; thePLLchipis the0nlyditlerence
rcdified. and8ll aredesignedforslraighl 91lo 135N-Code division.
-94-
 LC7130/31_ U.S. P1 li R"
LC7135 - E.E.C. P2
LC7136/37_ U.K. P3 vdd
P4 AO
(Sanyo) P5 AI
t
t00Ets P5 PO
U
lest t-0"' C
1C7130 0R LC7131l cx19' Vss
Erea_lrr 40Ffrl. Cobra19X.l9XS.19+,20-.39110.40+. 66LTD. cH9' RO C
90LTD. Colt210. Ctassic tV.Gataxy tV.GataryV. C
Ereclrophon€ -Courier MC BI
îX565. ForC8340. C8911, c.E.3-58058.5Si6A, M

I:a9.-Ii{.-r! 102M, 103M. 151M. 202M. 2001. 3001.4001, rl

7 6 - - 3 0 !7. 7 - 8 ' t 07. 7 - 9 1 1R. e a t i s r iT 'Ch.g& tg called
c R C 4 t 0T
, RC4t4. " R = 1 . 1= upwùenpinsareH|GH tl
fRC42lAl422A, TRC428, nC472. SAM2000, Uniden AXJ1, 0 tfl

PC77, Vice-President ROy

"'1 = Locled,0 = Urlocled s
1C7136/1C7137: Ir
Academy 501,502, Amstrad C8900, CB90t, Barracuda Gt868,
HP940, Einalone 5-Star. Speedrvay, Cobra 2lXFM, Colt295, C
Commhon CB40F, Cybernet Eela1000,2000,3000, Elllone ilotEs: U
E t C B 6 0 0 0F, i d e l i l yC B 3 0 0 MC, 8 1 0 0 0 MC, 8 2 0 0 0 M . 1. For[C7130, L0 A MCareactiveH|GHì for LC7't31r35/36/
37,lhcyareacliveLow. P
C82001FM, creat cî8588,cT868B,Hatcyon Cheetah, 2. 1C7131 & 1C7137 canbe inlelacedt0 tc7181/tC7191 {D
Condor, Ha ierCBHQ, CBX,Haryard 400M,402 pA,420M, scannrn0syslem.
H401, Johnson XK2000, Lake950,950,Marcom 3. AllchipsusedirectVCodivisi0n, fo
4E,6E, 16E. R0ùt,5 KHzEteps,siîgts Co
20E,21E,Midland 76-200, 2001, 2001T, 3001,4001, Mustang 10.24ìlHzcryslal,andareimpossiùte lo modily.
4. 1C7135 contains
ontythetilst22FCC channets in Rofittor st
C81000, C82000, C83001, Nato40FM, Oscar t. Radiomobite P
European spec.
2 0 1 , 2 0 2R. o l eR l V220,8V23 R0V.2 4 0S,a p p h i r2e0 0 0 X , 5. Channelinpulcodes AI
areall BCo.
Shogun, SirlelSearcher, Sleeptetone SCBlFM, Transcom 6. U.S.& U.K.difleronlyin Rot{il-Codes. U
C8X2000, G8X4000. YorkJCp861, JCpB63 cn
ilo otherU.X.mod€ls known al Dress time. Se€bloctmiringdiagrans. 0t
Èa
firl

M58472P M58473P
(Mitsubishí) (Mitsubishi)
.. ,,' l
P 4' ' l ' '" Vdd p c. ,] " ' r vdd
P5 -,l ,' P3 P5 L,] P3
PGa.l t" P2 P 6t . l P2 M
Frr 't Llt. P1 Frr,-' Pl
g1 ,,r q; irì u.
::. Br
l{C '" .,._ilC t0 i,] OA
tD" ,] :: t-a
ilc.'l i,r
.. ;l L pa
1 1 1P. D tD'-'l PO Re
.,; FtL vss -l FIL F0
'1 . Untocked, s8
0 - Locked 't Unlocked,0.
Locked AB
"TiedLOW "1. r147.0.
"'l presets + 203+N Fo
147 N,0presetsi02+ N
""Tied HlcH it0DEts Co
Er
ir0DErs American
lrotors3231l847,
848,849,950 Ga
|lf4400M pre
ChannelMaster
C86830,C86832 KracoKC8-4005 ON
G.E.3-5800A,
580'tA,
5810A,
5821A, 5871A noyce1-632 Sla
Teaberry (23and40ch.),,,1,'Chartie
Racer"T" Vic
lVards
cEN.702A,
7304
,t7 4A,77SA,826A
Th
0bsolelechipwithbinaryinpuls.Felerence Oscillator
was pin
5.12MHz.Used5 KHzinternaldividers.Easymodilicationby 0bsolelechipwithbinaryinputsandCodeConyerter.
Easy a s
changinglheloopmirinqcryslal. modificaiion pr0
bychanging theloopmiringcrystal.
-95-
l'

É0.r/R" M88719
;tr
t '
J3_ vdd M88734
r'- A0 (Fujitsu)
il Al
1. PD
il0DEts
1 [D
"' u.s.:
'_ Vss Coùra
4647XtR.S055XLR.
Midtand
63-440
40.2 Vss
380 Co[ra110/142GTI.
,t Rl Coutie.Galary Ar2
Midland79-900 A0-1 P1
s areHlcH
(new)
ilxìilÍ1,#8iTJiÀ,*shirsr00 Af1 P2
8oùynS850SD PO P3
{tatel
SBELCBS-8,tcritS-b LD' ?1
Teaberry
StatterlX.XV.xI RI
Tram080/0300 RO
(Single-c0nversion P6
AlttiSSB
m0dets) vrtd
Cobra
148/2000c11
ìH;lorLC713t/35/36/ starke,
xx",p.,'
iJix"JJh:::'##il*Îiilj;,i.ì1"T"'"n, .:l;J;"*ld'!=urrocred
(Duar-conversion ''' '
td t0 t"c7181/tc7t91 aMlssÀ;;;;)"- ; = lir-.\til,T:r.l'llrtl;lJilr,ifii,,;1i11l,
ll, 5 l(Hzsteps,
singte Foreion; l[nct nr,,
r'r.rr.nnotpreserlin tl88731u s m;dolt
teto modify. óotià"iigcrL.ox pcozgt ;niv.I
rcarr,,r
cialnels in B0Mlo. McKinreytpc8e3t Pin10 presetluncriornormalypulE
:::,:::_s;llfttl::lo^rlt
i 'uc,uc,,, upltGH
u,d,,rrrLvesr 6-ùitùharyInputs
All modehshown in ùiockmiringdiagram. pull-up
úes. resistors
ùsed

glir*:rii#iirii,*ì':{i,,}Éiitiflifi,'l'q
polutafUnidenchassis€
^u.r-t_d_I-t1._î9:!

'dd , _-MC I 45106 (Motorola)

M M 55 106/I I 6/I 26 (N atÍonal
)
1
u00Et s
u.s.:
EromirgGotdenfalhMa tVA
Lale600
(rare see vdd
i:itJffi3333î, versi.n; !p0858
diasram Vss
) Frr PO
Robyn440 RI
SBEXeycon P1
ARt.200l RO P2
Foreisn: '!:n
Fs'q
4 l"l Pr
co-bra.148clL-Dx.
superslar360FM
(p8010:see iq pl
ÈrcattbuJ btoctdiagram.)
base,
Ercalibur
Samurai,
Galax íó èi'i^Yi'iil'Srp.,
uarary,presrdenrFranktin.supersrarrsoo.rL? ,r:: É H;:
rr€srdenl
Jaclson
lP8042t P8 L__
DNT M4OFM,274OFM
IUKJ _ ]!d p7
patomaf ..t = r0 [Hz
51.yq1o91
9139 1l;itarro
vrce-Presidenl
FRAI{K.
ss8s00-rale),
pacitic ...t = 0=
srcas, 5 t(]tzsrsrs
ColonelFR360. SSBó00 Locrsd,0= Untoctrd
lie full_pinout
version.0l
theM0t0rola
sefles,..Uses
sinpte9-bilòilary,rooramntnr
ro.prósei'ir,; yl,'l
llllmar prrr-down
rcsisrors onthes€
i'lì;,io"jljnl,jl,Xo,,Ìlì,]t;:,#f
p,0s,ammabre Sî,j[:l'"tt"llrnarv"aoaers fiil#;i;il
:onverter,
Easy
6lat. oivirer
anì-iàw-iàvei'*#li,'Ji,tl,jÌ,I*íj'il;óiliìjlil'iiiríi,'i'iJiìé"''#'fir'n'i1."',1
-96-

}l-*
 MC14568 & MC14526 (Motorola)

ltl00
vdd
Gen
AMMOOETS J0nn
1102
L'10'l,
Craig P1 PD Vrkr
Lale650 P3 t0'
Royce1-601 Joh
SBE44CB (trlalibu (lrinidad
40),15CB lll) P2
J o hn
P1
SSBMODETS Vss
S8E27CB/A (Sidebander lV) SH0lVtl:MC14568
39CB (Sidebander V) '1 = Loclad,0= Unlocked
40CB (Console vì
S€eilockmiringdiagram.
lloTE:ThlEis early Dl Chassis. Ane
andProgrammatle ls a 4-hlt+ l{ PrograminatlE
i1C14526
ElnaryCounter; only.801ì
Counter lhe l
MC11568 is a PiaseComparator gr0u
Weigit0f plnsis:
t0 maÌs!p th€8-bill{-Codes.
requlr€d

itc11568
PlnI - 128btt
Plrl5 - 6 1b l l
Pln6 - 3 2 ù l l
Pln7 - 1 6 b l t

Ancxamlleol an earlypLLdeyicethalr€quired chlpst0 lormtheloop.l0 lhell0l rhassis,lhesow8r€replsced

severaldiscrete
bya singlel{0C40013chlp.Comparebolhcircuils dlagrams.
in lheÙloclmlxlng

MO
Ala
MM55108 (NatÍonal) l(ra
Pal
Re
Ten
Avr
pull
vdd Vss
F't P1
RI ?2
RO P3
1/,R T/R"
RB P4
PD P5
u.s.M0DEts L0' P6
Lale410 P8 P7

'1 = Locled,0= lJnlocled MO

u.f. lt00Ets "B =l ,l =0
Ge
Academy Ro
tlúelilyC81000FM Sh
Hanard 402MPA fea
Lalc850/950
TranEcom G8x2000,
GBx1000

Aneartyilatlonal cìip thatnever

oained p0pularlty usedIn newt.l(. Fil rig3.Us€s455l(HznRslln'.bul
in thclJ.S.Currenlly 0iY
onlhesepins.llegallvs'golne
irse,witùinlcnal puli-dowîrGsistols
progiii .dtri.t is simptebtnaryior moOittóatlon PDoùtput use
lo VC0. The
-97 -
 MSC42502P
(3001-201)
F* vdd
P{ P5
MODETS P3 P6
General (same
Molors asJohnson)
GM4120,4170,4175 P2 P1
JohnsonMessenger
191,
4120.
4'125,4135,
1140,
4145,
4230,
4250, P1 P8
Viking
200 lrC 80
Johnson
Messenger40.
50,80,Viking
230,260,
270,430 PD RI
LD' Vss
Johnson 4330,
Viking 4360
'1 = Loctod,
0 = Unloclod

Ancarlychipcustom-madelor theE.F.Johnson
Company. Us€sBCoinpllsandiÍternalplll-upresistoB0nlheplogranmin!
plns
ull8ronly.Bolh lhe Relerence
0scillator
wasalways 5.12ÌlHr in thisdevic€.
Several
nlrln0schemss wGreused,andlheaù0Y8 modcls8r€
0roupedbyl00pdownmir fr€quenciesintolh€chi!.M0dilicali0n
bychangin0lhE8C0programmlng onlhepin8.

MSM58O7
(OKI Semìconductor)
ig rgrereplaced
P5 vdd
P6 P1
07 P3
m00Ers P8 ?2
ts" P1
Alaron B-1900
l(racol(C8-4000 RI
Palomar 19 RO L0'
RealisliclRC205 Vrs PD
lenna10901, 10902,11302
'1 = Unlocled,0
= Loclsd
A yeryold0ùsolete is binary
chip.Prog.amminq withinternal
"1 = +512,0=+1021
pull-down onthepins.
resislors

MSM59O7
(OKI Semiconductor)
P4 vdd
P5 P3
P6 ?2
MODEI.S
P7
GIX'4010,
Gemlronics GTx-5000 :'
T-2400
Robyn P8
GBS-240
Shalesleare F,"
"T"
frlodel
TEaberry
Vss
'llcd lou,

A yeryearlydevice,thisis a Phase
Comparator Diyider
andProgramnable only.t ssdlr coniuflcllon Pr8s€ttable
wllì lhe 512301
0E l/R shllt,hrt otvtder.in a mann€ryerysimilarto theffCl456E/i1C14526
loopwi€rc sryeraldlscretedevlceswercnecded. Elnaryinputsars
Fgoln0P0oulpul used.
lic sigralthatdrivestheVCocomes homth€1t1S12301.
-98-
 NDC40013
M58476 vdd
r)-
(Mitsubishi)
ttt00Ets BI F ::,
P1
Craio1131/123'|
Johnìon 4730
Viting4740,Messe0get
NC
li P2
P3

E
r{otPc200,Pc201
Pace1000MC P4
SBESidebaoder Vl
Vl,Console P5
IramD64 P6
_].
'1 = Locked,0 = Unlocled
"Mod€Selecl: 0 = US8.
1 = AttlrLSE.
1 bit (5 XHr)
Divider
ShillsProgrammable
Thischipusesbinaryinputs andwasloundin lhelatell0l chassis. lor SSBuEe.
"'Tied HIGH
Replacedthetwodiscfele Ghips
Motofola the€xactsame
to create
loopcircuì1.
Com0are in lheblockmiringdiagrams.
bothcircuits

NIS7261A
(Suwa Seiko)
vdd PO
Ftt P1
fit00Ets PO P2
408 L0' P3
Jaguar
Pearce-Simlson
X, 770,790
Vectot ilc P4
RO P5
RI P6
Vss P7

'l=Locted.0=Unlocled

shown
Boththischipandtheil1s72648 ercept
belowareidenlical lor theRelerence
0scillalot
,ttstatr.nii oneuses10.24MHr.Programming chip
is binaryA veryobsolete

NIS7264B
(Suwa Seíko)
vdd P|)
P1
il0DEr.s PD P2
KC8'4088 L0' P3
fCB-4003,
Kraco
2001
MorseiEleckophonics ilc P4
Psce8340 RO P5
2630
SurYeyor RI P6
Vss Pl

'1 = Locted,0= t nloclcd

crystal.
oscillator
Us€s11.52MHrRel€rence chiP'
is binaryA Yeryobs0lete
Programminq
-99-
 PLLOZA (NPC)
MC1457Og (Motorola)
3 ::' AN/MN6O4O (Panasonic)
ii]

P1 SMí1O9 (NPC)
P2
P3
TC9lOOP (Toshiba)
P4 ECG1233 (Syluania)
P5
P6 ilt0DtLs
P v d d. . Vss
EARTYGEI{ERATIOII
AM, 3.CÎYSTAI.IOOP
IPGB:PTBM036/03840X.
Seeblock mixingdiagram.) Pf)
us8. 23Channel: RI , P1
il (5 ÍHr)
FS' . P2
(GM)CBD-l0.
Delco 1977/1978 series,
c.E.3-58108,
HyGain 68t,682.2679.2680,
2681,
2683, P 0 ' P3
2710X,2716,
30848,KracoKCB2310B, 23208,23308. Lalayette
Com-Phone 23A,H8650,
H8750.H8950,Micro223A,Telsat1050. Midland
13-830,13-8578,
13-882C, LD" " P4
13-8888,
t3-955,
Pearce-Simpson
TigerMkll, RCA14T300, 141301.
TrueloneMCC44348-67, Cyi4732A-77 P 8 ' P5
Pl " P6
40Channel:
'1 = 10KHtsteps,
Hycain2679A,
2682,2701,
2720, Pearce-Simpson
Tiger
40A,Sears 60000
0 = 5 l ( H rs l e p s
LATECEItERAîtoltaM, 2.CRysTAL100p, 40 CHAI{ltEL "1 =
L o c k e d ,-0 U n l o c t e d
(PC3:PîBtfo49/051 / O57/ 092/ 09'COX.Seebtocknixing diagram.)
BomanC8910,C8920, C8930, CBH990,Colt290.390,
800, Delco
SX33, (c M)1978
series,
120.
Gemtronics
c'f44,c'r55.cfX66.c.E.
l-
3'5804D,
58118.
5812A,5813B, 5819A.HamInll Puma,
Viking,HyGain 2702,2703,
3107.J.C.Penney
981-6204, 981-6218, JILCitizen
F;IP1 BPL524.KracoKC84010,4020.4030,4045,5001.5003,Latayeile
Comstat525, H8640,
H8740, H8940,
1M.100, 1M300, Tetsat 1140,
- Midland76.858,75-863,76-886,77-830,77-838.77-849.77-857,77-882,77-888.77-889,77-899,77-955,77-963.
Medallion 63-030.
i'.
- P2
"P3 Mopar4094176/77178.
Morse-Eleclrophonics3005,
Palomar 4100,Pearce-simpson
Lion40,SuperLynx18,Tiger40.RayJellerson
C8845,RCA'14T260.
14T270, 141275.14T303,141304.
14T305,Sea.s60105,Truetone
CYJ4832A-87,
4862A-87
EI Pl
-
,r ro FOREIGN IODELSOFABOVECHASSIS
E--
( P C BP
r l B f l 0 9 2 / 0 9 4 /l 0 6 A 0 X , a y h a y e t h e P î Z Z o 3 3 A 0 X F t t b d . a n d / o r O s c . u n i t b d s . )
F
f-
pz C011720,870, Formac 88,120, HamInternationalPuma, Vjking, Major M540. pearce"simpson Superlynr lg
SSBCHASSIS (Seeblockmiring diagram,)
SinglePCB:PIB[048A0X, PlBff 0s8C0X
AIVA/lhorn
1503,
EomanC8950. Cardonlroquois
40,Coll480,485Dx,
890,1000,
1200(Ercalibu0,
Gemtronics
Gtx77,cE 3-5825A,
HyGain (v),2785,3108
2705 (vlll),J.C.Penney
981-6247,
JiLCilizen
MPL-5,
SSB-M6,
Lalavette
lelsatSSB120,
SS8140,
Midtand 78-976
79-892.
Palomar
2900.
Pearce-Simpson SuperPanther.
Super Bengal
MkL RCA14T30i.
TruetoneCYJ4837A-87.
Universe5600
ooublePG8:PfBM080/085C0X & PTRf004,/00500Xj
0lX MarkX,G.E. 158?58.3.58754 fSu0erbaset. tttidland7&574.78.9S9 7989t.SBELCBS-4
fofiElcf{"tXPofT" M00tLS [May have FM,CW.Boger8eep,andup to 240 channels.ì
ooublePCB:PTBM059C0X & PT0S006A0X or PTSY0I6A0X
Ham Inlernali0nal Conc0rde, Jumb0. lVultim0d€ ll HyGain V.Lalayee l200fM,Maj0rtV360, tV588
P C BP: T B m| 2 l 0 4 X m a i nb d .
-l- Cobra GÎ1150, Colt3200X,320FM, 1200DX (Excalibul. HamInternationalConcorde ll. Jumbo ll, HvGain 2795DX.
Intek1200FM.
h6 P0 LalayelleHB70AFS, lfistar747
E PCB:PTBM| 2200Xmain bd.
'' Pl
- Coùra l48GTL-8
l'. P2 P C BP: TSM | 2 5 l | 3 l A 4 Xm a i nb d .
E
', P3 (V),Lalayetle
E Colt16000X, 20000X, Hycain8795 1800, Midland
7001 Pacific
{erport), 160. Superslar 2000.Tfislar
777
l" P4 PC8:Pci|lool S main bd.
FI P5 Argus5000,Colt2400, Cobra'148G TL-DX(lake), Falcon 2000, Lalayette2400FM, Mongoose 2000,Nalo2000, Palomar2400.
='o p6 5000,Starlire DX,Superstar 2200, Thunder 2000, Tristar797.848
- PC8:PTBMt33A4X main bd.
le P7
r Hamlntrrnati0nal C0nc0rde lll.Jumb0 lll.lllultim0de tll
Thlsis lie bigone,lolks!Themostpopular chipevermade,stillin worldwide usetoday. Chipis loundin lheCyhernet
chassis.
A memùer ol lheilolofolalamily,il usesslraight binarypr0gramminq pull-down
vrithi0leroal resistors anda negalive-g0ing
PD
oulput.f$odillcalion fof addilional channels is a simplematter 0t changino theprogramming 0r lhe loopmiringcrystal(s)
as
discussed in Secti0ns | & ll. lhe chipis alsowidelyu!€din the18-Channel Australianrigs,wherethe0nlyrealdiference is i[
lh€Channel Seleclor swilch; i.e.,replacing lheswilch withthe40-Channel versi0nallowseasylrequency expansi0n.
-100-
 PLLOLA v r dl , r \ - '
P1
(NPC) Fn ,']
Rt fll P2
- t
t00Ets r{cL.l P3
Hycaifl (HYRange
681,682 l& ll) eoouri.l P1
lftacoÍC82310^,ÍCB2320A potn i;j P5
'11 P6
porel P7
b€lor€thechi! technology
t0 thePLL02A,
^n €arlyDredecessor 00tlaslet
Progranmin0
andmoii sophisticated. 8-bitbinary.Relercnce
is straight
speed 0l dividersUsedin a lew '0!toutol PRoG.
olv.to PD
was6.40MHzduelo sl0wet
oscillator
oldCybernet suchasPl8M027A0X,
chassis, 02940X.

PLLOSA _ U.S.
PLLOSA - EEC
(NPC) vdd Vss
RI P|)
t00Ets 101" P1
102 P2
U.8.:
Drlco(Gir)808C82, 908C82,
908C81, 908FrCl
90EC81' LD3
G.E.3-58134.58114, 58198,
58184,
58174, 58594 PD P4
JCPenney 981-6216 T/R' P5
?7-821,
tlldland 5001
77-859,
s8Etcil-8 Frrt P6

TEG:
Fil
HamInl'l Hercules 'l=1,R=0
HycomC82000, 3000,1000 "lìree Lospresent.
101is activeHIGH,102is active
ilaior 3000 L0W.tD3nolnormallY
used.
MS211
ultitech
idland77-FM-005
1740xor sinilat)
{PCB:PT8ftl1

FlÌstattenptt0 us€R0il in tiis earlyg€neratioî dueto slowdividefspeedEinaryilpuls

chl[. L00pdownmhuas stlll rGquired
",".oi".rric byR0itt0 a divisor in ttiet,zoorangi.lnter;alpull-down
reslslors0nlhepro0ram pinsThePLLo8A hasonlythe
ìil zj'il|;úî;;ì;,iórelin 6onrrorrneEuroÍeàn specs:otherwls€ s€ehloclmixing
boii chip!identical. diagram

Rtr'C86345
l'4 FIL
vdd ill- Vss
ttl00Els li; P0
t
Courler
Elazer400,tlighlrider
4008,Rangler
400, RI i'l Pl
Scnolade40,Rogre10
Fanon
Fanlare125t,182F,1840F,1850F,
185P1"1.
1900F, RO r P2
lnl
,s P3
TFC4il8
Rcalisllc :::: ', Pa
T-
t0' L" P5
-
P7 i'o P6
'l=Locked,0=Unlocled
"0 = 10KHzsleps,1 = 5 l(HzslePs
Àn earlychlDcustom-mad€ by Resdel,parcnlconpany0l "'lFC: HelpsùringloopInt0loct. ls connecled
Corp.UsessimÍle8-bilblnaryproerammln0 t0 VCo
tanon-Courler
pull-down
ullh Intcrnal 0î thepins.SeeblockmUlng
resistors circult.
""APC (Automatic
dlagramlor all the aùoYemodelsexceptthc TFC148,whictl PhaseControl) switchPDoutputleeds
l! SSB. tirou0hllìis switchlo VCoallerlock-ul.

-101 -
l]"
Pf| SM51O4(NPC)
F! P1 MC145104 (Nlotorola)
E ?2 MM55104 (Natíonal)
E
'e P3
MN6040A (Panasonic)
P4
t; P5 ECG1255 (Sylvania)
I'aP6
?1
J'r vdd Vss
PO
DlV.lo P0 P1
M00Ets FI
RO P2
A : FS'
Courier 400
Caravclle
FrnonFanlare8800F PD P4
Írls XL-45 t0" P5
frlldland 77'861
77-825, 97 P6
CM540
11025A,
tl|otorola
Panasonic 3100,3150
8J3050,
li!er 404
SuPer '1 = 10fHzsleDs,
0 = 5 ÍHr iteP3
Pearce-SlmDson
RsallsticTRC455 "1 = Locted.0= unlocked
LB'120,
cr'4100,
iiiiii ooino,DG-i300, wvrlo
sx402D'
sx401,
lq vss IBX-5000
UtacIRX-1000,
F P()
P1
E
E
P2
P3
(SeeÙloctmiringdiagram)ì
SSB:
981-6211,
JCPenneY 6246,6248
3827'3831
934.3826,
searsRoàdtalter
F P4
E P5
r P6
AnotiermemÙer family,almost
0l theMotorola
pu1-d.wnres.sil';ìi;;;l^ffi
to thePLLo2A
identical wttì onelesshlnarY
po
;À. ni-q.riti-going tó
output
tit butan0n'chlg
vcO. Easvm'dlllcati'nbv
l0rlhc
osclllalor
claî0in!
Internat
10.21IÌlHzinDur.
!ro0ramming.
102is active

Sinaryinpuls SM51O7NPC)
Itasonlythe
am. MC145107(Motorola)
MM55107(National)

vdd VEs
Fn PO
MODETS
RI P1
ft o'- Lalay€tte
Lale650
felsal1240
LM-200, thA ?2
f vss Pace8008,80104,
8015A,8113,8117,8155 fs' P3
['" P0 SBE11CB (Corter
(Asper),42Cg 40) PO P4
it Pl Sears370.3805 10" P5
il p? P7 P6
lit Pl
'1 = '10l$r steps,0 = 5 fHz steps
ÉP4
f'l P5 "1 = Locted,0= Unlockcd
i;q Po

lledlo VCo
A n o t h e t m e m b e r 0 l t h e M 0 t 0 l o | a t a n I l y D u t n e Y einternal
r a b i 0 0pull-dowr
Í e . . s | mreslstors
i h r l 0 t hliks
e . the
P L chl!
L | ) 2aboYe.
A - , l hbul
| s othl!
n eono
a I s'h0
ofequilesa
leeds
0 outpul osci at0rctrcùit.tt hasontyI bits0t o,*ry i'rogri;niiù irithilesallYe:00lns PD output t0 vco'
i;ìil;;;;;;i;i;;ìó, rlÀ s tz trtttz toop mi'ínó"output signat

-\02-
 sMí118
(NPC) -JJ;-. ,r I .
v d dL , l l ' r ,vss
Fn ì, l'l P1 M(lflE

MODETS
BI
80
il t: P2
P3
ìleda
Molor
fBs ci
auroRA0los:
l /tt|/rt.DAs[ '/?R
4 i.- P4 Ward
Aotomatic
CBR-2175 ne ll :i Pl
BomanCBR-9940 -'l
8077
4048076,
Chrlsler P0 I'i p0
B
LeoIard
Pearce-Simpson LD'q f' P7 Verys
BCA141105,14T410 ilC ;l .,"1P8 Prog
sT l0an0 a 0RAÌl/ssBcB: ' 1 = L o c k e d=, 0u n l o c * e d 455Kf
PaceC8185,8046,8047,8092
lheTrBpin Programming
minus 8-bitbinary
is straighl fc91
l0 theMM55108,
identical
Aimost
prev

TCSOSOP
(Toshiba)
Sub: EC G12O7(Sylvania) frt0
tc91
ffl00Ets Cob
GE.3
'diówninq
afí: PÍ)
fot all ol lheseerceltthesharpl
salre,ssl-2 lsamechassis Midl
P1 ili)tf
Cobra32XLR, 86/87XLR
KracoKC84090, KC84095 P2 Pre
Seals562.3820,3822 P3 Heal
Tram042 P4 Tea
(AllShafp
usesamechassis) P5 Uni
C87504,8004,2260,2460
Sharp
P6 D0' IC9
P7 Vss A L
SS8: Au
Baron,
Browning Cobra lram 062
132/135X1R, 'Dirideroutput
lo TC508l ll0 0
(Seeblockmixin0diagram.)
fhe
pal
T h i s d e v i c e i s a s i m p I e b i n aplr-'circun
rYP|og|anmabIeDivider,Useda|o n g w
compose
t0 i t h
lhe t h e T
100p, c 5 t
belore ) S l
Lsl . P h a
chipE s
hade c 0 m p a r a l 0 r a nd
sl€
oreàrrv
òiciràiàilóiiioii.'riarprd tnairequired discrete
several chips
lurlhet.
eYolved Se

TCg102
(Toshiba) vdd
= l
tlòl
:::
MI
Co
fit0DEts .l
BI
,:,1 EPf)
Midland76-860,77-8618 r-'r ÉP1 G,
Pr
P2
4370,4470,4670 Re
SharDC82170,
PO ;l i;
P3
AI -r lr
P4 Se
AO a.I i.r rc Te
= I UN
L D ' l]] _.1'" / R ' '
T

'l = Locked,0 ve
prooramming Divider
wilhProgrammable = t nlocked
taot
a biqonc.lJses 5-ùitbinary
channel " l =1,R =0 ou
0reseit0 91 .r ll in R€ceive mod€t0 produc€
modcand182 + ll in Transmil "'Ti€d LoW 0u
iSS XttztlR ollsel.Staîdard 16 MHrVCo.Requir€s an e ernal10.24MHr fre
oscillator
Iranslstor signal.
lorth€fel€reÍce
-103-
 Vss
TCg103
P1 lrloDEt
s (Toshiba) vdd vss
F- RI
P2
_: iledallion63-540
RO
!ls- P3 MotorclaCî9540X
IRS Cialleflger '/zA P()
É P4 730,1200
P5 lvardsGEtl-6804,696A,716A PO P1
,i P6 AI ?2
lin P7 AO P3
;'_ P8 Verysimilarlo lheTCg'I02, thischipalsousesa s-bitbinary channel program withthe t.0' P4
Programmable Diyiderpresetto 182+ t{ lor Receiye
and273+ l{ lorTr;nsrnit to giveItre TiR" P5
0 = tinlocked 455KHzT/Rolfsel.InternaI diyislon vras5 KHz.UnlikelheTCg102, thischioconiains ils '1 = Locted,0=
ownoscillalor,wilhonly lhe l 0,240MHzexternalcryslaI fequired.ComparewithTC9106, ^ ' T = 1 , 8 = 0 Uotocted
1C9109,andîC9119 whicharebasicay ìdentical butusea ROMCodeConverter lo "'lied t0t1,
preyenl
operatof access tochipmoditicalions.

rc,106 (U.5.)
TC9119(U.K.) ,.
vdd [ , s ]y s s
il00El.s (Toshiba) 8l r , l ' , , P 7
tc9106: c t " ' i.j l,; P6
Eofia18/20Lfl,2t/zSGlt,21l2StTD,
25LTOCtassic t-0'
I :
T5 P5
G.t.3.58048.
5804F. 5805.
58t5A PO 5 l ,4 P4
lidland
77.8248.
200M . )
t{or
Pct0t.
Pct02 AI t 6 t ': p3
Presid?nt AndrewJ.48.7.AX.43,
AF.44.AX.44,
AR.7tl.AX,7 A O -'l ti, Pz
Sealislic TBC425,
TRC426, tRC427,
TRC4?3, TRC474 liR" a"ì i"' P1
, 1 t .
feaberySlalker lll ,o p0
Uniden PC33,PC43, pC5S,pC66,
pRO540E 'l=locled,0=Unloct€d
00' TGg t 19: " l = 1,R = 0
vss All Uniden {t9..pA-0391
chassis "'lied l0
Groufld
bya capacitor.
Audi0line 340.34t,345.
TandyTRC2000.
ttc200t.TffC2002.
Uniac€
t00,200 whichdelermineslhe
I lo TC5081 l,l0otherlegalU.K. limecoflstant
lor LDpin.
atpress
ri0sknotvn lime.
The.ùeginning
-0fthelmpossiòle
chips!
us€sd0uble-R0ù!selwhich
protecls
against
illegalprogramminq
;5082Befefence palibilily
witì8-bitrotary
LEDChannet andatsoallows com
'e LSlchipshad Seterror.
{SeeFigure
13.Sedtion
l.) ó-tipi'use
o-iredr
Airirionoij ìO rUjri,
ilbi,-Siii,
Iteps'andtheorlvdiflerence
[etween
lhemis theRoMli'codes
needed
t0divi;idown t r J'rrr"niu.i.À.i. ùiior-,"r'.i.i]ll
Seebloclmiringdiaoram.

-t_
'u Vss
TC91O9(Toshíba) vdd L' l i," Vss
t: M00Ets M8873S(Fuiítsu) RI , ljrlP7
Cobral9GlL,tgGTLAM/FM,t9Lî0,i8X "'
ct-
. L
,"
_
Éto Craig
1103
L1l
t -
PG
l1- Pl G.E,
3-s804c, L0' . ' l " P5
5816,5900A/C
t,HELPt 'i.
Epz Pfesident PD r : l
VEEP,
AR-14,
AX-1d . ] _ P4
Realislic
lRC210.
lRC411.
TRC416.TRC429 AI - 6 1 '' P3
ÉP3 L
AO ! l
Epn Sears
663.3802,38009 I' P2
" l/R" " l |I ' l P l
f- Teab€rry
Stalker
lV,Statker
Vltl - t
!-4rin" UnidenPCl4 r"l_ l'", P0
'1 = = Unlocted
= Unlocled Verystmilalt0ab0w,the
0nlydifference
isaspecial.2circui 0ll0wingtheReference0ivider " R = Locled.0
l ,
0utpul
insidelhechip.-rhe
r/B c0unt "'lied lo l = 0
shilts
upbv2,r39butisrhen divide;
rntart.resuifinoin
an Ground
oullulin lheTransmit
m0de bya capacitor,
whichcanbeeasily doublsd l0 provide
thedireclon_cha;nel whichdetermines lhe
lreouencv.
timeconstant lor L0 pin.
Seeùloclmiringdiaoram.
-104-

L-
 UPD858 (NEC)
Sub: ECG1198(Sylvanía) L0'
- (5)
t00Ets P0(2) Vss
AI P9
All, 2.Cflsfff moP(Seeblockmiringdiagran): A0 P8
Cobn21X,77X, Rehel
Courief PLL,Rebel 40A,Fanon
Fanlare
100F1,
Midland 13-0838,77-883,Realistic
TRC452 P0(3) P7
tlt P6
ll|, 3-CnY$t|.t00P(Seeblockniring diagram): FS{1ì
80man CgR-9600,C0ùn21XLR, 29/89X18, 0wighlD (0ld),H0nerl
Presidenl Abe,
John0, feddyR, ZacharyI {old},RobynAM500D,Teaberry
T-Bear, T-Command, P4
T-DisDatGh.
Titan-T 8l P3
RO P2
SS8(S.r blockmiringdiagram): P1
Cobra138/13XLR. PalomarSS8500 (early),
President Grant(old),Madison
Adams, vdd P|)
(old).
Washinglon(old),
Realislic
TRC449,
TRC457/458,
Robyn
SB5l0D,SB520D.Stag
357,TeaberrySlalker'101,
102,
202,WK51001 ' 0 = L o c l € d1,= U n l o c l e d
(single-conYersion
AMchassis) ( 1 t Reference Divider0ulpul
(2) 0utput
Courier
Gladialor PLL.FanonFanlare
PLL,Sparlan Midland
350F, 79-893 (3) lnp!l
(single-conYersion
AMchassis) ( 4 t 1 = l0 XHrsleps,
0 = 5 K H rs l e p s
Courier
Cenlufion 400
PLL,Centurion (5) Programmable 0iYider oullul
(dualconversion
AMchassis)

Usedin one0l lhemoslpopular Unid€nchassisevermad€.Easy to modily,

andverybroadbanded. Uses8CDprogramming with
a [oteîlialol 399chaníels. Program pinsmuslbc cofllrolled withpull-down
€It€rnally resislorssu6has illuskated
in Figure
12
0l Secllo[ll. ilora leatures
in lhischiplhanhaveeverùeenusedlilanyinlernal chiplunctionsarebrouoht oult0 pinswhicl]
maleslroubleshooling easier.
llo longerallow8d
l0 belsedin newU.S.rigs,liis chassis
is î0w ùEing widelyusedIn Éurop€
parlicularly
hyPresident, wherelhey0fienaddanenra400r 80channels, andFM.

UPD861 (NEC)
Sub: ECG I 254 tSylvania)
M00Ers P1 (1)
P2 Vss
tfl, BlttlY PnoGnA[fl00Efseeùlockmiringdiagraml: P3 t0'
Panasonic RJ3250,
RJ3450,RJ3600,
RJ3660, P1 PO
R€alisliclRC421.lRC131.TRC456. P5 AI
Supèrscope C8140,
C8340,C8640,
C81040
P6 AO
P7 (5)
^fl, î01li8c0í00E {SrGblocl mirirgdiagraml:
P8 l2l
Coll 350,ConvoyC0t{-400, JC Penney 981-6203,
6221,6225,6237, 1/zR
6255, Sealislic
TRC440,TRC46l, TRC466/467,TRC468,
SBE49C8, {3)
(Tahoe40), Sears934.3806, 380807. 380817.381107.
381207, RI (4)
TRSChallenger 460,600 RO MS"
vdd F'.
ssB
CDE ark26 '1 = Locled,0= Unlocled
CoîlaclPSC301,
Wagner510(Auslralian) " ilodo$elect: 1 = 10Ci. 8CD/RoM. 0 = 8-bit
Pearce-Simpson Mkll (Auslralian)
SuperBengal tin.ry (il 0l310255)usinqpins1-8.
11l lnhiùil. G0esHIGH ir 8CD/Roil model0r
vcryyersatilc
Anotfier cìlp, notseenmucitoday.F0rigs already
in the non-le0al program. Disconneclil nolalresdy.
8lnarym0de,ll's a simplematlerlo expand.Forll€ 8CD/R0M rigs, (2) flelercnce 0iyideroultul
slmplyoround Pln14andyoucanuseall proqramning bits(Pins1.8). (31 PDlil homhEF.DlV.
olrconnectPin21.Ma[y0l lh8chip'sinlernal areùrougiloul (1) Pro0rammable
lunctlons DiYider out0!t
lo plns,whicimaleskoublesho0lingeasi€r. (51 P0 lt{ fromP80G.olv.

-105-
 uPD2810 P1
(NEC) P2 Vss
(5) P3 FS"'
Vss
ff0DEts P4 AO
P9 Audiovor ilDU-6000 P5 AI
IRSChallenger 850,1400
P8 Tristar727 P6 PD
P7 P7 vdd
P6 T
P5 0 YrR
P4 A veryversalile chipn0 longer scenin lheU.S.bulshowing úpin Europeanriqs. rFs' R8
P3 tls€s7-bliBC0/R0ilprogranming wllh Internalpull-down reststors
on theseand T/R" RI
P2 thc IFSpins.l/R & tS pinsusepull-ul rssislors.Scvcralll-Codesetspossiblc vdd
deperding uponAil or SSBuseandlF choice, RO
verysinrilarlo LC7l20. EramDles
P1 lor AÌl: Wlth10.695ilHz lF, il-Codes are182to 270(RX)and273to 361(TX);tor
Pf) 9.785filHzlF, il-Codes are36ill0 152(BX)and273to 361(fX). iloticethe455lGz 'lt Selecl:
1 = 10.695
frlHz,
mayshlltupor down0nTXrclallve lo wÌelherlìe lF is aboveor belowthe10.24 0 = 9.785ilHr
iiHzrelerence sigflal.ForSSB(TnSChall€nger, Bobyn S85400 witht-C7120)
T/R " B = 1 ,f = 0
= unlocled pinand%RpinsarEnotused;inslead an actualcrystal provid€s
oscillator loop "'1 = 10ÍHzstets,0 = 5l(Hz
liYider
0ulpùt miring. ""1 = Locl€d,0= thlocl€d steDs

rsleps,
I sreps
!leDivider
0utput
uPD2812 vdd RO
it00Ets (NEC) F'* RI
I programming wilh ludioYorilcE-5000 it' thR
ttritedin Fiqurs12 J - 615C8 PO PE
I olt lo Dinswìici
clyusedin Europe DO Pl
AO P6
AI P5
llolher rery4ile chipnow€Itinct,thtsoneallowsa cà0tceof binary(il = 3 t0 PO P4
255)0r 8C0.R0ft1 (il.= 182t0 22610rcoranmtn0.controed ùytheieiet on pin
ir. rrcgramptnsus€Intenatpù -upteslslors. tD" P3
vss ?2
t"' P1
'ilodeSelect:0=
Einary, 1 = 40-Channel8C0,R0M
"1 = Locled,0= Unlocl€d
"'lîìibil. GocsLow il illegalBCocodcis pr€sent
in the
R0Mmode.
(1)
Vss
LD'
PO
AI
uPD2814 (NEC) PI
AO HD42853 (Hitachi) P2 Vss
{5) KM5624 P3 F S "'
tzl P4 AO
M00Ets P5
t3) Cobra66GTL
AI
{4) P5 PO
Craig1150
MS" Midland77-856 T vdd
ProsldentAR-11,
Jam€E (, old Htctory 0
Realisfic
ÌRC420A,lRC421/122,TRC132,TRC441,
lBC469 l/R' RB
unidonPC22
V,B RI
0 , 0 = 8-ùit vdd RO
| 1-8. Anolùor veEalllechi[ similart0 the up02810. Was0rlginallyIntcflded
lor Ail 0r
I mode lor SS.B rlgsbutt0 daleùasonlyb€enusedfor Ail. Uscs6-ò[ BcbiRoitprogrammtng ,R = 1, T = 0
if nolelready. ulth i em_al pull-d0wlrcslstors.Pull-0presist0]s-use_d
0n lhe T/BàndFSplns- ,.1 = =
=.1-{10[Hz shps),il-Codats 9l t0 .BS.tor tS = 0, il-Codet; 1St -,.1 = Locted,0 t nlocled
Ih!l!o_r_l_l
(RXland2-73 10 t(Hr 0 = 5 fHr steps
steps,
10.270 lo 361(TX)whichts thr standard
Atrtchassiswiring.S€ebtocl
miringdiagran.t{oTE:AuskaliangsmayuseHD128S6 whichis idcnticalòutonly
hasf8 chan[els slored in R0 .
-106-
 uPD2816
(NEC)
Itt00Ets P1
P2
AT: P3 ts"'
Cobra29GTL. 29LTD,29LTDClassic,
63cTL,87/891000cT1 P4 AO
Presidenl
Dwighl D (new),
Thomas I (new)
J,Zachary
P5 AI
sBEtc8-8
P6 PO
Superstar
l20
Teaberry
Slalker
V,Xll
T T C ""
0 LD''
{Seeblockmixing
diagram.)
li R' fiB
Y,8 RI
vdd BO
ss8: '8
Midland
6001,7001(carly) = 1 ,T = 0
"1 = L o c k e d ,=0 U n l o c l e d
(SE€
bloclmiringdiagram.) "'1 = 10(Hr slets, 0 = S t(Hzsteps
""TC is a second unbullered LDnormalty
jusltiedHIGH.

AnothorYetsatile
chipbutquicllytadingawayinAtl usel0rthem0resecurG chi0s.Uses6-ùitBC0/BOM programming withi[ternal
pull-up
resisl0rs0ntheI B. FS.andorogramming pins.withts HtcH.dlvider uses10(Hr steps withi-Coies0f9i t0 l3s. with
FSLoW,tl'Codes ar€182l0 270whenT/Ris 1, and273t0 361whenliR is 0, yielding thesiandad 455(HzAtrttF ofiset. See
bloclrniringdia0ramforAÌl .ios.for SSBus€,T/Rpir is notrequired.
lloTE:Anint€rcsling
andsimplemodilicationl0rtheSSBMidland is t0 switch
lhestateol theTiRpin;thiswillgivs40channels
beginnlng455KHzbelownormal Ch.1.

uPD2824
(NEC)
MODEI.S
P1
Cobra 146GTL
Midland 7001
600'1, {laleversions),
79-260 P2 Vss
f-l
Pearce-Simpson SuperCheetah (Auskalian) P3 ilc
PresidentAR-144.AX-144 P1 f;l
AO
Realislic
TRC451 P5 AI
Sears663.3810 P6 PO
Uniden PC244, PR0640E. P80810E
T lc"
(Thisis a curenlUniden single-conversion
SSBChassis:
PC833,
PC965
or
similar.
Seeblockmiringdiagram.) 0 t-D'
ilc RB
vB BO
Realislic
TnC453
Uniden PC122 vdd BI
(Thisisa cufrent
compacl
version
oftheabove,
P8062.
Same
PLLcircuitry.)
'l=Locked,0=Urlocled
"lf.lì.?o"ritJ,Í
"*nered
L0n0rmarrv
Craig1132,1232
Wards GEN-7194
(Thisis an oldunidenSSBchassis,virtuallyidentical
in operation
lo lhe
uPDS58chassison Pag€STercepllorthechip;seeblockmixing
diagram.
The
same 34MHzVCOand individualloop
miringcrystalsJorAM,LSB,andUSB
arealsousedh€re,TheR0MN-Code isslilllhesame,9l-135.
lhis is a cheapversioo 0l lheaÙove andis pin-for-pin
identical iavethel/R pin.lt wasintended
erceplthatit doesn't stricy l0l
SSBsyfllhesizers usingeilhelI 0r 2 cryslals. lo dale,thesin0le-crystal
approach
hasbeenlheonlyoneused,as in theîew
Unidcn chassis.In lhisapplicalionlì€y uselhekipled5.12MHzlin lor l00pmiringwitha 16filHzVCo,anda modilication
was
discussed in Seclionll. Theonlyll-Codesare91t0 135.

-107-
 L A T EA D D I T I O N S
LC7132
(Sanyo)
Vss
FS"' ltt00Ets
AO DNT4()O()FM - l
AI FoxC8240, C8440
PD G.E.3.5806,
3.5808.
3-5828A P2 ,.
tc" " Midland77-104.
77-145.
77-145A,
77-149,
77-250.
77-805,
77-805A P 3 : vdd
t-0" Realislic
TRC413,TRC415,
TRC417,
lRC418.
lRC419,
TRC423, D r i AO
BB fRc433 Ot 5' AI
BI P6 1. '' PO
BO P 7 , 10"'
P8 ". ,, VSS
-" ,' B0
Thenewesl American
AM-onlylypechip,identicalto lheTC9109 CHg'
nloctcd ,, R|
andM88733 (Page
84).ROMconlrolledwilhdireclVC0division. Tesl',..
0 = 5|(Hrsteps I
ÍeredL0normally 8program
Nol€il nowuses linesralher
lhan6.ìvilhtheCh.19recall
pinollhe1C7130/31
series
removedìonlylheCh.9recall fealure
is ' C h . 9c a l l e du Pú / h e n
HIGH
felained.
Again.
nolmodiliable
bynormalmethods. Found mainly "B = 'l,l - 0
inlheKofean-madeMaxonchassislypes. " ' 1 = L o c k e d , 0= u n l o c k e d
Iamning withinl€rnal
lèsol9l lo 135.With
(HzAMlf otlsel.Se€

willgivel0 channels SM5123A SM5124A

SM5125B

T i € dH I G H ' ,; f iedLol,V
Vss
SEG.A ;il sltp uP ., P7
s E G . 8, . ,,STEPDN
;, cHg .," P6
SEG-C. ,5 P5
j'cH19
PD:5 .'r Pl
:," T/R"
È .ì; nt ;. ,. P3
SEG.F ' LD'
la Vss ,' PD
A0'l '. P2
F t{c Vss "
trR" -'l ' , ' ,P l
;; A() ''" Al lrn "I
R0.," .. a0
E- AI RI , 'dd
i-; PD . ' 1 = L o c k e d ,=0 U n l o c k e d
J t TC"
V S B{ G n d ), - 'in " l = 1 ,R = 0
J
l,;,
t-
LO'
* 1=L o c k e d , U
8B 0 .n l o c k e d
.E 'R-1.T.0
RO
l,;
J
BI Pins20-23 whenL0W
aclive

nlocled Cobra
31Plus
lferedL0 normally C o b r laSP l u s . 2P1l u s , 2P5l u s , 2P9l u s , 3P3l u s Pn0330E.
Uniden PR0510/520E,
Pfl0710E

Anolher newR0MchipliketheTC9106, Thebigditlerenceis

A newRoMchipwhichis idenlical in operetionto lhe lhallhiscircuilshills
theVC0froml6 MHzonRX,difeclly lo
TC9106on Pag€ 83.lheonlyrealditlerences
arelheinclusion 27MHzonTXbysvrilching inductances
ditlerent acrosslhe
ol Ch.9/Ch.19pins(liketh€1C7131),7 programming bits VCOcoil.Thissaveslheerpense of oneerlramirerstaqe
s hlEnded stricllylor
|lsed,as in the new inslead
ol 8, andUP/DoWN sleppins.Thesleppinsare However, a27MHzVCOisexlremely dillicult
lodecoupleon
d a modificati0rwas requir€d
herebecause lhey'ye
eliminaledtheerpensive TX,fesullingin possible
spufious A very
FMol lhecarrier.
ChannelSeleclorswilch. modilied.
Noleasily cheap design.Noleasilymodilied
eilher.

-108-
 LATEADDITION

o__-=<_

=.=

= -

-l

ìf;:
E
i_ :qÉ9
3 E
-T
= I : < F r
- !R-
"
f i"z^;E

-i-_Éî

-
:
=-;=.
=
€EG;:
=

a"=;-.ò
:
:>s.^
=9r==
-:
j

-109-
A COMPLETE,StMP[f FiED
GUIDETO
PLL CIRCUIT OPERATION!

Author.Lou (THE"scREWDRrvER
Franklin EXpERT's" cUrDE)unravers more
mysteries - thistimefocusingon the Fhase-Lockédl
of cB Radioereclronics
Frequency.Synthesizer.
This is rhe hea"rtof "u"ry.óA"in'ó-e
!9o?,^or-PLL
crrcurr'
ano one area whichunlirnow has givenheadaches to beginnerand
expertalike.
fn simple,non-technicar
ranguage, you'I quickryrearnlo understandthe work-
Ingsor HLLsynthestzercircuiîs.Whelheryou'rea professional CB repairman
or a casualhobbyist,
there'ssomething in thesepagesjust for you.
FEATURES
. Howtheywork,in detailed,easy-to-undersland lerms.
. Howto modifythemfor manymorechannels.
' HowthePLLcircuitis usedto generateFMtransmission andthe ssB ,,srider',
sntn.
. How they the requiredsignalsfor CB transceiver
operatlon.Most
.provide.
commoncircuitsillustratedin verysimpleblockdiagramform.
. of nealy everypLL deviceever used.Over
ll-by-qtl fulctrondescription
50 specificlCs includingmanufacturers'
crosé-references.
o Specificlistsof everyknownCB modelusinga particular pLL circuit.
This big new International Editioncoversall the most poputar,classicpLL
circuits.Plus arrthe rateststate-of-the-art
devicesused'ìoi.ca .yÀtn"ri."ì"
throughout the world.Requiredreadingfor everyseriousCB operaior!

p u b t i s h e dB y :
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P . O .B o x3 1 5 0 0
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