Class: -D.Pharm.1st Year Model Paper M.
M: 80 Marks
Subject: Human Anatomy and Physiology Paper Code: -ER20-11T
Section: A
Q.1. Short Answer Type Question Attempt all questions. [1 marks each] 1×20=20
1. What is the function of Leydig cell?
2. What are the functions of skin?
3. What do you understand by the term parturition?
4. What is tissue?
5. Write the full form of ATP.
6. Write different stages of menstrual cycle.
7. Which gland work both endocrine and exocrine.
8. How many bones are present in human skeletal?
9. Write the name of longest & toughest bone in body.
10. How many bones are present in vertebral column?
11. Define cell.
12. Write any 2 functions of liver.
13. .Write the composition of blood.
14. What are the different types of blood groups?
15. What is blood coagulation?
16. What is hemopoisis?
17. Name various parts of human brain.
18. Write full form of WBC.
19. Write functions of pancreas.
20. How many oxygen molecules bind haemoglobin?
Section: B
Q. 2. Short Answer Type Question Attempt any 10 question. [3 mark each] 3×10=30
1. Define Anatomy and Physiology of Ear.
2. Draw neat and clean diagram of digestive system.
3. Enlist various organs of urinary system.
4. Write the various functions of cranial nerves.
5. Write the various functions of skeleton.
6. Write a short note on thyroid gland.
7. Give structure and functions of spleen.
8. Explain the functions of hypothalamus, medulla oblongata and basal ganglia.
9. Explain spermatogenesis.
10. Explain the disorders of skeletal muscles.
11. Explain the anatomy of female reproductive system.
Section: C
Q.3 Long Answer Type Question Attempt any 6 questions. [5 mark each] 5×6=30
1. Explain the process of urine formation..
2. Classify and define tissues explain with diagram of cardiac tissue.
3. Define and classify nervous system. Explain the anatomy of cerebellum.
4. Classify joints and explain various types of movements of joints.
5. Explain cardiac cycle.
6. Explain in detail anatomy and physiology of skin and eye.
7. Explain the mechanism of respiration.
Answers
Ans 1)
1) Leydig cells are the primary source of testosterone or androgens in males.
2) Provides a protective barrier against mechanical, thermal and physical injury
and hazardous substances.
3) Parturition means childbirth. It is also known as labour. It is the mechanism of
signalling the onset of labour (or) a procedure of delivering a child after the completion
of pregnancy period.
4) They are the group of tissues made up of cells separated by non-living material,
called as an extracellular matrix.
5) adenosine triphosphate
6) The four phases of the menstrual cycle are menstruation, the follicular phase,
ovulation and the luteal phase.
7) Pancreas
8) 206
9) Femur
10) 33
11) the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms
and the tissues of the body.
12) Production of bile, which helps carry away waste and break down fats in the
small intestine during digestion. Production of certain proteins for blood plasma.
Production of cholesterol and special proteins to help carry fats through the body.
13) Blood is a specialized body fluid. It has four main components: plasma, red blood
cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
14) A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+ and AB-
15) Blood coagulation is a process that changes circulating substances within the blood
into an insoluble gel.
16) Hematopoiesis – the formation of blood cellular components – occurs during
embryonic development and throughout adulthood to produce and replenish the blood
system.
17) The brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum.
18) White blood cells
19) The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion
and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.
20) 4
Ans 2)
1) The ear is the organ of hearing and balance. The parts of the ear include:
• External or outer ear, consisting of:
o Pinna or auricle. This is the outside part of the ear.
o External auditory canal or tube. This is the tube that connects the outer ear to
the inside or middle ear.
• Tympanic membrane (eardrum). The tympanic membrane divides the external ear
from the middle ear.
• Middle ear (tympanic cavity), consisting of:
o Ossicles. Three small bones that are connected and transmit the sound waves to
the inner ear. The bones are called:
▪ Malleus
▪ Incus
▪ Stapes
oEustachian tube. A canal that links the middle ear with the back of the nose.
The eustachian tube helps to equalize the pressure in the middle ear. Equalized
pressure is needed for the proper transfer of sound waves. The eustachian tube
is lined with mucous, just like the inside of the nose and throat.
• Inner ear, consisting of:
o Cochlea. This contains the nerves for hearing.
o Vestibule. This contains receptors for balance.
o Semicircular canals. This contains receptors for balance.
2.-
3. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder
and urethra.
4) The cranial nerves are a set of 12 paired nerves in the back of your brain. Cranial
nerves send electrical signals between your brain, face, neck and torso. Your cranial
nerves help you taste, smell, hear and feel sensations. They also help you make
facial expressions, blink your eyes and move your tongue.
5) The skeletal system works as a support structure for your body. It gives the body its
shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and
stores minerals. The skeletal system is also called the musculoskeletal system.
6) The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland in vertebrates. In humans it is in
the neck and consists of two connected lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are
connected by a thin band of tissue called the thyroid isthmus. The thyroid is located at
the front of the neck, below the Adam's apple. Microscopically, the functional unit of
the thyroid gland is the spherical thyroid follicle, lined with follicular cells
(thyrocytes), and occasional parafollicular cells that surround a lumen containing
colloid. The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: the two thyroid hormones –
triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) – and a peptide hormone, calcitonin. The
thyroid hormones influence the metabolic rate and protein synthesis, and in children,
growth and development. Calcitonin plays a role in calcium homeostasis.[1] Secretion
of the two thyroid hormones is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
which is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland. TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-
releasing hormone (TRH), which is produced by the hypothalamus.
7) The spleen is a small organ inside your left rib cage, just above the stomach. It's part
of the lymphatic system (which is part of the immune system). The spleen stores and
filters blood and makes white blood cells that protect you from infection. Many
diseases and conditions can affect how the spleen works.
8) The hypothalamus helps manage your body temperature, hunger and thirst,
mood, sex drive, blood pressure and sleep. medulla is a key conduit for nerve
signals to and from your body. It also helps control vital processes like your
heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure. basal ganglia is responsible primarily
for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive
functions and behaviors, and emotions.
9) Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm cell development. Rounded immature
sperm cells undergo successive mitotic and meiotic divisions (spermatocytogenesis)
and a metamorphic change (spermiogenesis) to produce
spermatozoa.
10) Myasthenia gravis: It is the abnormal weakening and rapid fatigue of certain
muscles. It is due to a breakdown in communication between nerves and muscles.
Muscular Dystrophy: This is mostly hereditary. It causes progressive weakness and
degeneration of skeletal muscle, which controls movement.
Tetany: It is caused due to low blood calcium and is characterized by rapid or wild
spasms.
Arthritis: Inflammation of one or more joints. Arthritis leads to the limited movement
of joints and pain.
Osteoporosis: The chances of contracting this disease increase with age, resulting in
reduced bone mass and fragile bones, thus increasing the chances of fracture. Low
levels of estrogen are a common cause.
Gout: This too is the inflammation of joints, but due to an accumulation of uric acid
crystals.
11) The primary sex organs in females are a pair of ovaries, which produce ova or egg and
they also secrete female sex hormones like progesterone and estrogen. The other
accessory sex organs include the uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix and vagina. The
external genitalia comprises the labia minora, labia majora and clitoris.
Ans 3)
1) Urine formation
1. From the human body, waste is excreted in the form of urine.
2. Urine formation is carried out in three phases:
o Glomerular filtration
o Reabsorption
o Secretion
Steps involved in urine formation in kidneys:
I) Glomerular filtration
1. Glomerulus filtration occurs in the glomerulus.
2. The process occurs across three layers-
o Epithelium of Bowman's capsule.
o Endothelium of glomerular blood vessels.
o The membrane between two layers.
II) Reabsorption
1. Reabsorption is achieved by active and passive transport.
2. 99% filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules.
III) Urine
1. Urine produced- 95% water and 5% nitrogenous wastes.
2. Wastes such as urea, ammonia, and creatinine are excreted in the urine.
2) A tissue is a group of cells, in close proximity, organized to perform one or more specific
functions.
There are four basic tissue types defined by their morphology and function: epithelial tissue,
connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
• Epithelial tissue creates protective boundaries and is involved in the diffusion of ions and
molecules.
• Connective tissue underlies and supports other tissue types.
• Muscle tissue contracts to initiate movement in the body.
• Nervous tissue transmits and integrates information through the central and peripheral
nervous systems.
3) The nervous system guides almost everything you do, think, say or feel. It controls
complicated processes like movement, thought and memory. It also plays an essential
role in the things your body does without thinking, such as breathing, blushing and
blinking.
The main parts of the nervous system are:
Central nervous system (CNS): Your brain and spinal cord make up your CNS. Your brain
uses your nerves to send messages to the rest of your body. Each nerve has a protective outer
layer called myelin. Myelin insulates the nerve and helps the messages get through.
Peripheral nervous system: Your peripheral nervous system consists of many nerves that
branch out from your CNS all over your body. This system relays information from your brain
and spinal cord to your organs, arms, legs, fingers and toes. Your peripheral nervous system
contains your:
• Somatic nervous system, which guides your voluntary movements.
• Autonomic nervous system, which controls the activities you do without thinking
about them.
Cerebellum is the largest part of the hindbrain and weighs about 150 g. It is enshrined
in posterior cranial fossa behind the pons and medulla oblongata and separated
from these structures by cavity of fourth ventricle. It is connected to brainstem by
three fibre tracts known as cerebellar peduncles.
4) Classification of Joints on the Basis of Structure into bony,
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints depending on the
material composing the joint and the presence or absence of a
cavity in the joint.
• Fibrous Joints
The bones of fibrous joints are held together by fibrous connective tissue. There is no cavity,
or space, present between the bones and so most fibrous joints do not move at all, or are only
capable of minor movements. There are three types of fibrous joints: sutures, syndesmoses,
and gomphoses. Sutures are found only in the skull and possess short fibers of connective
tissue that hold the skull bones tightly in place.
• Syndesmoses are joints in which the bones are connected by a band of connective
tissue, allowing for more movement than in a suture. An example of a
syndesmosis is the joint of the tibia and fibula in the ankle. The amount of
movement in these types of joints is determined by the length of the connective
tissue fibers. Gomphoses occur between teeth and their sockets; the term refers to
the way the tooth fits into the socket like a peg (Figure 19.24). The tooth is
connected to the socket by a connective tissue referred to as the periodontal
ligament.
• Cartilaginous Joints
Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are connected by cartilage. There are two
types of cartilaginous joints: synchondroses and symphyses. In a synchondrosis, the bones are
joined by hyaline cartilage. Synchondroses are found in the epiphyseal plates of growing
bones in children. In symphyses, hyaline cartilage covers the end of the bone but the
connection between bones occurs through fibrocartilage. Symphyses are found at the joints
between vertebrae. Either type of cartilaginous joint allows for very little movement.
• Synovial Joints
Synovial joints are the only joints that have a space between the adjoining bones (Figure
19.25). This space is referred to as the synovial (or joint) cavity and is filled with synovial
fluid. Synovial fluid lubricates the joint, reducing friction between the bones and allowing for
greater movement. The ends of the bones are covered with articular cartilage, a hyaline
cartilage, and the entire joint is surrounded by an articular capsule composed of connective
tissue that allows movement of the joint while resisting dislocation. Articular capsules may
also possess ligaments that hold the bones together. Synovial joints are capable of the greatest
movement of the three structural joint types; however, the more mobile a joint, the weaker the
joint. Knees, elbows, and shoulders are examples of synovial joints.
5) The cardiac cycle is the performance of the human heart from the beginning of one
heartbeat to the beginning of the next. It consists of two periods: one during which
the heart muscle relaxes and refills with blood, called diastole, following a period of
robust contraction and pumping of blood, called systole. After emptying, the heart
immediately relaxes and expands to receive another influx of blood returning from
the lungs and other systems of the body, before again contracting to pump blood to
the lungs and those systems. A normally performing heart must be fully expanded
before it can efficiently pump again. Assuming a healthy heart and a typical rate of
70 to 75 beats per minute, each cardiac cycle, or heartbeat, takes about 0.8 second to
complete the cycle.[2] There are two atrial and two ventricle chambers of the heart;
they are paired as the left heart and the right heart—that is, the left atrium with the
left ventricle, the right atrium with the right ventricle—and they work in concert to
repeat the cardiac cycle continuously, (see cycle diagram at right margin). At the
start of the cycle, during ventricular diastole–early, the heart relaxes and expands
while receiving blood into both ventricles through both atria; then, near the end of
ventricular diastole–late, the two atria begin to contract (atrial systole), and each
atrium pumps blood into the ventricle below it.[3] During ventricular systole the
ventricles are contracting and vigorously pulsing (or ejecting) two separated blood
supplies from the heart—one to the lungs and one to all other body organs and
systems—while the two atria are relaxed (atrial diastole). This precise coordination
ensures that blood is efficiently collected and circulated throughout the body.[4]
The mitral and tricuspid valves, also known as the atrioventricular, or AV valves, open during
ventricular diastole to permit filling. Late in the filling period the atria begin to contract (atrial
systole) forcing a final crop of blood into the ventricles under pressure—see cycle diagram.
Then, prompted by electrical signals from the sinoatrial node, the ventricles start contracting
(ventricular systole), and as back-pressure against them increases the AV valves are forced to
close, which stops the blood volumes in the ventricles from flowing in or out; this is known as
the isovolumic contraction stage.[5]
Due to the contractions of the systole, pressures in the ventricles rise quickly, exceeding the
pressures in the trunks of the aorta and the pulmonary arteries and causing the requisite valves
(the aortic and pulmonary valves) to open—which results in separated blood volumes being
ejected from the two ventricles. This is the ejection stage of the cardiac cycle; it is depicted
(see circular diagram) as the ventricular systole–first phase followed by the ventricular
systole–second phase.
6) The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. The skin
protects us from microbes and the elements, helps regulate body temperature, and permits
the sensations of touch, heat, and cold.
Skin has three layers:
The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin
tone.
The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat
glands.
The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.
The skin’s color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment
melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis.
7) Mechanism of respiration in man takes place in two phases, namely inspiration and
expiration. Inspiration is the process of inhaling air into the lungs. During inspiration, the
muscles of diaphragm contract and the diaphragm moves downward. This results in the increase
in the volume of the chest cavity, The air pressure inside the chest cavity decreases. The
oxygenated air present outside the body being at high-pressure flow rapidly into the lungs. In the
lungs, oxygenated air reaches the alveoli. Alveoli are thin walled and are surrounded by a
network of blood capillaries. The oxygen passes through the walls of the alveoli into the blood
present in blood capillaries. The oxygen is then supplied to all the tissues of the body. From the
tissues, the waste product, carbon dioxide is absorbed by blood and carried to the alveoli of lungs
for expiration. Expiration is the process of exhaling air from lungs. During expiration, the
muscles of diaphragm relax and diaphragm moves upward. This results in the decrease in the
volume of the chest cavity. The air pressure inside the chest cavity increases. This pushes out
carbon dioxide outside the body.
