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History and Civics ICSE 10th

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ICSE 2025

HISTORY
and
CIVICS
Including Case Based Questions

CLASS 10

Chapter-wise Question Bank

Based on Previous 20 Year 54 Papers

NODIA AND COMPANY

ICSE History and Civics Question Bank Class 10
Edition December 2024
Copyright © By Nodia and Company

Information contained in this book has been obtained by author, from sources believes to be reliable.
However, neither Nodia and Company nor its author guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any
information herein, and Nodia and Company nor its author shall be responsible for any error, omissions,
or damages arising out of use of this information. This book is published with the understanding that
Nodia and Company and its author are supplying information but are not attempting to render
engineering or other professional services.

ISBN : 978-9384843854
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CONTENTS
Section-A HISTORY

CHAP 1. The First War of Independence 1857 5-34

CHAP 2. Growth of Nationalism 35-61

CHAP 3. First Phase of The Indian National Movement 62-80

CHAP 4. Second Phase of Indian National Movement 81-109

CHAP 5. Gandhian Era and The Struggle for Independence 110-133

CHAP 6. Forward Bloc and The INA 134-147

CHAP 7. Independence and Partition of India 148-167

CHAP 8. The First World War 168-191

CHAP 9. Rise of Dictatorships 192-207

CHAP 10. The Second World War 208-228

CHAP 11. The United Nation 229-254

CHAP 12. Non Aligned Movement 255-267

Section-B CIVICS

CHAP 13. The Union Legislature 268-298

CHAP 14. President and Vice President 299-318

CHAP 15. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers 319-338

CHAP 16. The Supreme Court 339-358

CHAP 17. High Court and Subordinate Courts 359-377

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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 5

CHAPTER 1
THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857

1.3 Economic Causes

SUMMARY
The economic policies imposed by the British
were designed to exploit India’s resources for
1. CAUSES OF THE REVOLT the benefit of British industry and commerce.
Indian industries, particularly textiles, were
1.1 Political Causes deliberately undermined through heavy
The British administration’s expansionist taxation and the import of British goods at
policies, particularly the Doctrine of Lapse low tariffs, which led to the destruction of local
introduced by Lord Dalhousie, played a craftsmanship and widespread unemployment.
crucial role in sowing discontent among The land revenue systems, such as the Zamindari,
Indian rulers. This doctrine allowed the Ryotwari, and Mahalwari systems, imposed
British to annex any princely state where the excessive taxes on farmers, driving them into
ruler did not have a natural male heir, leading debt and poverty. The economic hardships
to the loss of sovereignty for several Indian faced by the Indian population created a fertile
kingdoms. The annexation of states like ground for discontent and rebellion.
Jhansi and Awadh, along with the disregard
1.4 Military Causes
shown towards Indian rulers such as Bahadur
Shah II, deeply offended the Indian nobility The Indian soldiers, or sepoys, in the British
and fueled resentment against British rule army were subjected to discriminatory
treatment, with lower pay and limited
1.2 Socio-Religious Causes opportunities for promotion compared to
The British interference in India’s social and their British counterparts. The introduction
religious practices caused widespread unrest of the General Service Enlistment Act, which
among the population. The fear of forced required sepoys to serve overseas, was deeply
conversions to Christianity, supported by the resented as it violated Hindu religious beliefs
activities of Christian missionaries, created about crossing the sea. The final spark was
anxiety among both Hindus and Muslims. the introduction of greased cartridges for the
Laws such as the Religious Disabilities Act Enfield rifles, rumored to be coated with cow
and reforms like the abolition of Sati, the and pig fat, which was offensive to both Hindu
legalization of widow remarriage, and the and Muslim soldiers. This act of insensitivity
prohibition of child marriage were viewed by the British military authorities led to
by many as direct assaults on traditional widespread anger and was a key trigger for
customs and beliefs. This perceived threat the revolt.
to their way of life contributed to a growing
2. CONSEQUENCES OF THE REVOLT
sense of alienation and anger towards the
British authorities.
2.1 End of East India Company’s Rule
The failure of the revolt marked the end
of the East India Company’s control over
CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
India. The British government, recognizing MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
the need for a more direct and stable form
of governance, passed the Government of
India Act in 1858, which transferred all 1. Who organized the Grand Delhi Durbar?
administrative powers to the British Crown. (a) Lord Curzon
This marked the beginning of the British (b) Lord Canning
Raj, with Queen Victoria assuming the title (c) Lord Lytton
of Empress of India. (d) Lord Dalhousie
Ans : MAIN 2024
2.2 Reorganization of the British Indian Army
Thus (c) is correct option.
In response to the revolt, the British
undertook a major reorganization of the 2. The East India Company’s territorial power
Indian army. The number of British troops in began to increased rapidly in India after
India was increased, and strategic positions which of the following Battles?
were occupied by British soldiers to prevent (a) The battle of Buxar
any future uprisings. Indian soldiers were (b) The Battle Plassey
deliberately kept away from key positions, (c) The First Anglo-Mysore War
artillery, and advanced weaponry, and the (d) The Third Anglo-Maratha War
British enforced strict segregation between
Ans : MAIN 2024
European and Indian troops to maintain
control. Thus (b) is correct option.

2.3 Policy Changes Regarding Indian Rulers 3. The First Indian State to enter into the
The British government abandoned the Subsidiary Alliance with the East India
Doctrine of Lapse, recognizing the need to Company using...............
secure the loyalty of Indian princes and rulers. (a) Awadh
They promised to respect the rights of Indian (b) Mysore
rulers to their territories and titles, and to (c) Tanjore
honor all existing treaties. This was intended (d) Jhansi
to pacify the Indian nobility and prevent Ans : COMP 2020

them from joining any future rebellions Thus (a) is correct option.
against British rule.
4. Lord Dalhousie annexed a number of Indian
2.4 Social and Religious Policies States to the East India Company using..........
In an effort to pacify the Indian population, (a) The Subsidiary of Lapse
Queen Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858 (b) The Doctrine of Lapse
promised non-interference in religious (c) The government of India Act of 1858
matters and assured equal treatment for all (d) Queen Victoria’s Proclamation
her subjects, whether Indian or European. Ans : SQP 2010
The British sought to portray themselves as
benevolent rulers, committed to justice and Thus (b) is correct option.
fairness, although these promises were often 5. Nana Saheb was the adopted son of...........
not fully realized in practice. (a) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(b) Tantia Tope
(c) Baji Rao I
(d) Baji Rao II
Ans : MAIN 2012

Thus (d) is correct option.

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 7
6. Where was the family seat of Nana Saheb 11. Which of the following Acts was resented by
located? the Indian sepoys?
(a) Nagpur (a) The General Service Enlistment Act
(b) Lucknow (b) The Indian Service Rules
(c) Pune (c) The Government of India Act, 1858
(d) Kanpur (d) The Queen’s Proclamation
Ans : COMP 2015 Ans : COMP 2006

Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (a) is correct option.

7. Which of the following reforms was resented 12. Which of the following events of the Uprising
by the Indians? of 1857 and their leaders is not correctly
(a) The Abolition of Sati matched?
(b) The Widow Remarriage Act (a) Lucknow – Begum Hazrat Mahal
(c) Opening of Girls’s school (b) Kanpur – Nana Saheb
(d) Both (a) and (b) (c) Kalpi – Tantia Tope
Ans : SQP 2017
(d) Bihar – Khan Bahadur

Thus (d) is correct option. Ans : MAIN 2008

Thus (d) is correct option.

8. Jhansi was annexed by applying which of the
following? 13. Which of the following was the result of the
(a) Alleged Misrule Great Uprising of 1857?
(b) Subsidiary Alliance (a) End of the rule of the British Crown
(c) Queen’s Proclamation (b) End of the rule of the East India Company
(d) The Doctrine of Lapse (c) End of the rule of the Governor-General
Ans : MAIN 2019
(d) End of the Board of Directors

Thus (d) is correct option. Ans : COMP 2010

Thus (b) is correct option.

9. Seventy-five thousand of the company’s
sepoys belonged to which of the following 14. The Uprising of 1857 began from_____.
states? (a) Meerut
(a) Jaipur (b) Plassey
(b) Awadh (c) Buxar
(c) Mysore (d) Delhi
(d) Sambalpur Ans : SQP 2015
Ans : COMP 2000
Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
15. An effect of the Uprising of 1857 was that –
10. By the provisions of which of the following, (a) The spirit of rebellion in India was
20,000 estates of the landlords were crushed
confiscated by the East India Company? (b) The British became totally demoralised
(a) The Hunter Commission (c) The British abandoned their repressive
(b) Frazer Commission policies
(c) The Inam Commission (d) Unity was forged between the Hindus and
(d) The Woods Dispatch Muslims
Ans : MAIN 2002 Ans : COMP 2017

Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.

CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
16. Who introduced the Subsidiary Alliance in ONE MARK QUESTIONS
India?
(a) Lord Hastings
(b) Lord Amherst 20. Under what pretext was Oudh annexed by
(c) Lord Wellesley the British ?
(d) Lord Cornwallis Ans : COMP 1998, 2003

Ans : SQP 2019 Oudh was annexed to the Company’s dominions

Thus (c) is correct option. on the grounds of maladministration.

17. After the initial success of the Uprising of 21. Which is called India’s First War of
1857, the objective of the leaders of the Independence?
Uprising included Ans : MAIN 1996
(a) Restoring the former glory to the Mughal
The Revolt of 1857
empire;
(b) Forming a federation of Indian States 22. Mention the last Mughal emperor of India
under the aegis of Bhadur Shah II; before the British Crown declared India to
(c) Eliminating foreign rule and return of the be its colony.
old order;
Ans : SQP 2004
(d) Establishing his own power in his
respective region by each leader. Bahadur Shah Zafar.
Ans : MAIN 2022 23. Name any one policy used by Lord Dalhousie
Thus (c) is correct option. for the extension of British territories in
India.
18. Under the Government of India Act 1858,
Ans : MAIN 2002
who gave up the direct administration of
India? The Doctrine of Lapse.
(a) The East India Company 24. In which year did the First War of
(b) The British Crown Independence take place?
(c) Lord Mountbatten
(d) The Mughal Emperor Ans : MAIN 2006

Ans : COMP 2024

The First War of Independence took place in
the year 1857.
Thus (a) is correct option.
25. Mention any two social reforms advocated
19. The Uprising of 1857 was a prolonged period by the British which affected the religious
of armed uprising against the British in traditions of the Indian people.
Northern and Central India. Which of the
following was not a major centre of the Ans : COMP 2009

Uprising? (i) Abolition of Sati system.

(a) Delhi (ii) Widow remarriage.
(b) Awadh
(c) Mumbai 26. Mention one reason for the unhappiness
(d) The Chambal Region of the Indian soldiers in the British Army
before 1857.
Ans : MAIN 2010
Ans : SQP 2004
Thus (d) is correct option.
The Indian soldiers were unhappy because
of their low salary and poor prospects of
promotion.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 9
27. Give one change brought about by the British TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
Government in the army after the revolt of
1857.
34. Imagine you are an Indian ruler who has
Ans : MAIN 2008
signed the Subsidiary Alliance. Mention any
The proportion of the British to Indian two conditions of this agreement which will
soldiers was increased and different castes affect you.
and creeds were mixed to avoid any other Ans : MAIN 2024
revolt.
(i) I must allow British troops to be
28. Name any two states that fell victim to the stationed in my territory, which limits my
Doctrine of Lapse. independence.
(ii) I am responsible for the expenses of
Ans : COMP 2009
maintaining these troops, placing a
Satara and Jhansi. financial burden on my state.
29. What was Nana Saheb’s grievance against 35. Name the two ways in which the British
the British ? expanded their territorial power in India ?
Ans : COMP 1995, 2003, 2012 Ans : COMP 2019

The British had refused to recognise him as The ways in which the British expanded their
the legitimate heir to the throne of Peshwa territorial power in India are :
Baji Rao II, because he was his adopted son. (i) Doctrine of Lapse : This policy allowed
the British to annex any princely state
30. Who was the first Viceroy of India ?
where the ruler died without a direct
or
male heir.
Who became first Viceroy of India under the
(ii) Subsidiary Alliance : Under this system,
Act of 1858 ?
Indian rulers were forced to accept British
Ans : MAIN 1997, 2004
forces in their territories and cede control
Lord Canning. over their foreign affairs, effectively
reducing them to puppet states.
31. Name the last Mughal emperor of India
before the British Crown declared India to 36. Mention two political causes of the First War
be its colony. of Independence.
Ans : SQP 2004
Ans : MAIN 2017

Bahadur Shah Zafar. (i) Expansionist Policies: The British

pursued aggressive policies of territorial
32. Name any two Indian rulers who remained expansion.
loyal to the British during national uprising (ii) Disrespect towards Bahadur Shah Zafar:
in 1857. The British showed disrespect to Bahadur
Ans : MAIN 2010
Shah Zafar, further fueling discontent.

Sindhia of Gwalior and Nizam of Hyderabad. 37. What was General Service Enlistment Act ?
Mention any one provision of the ‘General
33. Name the Act that transferred the Service Enlistment Act of 1856’.
Government of India from the Company to
the Crown. When was it passed ? Ans : MAIN 2019

Ans : COMP 2015

The General Service Enlistment Act of 1856
mandated that all new recruits to the Bengal
Act for the Better Government of India. It Army must be prepared to serve in any
was passed on August 2, 1858. location, whether within India or abroad.
CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
38. What was the immediate cause of the revolt present a major threat because they were
of 1857? localized, scattered, and isolated. However,
Ans : SQP 2018
these rebellions created a local tradition of
resistance against British rule.
The immediate trigger was the introduction
of Enfield rifles, accompanied by a rumor 43. Why was the “War of 1857” hailed as the
that the cartridges were greased with cow First War of national independence ?
and pig fat. This ignited the Mutiny, leading Ans : COMP 2015
to the uprising of all three sepoy regiments in
Meerut on May 10, 1857. It involved all sections of society, regardless
of caste or creed, and was not confined to a
39. Why was the “War of 1857” hailed as the specific area. In this revolt, not only did army
First War of National Independence ? personnel participate, but Indian civilians
Ans : MAIN 2002
also joined the struggle to end foreign rule.
This uprising posed a genuine threat to the
The Revolt of 1857 is regarded as the First British.
War of National Independence because it
was the first uprising where kings, soldiers, 44. Explain the term : Doctrine of Lapse. Name
peasants, and ordinary people both Hindus the two States annexed by the British using
and Muslims united with a shared goal of the Doctrine of Lapse.
reclaiming their lost independence. Ans : SQP 2011

40. With reference to the British rule in India, The Doctrine of Lapse, introduced by Lord
mention two economic factors, which became Dalhousie, stipulated that if a ruler of a
the cause of the First War of Independence, dependent state died without a natural heir,
1857. the state would be annexed by the British.
Ans : COMP 2005
Using this policy, the British took control of
states like Satara (1848), Jhansi (1853), and
(i) In 1720, an Act was enacted that banned Nagpur (1854).
the use of Indian silk and calicoes in
England to curb the growing popularity 45. Who was Nana Sahib ? What was his main
of Indian textile products there. grievance against the British?
(ii) High taxes were levied on Indian goods, Ans : COMP 2015
while British products were sold without
any such duties. Nana Sahib was the adopted son of the last
Peshwa, Baji Rao II. His main grievance
41. What impact did uprising of 1857 have on against the British was their refusal to
the Mughal Rule ? grant him the pension that was due to his
Ans : SQP 2016
adoptive father, as they did not recognize his
claim as the rightful heir after the Peshwa’s
The Mughal Empire, which had already lost death. This denial of pension led to his deep
its importance, was completely destroyed. resentment towards the British.
The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah
Zafar, was put on trial for treason and sent 46. Which policy was used by Lord Dalhousie
into exile in Burma. against Rani Laxmi Bai ? Why did Rani
Laxmi Bai become a bitter enemy of the
42. What was the nature of revolts against the British ?
British before the First War of Independence?
Ans : SQP 2016
Ans : MAIN 2010
Lord Dalhousie used the Doctrine of Lapse
The uprisings against the British before against Rani Laxmi Bai. According to this
the First War of Independence did not
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 11
policy, when her husband, the ruler of Jhansi, 50. Give the meaning of Absentee Sovereignty.
died without a natural heir, the British Why was it resented by the Indians ?
refused to recognize her adopted son as the Ans : COMP 2017
successor and annexed Jhansi.
Rani Laxmi Bai became a bitter enemy Absentee Sovereignty refers to the situation
of the British because they denied her the where India was governed by the British
right to rule Jhansi and took away her government from England, far removed from
kingdom, leading to her deep resentment the realities and needs of the Indian people.
and fierce resistance during the First War of It was resented by Indians because they
Independence in 1857. believed that their country’s wealth was
being drained to England, with little benefit
47. State two announcements which adversely or investment being made for the welfare and
affected the Mughal dynasty in India. development of India itself.
Ans : COMP 2011
51. What were the apprehensions of Indians
Two announcements that adversely affected about the introduction of the railways?
the Mughal dynasty in India were: Ans : MAIN 2019
(i) End of Titles : The British declared that
Bahadur Shah Zafar’s successors would The introduction of Railways played a major
lose their royal titles. role as a religious factor in sparking the Revolt
(ii) Exile : The British announced that after of 1857. It was viewed as a threat to the social
Bahadur Shah Zafar’s death, his family order and caste system because people of all
would be exiled from the Red Fort. castes were required to sit together in railway
compartments. This was seen as an effort to
48. Mention any two consequences of the undermine traditional caste practices.
annexation of Awadh.
52. Mention any two social reforms advocated
Ans : SQP 2013
by the British which affected the religious
(i) The people of Awadh faced heavier land traditions of the Indian people.
taxes and additional levies on food, Ans : COMP 2021
houses, ferries, and legal matters.
(ii) The disbanding of the Nawab of Awadh’s Two social reforms by the British that
army and administration led to thousands affected Indian religious traditions were:
of nobles, officials, and soldiers losing (i) Banning of Sati : The British outlawed
their jobs. the practice of Sati, interfering with
Hindu customs.
49. State any two consequences of the disbanding (ii) Widow Remarriage : The British legalized
of the armies of the annexed States by the widow remarriage, challenging traditional
British. Hindu beliefs.
Ans : MAIN 2015
53. Mention any two measures which point to the
(i) The disbanding of the Nawab of Awadh’s policy of social discrimination followed by the
army and administration rendered British in India.
thousands of nobles, officials, and soldiers Ans : SQP 2020
jobless.
(ii) The British confiscated the estates of the (i) All top employment positions were
taluqdars or zamindars, turning these reserved for the British, and Indian
dispossessed landowners into adversaries soldiers were not allowed to rise above
of British rule. the rank of Subedar.
(ii) Indian soldiers were compelled to serve
in distant regions without receiving extra
CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
pay or the additional foreign service because it violated the religious beliefs of
allowance (Bhatta). many Hindu and Muslim soldiers, who
believed that crossing the sea would lead to
54. Give two examples to show how the British the loss of their caste or religious identity.
exploited resources of India.
Ans : MAIN 2000
58. Mention any two grievances harboured by the
Indian soldiers which created an atmosphere
(i) India was compelled to accept British- favorable to the First War of Independence.
made goods with either no duties or very
low duty rates, while Indian products Ans : MAIN 2010

were subjected to high import duties in (i) All higher positions in employment were
England. reserved for the British, and Indian
(ii) Following the British conquest of Bengal, soldiers were not allowed to advance
they ceased bringing gold into India and beyond the rank of Subedar.
began purchasing raw materials for their (ii) Indian soldiers were obligated to serve in
industries in England using the surplus distant regions without receiving extra
revenue from Bengal and profits from pay or the additional foreign service
duty-free inland trade. allowance (Bhatta).

55. Give any two grievances of the peasantry 59. State two effects of the defeat of the British
against the British? in the first Afghan War and the Punjab Wars
Ans : COMP 2005
on the Indian soldiers.

(i) The peasants were unhappy with the Ans : COMP 2015

British land revenue policies, which often (i) Although the British managed to suppress
led to the loss of their land. the Santhal Uprising, the heavy losses
(ii) The peasantry bore the brunt of heavy they endured shattered the belief in their
taxes, which were used to fund the invincibility.
company’s trade profits, administrative (ii) It also showed Indian soldiers that a
costs, and the British wars of expansion determined Indian force could indeed
in India. defeat the British army.

56. What did the British do to reduce the landed 60. What was the immediate cause of the First
aristocracy to poverty? War of Independence?
Ans : MAIN 2007 Ans : MAIN 2017

The British economic exploitation, decline The immediate cause of the First War of
of local industries, high taxes, wealth drain, Independence was the introduction of the
agricultural stagnation, and the exploitation Enfield rifle, which required soldiers to use
of poor peasants led to the impoverishment cartridges rumored to be greased with cow
of the landed aristocracy. and pig fat. This deeply offended both Hindu
and Muslim soldiers, as it violated their
57. What was the provision of the General Service religious beliefs, leading to widespread anger
Enlistment Act which was resented by the and ultimately sparking the revolt.
Indian soldiers ? Why was it resented ?
Ans : COMP 2009
61. Who was Mangal Pandey ? What did he do ?

The provision of the General Service Ans : COMP 2019

Enlistment Act that was resented by Indian Mangal Pandey, a Brahmin soldier, refused
soldiers was the requirement for them to to use the greased cartridges on March 29,
serve overseas if ordered. This was resented 1857, and killed two British officers. As a
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 13
consequence, he was hanged, which triggered military plans and centralized leadership.
widespread uprisings in Meerut, Delhi, The uprisings across the country were
Kanpur, Lucknow, and Jhansi. disconnected and uncoordinated.
(ii) The East India Company benefited
62. State two consequences of the First War from the expertise of exceptional leaders
of Indian Independence on the East India like Lawrence, Nicholson, Havelock,
Company? Outram, and Campbell. They managed
Ans : SQP 2011 to handle the toughest battles early in
Two consequences of the First War of Indian the uprising and maintained control until
Independence on the East India Company reinforcements arrived from abroad.
were: 66. Mention two grievances of the Mughal
(i) Abolition of the Company : The British Emperor against the British.
government dissolved the East India
Company. Ans : COMP 2013

(ii) Transfer of Power : Control of India (i) In 1849, Lord Dalhousie declared that
was transferred to the British Crown, Bahadur Shah Zafar’s successors would
establishing the British Raj. no longer be allowed to use the Red Fort
as their residence and would need to
63. How was the Army organized after the First relocate to a place near the Qutab Minar.
War of Independence ? (ii) In 1856, Lord Canning announced that
Ans : MAIN 2013 after Bahadur Shah Zafar’s death, his
After the First War of Independence, the successors would not be permitted to
British reorganized the Indian Army by use imperial titles or honors with their
increasing British troops, recruiting from names.
different regions to prevent unity, disbanding 67. What assurance did the Queen’s Proclamation
rebel units, and strategically deploying troops of 1858 give to the Indian people regarding
to maintain control. (i) religious freedom, and (ii) appointment to
64. What impact did the uprising of 1857 have public offices?
on the Mughal rule and Peshwaship? Ans : MAIN 2010

Ans : COMP 2016 (i) In her 1858 Proclamation, the Queen

With the death of Bahadur Shah II, who pledged not to interfere with the religious
was exiled to Yangon, the Mughal dynasty beliefs of the Indian people.
came to an end. Nana Sahib, the last Peshwa, (ii) Concerning public appointments, she
actively participated in the uprising but fled stated that they would be based solely on
to Nepal after its failure, leading to the end education, ability, and integrity.
of the Peshwa’s office. 68. How did the Doctrine of Lapse become a
The First War of Indian Independence also political cause for the Great Uprising of 1857?
marked the end of the East India Company’s
rule in India, as British leaders decided it was Ans : COMP 2000

unwise to entrust the governance of such a The Doctrine of Lapse, through which the
vast country to a private trading company. British annexed states lacking a male heir,
infuriated many Indian rulers. This loss of
65. Mention any two drawbacks of the First War sovereignty sparked resentment and became
of Independence. a significant political cause of the Great
Ans : MAIN 2015 Uprising of 1857.
(i) The movement lacked coordinated
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CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
69. Name two humanitarian measures taken by (iv) All appointments would be based strictly
the British which invoked adverse reaction on education and ability.
from the Indian masses.
73. Although the Revolt of 1857 failed, but it
Ans : MAIN 2001
had important consequences on the Princely
Two humanitarian measures taken by the States. Justify by giving three reasons.
British that provoked adverse reactions from Ans : MAIN 2010
the Indian masses were:
(i) Abolition of Sati : The British banned (i) The Doctrine of Lapse was discontinued,
the practice of Sati, which was seen as and the right to adoption was
interference in traditional Hindu customs. acknowledged.
(ii) Legalization of Widow Remarriage : The (ii) Indian princes were guaranteed that their
British introduced laws permitting widow territories would not be annexed.
remarriage, challenging long-standing (iii)The government promised to honor all
religious and cultural practices in Hindu existing Treaties and Agreements.
society.

70. What was the General Service Enlistment

Act of 1856? THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans : COMP 2005

In 1856, Viceroy Lord Canning passed the 74. The Revolt of 1857 was the beginning of the
General Service Enlistment Act, requiring independence struggle against the colonial
every new recruit to agree to serve overseas rule of the British. With reference to the
(lands beyond the seas) if commanded. consequences of the Revolt, answer the
following:
71. What assurance was given to the Indian (i) Mention any three changes made in
princes by Queen Victoria in her Proclamation the administration with the end of the
of 1858? Company’s Rule.
Ans : SQP 2007 (ii) State any three policies promised to
Indians in Queen Victoria’s Proclamation.
In Queen Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858,
(iii)Mention any four changes made in the
Indian princes were guaranteed that their
army after the Revolt.
territorial rights, including the right to
adopt heirs, would be honored. The British Ans : MAIN 2024

vowed not to annex their states in the future, (i) Three changes made in the administration
preserving their sovereignty and ensuring with the end of the Company’s Rule :
their loyalty. (a) End of East India Company’s Rule :
The Government of India Act of 1858
72. State any four features of Queen Victoria’s
transferred the powers of the East
Proclamation of 1858.
India Company to the British Crown,
Ans : COMP 2009 bringing an end to the Company’s
(i) Equal treatment would be given to all rule in India.
subjects, both Indians and Europeans. (b) Creation of the Secretary of State for
(ii) The government would take responsibility India : A new office, the Secretary of
for the material and moral advancement State for India, was established with
of the people. full control over Indian administration,
(iii)An official pardon was granted to all supported by a 15 member council
Indians, except those involved in the known as the India Council.
murder of British citizens.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 15
(c) Governor-General became Viceroy soldiers from different communities
: The title of Governor-General was uniting against British rule.
changed to Viceroy, making him the (d) Disbanding of certain Indian
direct representative of the British regiments : Indian artillery units were
monarch, emphasizing that India was largely disbanded, and many Indian
now under the Crown’s rule. soldiers who had participated in the
(ii) Three policies promised to Indians in revolt were either dismissed or barred
Queen Victoria’s Proclamation : from holding military posts. The
(a) Equal treatment under law : The mountain units were the only ones
Queen promised equal treatment allowed to remain intact.
for all British subjects in India,
regardless of race, caste, or religion, 75. The Indian Nationalists described the
with no discrimination in public Great Uprising of 1857 as the First War of
appointments. Independence. With reference to this, answer
(b) Non-interference in religious affairs : the following questions:
The British government assured that (i) Mention any three policies used by the
it would not interfere in the religious British to expand their political power in
practices of Indians, addressing India.
concerns that had fueled the Revolt. (ii) The Revolt of 1857 is also known as the
(c) Respect for Indian princes and Sepoy Mutiny. Mention any three military
treaties : Indian princes were assured causes which led to the uprising.
that their treaties would be honored, (iii)Mention any four economic causes of the
and their territories would remain Revolt.
under their control, provided they Ans : MAIN 2023

were loyal to the Crown. (i) Three Policies used by the British to
(iii)Four changes made in the army after the expand their political power in India :
Revolt : (a) Doctrine of Lapse : This policy
(a) Increased number of European allowed the British to annex states
soldiers : The British increased the where the ruler died without a male
number of European soldiers in the heir, like Jhansi and Satara.
Indian army to maintain a greater (a) Subsidiary Alliance : Indian rulers had
ratio of British to Indian troops, to accept British troops in return for
ensuring better control over the army protection, losing their sovereignty.
and minimizing the chances of future Introduced by Lord Wellesley.
uprisings. (b) Annexation of States : The British
(b) European officers in key positions annexed states on grounds of
: All important posts, especially in mismanagement, as seen with the
artillery and other key divisions of annexation of Awadh.
the army, were reserved for European (ii) Three military causes which led to the
officers to prevent Indian soldiers uprising :
from holding positions of significant (a) Discrimination : Indian soldiers were
power or influence. paid less and faced discrimination
(c) Divide and rule policy : To prevent in promotions compared to British
unity among Indian soldiers, the soldiers.
British introduced a deliberate policy (b) General Service Enlistment Act
of dividing the army along religious, (1856) : This act forced sepoys to
ethnic, and caste lines. This ensured serve overseas, violating their religious
that there was minimal chance of beliefs.
CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
(c) Greased cartridges issue : The Muslims.
cartridges used in the new Enfield (b) The sacrifices made by Indian leaders
rifles were rumored to be greased during the 1857 revolt sparked the
with cow and pig fat, offending both birth of nationalist movements.
Hindu and Muslim soldiers. (c) For the first time, Indians fought
(iii)Four economic causes of the Revolt : against the British with a shared
(a) High taxes : British land revenue goal: ending British rule.
policies burdened peasants with high
taxes. 77. The First War of Independence of 1857, was
(b) Drain of wealth : The British exploited the culmination of people’s dissatisfaction
India’s wealth for their own benefit, with the British rule. In this context
impoverishing the country. enumerate the following causes.
(c) Decline of industries : Cheap British (i) Economic causes
goods destroyed local industries, (ii) Military causes
causing unemployment (iii)Political causes
(d) Peasant exploitation : Peasants were Ans : MAIN 2011

heavily taxed and lost their land, (i) Economic Causes :

leading to widespread poverty. (a) A law passed in 1720 banned the use
76. The Great Uprising of 1857 was an important of Indian silk and calicoes in England
event which produced far reaching results. to diminish the popularity of Indian
Explain the following with reference to the textiles.
Great Uprising : (b) High taxes were placed on Indian
(i) The changes introduced in the goods, while British products were
administrative set up of the British imported duty-free.
territory in India. (c) The Industrial Revolution dealt a
(ii) Rights granted to Indian princes. severe blow to India’s handicraft
(iii)Rise of nationalism. industries, mostly comprised of
cottage industries.
Ans : MAIN 2009
(d) The East India Company took control
(i) (a) An Act for the Better Government of of the country’s trade and commerce,
India was passed, ending the rule of monopolizing these sectors.
the East India Company in India. (ii) Military Causes :
(b) The title of the Governor-General (a) Indian soldiers were paid low wages
was changed; while he continued as and were not allowed to advance
Governor-General for the provinces, beyond the rank of Subedar, leading
he became known as the Viceroy to dissatisfaction and a sense of
when interacting with the Nawabs injustice.
and Rajas. (b) They were treated as inferior and
(ii) (a) All treaties made by Indian rulers subjected to poor treatment by their
with the East India Company were to British superiors, which deepened
be respected. their resentment.
(b) It was declared that the British (c) The General Service Enlistment
Government would not annex Indian Act of 1856 required Bengal Army
states. recruits to serve anywhere, which
(c) The rights of adoption and succession alarmed Hindu soldiers who believed
for Indian rulers were also recognized. that crossing the sea violated their
(iii)(a) The revolt fostered a remarkable religious beliefs.
sense of unity between Hindus and (d) The introduction of greased cartridges,
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 17
rumored to be coated with cow and (b) High tariffs on Indian products and the
pig fat, sparked a revolt among the lack of protection for local industries
soldiers, as it was seen as an affront led to widespread unemployment
to their religious practices. among artisans and craftsmen.
(iii)Political Causes : (c) The economic difficulties experienced
(a) Lord Dalhousie’s annexation policies, by these groups due to the collapse
especially the Doctrine of Lapse, of their trades fueled their anger and
angered Indian rulers, with states involvement in the revolt.
like Satara, Jhansi, and Nagpur being (iii)Discontent of the Sepoys:
particularly affected. (a) Indian sepoys experienced
(b) Lord Canning’s decision to deny discrimination, receiving lower pay
Bahadur Shah’s successor the imperial and inferior treatment compared to
title of “King”, along with Lord their British counterparts.
Dalhousie stopping Nana Saheb’s (b) The British officers’ disregard for the
pension, heightened resentment sepoys’ customs and religious beliefs
among the Indian rulers. caused widespread dissatisfaction
(c) The annexation of the kingdom among them.
of Oudh in 1856 due to alleged (c) The introduction of the Enfield rifle,
maladministration further deepened with cartridges rumored to be greased
dissatisfaction among both the Indian with cow and pig fat, insulted the
rulers and the general population. religious beliefs of Hindu and Muslim
sepoys, triggering their rebellion.
78. There were many causes for the Revolt of (d) Sepoys, many from traditional
1857. In this context, state the following : warrior communities, felt their honor
(i) Policy of economic exploitation. and status were diminished by the
(ii) Unhappiness of the Indian Artisans and British, who showed little respect for
Craftsmen. their traditions and military heritage,
(iii)Discontent of the Sepoys. further intensifying their discontent.
Ans : MAIN 2020
79. ‘Numerous causes were at work in causing the
(i) Policy of economic exploitation: great upsurge of 1857’. Explain the following
(a) The British implemented high land with reference to the above statement.
revenue systems, like the Permanent (i) The introduction of Railways and
Settlement, causing widespread Telegraphs.
poverty among Indian farmers. (ii) The introduction of Enfield Rifles.
(b) The influx of inexpensive British (iii)The laws that interfered with the religious
goods into India severely damaged customs of the people.
local industries, leading to the decline
of traditional crafts and trades. Ans : MAIN 2005

(c) These policies caused economic (i) (a) The introduction of the railway was
hardship and resentment among the primarily aimed at exploiting India’s
Indian population, contributing to resources.
the discontent that led to the revolt.. (b) It was perceived as a method to
(ii) Unhappiness of the Indian Artisans and disrupt social order and caste rules, as
Craftsmen: people of all castes had to sit together
(a) British policies prioritized the import in railway compartments.
of British-made goods, resulting in (c) A rumor circulated that telegraph
the decline of India’s traditional poles were being erected to hang
handicraft industries. those who opposed British rule.
CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
(ii) (a) Religious Offense : The introduction over India. The British Government
of the Enfield rifle in 1857 required enacted the Government of India
soldiers to bite greased cartridges, Act 1858, which transferred the
believed to be coated with cow and administration of India from the
pig fat, which deeply offended Hindu Company to the British Crown.
and Muslim sepoys by violating their (b) Direct British Rule : Following the
religious beliefs. transfer of power, India came under
(b) Widespread Resentment : The use the direct governance of the British
of these greased cartridges caused Crown, initiating the era of the British
widespread anger and distrust among Raj. A Viceroy was appointed as the
Indian soldiers, who perceived it as a Crown’s representative to manage the
deliberate attempt by the British to administration of India.
disrespect their religious practices. (c) Army Reorganization : The revolt
(c) Catalyst for Rebellion : The Enfield highlighted the flaws in the Company’s
rifle issue became a catalyst for army, prompting its reorganization.
rebellion, uniting the sepoys in their The British increased the proportion
discontent and sparking the broader of British soldiers relative to Indian
uprising against British rule, leading soldiers and implemented significant
to the Great Revolt of 1857. changes to prevent future rebellions.
(iii)(a) The Act of 1850 : This law modified (ii) (a) Collapse of the Mughal Dynasty :
the Hindu Law of Property, allowing The Revolt of 1857 resulted in the
those who converted from Hinduism definitive end of the Mughal Empire,
to inherit their father’s property. with Bahadur Shah II, the last
Hindus viewed this as encouragement emperor, being captured and exiled
to abandon their religious beliefs. by the British to Rangoon.
(b) Taxes : The British administration (b) Elimination of the Mughal Title :
imposed taxes on properties belonging The British officially abolished the
to temples and mosques, which were Mughal Emperor’s title and dissolved
previously exempt from such taxes. the Mughal court, bringing an end to
(c) The Widow Remarriage Act : Enacted the dynasty’s symbolic power.
in 1856, this progressive law followed (c) Erasure of Mughal Legacy : The
earlier bans on the Sati system and British took deliberate steps to
female infanticide. However, these dismantle the remaining symbols of
reforms were met with resistance, as the Mughal Empire, including seizing
people felt their religion was under properties and dismantling structures
threat. linked to Mughal rule, thereby erasing
its historical legacy.
80. ‘Although the Revolt of 1857 failed, but it (iii)(a) Unity During the Revolt : The Revolt
had important consequences for India’. In of 1857 witnessed notable cooperation
this context state the impact of the Revolt between Hindus and Muslims, who
on : joined forces to resist British rule.
(i) The East India Company. (b) Joint Leadership : Hindu and Muslim
(ii) The Mughal Empire. leaders, such as Rani Lakshmi Bai
(iii)Hindu-Muslim Unity. and Bahadur Shah II, played pivotal
Ans : COMP 2015 roles in leading the revolt in their
(i) (a) End of Company Rule : The Revolt respective regions, promoting a sense
of 1857 resulted in the termination of unity and common purpose.
of the East India Company’s control
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 19
(c) Temporary Religious Harmony : needs, leading to food shortages.
During the revolt, leaders from both Additionally, heavy taxes were
communities temporarily set aside imposed on these farmers, and British
religious differences to unite under a traders exploited them by purchasing
common cause against the British raw materials at low prices and selling
(d) Foundation for Nationalism : The finished goods at high prices.
unity shown during the revolt laid (c) Financial Drain : The British invested
the foundation for future nationalist surplus capital in Indian infrastructure
movements, demonstrating the and industries like railways and
potential for Hindu-Muslim plantations, but this investment
collaboration in challenging British burdened Indians with heavy interest
colonial rule, despite later efforts by and dividend payments, further
the British to divide them draining India’s wealth.
(iii)(a) Religious Freedom : The Queen’s
81. ‘Although the Revolt of 1857 failed, but it Proclamation of 1858 assured that
had important consequences for India’. In the British government would not
this context answer the following questions : interfere in the religious beliefs
(i) How did the Revolt give rise to nationalism and practices of the Indian people,
in India? guaranteeing full religious freedom.
(ii) How did the end of the East India (b) Abandonment of the Doctrine of
Company bring in grave economic perils Lapse : The Doctrine of Lapse was
in India? abandoned, and the right of Indian
(iii)How did the British Government try to princes to adopt heirs was recognized,
pacify the feelings of Indians with regard ensuring the continuity of their
to : dynasties. The British government
(a) Their religious practices. assured Indian princes that their
(b) The princely states. territories would not be annexed
Ans : MAIN 2017 and that all existing Treaties and
(i) (a) The revolt fostered an extraordinary Agreements would be respected and
sense of unity between Hindus and upheld.
Muslims. 82. Using the following points, explain the
(b) The sacrifices made by prominent important causes which led to the Revolt of
Indian leaders during the Revolt of 1857 A.D. :
1857 sparked the rise of nationalist (i) The British policy of territorial expansion.
movements. (ii) Economic exploitation of India.
(c) For the first time, Indians united (iii)Interference in the social and religious life
with a shared goal: the overthrow of of the Indians.
British rule.
(ii) (a) Economic Exploitation : The end Ans : COMP 1985, 1991, 2002

of East India Company rule led to (i) The British policy of territorial expansion.
direct British governance, where civil (a) Doctrine of Lapse : The British denied
servants and military officers sent many Indian princes the right to
to India drew hefty salaries, placing adopt heirs, leading to the annexation
a heavy burden on India’s economic of states like Jhansi and Satara under
resources. this doctrine.
(b) Agricultural Distortion and Taxation (b) Direct Annexation Policy : The
: Indian farmers were forced to grow British directly annexed territories
crops that served British industrial such as Sind in 1843 and Punjab in
CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
1849, expanding their control over missionaries, who often employed
Indian regions. disrespectful methods to spread
(c) Subsidiary Alliance : The British Christianity, created fear and suspicion
enforced the Subsidiary Alliance, among the general population.
requiring Indian rulers to maintain
a large British force within their 83. The Revolt of 1857, though unsuccessful,
territories, often leading to the ceding produced far reaching consequences. In this
of parts of their land to the British. context, briefly explain the following :
(d) Annexation on Grounds of (i) Changes introduced in the administrative
Misgovernance : The British annexed set- up.
some states, like Oudh, on the pretext (ii) Re-organization of the Army.
of misgovernance, further extending (iii)Policy of Divide and Rule.
their control over Indian territories. (iv) Significance of the Revolt.
(e) Insecurity Among Indian Princes : Ans : SQP 2003, 2009, 2018

These expansionist policies created (i) Changes introduced in the administrative

systematically divided Hindus and (i) Bahadur Shah II, also known as Bahadur
Muslims by initially favoring Hindus Shah Zafar, played a significant symbolic
in government services and later role in the Revolt of 1857. As the last
instigating Muslims against Hindus Mughal emperor, he became a rallying
by offering jobs to high-class Muslims, figure for the rebels, who proclaimed him
exploiting historical tensions. the emperor of India after they seized
(c) Promotion of Religious and Regional Delhi. Although he didn’t wield real
Divisions : The British encouraged political or military power, his backing
the formation of religious-based provided legitimacy to the rebellion,
parties like the Muslim League and helping to unite various groups against
Hindu Maha Sabha, and also fueled British rule. His involvement, however,
regionalism and provincialism by led to his capture by the British and
favoring one group over another to subsequent exile to Rangoon, marking
weaken national unity. the end of the Mughal dynasty and a key
moment in Indian history.
CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
(ii) He played a pivotal role in leading not permitted to adopt a successor
the uprising in Kanpur, showcasing without the British East India
exceptional bravery and determination. Company’s consent, leading to the
As a skilled and resolute general, he annexation of the state.
successfully captured the Kanpur Fort and (b) Annexation of States : Under Lord
proclaimed himself the Peshwa, reviving Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse, several
the title and authority associated with Maratha states, including Satara,
his lineage. His actions went beyond mere Nagpur, and Jhansi, along with other
personal ambition, as he demonstrated minor principalities, were annexed by
the qualities of a true national hero by the British. For instance, when the
acknowledging Bahadur Shah as the ruler of Jhansi died in 1853 without
Emperor of India. This recognition not a child, the state was annexed despite
only symbolized unity among the rebels the existence of an adopted son,
but also strengthened the legitimacy of Anand Rao, whom the British refused
the broader struggle against British rule, to recognize.
making his contribution to the revolt (c) Impact on Jhansi : The widowed
both significant and inspirational. Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi was
(iii)She was the commanding force behind pensioned off after the annexation, as
the revolutionaries in Jhansi and is widely her adopted son was not recognized
regarded as one of the bravest and most by the British, leading to significant
skilled military leaders among the rebels resentment and anger.
during the Revolt of 1857. Her fierce (d) Widespread Discontent : The
determination and unwavering courage in application of the Doctrine of Lapse
battle set her apart, as she fought with the caused widespread discontent and
spirit of a true heroine. Her exceptional fear among the rulers and people of
military acumen and fearless leadership Indian princely states, who became
inspired not only her own troops but increasingly alarmed by the threat of
also countless others across the country. English rule and the potential loss of
The immense sacrifice she made for her their sovereignty.
people and her unwavering commitment (ii) Attitude towards Mughal Dynasty:
to the cause of independence have left an (a) Reduction of Mughal Emperor’s
indelible mark on Indian history. Rani Status : The British sought to strip
Lakshmi Bai’s legacy of bravery and even the nominal and titular status of
sacrifice continues to be honored and the Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah,
remembered by generations of Indians as aiming to diminish his symbolic
a symbol of resistance and patriotism. authority.
(b) Exile from the Red Fort : Lord
85. With reference to the political causes of the Dalhousie declared that after Bahadur
War of 1857, explain the following: Shah’s death, his successors would
(i) Doctrine of Lapse and its implications. be required to vacate the Red Fort,
(ii) Attitude towards Mughal Dynasty. further undermining the Mughal
(iii)Annexation of Awadh. dynasty’s dignity.
Ans : COMP 2010 (c) Abolition of Regal Titles : In 1856,
(i) Doctrine of Lapse and its implications: Lord Canning announced that
(a) Doctrine of Lapse Policy : According Bahadur Shah’s successor would not
to the Doctrine of Lapse, if an be permitted to use the title of King,
Indian ruler of a dependent state and similarly, the regal titles of the
died without a biological son, he was Nawabs of Carnatic and Tanjore were
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 23
abolished. These actions were seen as a member of the British Cabinet and
deep insults by the Indian rulers and accountable to the British Parliament.
people, fueling resentment. This ensured that ultimate authority
(iii)Annexation of Awadh : Unjust Annexation over India resided with the British
of Oudh: On February 13, 1856, Lord Parliament.
Dalhousie annexed Oudh, claiming that (c) Advisory Council : The Secretary
Nawab Wajid Ali Shah’s administration of State was to be supported by a
was inefficient. This action was seen as a 15-member India Council, providing
display of arrogance and betrayal by the assistance in the administration of
British East India Company. The Nawab Indian affairs..
was sent to Calcutta with a pension of (ii) During the Revolt of 1857, Queen Victoria
12 lakh rupees, and Oudh was taken over was the reigning monarch in England.
under the guise of mismanagement. This Her proclamation, which marked the
annexation left many Taluqdars, nobles, transfer of governance from the East
officials, and soldiers without their titles India Company to the British Crown,
and livelihoods, leading to widespread was publicly announced at Allahabad on
dissatisfaction and anger towards British November 1, 1858, by Lord Canning, the
rule. first Viceroy of India. The proclamation
outlined the following commitments by
86. The Great Rising of 1857 is regarded as a the Government of India:
glorious landmark which produced far/ (a) Non-intervention Policy : The
reaching results in the history of India. government pledged to adopt a policy
Explain with reference to: of non-interference in the social and
(i) The British Government’s decision on the religious affairs of Indians.
East India Company’s ruler in India end. (b) Equality of Subjects : All subjects,
(ii) Queen Victoria’s proclamation of 1858. whether Indian or European, would
(iii)The rights granted to the Indian Princes be treated equally, with education
and people. and ability serving as the basis for all
Ans : MAIN 1983 appointments.
(i) The most significant outcome of the (c) General Pardon : A general pardon
Revolt of 1857 was the termination of was granted to all participants in
the East India Company’s rule and the the rebellion, except those who were
direct transfer of governance of India to found guilty of murdering British
the British Crown. This transition was subjects.
formalized through the Government of (d) Promotion of Industries : The
India Act of 1858, which included the government promised to work towards
following key provisions: the advancement of industries in India.
(a) Transfer of Power : The act (iii)In an effort to secure the loyalty of the
transferred the authority to govern Indian princes, the British government
India from the East India Company abandoned the Doctrine of Lapse, which
to the British Crown, marking the had allowed the annexation of princely
end of Company rule. states without a male heir. The Indian
(b) Shift in Authority : Previously, the princes were assured that their rights
control over India was in the hands to their territories would be respected,
of the Company’s Directors and the and they could adopt heirs to succeed
Board of Control. With the new act, them. Additionally, the British promised
this power was now vested in the to respect all existing treaties and
Secretary of State for India, who was agreements with the Indian states. For the
CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
general population, the proclamation and the recapture of Kanpur. Known for
subsequent policies aimed at providing his guerrilla tactics, Tantia Tope led a
a sense of justice and equality under campaign that kept the British forces on
British rule, although these promises the defensive for a considerable period.
were not always fully realized in practice. Despite the eventual defeat, his leadership
These measures, initiated in response to and relentless efforts against the British
the Revolt of 1857, laid the foundation made him a key figure in the revolt and a
for the British administration in India revered patriot in Indian history.
and significantly altered the relationship
between the British government and the 88. Economic exploitation of the country
Indian people. produced discontent, resentment and
resistance among the people that culminated
87. During the Great Revolt of 1857 some in the Great Uprising of 1857. Examine this
patriotic Indians played prominent role in factor with reference to the following :
this fight against the British. State briefly (i) The ruin of trade and handicrafts.
the role of each of the following : (ii) Impoverishment of the cultivators.
(i) Nana Saheb (iii)Subordination of Indian economy to
(ii) The Rani of Jhansi British interests (Making India an
(iii)Tantia Tope. Agricultural Colony of British capitalism.
Ans : COMP 2000 Ans : MAIN 2002

(i) Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Peshwa (i) The East India Company, established
Baji Rao II, was one of the key leaders of in 1600 as a trading entity, saw Indian
the revolt in Kanpur. He led the rebellion textiles gain immense popularity in
against the British forces in Kanpur England after 1668. This led to the passing
and successfully captured the Kanpur of an Act in 1720 that banned the use of
Fort. Nana Saheb declared himself the Indian silks and calicoes in England. The
Peshwa and played a crucial role in British deliberately undermined Indian
rallying support against the British. handicrafts by:
His leadership and defiance against the (a) Imposing heavy tariffs on Indian silk
British rule made him a prominent figure and cotton textiles in England.
in the uprising. (b) Allowing British goods to be imported
(ii) Rani Lakshmi Bai, famously known as into India with minimal duty.
the Rani of Jhansi, was one of the most (c) Causing the extinction of the art of
iconic leaders of the 1857 revolt. After spinning and weaving in India.
the British annexed Jhansi under the (d) Leaving once-thriving manufacturing
Doctrine of Lapse, Rani Lakshmi Bai centers like Dhaka, Murshidabad, and
took up arms to defend her kingdom. She Surat in a desolate state.
led her troops with remarkable courage (ii) The cultivators were severely impoverished
and military skill, fighting fiercely against under the British land-revenue policies.
the British forces. Her bravery, especially Whether it was the Permanent Settlement
during the battles to defend Jhansi and in Bengal and Bihar, the Ryotwari system
later during the retreat to Gwalior, in Bombay, or the Mahalwari system,
made her a symbol of resistance and a nearly half of the net produce was taken as
legendary figure in India’s struggle for land revenue. Poor monsoons often led to
independence. famines, further worsening the peasants’
(iii)Tantia Tope was General of Nana Saheb. poverty. Unable to pay the high land-
He played a significant role in several revenue demands, farmers increasingly
battles across Central India, including fell into the hands of moneylenders. In
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 25
their desperation, what more could the (ii) The changes in the Army:
impoverished farmers desire than to drive (a) Reorganization of the Army’s
the British out of India? Composition : After 1858, the
(iii)The British subordinated the Indian strength of European troops in India
economy to serve the interests of was increased to 65,000, while the
their own trade and industry. Indian number of Indian troops was reduced
industries began to decline as heavy to 140,000, maintaining this ratio
taxes were imposed on Indian silk and until the First World War.
cotton textiles. The British exported raw (b) Strategic Positioning and Exclusion :
materials from India while flooding the European troops were stationed in key
Indian market with goods manufactured geographical and military locations,
in England. In essence, India was reduced and Indians were strictly excluded
to an agricultural colony, with its trade from the officer corps to prevent them
and commerce increasingly controlled from gaining significant power.
and dominated by the British. (c) Control of Weapons and Ammunition
: Indian soldiers were deliberately kept
89. The Great Outbreak of 1857 brought about away from sophisticated weapons and
important changes in the character of Indian ammunition. Most Indian artillery
administration and the future development units were disbanded, except for a
of the country. In this context discuss. few mountain units, to prevent any
(i) The changes introduced in the future uprisings.
administrative set-up of the British (d) Discriminatory Recruitment and
territories in India. Control : The British practiced
(ii) The changes in the Army. discrimination based on caste, region,
(iii)The changes in the relationship with and religion in army recruitment.
Princely States. Additionally, measures were taken to
Ans : COMP 2007 discourage nationalism, including the
(i) The war brought an end to the East India introduction of caste and community
Company’s rule in India. The Act of divisions in regiments and preventing
1858 transferred the governance of India nationalist publications from reaching
from the Company to the British Crown. Indian soldiers.
Additionally, the Board of Control and (iii)Queen Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858
the Court of Directors were abolished, stated that the British government
with their powers being handed over would no longer annex Indian states.
to the Secretary of State, who would Additionally, all treaties previously made
be supported by an Indian Council between the princes and the East India
comprising 15 members. The Secretary of Company would be respected, and their
State’s salary and allowances were to be rights of adoption and succession would
drawn from Indian revenues. Furthermore, be recognized. However, at the same time,
appointments to the Civil Service were the British government took measures to
to be made through open competition. weaken the Indian states militarily by
Lastly, the Governor-General was given restricting the size of their armies.
the additional title of Viceroy, signifying 90. Although the First War of Independence of
his new role as the Crown’s representative 1857 failed it had important consequences for
in India, particularly in relation to the India. In this context, answer the following
native princes and Nawabs. questions :
(i) How did the uprising give rise to
Nationalism in India?
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CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
(ii) How did the end of the East India impoverished and further deepening
Company’s rule bring in grave economic their misery.
perils in India? (iii)The First War of Independence led to
(iii)State how the British Government tried several important promises being made:
to pacify the feelings of Indians with (a) With Regards to their religious
regard to: practices:
(a) Their religious practices. 1. In her Proclamation of 1858, Queen
(b) The Princely States. Victoria assured that the British
Ans : MAIN 2009
government would not interfere with
the religious beliefs of the people of
(i) A profound impact of the 1857 Uprising India.
was that the sacrifices made by Indian 2. The Queen pledged equal treatment
leaders ignited the Nationalist Movement for all her subjects, both Indians and
in India. All sections of society came Europeans.
together in a unified struggle. Figures like 3. It was promised that all appointments
Nana Sahib and Rani of Jhansi emerged as would be based on education, ability,
national heroes and champions of India’s and integrity:
quest for freedom. The war became a 4. An official pardon was granted to
powerful symbol of resistance against those who were guilty of murdering
the British rule in India. Nationalism, British subjects during the uprising.
which embodies patriotism and a strong (b) With Regards to the Princely States
desire to preserve one’s culture, became : The policies of Annexation and the
increasingly evident in the aftermath of Doctrine of Lapse were abandoned.
the First War of Independence. Some Indian princes, who had
(ii) End of the East India Company’s rule remained loyal to the British and
bring in grave economic perils in India in assisted in suppressing the rebellion,
following way : were rewarded. It was announced
(a) Exploitation of Resources : India was that their right to adopt heirs would
exploited not just by a single trading be respected, and the integrity of
company, but by the entire British their territories would be guaranteed,
populace. The recruitment of English protecting them from future
personnel in both private and public annexation.
sectors resulted in a significant drain
on India’s resources. 91. There were many causes for the uprising of
(b) Economic Subordination : India was 1857. In this context, state the following :
reduced to an agricultural colony, (i) Policy of economic exploitation.
primarily exporting raw materials (ii) Racial discrimination.
and importing finished goods from (iii)Social Causes.
Britain. This economic arrangement Ans : COMP 2010
stunted India’s industrial growth and
entrenched its dependency on British (i) Economic Exploitation : The land-
imports. revenue systems introduced by the
(c) Poverty and Misery : The rapid British, such as Zamindari, Ryotwari,
rise in peasant indebtedness led to and Mahalwari, plunged the peasants
widespread poverty and a form of into misery and poverty. These
economic slavery. British investments impoverished farmers were often forced
in railways, plantations, and coal to sell their produce at low prices to
mines in India benefited only the satisfy the demands of moneylenders,
British shareholders, leaving Indians Zamindars, and government officials. The
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 27
British transformed India’s self-sufficient training, they were often abused and
economy into an agricultural colony, physically mistreated, which deeply
reducing it from an exporter of fine cloth wounded their pride and morale.
to an importer of finished goods from (b) Inferior Status and Low Salaries :
England. Indian handicrafts were severely Indian soldiers received wages that
crippled under the policy of free trade. were insufficient to support their
As William Hunter once noted, 40 million families and were paid significantly
Indians lived their lives on insufficient less than English soldiers, despite
food. performing similar duties. They
(ii) Racial Discrimination : The British had little to no opportunity for
considered themselves superior to Indians promotion to higher ranks, leading
and adopted a policy of disdain towards to resentment over their harsh and
them. They labeled Muslims as cruel and unequal treatment.
untrustworthy. Some European officers (c) General Service Enlistment Act
mistreated and insulted Indians, leading : The General Service Enlistment
to widespread resentment. This unjust Act, introduced by Lord Canning,
discrimination created a deep divide mandated that Indian soldiers could
between the British and the Indian be sent to fight overseas, which was
populace. The segregation in railway against their religious beliefs. This
compartments, hotels, and other public act caused widespread bitterness and
spaces reserved for “Europeans only” opposition among the sepoys, further
were clear manifestations of this racial fueling their discontent.
bias. (ii) Economic causes :
(iii)Social Causes : The British introduced (a) Exploitation of India’s Economic
several social reforms in India with the Resources : The British exploited
intention of improving people’s lives. India’s economic resources for their
However, these reforms were implemented own enrichment, taking control of
without considering the sentiments of trade and commerce. This led to the
the local population. As a result, even decline of Indian industries while they
progressive measures like the abolition siphoned off India’s wealth to Britain.
of Sati in 1829 and the introduction of (b) Discontent among Jagirdars and
the Widow Remarriage Act in 1856 were Zamindars : The British policy
met with resistance and were not widely of resuming tax-free lands and
accepted by the masses. confiscating jagirs caused significant
discontent among Jagirdars and
92. The First War of Independence was the Zamindars, as these actions plunged
culmination of people’s dissatisfaction against them into poverty.
the British rule. In this context enumerate (c) Joblessness Among Educated
the following causes : Indians : High-ranking positions
(i) Military causes with attractive salaries were reserved
(ii) Economic causes exclusively for the English, leaving
(iii)Political causes educated Indians excluded from these
Ans : SQP 2000 roles. As a result, many educated
(i) Military Causes : Indians faced unemployment and
(a) Ill-treatment of Indian Sepoys : became deeply discontented.
Indian soldiers were treated with (iii)Political causes :
disdain and regarded as inferior to (a) Policy of Annexation by Lord
their English counterparts. During Dalhousie : The Doctrine of Lapse,
CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
along with the widespread annexation (a) Religious Interference by the British :
of Indian states, and the abolition The British interference in the religious
of titles and pensions, turned many and social customs of Indians created
Indian princes and rulers into staunch widespread discontent. The activities
enemies of the British. of Christian missionaries, who were
(b) Disrespect Towards Bahadur Shah allowed to enter India by the Charter
: The British further humiliated the Act of 1833, convinced many Indians
Mughal dynasty by announcing that that the British government aimed to
after the death of Bahadur Shah II, the convert them to Christianity.
Mughals would lose their royal title, (b) Support for Christian Missionaries :
and his successors would be required The East India Company provided
to vacate the Red Fort. This deeply financial support to Christian
hurt the sentiments of Muslims and missionaries and allowed them to use
intensified Indian resentment towards company offices, hospitals, educational
British rule. institutions, and jails as centers for
(c) Annexation of Awadh : Lord their propagation. Missionaries often
Dalhousie annexed Awadh into the preached in temples and mosques,
British Empire under the guise of which intensified religious tensions.
misgovernance. This move displaced (c) Privileges for Converts and Resulting
thousands of nobles, officials, and Fear : Converts to Christianity
soldiers, leaving them jobless. The were given special privileges, which
British also confiscated the estates of heightened fears among Indians of
Zamindars and Taluqdars, leading to losing their religion. This fear and
widespread dissatisfaction among all perceived threat to their faith led
classes in Awadh. many Indians to rally against the
(d) Disbanding of Annexed States’ British, ultimately contributing to
Armies : In states annexed by the decision to revolt.
the British, the local armies were (ii) Factors causing dissatisfaction among the
disbanded, leaving thousands of Indian soldiers :
soldiers and their families without (a) Discontent Over Pay and Treatment :
livelihoods. These disbanded soldiers Indian sepoys were paid significantly
harbored deep resentment and were less than their British counterparts,
determined to seek revenge against receiving eight times less salary. They
the British Company. were also considered inferior, often
humiliated and insulted by their
93. Many factors led to the First War of British officers, which fueled their
Independence. In this context explain the anger and resentment.
following : (b) Religious and Career Grievances :
(i) The attitude of the British towards the The General Enlistment Act, which
people of India with regard to their required sepoys to serve in foreign
religious customs. countries, was against the religious
(ii) Factors causing dissatisfaction among the beliefs of Hindu soldiers. Additionally,
Indian soldiers. there were limited opportunities
(iii)Decline of the landed aristocracy. for promotion, with Indian soldiers
Ans : COMP 2001 unable to rise above the rank of
(i) Attitude of the British towards the people Subedar, further contributing to their
of India with regard to their religious dissatisfaction.
customs :
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 29
(c) Greased Cartridges Controversy : like Delhi and Allahabad lacking British
The immediate trigger for the revolt forces. The officers often treated the
was the use of greased cartridges, Indian soldiers as menial servants,
rumored to be coated with cow and and widespread racial discrimination
pig fat. This deeply offended both further fueled their dissatisfaction and
Hindu and Muslim sepoys, as the resentment.
cartridges had to be bitten before (ii) The last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur
use. The execution of Mangal Pandey, Shah, was subjected to a significant
who refused to use the cartridges, affront when Lord Canning declared that
ignited widespread anger among the Bahadur Shah’s successor would no longer
sepoys, leading to the outbreak of a be permitted to use the imperial title.
large-scale revolt. This disrespect deeply wounded Muslim
(iii)The landed aristocracy, including taluqdars sentiments. Similarly, Dalhousie’s denial
and hereditary landlords, were stripped of of a pension to Nana Saheb, the adopted
their estates under the provisions of the son of the ex-Peshwa Baji Rao II, was
Inam Commission (1852). When landlords met with strong resentment, particularly
could not provide documentation, such among Hindus and Nana Saheb himself.
as title deeds, proving their ownership, Additionally, Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was
around 20,000 estates were confiscated. deposed under the pretext that Awadh
These lands were then sold at public was poorly governed, leading to its
auctions to the highest bidders, often annexation. This action was seen as an
merchants and moneylenders who had act of high-handedness by the British,
little understanding of the tenants and especially given that the Nawab had been
exploited them harshly. This led to the consistently loyal to the Company. The
impoverishment of the landed aristocracy British betrayal of their promises and
without any real benefit to the peasantry, commitments to the ruling chiefs further
who continued to suffer under heavy fueled resentment among the Indian
land revenue demands. The aristocracy rulers.
of Awadh, in particular, faced significant (iii)The British rulers intentionally
hardships after the region’s annexation, undermined Indian arts and crafts by
as they too lost their estates. imposing heavy tariffs on Indian silk and
cotton textiles in Britain. Conversely,
94. Several factors led to the uprising of 1857. British goods were imported into India
With reference to this, explain each of the with minimal duties. As a result, millions
following: of artisans and craftsmen lost their
(i) Discontentment of the Sepoys. livelihoods, with no alternative sources of
(ii) Resentment of the rulers of the native income available to them.
states against the British.
(iii)Unhappiness of the Indian Artisans and 95. The uprising of 1857 was an unprecedented
Craftsmen popular upsurge. In this context describe the
Ans : MAIN 2005
effect of the following on the Indian soldiers.
(i) Discontent on account of low salary and
(i) The Indian soldiers were discontented poor prospects of promotion.
due to their low salaries and limited (ii) The General Service Enlistment Act.
opportunities for promotion, as all the (iii)Introduction of greased cartridges.
high-ranking positions in the army were
reserved exclusively for the British. Ans : COMP 2007

Additionally, the distribution of troops (i) The wages of Indian soldiers were
was poorly managed, with key locations insufficient to support their families,
CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
as they earned less than one-eighth of (b) The introduction of railways
what an English soldier received, despite caused discontent as Brahmins
performing similar duties. Additionally, and untouchables were made to sit
there were no opportunities for promotion together, which they believed violated
beyond the rank of Subedar for Indian their religious practices.
soldiers, with key positions in artillery and (c) Modern innovations disrupted
other crucial roles reserved exclusively traditional social norms, causing
for the British. This discriminatory unrest among many orthodox people
treatment deeply frustrated and angered in India.
the Indian soldiers, leading to growing (ii) Introduction of Enfield Rifles :
resentment against the British. (a) The cartridges were greased with pig
(ii) Lord Canning’s introduction of the and cow fat, requiring the sepoys
General Enlistment Act sparked to bite off the greased covers before
significant bitterness among the sepoys, loading them into their rifles.
as it required them to serve on overseas (b) Both Hindus and Muslims viewed
fronts, which conflicted with their this as an attempt to disrespect and
religious beliefs. While the political, undermine their religious beliefs.
social, and economic conditions in India (iii)The Laws that interfered with the
were ripe for a revolt, the outbreak religious customs of the people :
remained unlikely as long as the Indian (a) The practice of Sati was declared
soldiers remained loyal to the British. illegal and punishable by law.
However, the discontent caused by this (b) New laws were enacted to prohibit
and other military grievances eventually infanticide, permit widow remarriage,
stirred the sepoys into action, leading and curb polygamy.
them to initiate the revolt. (c) The government imposed taxes on
(iii)The cartridges used by soldiers for the properties owned by temples and
Enfield Rifles were greased with cow mosques.
and pig fat. Since cows are sacred to (d) Lord Dalhousie introduced a law
Hindus and pigs are considered unclean allowing individuals who converted to
by Muslims, this act deeply offended Christianity to inherit their ancestral
both religious communities. As a result, property.
the army’s discontent posed a significant These actions sparked widespread anger
threat to British rule. among local rulers and the general
population towards the British.
96. Numerous causes were at work in causing the
Great Upsurge of 1857. Explain the following 97. Using the following points, briefly explain the
with reference to the above statement. political causes of the Revolt of 1857 :
(i) The introduction of Railways and (i) Exposure of the myth of British
Telegraphs. invincibility.
(ii) The introduction of Enfield Rifles. (ii) Inefficient Administration.
(iii)The laws that interfered with the religious Ans :
customs of the people.
(i) Before the Revolt of 1857, the British
Ans : MAIN 2010
were perceived as an invincible force by
(i) Introduction of Railways and Telegraphs: many Indians. However, several events
(a) Telegraph poles were believed to have leading up to the revolt, including military
been installed with the intention of setbacks and administrative failures,
hanging those who opposed British began to expose this myth. The British
rule in India. suffered defeats in the Anglo-Afghan
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 31
Wars and faced strong resistance in other temples, infringing upon the religious
parts of India. These events demonstrated practices of Hindus and Muslims.
that the British were not as undefeatable (c) Anti-Hindu Propaganda : The
as they were thought to be, emboldening Missionary Society of America set
Indian rulers, soldiers, and the general up a press in Agra specifically to
populace to challenge British authority. propagate against the Hindu religion
The realization that the British could and its customs.
be opposed and potentially defeated (d) Condemnation of Hindu and Muslim
played a significant role in sparking the Practices : Missionaries widely
widespread rebellion of 1857. condemned Hindu scriptures, idol
(ii) The British administration in India was worship, and both Hindu and Muslim
marked by inefficiency and insensitivity doctrines and customs, often in a
to the needs and concerns of the Indian public and aggressive manner.
population. The annexation policies, such (ii) Interference in social customs:
as the Doctrine of Lapse implemented (a) General Service Enlistment Act
by Lord Dalhousie, alienated many of 1856 : This Act required new
Indian rulers by depriving them of their recruits to serve anywhere in India
territories. Additionally, the British failed or overseas, which alarmed Indian
to address the grievances of the common soldiers because, according to Hindu
people, who suffered under exploitative customs, crossing the sea was against
land revenue systems and oppressive laws. their religious beliefs.
The administration’s inability to manage (b) Religious Disabilities Act (1850) : This
these growing discontentments effectively law allowed a person who converted
contributed to the rising frustration from Hinduism to another religion to
among various sections of society. This retain their right to inherit ancestral
widespread discontent with British rule property. Many believed that this
fueled the flames of the Revolt of 1857, as law was designed to encourage the
people from different backgrounds united conversion of Hindus to Christianity.
in their opposition to the British. (c) Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 : The
Widow Remarriage Act legalized the
98. In the 19th century, the Britishers began to remarriage of widows, a move that
interfere with the local religious and social was strongly opposed by orthodox
customs. In this context briefly describe : Hindus who supported the practice of
(i) Fear regarding mass conversions to Sati.
Christianity and loss of religion and caste. (d) Other Social Reforms : The British
(ii) Interference in social customs. government also banned practices
(iii)Policy of social discrimination. such as Sati, female infanticide,
Ans : COMP 2015 and child marriage. These reforms
(i) Fear regarding mass conversions to were met with disapproval by many
Christianity and loss of religion and caste: common people who were attached to
(a) Compulsory Christian Education traditional customs.
: Christian doctrine was made a (iii)Policy of social discrimination:
mandatory part of the curriculum (a) Cultural Superiority and Criticism :
in schools established by Christian The British considered their culture
missionaries. and religion superior to those of the
(b) Religious Preaching in Sacred Places Indians, viewing them as scientific
: British officials openly preached and humane. They aimed to convince
Christian teachings in mosques and Indians that their own culture and
CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
religion were the root causes of the (iii)What changes were brought in their
social issues in Indian society. status after the Uprising of 1857 ?
(b) Discriminatory Treatment of Indians Ans :
: Indians were often subjected to
insults, indignities, and even violence (i) Indian Sepoys in the British Army :
by the British, who treated them with The Indian sepoys in the British army
contempt. Indians were required to were underpaid, poorly nourished, and
salute or dismount when encountering inadequately housed. The British military
an Englishman, and even prominent authorities prohibited them from wearing
figures like Raja Ram Mohan Roy caste or sectarian symbols, such as beards
were not spared from such disrespect. or turbans, showing a complete disregard
This degrading treatment deeply for the cultural and religious sentiments
wounded the self-respect of Indians. of the sepoys.
(c) Discrimination in the Military : (ii) Three grievances they had against the
Indian soldiers were limited to the British :
rank of Subedar, with all higher ranks (a) Dissatisfaction Among Indian Soldiers
reserved for Englishmen. The British : Indian soldiers were discontented
soldiers were also paid significantly due to their low salaries and limited
more, which led to dissatisfaction and opportunities for promotion, as all
frustration among Indian troops. This high-ranking positions in the army
inequality in pay and rank negatively were reserved exclusively for the
impacted the morale of the Indian British.
soldiers. (b) Improper Troop Distribution : The
distribution of troops was poorly
managed, with key locations like
Delhi and Allahabad lacking British
CASE BASED QUESTION forces.
(c) Racial Discrimination and Poor
99. Study the picture and answer the following Treatment : Officers treated Indian
questions : soldiers as menial servants, and
rampant racial discrimination further
fueled their discontent, leading to
increased resentment among the
sepoys.
(iii)The wages of Indian soldiers were
significantly reduced and insufficient
to support their families. Despite
performing similar duties, an English
soldier earned more than eight times what
an Indian sepoy received. Additionally,
Indian soldiers had no opportunities
for advancement beyond the rank of
Subedar, with key positions in artillery
(i) Who are the persons in the picture?
and access to important weapons reserved
How were they treated by their British
exclusively for the British soldiers.
counterparts ?
(ii) State any three grievances they had
against the British.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 33
100. Study the picture and answer the following the British?
questions :

Ans :
(i) Identify the person in the picture and
(i) The person is Mangal Pandey.
name the proclamation issued in her
(ii) He revolted because the British forced
name.
him to use greased cartridges.
(ii) Where and by whom was this proclamation
(ii) After a court martial at Barrackpore, he
made public ?
was executed. His martyrdom became
(iii)What assurance did this Proclamation
an inspiration to his fellow soldiers and
give to the Indian people regarding
motivated Indians in their struggle for
(a) religious freedom, and
freedom.
(b) appointment to public offices?
Ans : 102. Refer to the given picture and answer the
following questions :
(i) The individual in the picture is Queen
(i) Identify the person in the picture.
Victoria, and this event is referred to as
(ii) Why did he annex various states on the
the Queen’s Proclamation.
basis of Doctrine of Lapse?
(ii) On November 1, 1858, in Allahabad,
(iii)What was the consequence of the
Lord Canning, the first Viceroy of
application of this doctrine?
India, publicly announced the Queen’s
Proclamation, which signaled the transfer
of governance from the East India
Company to the British Crown.
(iii)(a) In her 1858 Proclamation, Queen
Victoria pledged not to interfere with
the religious beliefs of the Indian
people.
(b) The Queen also assured equal
treatment for all her subjects, both
Indian and European, stating that all
appointments would be based solely
on education, ability, and integrity.
Ans :
101. Look at the given picture and answer the (i) The person is Lord Dalhousie.
questions that follow : (ii) He introduced the Doctrine of Lapse to
(i) Identify the person in the picture. expand British territories in India, aiming
(ii) Why did he revolt? to extend their rule and further exploit
(iii)What was the result of his revolt against India’s wealth.
CH 1 : THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDANCE, 1857
(iii)This policy led to widespread discontent
among Indian rulers, turning them
against the British.

103. Look at the given picture and answer the

questions that follow :
(i) Identify this picture. Which state did she
belong to?
(ii) Why was she upset with the English?
(iii)State her contribution to the struggle for
freedom from the British rule?

Ans :
(i) The picture depicts Rani Lakshmibai, the
queen of the Maratha-ruled princely state
of Jhansi in North India.
(ii) She was angered by the British decision
to deny her the right to adopt a son,
which led to the annexation of her state.
(iii)Rani Lakshmibai was a key figure in the
Indian Mutiny of 1857, leading the revolt
in central India with remarkable bravery.
She fought valiantly on the battlefield
and became a symbol of resistance
against British rule in India. Her courage
and military prowess inspired her fellow
countrymen.

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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 35

CHAPTER 2
GROWTH OF NATIONALISM

SUMMARY religious reform movements led by prominent

figures like Raja Rammohan Roy, Jyotiba
Phule, and Swami Vivekananda. These
The chapter “Growth of Nationalism”
reformers worked to eradicate social evils
focuses on the emergence and development
like Sati, child marriage, and untouchability,
of nationalist sentiments in India during the
and promoted education, widow remarriage,
19th and early 20th centuries. Nationalism,
and the upliftment of women. The reform
which is the feeling of oneness and a common
movements played a crucial role in awakening
identity among people, began to take root in
a sense of national pride and unity among
India as a response to British colonial rule.
Indians.
Several factors contributed to the rise of
nationalism in the country. 4. ROLE OF THE PRESS
1. ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION The Indian press played a significant role
in spreading nationalist ideas and raising
The British economic policies were designed
awareness about the injustices of British
to benefit Britain at the expense of India.
rule. Newspapers like “Kesari,” “Amrita
The introduction of land revenue systems
Bazar Patrika,” and “The Hindu” provided a
like the Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari and
platform for expressing nationalist sentiments
Mahalwari led to the exploitation of Indian
and mobilizing public opinion. The press
peasants. The destruction of traditional
became a powerful tool in the struggle for
industries and handicrafts, coupled with
independence.
the imposition of heavy taxes, worsened the
economic conditions of Indians. The economic 5. FORMATION OF POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS
exploitation created widespread discontent
The second half of the 19th century witnessed
and contributed to the growth of nationalist
the formation of several political associations,
feelings.
which laid the groundwork for organized
2. REPRESSIVE COLONIAL POLICIES nationalist movements. The Indian National
Association, founded by Surendranath
The British government introduced several
Banerjee, and the East India Association,
repressive measures to suppress the voice of
founded by Dadabhai Naoroji, were among
Indians. Acts like the Vernacular Press Act of
the early organizations that aimed to
1878, which curbed the freedom of the press,
represent Indian interests. These associations
and the Rowlatt Act of 1919, which allowed
eventually paved the way for the formation of
detention without trial, fueled resentment
the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885.
against British rule. These policies highlighted
the need for unity among Indians to fight 6. FOUNDATION OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL
against injustice. CONGRESS (INC)
3. SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS The Indian National Congress was established
in 1885 by A.O. Hume, with the support of
The 19th century saw the rise of socio-
CH 2 : GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
Indian leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Thus (a) is correct option.
W.C. Bonnerjee. The INC aimed to promote
unity among Indian nationalists, create a 2. The ________ aimed to introduce
common political platform, and present equality between British and Indian Judges.
Indian grievances to the British government. (a) Vernacular Press Act
Initially, the Congress adopted a moderate (b) Gagging Act
approach, seeking constitutional reforms (c) Indian Universities Act
and greater representation for Indians in the (d) Ilbert Bill
government. Ans : MAIN 2024

7. EARLY OBJECTIVES AND SESSIONS OF THE INC Thus (d) is correct option.

The first session of the Indian National 3. The East India Company’s territorial power
Congress was held in Bombay in December began to increased rapidly in India after
1885, with W.C. Bonnerjee as the president. which of the following Battles?
The early objectives of the Congress included (a) The battle of Buxar
promoting friendly relations between (b) The Battle Plassey
nationalist political workers, creating public (c) The First Anglo-Mysore War
opinion on national issues, and seeking (d) The Third Anglo-Maratha War
redressal of grievances through peaceful and Ans : SQP 2009
constitutional means. The second session
Thus (b) is correct option.
was held in Calcutta in 1886, with Dadabhai
Naoroji as the president. 4. Nana Saheb was the adopted son of______
(a) Bahadur Shah Zafar
8. IMPACT OF THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
(b) Tantia Tope
The growth of nationalism in India led to the (c) Baji Rao I
emergence of a strong and united national (d) Baji Rao II
movement against British rule. The early
Ans : MAIN 2000
efforts of socio-religious reformers, political
associations, and the Indian National Thus (d) is correct option.
Congress laid the foundation for the larger
5. Where was the family seat of Nana Saheb
struggle for independence. Over time, the
located?
nationalist movement gained momentum,
(a) Nagpur
culminating in the demand for complete
(b) Lucknow
independence from British rule.
(c) Pune
(d) Kanpur
Ans : COMP 2005
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION Thus (c) is correct option.

6. Lord Dalhousie annexed a number of

1. Tahir is preparing to give a speech about the Indian States to the East India Company
Sati system in India. Which of the following using________
Indian leader’s contribution MUST he (a) The Subsidiary of Lapse
mention in his speech? (b) The Doctrine of Lapse
(a) Raja Rammohan Roy (c) The government of India Act of 1858
(b) W. C. Bonerjee (d) Queen Victoria’s Proclamation
(c) Bipin Chandra Pal
(d) Jyotiba Phule Ans : SQP 2018

Ans : MAIN 2024

Thus (b) is correct option.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 37
7. Which of the following reforms was resented 12. Which of the following events of the Uprising
by the Indians? of 1857 and their leaders is not correctly
(a) The Abolition of Sati matched?
(b) The Widow Remarriage Act (a) Lucknow – Begum Hazrat Mahal
(c) Opening of Girls’s school (b) Kanpur – Nana Saheb
(d) Both (a) and (b) (c) Kalpi – Tantia Tope
Ans : SQP 2012
(d) Bihar – Khan Bahadur

Thus (d) is correct option. Ans : MAIN 2002

Thus (d) is correct option.

8. Jhansi was annexed by applying which of the
following? 13. The First Indian State to enter into the
(a) Alleged Misrule Subsidiary Alliance with the East India
(b) Subsidiary Alliance Company using...............
(c) Queen’s Proclamation (a) Awadh (b) Mysore
(d) The Doctrine of Lapse (c) Tanjore (d) Jhansi
Ans : MAIN 2001 Ans : COMP 2001

Thus (d) is correct option. Thus (a) is correct option.

9. Seventy-five thousand of the company’s 14. Which of the following was the result of the
sepoys belonged to which of the following Great Uprising of 1857?
states? (a) End of the rule of the British Crown
(a) Jaipur (b) End of the rule of the East India Company
(b) Awadh (c) End of the rule of the Governor-General
(c) Mysore (d) End of the Board of Directors
(d) Sambalpur Ans : SQP 2007
Ans : SQP 2006
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
15. An effect of the Uprising of 1857 was that –
10. By the provisions of which of the following, (a) The spirit of rebellion in India was
20,000 estates of the landlords were crushed
confiscated by the East India Company? (b) The British became totally demoralised
(a) The Hunter Commission (c) The British abandoned their repressive
(b) Frazer Commission policies
(c) The Inam Commission (d) unity was forged between the Hindus and
(d) The Woods Dispatch Muslims
Ans : SQP 2005 Ans : COMP 2009

Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.

11. Which of the following Acts was resented by 16. Who introduced the Subsidiary Alliance in
the Indian sepoys? India?
(a) The General Service Enlistment Act (a) Lord Hastings
(b) The Indian Service Rules (b) Lord Amherst
(c) The Government of India Act, 1858 (c) Lord Wallesley
(d) The Queen’s Proclamation (d) Lord Cornwallis
Ans : COMP 2003 Ans : SQP 2001

Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (c) is correct option.

CH 2 : GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
17. The Uprising of 1857 began from_______. ONE MARK QUESTIONS
(a) Meerut
(b) Plassey
(c) Buxar 21. Under what pretext was Oudh annexed by
(d) Delhi the British ?
Ans : COMP 2013 Ans : MAIN 1998, 2003

Thus (a) is correct option. Oudh was annexed to the Company’s dominions
on the grounds of maladministration.
18. The initial success of the Uprising of 1857,
the objective of the leaders of the Uprising 22. Which is called India’s First War of
included Independence?
(a) Restoring the former glory to the Mughal Ans : SQP 1996
empire;
The Revolt of 1857
(b) Forming a federation of Indian States
under the aegis of Bhadur Shah II; 23. Mention the last Mughal emperor of India
(c) Eliminating foreign rule and return of the before the British Crown declared India to
old order; be its colony.
(d) Establishing his own power in his
Ans : COMP 2004
respective region by each leader.
Bahadur Shah Zafar.
Ans : COMP 2024

Thus (c) is correct option. 24. Name any one policy used by Lord Dalhousie
for the extension of British territories in
19. Under the Government of India Act 1858, India.
who gave up the direct administration of
Ans : MAIN 2002
India?
(a) The East India Company The Doctrine of Lapse.
(b) The British Crown 25. Mention one reason for the unhappiness
(c) Lord Mountbatten of the Indian soldiers in the British Army
(d) The Mughal Emperor before 1857.
Ans : SQP 2018
Ans : COMP 2004
Thus (a) is correct option. The Indian soldiers were unhappy because
20. The Uprising of 1857 was a prolonged period of their low salary and poor prospects of
of armed uprising against the British in promotion.
Northern and Central India. Which of the 26. Give one change brought about by the British
following was not a major centre of the Government in the army after the revolt of
Uprising? 1857.
(a) Delhi
(b) Awadh Ans : MAIN 2008

(c) Mumbai The proportion of the British to Indian

(d) The Chambal Region soldiers was increased and different castes
Ans : COMP 2020
and creeds were mixed to avoid any other
revolt.
Thus (d) is correct option.
27. What was Nana Saheb’s grievance against
the British ?
Ans : COMP 1995, 2003, 2012
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 39
The British had refused to recognise him as TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
the legitimate heir to the throne of Peshwa
Baji Rao II, because he was his adopted son.
35. Mention any two repressive policies of Lord
28. Who became first Viceroy of India under the Lytton.
Act of 1858 ?
Ans : MAIN 2023
Ans : SQP 2004
(i) Vernacular Press Act (1878) : This act
Lord Canning. censored vernacular newspapers, limiting
freedom of the press and curbing dissent.
29. Name the last Mughal emperor of India
(ii) The Arms Act (1878) restricted Indians
before the British Crown declared India to
from owning firearms without a license,
be its colony.
while exempting Europeans. It aimed to
Ans : MAIN 2004 prevent Indians from acquiring weapons,
Bahadur Shah Zafar. reinforcing British control.

30. In which year did the First War of 36. What was General Service Enlistment Act ?
Independence take place? or
Ans : SQP 2006
Mention any one provision of the ‘General
Service Enlistment Act of 1856’.
The First War of Independence took place in
Ans : COMP 1999,2013,2019
the year 1857.
The General Service Enlistment Act of 1856
31. Name any two states that fell victim to the mandated that all new recruits to the Bengal
Doctrine of Lapse. Army must be prepared to serve in any
Ans : COMP 2016 location, whether within India or abroad.
Satara and Jhansi. 37. What was the General Service Enlistment
32. Mention any two social reforms advocated Act of 1856?
by the British which affected the religious Ans : SQP 2009

traditions of the Indian people. In 1856, Viceroy Lord Canning passed the
Ans : SQP 2009 General Service Enlistment Act, requiring
(i) Abolition of Sati system. every new recruit to agree to serve overseas
(ii) Widow remarriage. (lands beyond the seas) if commanded.

33. Name any two Indian rulers who remained 38. Name the two ways in which the British
loyal to the British during national uprising expanded their territorial power in India ?
in 1857. Ans : SQP 1999

Ans : MAIN 2009 The ways in which the British expanded their
Sindhia of Gwalior and Nizam of Hyderabad. territorial power in India are :
(i) Doctrine of Lapse : This policy allowed
34. Name the Act that transferred the the British to annex any princely state
Government of India from the Company to where the ruler died without a direct
the Crown. When was it passed ? male heir.
Ans : SQP 2023
(ii) Subsidiary Alliance : Under this system,
Indian rulers were forced to accept British
Act for the Better Government of India. It forces in their territories and cede control
was passed on August 2, 1858. over their foreign affairs, effectively
reducing them to puppet states.
CH 2 : GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
39. What was the immediate cause of the revolt Ans : MAIN 2011

of 1857? The introduction of Railways played a major

Ans : MAIN 2018
role as a religious factor in sparking the Revolt
of 1857. It was viewed as a threat to the social
The immediate trigger was the introduction order and caste system because people of all
of Enfield rifles, accompanied by a rumor castes were required to sit together in railway
that the cartridges were greased with cow compartments. This was seen as an effort to
and pig fat. This ignited the Mutiny, leading undermine traditional caste practices.
to the uprising of all three sepoy regiments in
Meerut on May 10, 1857. 44. Why was the “War of 1857” hailed as the
First War of national independence ?
40. State two announcements which adversely
affected the Mughal dynasty in India. Ans : COMP 2000

Ans : SQP 2005

It involved all sections of society, regardless
of caste or creed, and was not confined to a
Two announcements that adversely affected specific area. In this revolt, not only did army
the Mughal dynasty in India were : personnel participate, but Indian civilians
(i) End of Titles : The British declared that also joined the struggle to end foreign rule.
Bahadur Shah Zafar’s successors would This uprising posed a genuine threat to the
lose their royal titles. British.
(ii) Exile : The British announced that after
Bahadur Shah Zafar’s death, his family 45. Give the meaning of Absentee Sovereignty.
would be exiled from the Red Fort. Why was it resented by the Indians ?

41. Why was the “War of 1857” hailed as the Ans : SQP 2001

First War of National Independence ? Absentee Sovereignty refers to the situation

Ans : SQP 2002
where India was governed by the British
government from England, far removed from
The Revolt of 1857 is regarded as the First the realities and needs of the Indian people.
War of National Independence because it It was resented by Indians because they
was the first uprising where kings, soldiers, believed that their country’s wealth was
peasants, and ordinary people both Hindus being drained to England, with little benefit
and Muslims united with a shared goal of or investment being made for the welfare and
reclaiming their lost independence. development of India itself.
42. With reference to the British rule in India, 46. Mention any two consequences of the
mention two economic factors, which became annexation of Awadh.
the cause of the First War of Independence,
1857. Ans : COMP 2008

Ans : COMP 2005

(i) The people of Awadh faced heavier land
taxes and additional levies on food,
(i) In 1720, an Act was enacted that banned houses, ferries, and legal matters.
the use of Indian silk and calicoes in (ii) The disbanding of the Nawab of Awadh’s
England to curb the growing popularity army and administration led to thousands
of Indian textile products there. of nobles, officials, and soldiers losing
(ii) High taxes were levied on Indian goods, their jobs.
while British products were sold without
any such duties. 47. Explain the term : Doctrine of Lapse. Name
the two States annexed by the British using
43. What were the apprehensions of Indians the Doctrine of Lapse.
about the introduction of the railways?
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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 41
Ans : COMP 2000
51. State any two consequences of the disbanding
The Doctrine of Lapse, introduced by Lord of the armies of the annexed States by the
Dalhousie, stipulated that if a ruler of a British.
dependent state died without a natural heir, Ans : MAIN 2010
the state would be annexed by the British.
Using this policy, the British took control of (i) The disbanding of the Nawab of Awadh’s
states like Satara (1848), Jhansi (1853) and army and administration rendered
Nagpur (1854). thousands of nobles, officials and soldiers
jobless.
48. Who was Nana Sahib ? What was his main (ii) The British confiscated the estates of the
grievance against the British? taluqdars or zamindars, turning these
Ans : MAIN 2001 dispossessed landowners into adversaries
of British rule.
Nana Sahib was the adopted son of the last
Peshwa, Baji Rao II. His main grievance 52. What was the provision of the General Service
against the British was their refusal to Enlistment Act which was resented by the
grant him the pension that was due to his Indian soldiers ? Why was it resented ?
adoptive father, as they did not recognize his
Ans : MAIN 2005
claim as the rightful heir after the Peshwa’s
death. This denial of pension led to his deep The provision of the General Service
resentment towards the British. Enlistment Act that was resented by Indian
soldiers was the requirement for them to
49. Which policy was used by Lord Dalhousie serve overseas if ordered. This was resented
against Rani Laxmi Bai ? Why did Rani because it violated the religious beliefs of
Laxmi Bai become a bitter enemy of the many Hindu and Muslim soldiers, who
British ? believed that crossing the sea would lead to
Ans : MAIN 2004 the loss of their caste or religious identity.
Lord Dalhousie used the Doctrine of Lapse 53. What was the immediate cause of the First
against Rani Laxmi Bai. According to this War of Independence?
policy, when her husband, the ruler of Jhansi,
Ans : MAIN 2017
died without a natural heir, the British
refused to recognize her adopted son as the The immediate cause of the First War of
successor and annexed Jhansi. Independence was the introduction of the
Rani Laxmi Bai became a bitter enemy Enfield rifle, which required soldiers to use
of the British because they denied her the cartridges rumored to be greased with cow
right to rule Jhansi and took away her and pig fat. This deeply offended both Hindu
kingdom, leading to her deep resentment and Muslim soldiers, as it violated their
and fierce resistance during the First War of religious beliefs, leading to widespread anger
Independence in 1857. and ultimately sparking the revolt.

50. What was the nature of revolts against the 54. Mention two political causes of the First War
British before the First War of Independence? of Independence.
Ans : SQP 2013 Ans : MAIN 1981

The uprisings against the British before (i) Expansionist Policies : The British
the First War of Independence did not pursued aggressive policies of territorial
present a major threat because they were expansion.
localized, scattered, and isolated. However, (ii) Disrespect towards Bahadur Shah Zafar :
these rebellions created a local tradition of The British showed disrespect to Bahadur
resistance against British rule. Shah Zafar, further fueling discontent.
CH 2 : GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
55. What impact did uprising of 1857 have on pay or the additional foreign service
the Mughal Rule ? allowance (Bhatta).
Ans : MAIN 2016
59. State two effects of the defeat of the British
The Mughal Empire, which had already lost in the first Afghan War and the Punjab Wars
its importance, was completely destroyed. on the Indian soldiers.
The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Ans : COMP 2016
Zafar, was put on trial for treason and sent
into exile in Burma. (i) Although the British managed to suppress
the Santhal Uprising, the heavy losses
56. Mention any two grievances harboured by the they endured shattered the belief in their
Indian soldiers which created an atmosphere invincibility.
favourable to the First War of Independence. (ii) It also showed Indian soldiers that a
Ans : SQP 2017
determined Indian force could indeed
defeat the British army.
(i) All higher positions in employment were
reserved for the British, and Indian 60. Name two humanitarian measures taken by
soldiers were not allowed to advance the British which invoked adverse reaction
beyond the rank of Subedar. from the Indian masses.
(ii) Indian soldiers were obligated to serve in Ans : COMP 2001
distant regions without receiving extra
pay or the additional foreign service Two humanitarian measures taken by the
allowance (Bhatta). British that provoked adverse reactions from
the Indian masses were :
57. Mention any two drawbacks of the First War (i) Abolition of Sati : The British banned
of Independence. the practice of Sati, which was seen as
Ans : COMP 2003
interference in traditional Hindu customs.
(ii) Legalization of Widow Remarriage : The
(i) The movement lacked coordinated British introduced laws permitting widow
military plans and centralized leadership. remarriage, challenging long-standing
The uprisings across the country were religious and cultural practices in Hindu
disconnected and uncoordinated. society.
(ii) The East India Company benefited
from the expertise of exceptional leaders 61. Give any two grievances of the peasantry
like Lawrence, Nicholson, Havelock, against the British?
Outram and Campbell. They managed Ans : SQP 2003
to handle the toughest battles early in
the uprising and maintained control until (i) The peasants were unhappy with the
reinforcements arrived from abroad. British land revenue policies, which often
led to the loss of their land.
58. Mention any two measures which point to the (ii) The peasantry bore the brunt of heavy taxes,
policy of social discrimination followed by the which were used to fund the company’s
British in India. trade profits, administrative costs, and the
Ans : MAIN 1999
British wars of expansion in India.

(i) All top employment positions were 62. Give two examples to show how the British
reserved for the British, and Indian exploited resources of India.
soldiers were not allowed to rise above Ans : COMP 2007
the rank of Subedar.
(ii) Indian soldiers were compelled to serve (i) India was compelled to accept British-
in distant regions without receiving extra made goods with either no duties or very
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 43
low duty rates, while Indian products 66. State two consequences of the First War
were subjected to high import duties in of Indian Independence on the East India
England. Company?
(ii) Following the British conquest of Bengal, Ans : MAIN 2005
they ceased bringing gold into India and
began purchasing raw materials for their Two consequences of the First War of Indian
industries in England using the surplus Independence on the East India Company
revenue from Bengal and profits from were :
duty-free inland trade. (i) Abolition of the Company : The British
government dissolved the East India
63. What did the British do to reduce the landed Company.
aristocracy to poverty? (ii) Transfer of Power : Control of India
Ans : MAIN 2002
was transferred to the British Crown,
establishing the British Raj.
The British economic exploitation, decline
of local industries, high taxes, wealth drain, 67. Although the Revolt of 1857 failed, but it
agricultural stagnation, and the exploitation had important consequences on the Princely
of poor peasants led to the impoverishment States. Justify by giving three reasons.
of the landed aristocracy. Ans : SQP 2012

64. What impact did the uprising of 1857 have (i) The Doctrine of Lapse was discontinued,
on the Mughal rule and Peshwaship? and the right to adoption was
Ans : SQP 2015
acknowledged.
(ii) Indian princes were guaranteed that their
With the death of Bahadur Shah II, who territories would not be annexed.
was exiled to Yangon, the Mughal dynasty (iii)The government promised to honor all
came to an end. Nana Sahib, the last Peshwa, existing Treaties and Agreements.
actively participated in the uprising but fled
to Nepal after its failure, leading to the end 68. Who was Mangal Pandey ? What did he do ?
of the Peshwa’s office. Ans : COMP 2016
The First War of Indian Independence also
marked the end of the East India Company’s Mangal Pandey, a Brahmin soldier, refused
rule in India, as British leaders decided it was to use the greased cartridges on March 29,
unwise to entrust the governance of such a 1857, and killed two British officers. As a
vast country to a private trading company. consequence, he was hanged, which triggered
widespread uprisings in Meerut, Delhi,
65. Mention any two social reforms advocated Kanpur, Lucknow, and Jhansi.
by the British which affected the religious
traditions of the Indian people. 69. How was the Army organized after the First
War of Independence ?
Ans : COMP 2001
Ans : MAIN 2000
Two social reforms by the British that
affected Indian religious traditions were : After the First War of Independence, the
(i) Banning of Sati : The British outlawed British reorganized the Indian Army by
the practice of Sati, interfering with increasing British troops, recruiting from
Hindu customs. different regions to prevent unity, disbanding
(ii) Widow Remarriage : The British legalized rebel units, and strategically deploying troops
widow remarriage, challenging traditional to maintain control.
Hindu beliefs. 70. Mention two grievances of the Mughal
Emperor against the British.
CH 2 : GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
Ans : SQP 2015
74. What assurance did the Queen’s Proclamation
(i) In 1849, Lord Dalhousie declared that of 1858 give to the Indian people regarding
Bahadur Shah Zafar’s successors would (i) religious freedom and (ii) appointment to
no longer be allowed to use the Red Fort public offices?
as their residence and would need to Ans : MAIN 2003
relocate to a place near the Qutab Minar.
(ii) In 1856, Lord Canning announced that (i) In her 1858 Proclamation, the Queen
after Bahadur Shah Zafar’s death, his pledged not to interfere with the religious
successors would not be permitted to beliefs of the Indian people.
use imperial titles or honors with their (ii) Concerning public appointments, she
names. stated that they would be based solely on
education, ability and integrity.
71. State any four features of Queen Victoria’s
Proclamation of 1858. 75. Using the following points, briefly explain the
political causes of the Revolt of 1857 :
Ans : MAIN 2012
(i) Exposure of the myth of British
(i) Equal treatment would be given to all invincibility.
subjects, both Indians and Europeans. (ii) Inefficient Administration.
(ii) The government would take responsibility Ans : MAIN 2019
for the material and moral advancement
of the people. (i) Before the Revolt of 1857, the British
(iii)An official pardon was granted to all were perceived as an invincible force by
Indians, except those involved in the many Indians. However, several events
murder of British citizens. leading up to the revolt, including military
(iv) All appointments would be based strictly setbacks and administrative failures,
on education and ability. began to expose this myth. The British
suffered defeats in the Anglo-Afghan
72. How did the Doctrine of Lapse become a Wars and faced strong resistance in other
political cause for the Great Uprising of 1857? parts of India. These events demonstrated
Ans : SQP 2019
that the British were not as undefeatable
as they were thought to be, emboldening
The Doctrine of Lapse, through which the Indian rulers, soldiers, and the general
British annexed states lacking a male heir, populace to challenge British authority.
infuriated many Indian rulers. This loss of The realization that the British could
sovereignty sparked resentment and became be opposed and potentially defeated
a significant political cause of the Great played a significant role in sparking the
Uprising of 1857. widespread rebellion of 1857.
73. What assurance was given to the Indian (ii) The British administration in India was
princes by Queen Victoria in her Proclamation marked by inefficiency and insensitivity
of 1858 ? to the needs and concerns of the Indian
population. The annexation policies, such
Ans : COMP 2011
as the Doctrine of Lapse implemented
In Queen Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858, by Lord Dalhousie, alienated many
Indian princes were guaranteed that their Indian rulers by depriving them of their
territorial rights, including the right to territories. Additionally, the British failed
adopt heirs, would be honored. The British to address the grievances of the common
vowed not to annex their states in the future, people, who suffered under exploitative
preserving their sovereignty and ensuring land revenue systems and oppressive laws.
their loyalty. The administration’s inability to manage
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 45
these growing discontentments effectively recruits to serve anywhere, which
contributed to the rising frustration alarmed Hindu soldiers who believed
among various sections of society. This that crossing the sea violated their
widespread discontent with British rule religious beliefs.
fueled the flames of the Revolt of 1857, as (d) The introduction of greased cartridges,
people from different backgrounds united rumored to be coated with cow and
in their opposition to the British. pig fat, sparked a revolt among the
soldiers, as it was seen as an affront
to their religious practices.
(iii)Political Causes :
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS (a) Lord Dalhousie’s annexation policies,
especially the Doctrine of Lapse,
76. The First War of Independence of 1857, was angered Indian rulers, with states
the culmination of people’s dissatisfaction like Satara, Jhansi, and Nagpur being
with the British rule. In this context particularly affected.
enumerate the following causes. (b) Lord Canning’s decision to deny
(i) Economic causes Bahadur Shah’s successor the imperial
(ii) Military causes title of “King,” along with Lord
(iii)Political causes Dalhousie stopping Nana Saheb’s
pension, heightened resentment
Ans : MAIN 2011
among the Indian rulers.
(i) Economic Causes : (c) The annexation of the kingdom
(a) A law passed in 1720 banned the use of Oudh in 1856 due to alleged
of Indian silk and calicoes in England maladministration further deepened
to diminish the popularity of Indian dissatisfaction among both the Indian
textiles. rulers and the general population.
(b) High taxes were placed on Indian
goods, while British products were 77. The Great Uprising of 1857 was an important
imported duty-free. event which produced far reaching results.
(c) The Industrial Revolution dealt a Explain the following with reference to the
severe blow to India’s handicraft Great Uprising :
industries, mostly comprised of (i) The changes introduced in the
cottage industries. administrative set up of the British
(d) The East India Company took control territory in India.
of the country’s trade and commerce, (ii) Rights granted to Indian princes.
monopolizing these sectors. (iii)Rise of nationalism.
(ii) Military Causes : Ans : MAIN 2009

(a) Indian soldiers were paid low wages (i) (a) An Act for the Better Government of
and were not allowed to advance India was passed, ending the rule of
beyond the rank of Subedar, leading the East India Company in India.
to dissatisfaction and a sense of (b) The title of the Governor-General
injustice. was changed; while he continued as
(b) They were treated as inferior and Governor-General for the provinces,
subjected to poor treatment by their he became known as the Viceroy
British superiors, which deepened when interacting with the Nawabs
their resentment. and Rajas.
(c) The General Service Enlistment (ii) (a) All treaties made by Indian rulers
Act of 1856 required Bengal Army with the East India Company were to
CH 2 : GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
be respected. (c) Catalyst for Rebellion : The Enfield
(b) It was declared that the British rifle issue became a catalyst for
Government would not annex Indian rebellion, uniting the sepoys in their
states. discontent and sparking the broader
(c) The rights of adoption and succession uprising against British rule, leading
for Indian rulers were also recognized. to the Great Revolt of 1857.
(iii)(a) The revolt fostered a remarkable (iii)(a) The Act of 1850 : This law modified
sense of unity between Hindus and the Hindu Law of Property, allowing
Muslims. those who converted from Hinduism
(b) The sacrifices made by Indian leaders to inherit their father’s property.
during the 1857 revolt sparked the Hindus viewed this as encouragement
birth of nationalist movements. to abandon their religious beliefs.
(c) For the first time, Indians fought (b) Taxes : The British administration
against the British with a shared goal imposed taxes on properties belonging
ending British rule. to temples and mosques, which were
previously exempt from such taxes.
78. ‘Numerous causes were at work in causing the (c) The Widow Remarriage Act : Enacted
great upsurge of 1857’. Explain the following in 1856, this progressive law followed
with reference to the above statement. earlier bans on the Sati system and
(i) The introduction of Railways and female infanticide. However, these
Telegraphs. reforms were met with resistance, as
(ii) The introduction of Enfield Rifles. people felt their religion was under
(iii)The laws that interfered with the religious threat.
customs of the people.
Ans : MAIN 2005
79. There were many causes for the Revolt of
1857. In this context, state the following :
(i) (a) The introduction of the railway was (i) Policy of economic exploitation.
primarily aimed at exploiting India’s (ii) Unhappiness of the Indian Artisans and
resources. Craftsmen.
(b) It was perceived as a method to (iii)Discontent of the Sepoys.
disrupt social order and caste rules, as
people of all castes had to sit together Ans : MAIN 2020

in railway compartments. (i) Policy of economic exploitation:

(c) A rumor circulated that telegraph (a) The British implemented high land
poles were being erected to hang revenue systems, like the Permanent
those who opposed British rule. Settlement, causing widespread
(ii) (a) Religious Offense : The introduction poverty among Indian farmers.
of the Enfield rifle in 1857 required (b) The influx of inexpensive British
soldiers to bite greased cartridges, goods into India severely damaged
believed to be coated with cow and local industries, leading to the decline
pig fat, which deeply offended Hindu of traditional crafts and trades.
and Muslim sepoys by violating their (c) These policies caused economic
religious beliefs. hardship and resentment among the
(b) Widespread Resentment : The use Indian population, contributing to
of these greased cartridges caused the discontent that led to the revolt..
widespread anger and distrust among (ii) Unhappiness of the Indian Artisans and
Indian soldiers, who perceived it as a Craftsmen:
deliberate attempt by the British to (a) British policies prioritized the import
disrespect their religious practices. of British-made goods, resulting in
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 47
the decline of India’s traditional (b) Direct British Rule : Following the
handicraft industries. transfer of power, India came under
(b) High tariffs on Indian products and the the direct governance of the British
lack of protection for local industries Crown, initiating the era of the British
led to widespread unemployment Raj. A Viceroy was appointed as the
among artisans and craftsmen. Crown’s representative to manage the
(c) The economic difficulties experienced administration of India.
by these groups due to the collapse (c) Army Reorganization : The revolt
of their trades fueled their anger and highlighted the flaws in the Company’s
involvement in the revolt. army, prompting its reorganization.
(iii)Discontent of the Sepoys: The British increased the proportion
(a) Indian sepoys experienced of British soldiers relative to Indian
discrimination, receiving lower pay soldiers and implemented significant
and inferior treatment compared to changes to prevent future rebellions.
their British counterparts (ii) (a) Collapse of the Mughal Dynasty :
(b) The British officers’ disregard for the The Revolt of 1857 resulted in the
sepoys’ customs and religious beliefs definitive end of the Mughal Empire,
caused widespread dissatisfaction with Bahadur Shah II, the last
among them. emperor, being captured and exiled
(c) The introduction of the Enfield rifle, by the British to Rangoon.
with cartridges rumored to be greased (b) Elimination of the Mughal Title :
with cow and pig fat, insulted the The British officially abolished the
religious beliefs of Hindu and Muslim Mughal Emperor’s title and dissolved
sepoys, triggering their rebellion. the Mughal court, bringing an end to
(d) Sepoys, many from traditional the dynasty’s symbolic power.
warrior communities, felt their honor (c) Erasure of Mughal Legacy : The
and status were diminished by the British took deliberate steps to
British, who showed little respect for dismantle the remaining symbols of
their traditions and military heritage, the Mughal Empire, including seizing
further intensifying their discontent. properties and dismantling structures
linked to Mughal rule, thereby erasing
80. ‘Although the Revolt of 1857 failed, but it its historical legacy.
had important consequences for India’. In (iii)(a) Unity During the Revolt : The Revolt
this context state the impact of the Revolt of 1857 witnessed notable cooperation
on : between Hindus and Muslims, who
(i) The East India Company. joined forces to resist British rule.
(ii) The Mughal Empire. (b) Joint Leadership : Hindu and Muslim
(iii)Hindu-Muslim Unity. leaders, such as Rani Lakshmi Bai
Ans : MAIN 2020 and Bahadur Shah II, played pivotal
(i) (a) End of Company Rule : The Revolt roles in leading the revolt in their
of 1857 resulted in the termination respective regions, promoting a sense
of the East India Company’s control of unity and common purpose.
over India. The British Government (c) Temporary Religious Harmony :
enacted the Government of India During the revolt, leaders from both
Act 1858, which transferred the communities temporarily set aside
administration of India from the religious differences to unite under a
Company to the British Crown. common cause against the British.
CH 2 : GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
(d) Foundation for Nationalism : The prohibiting the use of Indian silk and
unity shown during the revolt laid calicoes to curb the popularity of
the foundation for future nationalist Indian textile products in the British
movements, demonstrating the market.
potential for Hindu-Muslim (b) Unequal Trade Policies : The British
collaboration in challenging British imposed heavy duties on Indian
colonial rule, despite later efforts by products while allowing British goods
the British to divide them to be imported into India without
any duties, creating an unfair trade
81. Using the following points, explain the environment that harmed Indian
important causes which led to the Revolt of industries.
1857 A.D. : (c) Impact of the Industrial Revolution
(i) The British policy of territorial expansion. : The Industrial Revolution in
(ii) Economic exploitation of India. Britain dealt a severe blow to Indian
(iii)Interference in the social and religious life handicrafts, particularly cottage
of the Indians. industries, as mass-produced British
Ans : SQP 1985, 1991, 2002 goods flooded the Indian market,
(i) The British policy of territorial expansion. leading to the decline of traditional
(a) Doctrine of Lapse : The British denied Indian craftsmanship.
many Indian princes the right to (iii)(a) In the 19th century, social reforms
adopt heirs, leading to the annexation such as the abolition of sati, child
of states like Jhansi and Satara under marriage, female infanticide, and
this doctrine. polygamy were introduced, but these
(b) Direct Annexation Policy : The changes were met with resistance by
British directly annexed territories the people.
such as Sind in 1843 and Punjab in (b) The growing presence of Christian
1849, expanding their control over missionaries, who often employed
Indian regions. disrespectful methods to spread
(c) Subsidiary Alliance : The British Christianity, created fear and suspicion
enforced the Subsidiary Alliance, among the general population.
requiring Indian rulers to maintain 82. The Revolt of 1857, though unsuccessful,
a large British force within their produced far reaching consequences. In this
territories, often leading to the ceding context, briefly explain the following :
of parts of their land to the British. (i) Changes introduced in the administrative
(d) Annexation on Grounds of set-up.
Misgovernance : The British annexed (ii) Reorganization of the Army.
some states, like Oudh, on the pretext (iii)Policy of Divide and Rule.
of misgovernance, further extending (iv) Significance of the Revolt.
their control over Indian territories.
(e) Insecurity Among Indian Princes : Ans : MAIN 1991,2003

These expansionist policies created (i) Changes introduced in the administrative

a sense of insecurity among Indian set-up:
kings and princes, prompting some of (a) End of Company Rule : The Revolt of
them to join the revolutionaries in the 1857 led to the end of the East India
Revolt of 1857. Company’s rule in India, bringing the
(ii) Policy of economic exploitation : Indian empire directly under the control
(a) Suppression of Indian Textiles : In of the British Crown. Queen Victoria
1720, an Act was passed in England was proclaimed Empress of India.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 49
(b) Position of Secretary of State : The and arsenal roles.
Act of 1858 dissolved the Company’s (iii)Policy of Divide and Rule:
Board of Control and Court of (a) Favoritism Toward Zamindars : The
Directors, transferring their powers British granted special privileges to
to a Cabinet Minister known as the zamindars, including reserved school
Secretary of State. He was to be seats and government jobs for their
advised by a Council of 15 members. children, while discriminating against
(c) Position of Governor-General : educated Indians who criticized the
The title of Governor-General was government and demanded reforms.
changed to Viceroy, reflecting his (b) Hindu-Muslim Division : The British
role as the representative of the systematically divided Hindus and
British government in India. His Muslims by initially favoring Hindus
responsibility was to administer India in government services and later
on behalf of the Crown, under the instigating Muslims against Hindus
supervision of the Secretary of State by offering jobs to high-class Muslims,
for India. exploiting historical tensions.
(d) Civil Service Appointments : It was (c) Promotion of Religious and Regional
established that appointments to the Divisions : The British encouraged
Civil Service would be made through the formation of religious-based
open competition, following rules set parties like the Muslim League and
by the Secretary of State in Council. Hindu Maha Sabha, and also fueled
(ii) Reorganization of the Army: regionalism and provincialism by
(a) Creation of a Royal Indian Army : favoring one group over another to
The armies of the Company and the weaken national unity.
Crown were merged to form the Royal (d) Division in the Army and Society :
Indian Army, which was placed under The British applied their Divide and
the command of a Commander-in- Rule strategy within the army by
Chief. categorizing people into martial and
(b) Fixed Ratio of Europeans and non-martial races, and further divided
Indians : The ratio of European to Indian society by distinguishing
Indian soldiers in the army was set at between residents of British India and
1 : 2 in Bengal and 2 : 5 in Bombay those of the Indian States.
and Madras, ensuring a significant (iv) The uprising of the Revolt was a significant
presence of European troops. event from the Indian perspective,
(c) European-Only Officers : All officer reflecting the deep resentment towards
positions in the army were reserved British rule. The struggle for freedom
exclusively for Europeans, barring from British imperialism began in
Indians from holding higher ranks. 1857, sparking nationalistic feelings and
(d) Strategic Deployment of European bringing crucial issues of governance to the
Troops : European troops were forefront. This revolt laid the foundation
stationed at key strategic locations to for the organized national movement
maintain control and security. that followed. Known as the First War of
(e) Caste and Religion-Based India’s Independence, the 1857 uprising
Recruitment : Recruitment into the became a lasting source of inspiration
army considered the caste, creed, and for the subsequent freedom struggle. The
religion of recruits, with regiments heroic efforts of the national leaders in
organized accordingly, and Indian this fight against foreign domination
soldiers were excluded from artillery became a timeless source of inspiration.
CH 2 : GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
83. ‘Although the Revolt of 1857 failed, but it (iii)(a) Religious Freedom : The Queen’s
had important consequences for India’. In Proclamation of 1858 assured that
this context answer the following questions : the British government would not
(i) How did the Revolt give rise to nationalism interfere in the religious beliefs
in India? and practices of the Indian people,
(ii) How did the end of the East India guaranteeing full religious freedom.
Company bring in grave economic perils (b) Abandonment of the Doctrine of
in India? Lapse : The Doctrine of Lapse was
(iii)How did the British Government try to abandoned, and the right of Indian
pacify the feelings of Indians with regard princes to adopt heirs was recognized,
to : ensuring the continuity of their
(a) Their religious practices. dynasties. The British government
(b) The princely states. assured Indian princes that their
Ans : COMP 2023
territories would not be annexed
and that all existing Treaties and
(i) (a) The revolt fostered an extraordinary Agreements would be respected and
sense of unity between Hindus and upheld.
Muslims.
(b) The sacrifices made by prominent 84. The Great Revolt of 1857 was a struggle
Indian leaders during the Revolt of for freedom from the British rule. Describe
1857 sparked the rise of nationalist briefly the contribution of the following
movements. prominent leaders to the revolt :
(c) For the first time, Indians united with (i) Bahadur Shah II
a shared goal the overthrow of British (ii) Nana Saheb
rule. (iii)Rani Lakshmi Bai
(ii) (a) Economic Exploitation : The end Ans : SQP 1991
of East India Company rule led to
direct British governance, where civil (i) Bahadur Shah II, also known as Bahadur
servants and military officers sent Shah Zafar, played a significant symbolic
to India drew hefty salaries, placing role in the Revolt of 1857. As the last
a heavy burden on India’s economic Mughal emperor, he became a rallying
resources. figure for the rebels, who proclaimed him
(b) Agricultural Distortion and Taxation: the emperor of India after they seized
Indian farmers were forced to grow Delhi. Although he didn’t wield real
crops that served British industrial political or military power, his backing
needs, leading to food shortages. provided legitimacy to the rebellion,
Additionally, heavy taxes were helping to unite various groups against
imposed on these farmers, and British British rule. His involvement, however,
traders exploited them by purchasing led to his capture by the British and
raw materials at low prices and selling subsequent exile to Rangoon, marking
finished goods at high prices. the end of the Mughal dynasty and a key
(c) Financial Drain : The British invested moment in Indian history.
surplus capital in Indian infrastructure (ii) He played a pivotal role in leading
and industries like railways and the uprising in Kanpur, showcasing
plantations, but this investment exceptional bravery and determination.
burdened Indians with heavy interest As a skilled and resolute general, he
and dividend payments, further successfully captured the Kanpur Fort and
draining India’s wealth. proclaimed himself the Peshwa, reviving
the title and authority associated with
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 51
his lineage. His actions went beyond mere Nagpur, and Jhansi, along with other
personal ambition, as he demonstrated minor principalities, were annexed by
the qualities of a true national hero by the British. For instance, when the
acknowledging Bahadur Shah as the ruler of Jhansi died in 1853 without
Emperor of India. This recognition not a child, the state was annexed despite
only symbolized unity among the rebels the existence of an adopted son,
but also strengthened the legitimacy of Anand Rao, whom the British refused
the broader struggle against British rule, to recognize.
making his contribution to the revolt (c) Impact on Jhansi : The widowed
both significant and inspirational.. Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi was
(iii)She was the commanding force behind pensioned off after the annexation, as
the revolutionaries in Jhansi and is widely her adopted son was not recognized
regarded as one of the bravest and most by the British, leading to significant
skilled military leaders among the rebels resentment and anger.
during the Revolt of 1857. Her fierce (d) Widespread Discontent : The
determination and unwavering courage in application of the Doctrine of Lapse
battle set her apart, as she fought with the caused widespread discontent and
spirit of a true heroine. Her exceptional fear among the rulers and people of
military acumen and fearless leadership Indian princely states, who became
inspired not only her own troops but increasingly alarmed by the threat of
also countless others across the country. English rule and the potential loss of
The immense sacrifice she made for her their sovereignty.
people and her unwavering commitment (ii) Attitude towards Mughal Dynasty:
to the cause of independence have left an (a) Reduction of Mughal Emperor’s
indelible mark on Indian history. Rani Status : The British sought to strip
Lakshmi Bai’s legacy of bravery and even the nominal and titular status of
sacrifice continues to be honored and the Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah,
remembered by generations of Indians as aiming to diminish his symbolic
a symbol of resistance and patriotism. authority.
(b) Exile from the Red Fort : Lord
85. With reference to the political causes of the Dalhousie declared that after Bahadur
War of 1857, explain the following : Shah’s death, his successors would
(i) Doctrine of Lapse and its implications. be required to vacate the Red Fort,
(ii) Attitude towards Mughal Dynasty. further undermining the Mughal
(iii)Annexation of Awadh. dynasty’s dignity.
Ans : MAIN 2010 (c) Abolition of Regal Titles : In 1856,
(i) Doctrine of Lapse and its implications: Lord Canning announced that
(a) Doctrine of Lapse Policy : According Bahadur Shah’s successor would not
to the Doctrine of Lapse, if an be permitted to use the title of King,
Indian ruler of a dependent state and similarly, the regal titles of the
died without a biological son, he was Nawabs of Carnatic and Tanjore were
not permitted to adopt a successor abolished. These actions were seen as
without the British East India deep insults by the Indian rulers and
Company’s consent, leading to the people, fueling resentment.
annexation of the state. (iii)Annexation of Awadh :
(b) Annexation of States : Under Lord Unjust Annexation of Oudh : On
Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse, several February 13, 1856, Lord Dalhousie
Maratha states, including Satara, annexed Oudh, claiming that Nawab
CH 2 : GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
Wajid Ali Shah’s administration was (iii)Tantia Tope was General of Nana Saheb.
inefficient. This action was seen as a He played a significant role in several
display of arrogance and betrayal by the battles across Central India, including
British East India Company. The Nawab the recapture of Kanpur. Known for
was sent to Calcutta with a pension of his guerrilla tactics, Tantia Tope led a
12 lakh rupees, and Oudh was taken over campaign that kept the British forces on
under the guise of mismanagement. This the defensive for a considerable period.
annexation left many Taluqdars, nobles, Despite the eventual defeat, his leadership
officials, and soldiers without their titles and relentless efforts against the British
and livelihoods, leading to widespread made him a key figure in the revolt and a
dissatisfaction and anger towards British revered patriot in Indian history.
rule.
87. The Great Rising of 1857 is regarded as a
86. During the Great Revolt of 1857 some glorious landmark which produced far/
patriotic Indians played prominent role in reaching results in the history of India.
this fight against the British. State briefly Explain with reference to :
the role of each of the following : (i) The British Government’s decision on the
(i) Nana Saheb East India Company’s ruler in India end.
(ii) The Rani of Jhansi (ii) Queen Victoria’s proclamation of 1858.
(iii)Tantia Tope. (iii)The rights granted to the Indian Princes
Ans : MAIN 2024
and people.

(i) Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Peshwa Ans : COMP 1983

Baji Rao II, was one of the key leaders of (i) The most significant outcome of the
the revolt in Kanpur. He led the rebellion Revolt of 1857 was the termination of
against the British forces in Kanpur the East India Company’s rule and the
and successfully captured the Kanpur direct transfer of governance of India to
Fort. Nana Saheb declared himself the the British Crown. This transition was
Peshwa and played a crucial role in formalized through the Government of
rallying support against the British. India Act of 1858, which included the
His leadership and defiance against the following key provisions :
British rule made him a prominent figure (a) Transfer of Power : The act
in the uprising. transferred the authority to govern
(ii) Rani Lakshmi Bai, famously known as India from the East India Company
the Rani of Jhansi, was one of the most to the British Crown, marking the
iconic leaders of the 1857 revolt. After end of Company rule.
the British annexed Jhansi under the (b) Shift in Authority : Previously, the
Doctrine of Lapse, Rani Lakshmi Bai control over India was in the hands
took up arms to defend her kingdom. She of the Company’s Directors and the
led her troops with remarkable courage Board of Control. With the new act,
and military skill, fighting fiercely against this power was now vested in the
the British forces. Her bravery, especially Secretary of State for India, who was
during the battles to defend Jhansi and a member of the British Cabinet and
later during the retreat to Gwalior, accountable to the British Parliament.
made her a symbol of resistance and a This ensured that ultimate authority
legendary figure in India’s struggle for over India resided with the British
independence. Parliament.
(c) Advisory Council : The Secretary
of State was to be supported by a
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 53
15-member India Council, providing These measures, initiated in response to
assistance in the administration of the Revolt of 1857, laid the foundation
Indian affairs.. for the British administration in India
(ii) During the Revolt of 1857, Queen Victoria and significantly altered the relationship
was the reigning monarch in England. between the British government and the
Her proclamation, which marked the Indian people.
transfer of governance from the East
India Company to the British Crown, 88. Economic exploitation of the country
was publicly announced at Allahabad on produced discontent, resentment and
November 1, 1858, by Lord Canning, the resistance among the people that culminated
first Viceroy of India. The proclamation in the Great Uprising of 1857. Examine this
outlined the following commitments by factor with reference to the following :
the Government of India : (i) The ruin of trade and handicrafts.
(a) Non-intervention Policy : The (ii) Impoverishment of the cultivators.
government pledged to adopt a policy (iii)Subordination of Indian economy to
of non-interference in the social and British interests (Making India an
religious affairs of Indians. Agricultural Colony of British capitalism.
(b) Equality of Subjects : All subjects, Ans : SQP 2023

whether Indian or European, would (i) The East India Company, established
be treated equally, with education in 1600 as a trading entity, saw Indian
and ability serving as the basis for all textiles gain immense popularity in
appointments. England after 1668. This led to the passing
(c) General Pardon : A general pardon of an Act in 1720 that banned the use of
was granted to all participants in Indian silks and calicoes in England. The
the rebellion, except those who were British deliberately undermined Indian
found guilty of murdering British handicrafts by :
subjects. (a) Imposing heavy tariffs on Indian silk
(d) Promotion of Industries : The and cotton textiles in England.
government promised to work towards (b) Allowing British goods to be imported
the advancement of industries in into India with minimal duty.
India. (c) Causing the extinction of the art of
(iii)In an effort to secure the loyalty of the spinning and weaving in India.
Indian princes, the British government (d) Leaving once-thriving manufacturing
abandoned the Doctrine of Lapse, which centers like Dhaka, Murshidabad, and
had allowed the annexation of princely Surat in a desolate state.
states without a male heir. The Indian These dire economic conditions
princes were assured that their rights contributed to the mounting discontent
to their territories would be respected, that eventually led to the Revolt of 1857.
and they could adopt heirs to succeed (ii) The cultivators were severely impoverished
them. Additionally, the British promised under the British land-revenue policies.
to respect all existing treaties and Whether it was the Permanent Settlement
agreements with the Indian states. For the in Bengal and Bihar, the Ryotwari system
general population, the proclamation and in Bombay, or the Mahalwari system,
subsequent policies aimed at providing a nearly half of the net produce was taken as
sense of justice and equality under British land revenue. Poor monsoons often led to
rule, although these promises were not famines, further worsening the peasants’
always fully realized in practice. poverty. Unable to pay the high land-
revenue demands, farmers increasingly
CH 2 : GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
fell into the hands of moneylenders. In between the British and the Indian
their desperation, what more could the populace. The segregation in railway
impoverished farmers desire than to drive compartments, hotels, and other public
the British out of India? spaces reserved for “Europeans only”
(iii)The British subordinated the Indian were clear manifestations of this racial
economy to serve the interests of bias.
their own trade and industry. Indian (iii)Social Causes : The British introduced
industries began to decline as heavy several social reforms in India with the
taxes were imposed on Indian silk and intention of improving people’s lives.
cotton textiles. The British exported raw However, these reforms were implemented
materials from India while flooding the without considering the sentiments of
Indian market with goods manufactured the local population. As a result, even
in England. In essence, India was reduced progressive measures like the abolition
to an agricultural colony, with its trade of Sati in 1829 and the introduction of
and commerce increasingly controlled the Widow Remarriage Act in 1856 were
and dominated by the British. met with resistance and were not widely
accepted by the masses.
89. There were many causes for the uprising of
1857. In this context, state the following : 90. The Great Outbreak of 1857 brought about
(i) Policy of economic exploitation. important changes in the character of Indian
(ii) Racial discrimination. administration and the future development
(iii)Social Causes. of the country. In this context discuss.
Ans : COMP 2023
(i) The changes introduced in the
administrative set-up of the British
(i) Economic Exploitation : The land-revenue territories in India.
systems introduced by the British, such (ii) The changes in the Army.
as Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari, (iii)The changes in the relationship with
plunged the peasants into misery and Princely States.
poverty. These impoverished farmers
were often forced to sell their produce Ans :
at low prices to satisfy the demands of (i) The war brought an end to the East India
moneylenders, Zamindars and government Company’s rule in India. The Act of
officials. The British transformed India’s 1858 transferred the governance of India
self-sufficient economy into an agricultural from the Company to the British Crown.
colony, reducing it from an exporter of Additionally, the Board of Control and
fine cloth to an importer of finished goods the Court of Directors were abolished,
from England. Indian handicrafts were with their powers being handed over
severely crippled under the policy of free to the Secretary of State, who would
trade. As William Hunter once noted, be supported by an Indian Council
40 million Indians lived their lives on comprising 15 members. The Secretary of
insufficient food. State’s salary and allowances were to be
(ii) Racial Discrimination : The British drawn from Indian revenues. Furthermore,
considered themselves superior to Indians appointments to the Civil Service were
and adopted a policy of disdain towards to be made through open competition.
them. They labeled Muslims as cruel and Lastly, the Governor-General was given
untrustworthy. Some European officers the additional title of Viceroy, signifying
mistreated and insulted Indians, leading his new role as the Crown’s representative
to widespread resentment. This unjust in India, particularly in relation to the
discrimination created a deep divide native princes and Nawabs.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 55
(ii) The changes in the Army: (iii)Political causes
(a) Reorganization of the Army’s Ans : SQP 2009
Composition : After 1858, the
strength of European troops in India (i) Military Causes :
was increased to 65,000, while the (a) Ill-treatment of Indian Sepoys :
number of Indian troops was reduced Indian soldiers were treated with
to 140,000 maintaining this ratio until disdain and regarded as inferior to
the First World War. their English counterparts. During
(b) Strategic Positioning and Exclusion : training, they were often abused and
European troops were stationed in key physically mistreated, which deeply
geographical and military locations, wounded their pride and morale.
and Indians were strictly excluded (b) Inferior Status and Low Salaries :
from the officer corps to prevent them Indian soldiers received wages that
from gaining significant power. were insufficient to support their
(c) Control of Weapons and Ammunition families and were paid significantly
: Indian soldiers were deliberately kept less than English soldiers, despite
away from sophisticated weapons and performing similar duties. They
ammunition. Most Indian artillery had little to no opportunity for
units were disbanded, except for a promotion to higher ranks, leading
few mountain units, to prevent any to resentment over their harsh and
future uprisings. unequal treatment.
(d) Discriminatory Recruitment and (c) General Service Enlistment Act:
Control : The British practiced dis- The General Service Enlistment
crimination based on caste, region, Act, introduced by Lord Canning,
and religion in army recruitment. mandated that Indian soldiers could
Additionally, measures were taken to be sent to fight overseas, which was
discourage nationalism, including the against their religious beliefs. This
introduction of caste and community act caused widespread bitterness and
divisions in regiments and preventing opposition among the sepoys, further
nationalist publications from reaching fueling their discontent.
Indian soldiers. (ii) Economic Causes :
(iii)Queen Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858 (a) Exploitation of India’s Economic
stated that the British government Resources : The British exploited
would no longer annex Indian states. India’s economic resources for their
Additionally, all treaties previously made own enrichment, taking control of
between the princes and the East India trade and commerce. This led to the
Company would be respected, and their decline of Indian industries while they
rights of adoption and succession would siphoned off India’s wealth to Britain.
be recognized. However, at the same time, (b) Discontent among Jagirdars and
the British government took measures to Zamindars : The British policy
weaken the Indian states militarily by of resuming tax-free lands and
restricting the size of their armies. confiscating jagirs caused significant
discontent among Jagirdars and
91. The First War of Independence was the Zamindars, as these actions plunged
culmination of people’s dissatisfaction against them into poverty.
the British rule. In this context enumerate (c) Joblessness Among Educated
the following causes : Indians : High-ranking positions
(i) Military causes with attractive salaries were reserved
(ii) Economic causes exclusively for the English, leaving
CH 2 : GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
educated Indians excluded from these (ii) Factors causing dissatisfaction among the
roles. As a result, many educated Indian soldiers.
Indians faced unemployment and (iii)Decline of the landed aristocracy.
became deeply discontented. Ans : COMP 2010
(iii)Political Causes :
(a) Policy of Annexation by Lord (i) Attitude of the British towards the people
Dalhousie : The Doctrine of Lapse, of India with regard to their religious
along with the widespread annexation customs.
of Indian states, and the abolition (a) Religious Interference by the British :
of titles and pensions, turned many The British interference in the religious
Indian princes and rulers into staunch and social customs of Indians created
enemies of the British. widespread discontent. The activities
(b) Disrespect Towards Bahadur Shah: of Christian missionaries, who were
The British further humiliated the allowed to enter India by the Charter
Mughal dynasty by announcing that Act of 1833, convinced many Indians
after the death of Bahadur Shah II, the that the British government aimed to
Mughals would lose their royal title, convert them to Christianity.
and his successors would be required (b) Support for Christian Missionaries :
to vacate the Red Fort. This deeply The East India Company provided
hurt the sentiments of Muslims and financial support to Christian
intensified Indian resentment towards missionaries and allowed them to use
British rule. company offices, hospitals, educational
(c) Annexation of Awadh : Lord institutions, and jails as centers for
Dalhousie annexed Awadh into the their propagation. Missionaries often
British Empire under the guise of preached in temples and mosques,
misgovernance. This move displaced which intensified religious tensions.
thousands of nobles, officials, and (c) Privileges for Converts and Resulting
soldiers, leaving them jobless. The Fear : Converts to Christianity
British also confiscated the estates of were given special privileges, which
Zamindars and Taluqdars, leading to heightened fears among Indians of
widespread dissatisfaction among all losing their religion. This fear and
classes in Awadh. perceived threat to their faith led
(d) Disbanding of Annexed States’ many Indians to rally against the
Armies : In states annexed by British, ultimately contributing to
the British, the local armies were the decision to revolt.
disbanded, leaving thousands of (ii) Factors causing dissatisfaction among the
soldiers and their families without Indian soldiers.
livelihoods. These disbanded soldiers
(a) Discontent Over Pay and Treatment :
harbored deep resentment and were
Indian sepoys were paid significantly
determined to seek revenge against
less than their British counterparts,
the British Company.
receiving eight times less salary. They
92. Many factors led to the First War of were also considered inferior, often
Independence. In this context explain the humiliated and insulted by their
following : British officers, which fueled their
(i) The attitude of the British towards the anger and resentment.
people of India with regard to their (b) Religious and Career Grievances :
religious customs. The General Enlistment Act, which
required sepoys to serve in foreign
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 57
countries, was against the religious (i) The Indian soldiers were discontented
beliefs of Hindu soldiers. Additionally, due to their low salaries and limited
there were limited opportunities opportunities for promotion, as all the
for promotion, with Indian soldiers high-ranking positions in the army were
unable to rise above the rank of reserved exclusively for the British.
Subedar, further contributing to their Additionally, the distribution of troops
dissatisfaction. was poorly managed, with key locations
(c) Greased Cartridges Controversy : like Delhi and Allahabad lacking British
The immediate trigger for the revolt forces. The officers often treated the
was the use of greased cartridges, Indian soldiers as menial servants,
rumored to be coated with cow and and widespread racial discrimination
pig fat. This deeply offended both further fueled their dissatisfaction and
Hindu and Muslim sepoys, as the resentment.
cartridges had to be bitten before (ii) The last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur
use. The execution of Mangal Pandey, Shah, was subjected to a significant
who refused to use the cartridges, affront when Lord Canning declared that
ignited widespread anger among the Bahadur Shah’s successor would no longer
sepoys, leading to the outbreak of a be permitted to use the imperial title.
large-scale revolt. This disrespect deeply wounded Muslim
(iii)The landed aristocracy, including taluqdars sentiments. Similarly, Dalhousie’s denial
and hereditary landlords, were stripped of of a pension to Nana Saheb, the adopted
their estates under the provisions of the son of the ex-Peshwa Baji Rao II, was
Inam Commission (1852). When landlords met with strong resentment, particularly
could not provide documentation, such among Hindus and Nana Saheb himself.
as title deeds, proving their ownership, Additionally, Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was
around 20,000 estates were confiscated. deposed under the pretext that Awadh
These lands were then sold at public was poorly governed, leading to its
auctions to the highest bidders, often annexation. This action was seen as an
merchants and moneylenders who had act of high-handedness by the British,
little understanding of the tenants and especially given that the Nawab had been
exploited them harshly. This led to the consistently loyal to the Company. The
impoverishment of the landed aristocracy British betrayal of their promises and
without any real benefit to the peasantry, commitments to the ruling chiefs further
who continued to suffer under heavy fueled resentment among the Indian
land revenue demands. The aristocracy rulers.
of Awadh, in particular, faced significant (iii)The British rulers intentionally
hardships after the region’s annexation, undermined Indian arts and crafts by
as they too lost their estates. imposing heavy tariffs on Indian silk and
cotton textiles in Britain. Conversely,
93. Several factors led to the uprising of 1857. British goods were imported into India
With reference to this, explain each of the with minimal duties. As a result, millions
following : of artisans and craftsmen lost their
(i) Discontentment of the Sepoys. livelihoods, with no alternative sources of
(ii) Resentment of the rulers of the native income available to them.
states against the British.
(iii)Unhappiness of the Indian Artisans and
Craftsmen
Ans : SQP 2011
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CH 2 : GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
94. The uprising of 1857 was an unprecedented 95. Numerous causes were at work in causing the
popular upsurge. In this context describe the Great Upsurge of 1857. Explain the following
effect of the following on the Indian soldiers. with reference to the above statement.
(i) Discontent on account of low salary and (i) The introduction of Railways and
poor prospects of promotion. Telegraphs.
(ii) The General Service Enlistment Act. (ii) The introduction of Enfield Rifles.
(iii)Introduction of greased cartridges. (iii)The laws that interfered with the religious
customs of the people.
Ans : COMP 2012
Ans : SQP 2018
(i) The wages of Indian soldiers were
(i) Introduction of Railways and Telegraphs:
insufficient to support their families,
(a) Telegraph poles were believed to have
as they earned less than one-eighth of
been installed with the intention of
what an English soldier received, despite
hanging those who opposed British
performing similar duties. Additionally,
rule in India.
there were no opportunities for promotion
(b) The introduction of railways
beyond the rank of Subedar for Indian
caused discontent as Brahmins
soldiers, with key positions in artillery and
and untouchables were made to sit
other crucial roles reserved exclusively
together, which they believed violated
for the British. This discriminatory
their religious practices.
treatment deeply frustrated and angered
(c) Modern innovations disrupted
the Indian soldiers, leading to growing
traditional social norms, causing
resentment against the British.
unrest among many orthodox people
(ii) Lord Canning’s introduction of the in India.
General Enlistment Act sparked (ii) Introduction of Enfield Rifles :
significant bitterness among the sepoys, (a) The cartridges were greased with pig
as it required them to serve on overseas and cow fat, requiring the sepoys
fronts, which conflicted with their to bite off the greased covers before
religious beliefs. While the political, loading them into their rifles.
social, and economic conditions in India (b) Both Hindus and Muslims viewed
were ripe for a revolt, the outbreak this as an attempt to disrespect and
remained unlikely as long as the Indian undermine their religious beliefs.
soldiers remained loyal to the British. (iii)The Laws that interfered with the
However, the discontent caused by this religious customs of the people :
and other military grievances eventually (a) The practice of Sati was declared
stirred the sepoys into action, leading illegal and punishable by law.
them to initiate the revolt. (b) New laws were enacted to prohibit
(iii)The cartridges used by soldiers for the infanticide, permit widow remarriage,
Enfield Rifles were greased with cow and curb polygamy.
and pig fat. Since cows are sacred to (c) The government imposed taxes on
Hindus and pigs are considered unclean properties owned by temples and
by Muslims, this act deeply offended mosques.
both religious communities. As a result, (d) Lord Dalhousie introduced a law
the army’s discontent posed a significant allowing individuals who converted to
threat to British rule. Christianity to inherit their ancestral
property.
These actions sparked widespread anger
among local rulers and the general
population towards the British.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 59
96. In the 19th century, the Britishers began to (c) Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 : The
interfere with the local religious and social Widow Remarriage Act legalized the
customs. In this context briefly describe : remarriage of widows, a move that
(i) Fear regarding mass conversions to was strongly opposed by orthodox
Christianity and loss of religion and caste. Hindus who supported the practice of
(ii) Interference in social customs. Sati.
(iii)Policy of social discrimination. (d) Other Social Reforms : The British
government also banned practices
Ans : SQP 2020
such as Sati, female infanticide,
(i) Fear regarding mass conversions to and child marriage. These reforms
Christianity and loss of religion and caste: were met with disapproval by many
(a) Compulsory Christian Education common people who were attached to
: Christian doctrine was made a traditional customs.
mandatory part of the curriculum (iii)Policy of social discrimination:
in schools established by Christian
(a) Cultural Superiority and Criticism :
missionaries.
The British considered their culture
(b) Religious Preaching in Sacred Places and religion superior to those of the
: British officials openly preached Indians, viewing them as scientific
Christian teachings in mosques and and humane. They aimed to convince
temples, infringing upon the religious Indians that their own culture and
practices of Hindus and Muslims. religion were the root causes of the
(c) Anti-Hindu Propaganda : The social issues in Indian society.
Missionary Society of America set (b) Discriminatory Treatment of Indians
up a press in Agra specifically to : Indians were often subjected to
propagate against the Hindu religion insults, indignities, and even violence
and its customs. by the British, who treated them with
(d) Condemnation of Hindu and Muslim contempt. Indians were required to
Practices : Missionaries widely salute or dismount when encountering
condemned Hindu scriptures, idol an Englishman, and even prominent
worship, and both Hindu and Muslim figures like Raja Ram Mohan Roy
doctrines and customs, often in a were not spared from such disrespect.
public and aggressive manner. This degrading treatment deeply
(ii) Interference in social customs: wounded the self-respect of Indians.
(a) General Service Enlistment Act (c) Discrimination in the Military :
of 1856 : This Act required new Indian soldiers were limited to the
recruits to serve anywhere in India rank of Subedar, with all higher ranks
or overseas, which alarmed Indian reserved for Englishmen. The British
soldiers because, according to Hindu soldiers were also paid significantly
customs, crossing the sea was against more, which led to dissatisfaction and
their religious beliefs. frustration among Indian troops. This
(b) Religious Disabilities Act (1850) : This inequality in pay and rank negatively
law allowed a person who converted impacted the morale of the Indian
from Hinduism to another religion to soldiers.
retain their right to inherit ancestral
property. Many believed that this
law was designed to encourage the
conversion of Hindus to Christianity.
CH 2 : GROWTH OF NATIONALISM

CASE BASED QUESTION domination. In the first place, the

reformer denounced untouchability
and the rigidities of the caste system.
97. (i) Identify the person in the given picture. Hence, the ideas of brotherhood and
Name the organization formed by him. equally attracted the lower castes, who
State any two beliefs of this organization felt that they were entering the national
with regard to religion. main stream. Secondly, at the time when
nation was gripped with despair, Swami
Dayananda and Swami Vivekanand rose
to the occasion to preach the gospel
of strength and self-reliance. Thirdly,
they firmly believed in the upliftment
of women. Lastly, they made a clarion
call to protest against the domination of
British rule.

98. Refer to the given picture and answer the

questions that follow:
(i) Identify the person in the picture.

(ii) Mention his contribution to the growth of

Indian National movement.
(iii)How did the socio-religious reform
movements of the 19th century act as
pioneers of Indian Nationalism ?
Ans :
(i) Raja Ram Mohan Roy, He founded the
‘Brahmo Samaj’.
The Brahmo Samaj believed in
Monotheism of worship of one God.
It condemned idol worship and laid
emphasis on prayer, mediation, charity,
(ii) What was his contributions to the
morality and strengthening the bonds of
formation of the Indian National
unity between men of all religions and
Congress?
creeds.
(ii) Raja Ram Mohan Roy started a campaign Ans :
for the abolition of Sati and purdah system, (i) The person in the given picture is Allan
condemned polygamy, discouraged child Octavian Hume.
marriages and advocated the right of (ii) He played a major role in the formation
windows to remarry. It was because of of Indian National. Congress in following
his efforts that William Bentick, the way:
governor-general of India, passed a law (a) He professed to help the Indians to
in 1821 making the practice of Sati illegal develop themselves intellectually,
and punishable by law. socially and politically.
(iii)The 19th century witnessed a series of (b) He helped in political training of the
religion and social reform movements, Indians to present their demands
which went a long way in arousing before the British rulers in a
nationalistic passion against foreign democratic and peaceful manner.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 61
(c) He wrote an open letter to the (d) He took up the issue of widow
graduates of the Calcutta University remarriage and also favoured inter-
asking them to dedicate themselves caste marriages.
to the service of the nation and to His efforts in the spread of western education
form a union or organization are as follows:
(d) In 1884, Hume, along with the Indian (a) He advocated for the spread of education
leaders, laid the foundation of the of modern subjects, as well as English
Indian National Union which was language in the schools so that Indian
converted to the Indian National students could also gain western
Congress. knowledge.
(b) He laid the foundation of an English
99. Look at the given picture and answer the school, the Hindu College and the
following questions: Vedanta College.
(c) He believed that with the spread of
western education, the Indians came into
contact with the western thought and
imbibed a modern, rational and secular
outlook.

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(i) Identify the person in the given picture.

(ii) Why is he called the Father of Indian
Renaissance?
(iii)Describe his efforts in the fields of social
reforms and spread of western education
in India.
Ans :
(i) The person in the given picture is Raja
Rammohan Roy.
(ii) He is called as father of Indian Renaissance
because he started the religious and social
reformation in modern India.
(iii)His efforts in the fields, of social reforms
are as follows:
(a) He raised his voice against the Sati
system and with the help of Lord
William Bentinck this evil practice
was abolished in 1829.
(b) He advocated the cause of women
education.
(c) He opposed female infanticide, child
marriage and polygamy.
CH 3 : FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

CHAPTER 3
FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

1.1 Methods of Struggle

SUMMARY
The Early Nationalists employed peaceful and
The First Phase of the Indian National constitutional methods to achieve their goals.
Movement (1885-1907) was marked by the They used the three P’s - Petitions, Prayers,
emergence of the Early Nationalists, also and Protests - to convey their demands to
known as Moderates, who laid the groundwork the British Government. They also organized
for India’s struggle for independence. Their public meetings, submitted memorandums,
primary objectives were to achieve political and utilized the press to raise awareness
and economic reforms within the framework and build public opinion. They believed in
of British rule through constitutional and gradual reforms and were convinced that the
peaceful means. They aimed to foster British Government could be persuaded to
national unity, promote political awareness, grant these through dialogue and reasoned
and advocate for greater Indian participation arguments.
in governance.
2. CONTRIBUTIONS OF KEY LEADERS
1. OBJECTIVES OF THE EARLY NATIONALISTS
2.1 Dadabhai Naoroji
1. National Unity : The Early Nationalists
sought to bring together Indians from Drain Theory : Naoroji’s Drain Theory
various regions, religions, and social highlighted the economic exploitation of
backgrounds, fostering a sense of national India by the British, arguing that India’s
identity and unity. wealth was being systematically drained to
2. Political Awareness : They aimed to England, causing widespread poverty.
educate Indians about their rights and the Unofficial Ambassador : As one of the
importance of self-governance, promoting founders of the Indian National Congress,
ideas of democracy, representative Naoroji played a crucial role in representing
institutions, and civil liberties. Indian interests in England, earning the title
3. Constitutional Reforms : The Early “Unofficial Ambassador of India.”
Nationalists focused on achieving reforms 2.2 Surendranath Banerjee
through petitions, resolutions, and
Political Mobilization : Banerjee was a key
dialogue with the British authorities,
figure in organizing political activities and
seeking greater Indian representation
raising political consciousness across India.
in the legislative councils and other
He founded the Indian Association in 1876,
administrative bodies.
which became an important platform for
4. Economic Reforms : They advocated for
voicing Indian grievances.
economic policies that would alleviate
Advocacy for Inclusivity : He was a strong
poverty and address the exploitation of
advocate for including the masses in the national
India’s resources by the British.
movement and promoting Hindu-Muslim unity
to strengthen the fight against British rule.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 63
2.3 Gopal Krishna Gokhale Thus (b) is correct option.
Social Reforms : Gokhale founded the
3. Methods used by Early Nationalists were.
Servants of India Society in 1905 to promote
(a) Assertive in their approach
social welfare, education, and upliftment of
(b) Constitutional within the framework of
the depressed classes. He also emphasized the
law.
importance of public health and sanitation.
(c) Non-violent but uncooperative to
Moderation and Dialogue : Gokhale was
authority.
known for his moderate approach, advocating
(d) Assertive in approach but within the
for gradual reforms through cooperation
framework of law.
with the British Government. He believed in
modernization and the use of constitutional Ans : MAIN 2002

means to achieve India’s political goals. Thus (d) is correct option.

Overall, the Early Nationalists were
instrumental in laying the foundation for 4. Which of the following statement(s) is/are
the broader national movement that would related to the aims of the Indian National
eventually lead to India’s independence. Their Congress in the early phases?
efforts in fostering unity, raising political (i) Eradication of all possible race, creed or
awareness, and advocating for reforms set the provincial prejudices among Indians.
stage for the more assertive and widespread (ii) Organizing public opinion against the
movements that followed. British.
(iii)Formulation of population demands.
(iv) Organization of a violent struggle for the
political emancipation of India.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION (a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(b) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
1. Tina is inspired by the methods of the Early
(d) (ii) and (iii)
Nationalists and wants to follow them. She
notices that the road leading to her school is Ans : MAIN 2016

damaged and has many potholes. Which of Thus (d) is correct option.
the following methods is she MOST LIKELY
to follow, to solve this problem? 5. What were the 3P’s of the Early Nationalists?
(a) Boycott the civic authorities (a) Petition, Protests and Passion
(b) Gather a group of students and protest (b) Purpose, Persistence and Prayers
(c) Write a petition to the authorities (c) Petition, Prayers and Protests
highlighting the problem (d) Protests, Petition and Process
(d) Block the entrance to the road Ans : COMP 2011

Ans : MAIN 2024 Thus (c) is correct option.

Thus (c) is correct option. 6. Which of the following was the aim of the
2. Dadabhai Naoroji presented which famous Early Nationalists?
theory in his paper -‘Poverty and Un-British (a) Eradication of British rule in India
Rule in India?’ (b) Promotion of equality among the workers
(a) Deficit Theory for the cause of India
(b) Drain Theory (c) Formulation of popular demands to be
(c) Deprivation Theory presented before the government.
(d) Detriment Theory (d) Organization of a violent struggle for the
political emancipation of India.
Ans : COMP 2024
CH 3 : FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
Ans : SQP 2010
11. Which of the following was an achievement of
Thus (c) is correct option. the Early Nationalists?
(a) Withdrawal of the Partition of Bengal
7. Early Nationalists demanded which of the (b) Promotion of self-reliance
following Civil rights? (c) Arousal of the feeling of one national
(a) Restoration of Right to assemble and among the Indians.
form associations (d) None of the above
(b) Restoration of Home Rule
(c) Restoration of National Education Ans : MAIN 2020

(d) None of the above Thus (d) is correct option.

Ans : COMP 2020
12. Identify the Early Nationalist leader.
Thus (a) is correct option. (a) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(b) Bipin Chandra Pal
8. Which of the following was a demand of the (c) Jyotiba Phule
Early Nationalists? (d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(a) Reduction in taxes and increase in
government expenditure Ans : SQP 2023

(b) A large share of Indians in the governance Thus (a) is correct option.
of the country
(c) Complete fusion of legislature and 13. Dadabhai Naoroji is also known as_____.
executive (a) Father of Indian Nationalism
(d) Employment of Indians at all posts in the (b) Father of Moderates
administrative services (c) Grand Old Man of India
(d) Father of the Congress
Ans : SQP 2010
Ans : SQP 2000
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
9. Which of the following administrative
demands were made by the Early Nationalists? 14. Which of the following was achieved by
(a) Increase in the powers of local bodies Gopal Krishna Gokhale, as a Member of the
(b) Increase in official control over local Imperial Legislative Council?
bodies (a) Reduction in land revenue
(c) Increase in the British officers in the civil (b) Abolition of salt tax
services (c) Primary education made compulsory
(d) Transfer of police service to local bodies. (d) Reduction in toll tax

Ans : COMP 2015

Ans : SQP 2017

Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.

10. Which of the following reforms was a result 15. The Early Nationalists initially believed that
of the efforts made by Early Nationalists? the British wanted to be just to India but
(a) Withdrawal of the Partition of Bengal were unaware of the real state of affairs. In
(b) Simultaneous ICS exams in India and this context which of the following statements
England are true?
(c) Appointment of Lord Curzon as Viceroy (i) They believed that the British rule had
(d) Irish Home Rule Agitation many benefits.
(ii) They believed that the main obstacle
Ans : SQP 2021
in India’s progress was not the British
Thus (b) is correct option. Colonial rule but India’s own social and
economic backwardness.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 65
(iii)They provided elaborate statistical Surendranath Banerjee started, agitation
data to prove that the British rule was against the License Act, the Arms Act.
responsible for India’s poverty.
(a) (i) and (ii) 22. Who was called the ‘Father of the Nationalist
(b) (ii) and (iii) Movement in India’ ?
(c) (i) and (iii) Ans : COMP 1999

(d) (i), (ii) and (iii) Surendranath Banerjee.

Ans : MAIN 2010
23. Who founded the Servants of India Society ?
Thus (a) is correct option.
Ans : MAIN 2015

Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

ONE MARK QUESTIONS 24. Name the leader who was known as the
‘Grand Old Man of India.”

16. Who was called “The Grand Old Man of Ans : COMP 2010

India ? Dadabhai Naoroji, one of the pioneer

Ans : MAIN 2001
statesmen, came to be known as ‘Grand Old
Man of India
Dadabhai Naoroji.
25. Name the Moderate leader who was the first
17. Who was known as “India’s un-official to go to jail for his journalistic duties.
Ambassador to England” ?
Ans : MAIN 2003
Ans : SQP 2011
Surendranath Banerjee.
Dadabhai Naoroji.
26. Who exposed the economic exploitation of
18. Name the Moderate Leader who explained India through his book ‘Poverty and Un-
the economic drain theory during colonial British Rule in India ?
time.
Ans : COMP 2000
Ans : MAIN 2010
Dadabhai Naoroji.
Dadabhai Naoroji.
27. Who presided over the First Session of the
19. Name the Moderate/Early Nationalist leader Indian National Congress in 1906 ?
who was elected to the British House of
Ans : MAIN 2005
Commons in 1892.
Dadabhai Naoroji.
Ans : SQP 2015

Dadabhai Naoroji. 28. Name the Moderate leader who was the
first Indian to pass Indian Civil Service
20. Name the two books that Dadabhai Naoroji Examination.
authored explaining the ‘Drain of India’s
Ans : COMP 2005
Wealth’.
Surendranath Banerjee.
Ans : COMP 2021

(i) Poverty and un-British rule in India. 29. About whom did Bal Gangadhar Tilak utter
(ii) Magazine-Dharma Marg Darshak. these words, “He was the diamond of India,
the jewel of Maharashtra and the Prince of
21. Against which two Acts did Surendranath workers” ?
Banerjee start an agitation? Ans : MAIN 2010
Ans : SQP 2001
Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
CH 3 : FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
30. Who edited the journal of the Poona 39. What was the slogan raised by the Moderates
Sarvajanik Sabha ? to demand more representation by the Indians
Ans : COMP 2011
in the Councils ?

Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Ans : COMP 2001

“No taxation without representation”.

31. Which period of India’s freedom struggle
is known as ‘Moderate Phase’ or the First 40. Which policy of Lord Curzon did Gokhale
Phase of the Indian National Movement? oppose ?
Ans : Ans : SQP 2018

The period from 1885-1907. The Partition of Bengal.

32. Who authored ‘A Nation in Making’ ?

Ans : SQP 2001

Surendranath Banerjee.
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
33. Name any three Congress leaders who are
41. Mention two reasons for the Early Nationalists’
known as ‘Moderates’/Early Nationalist.
faith in the British sense of justice.
Ans : SQP 2000
Ans : MAIN 2000
Dadabhai Naoroji, S.N. Banerjee and Gopal
(i) The Early Nationalists believed that
Krishna Gokhale.
being loyal to the British government was
34. Who is the author of ‘Poverty and Un-British synonymous with being loyal to their own
rule in India’ ? people and country.
(ii) They believed that maintaining the
Ans : COMP 2005
British connection with India was
Dadabhai Naoroji. beneficial for both England and India.
35. Who founded the East India Association in 42. Mention two contributions of Dadabhai
London? Naoroji to the National Movement.
Ans : SQP 2003 Ans : SQP 2006

Dadabhai Naoroji. (i) He was among the first Indian leaders

to assert that the poverty of the Indian
36. Against which two Acts did Surendranath
people was due to British exploitation
Banerjee start agitations?
and the drain of India’s wealth to Britain.
Ans : MAIN 2006 (ii) He initiated movements opposing the
Arms Act and Vernacular Press Act. Vernacular Press Act and condemned
the harsh treatment of peasants by the
37. Who said these words, “Opposition where zamindars.
necessary, cooperation where possible”?
Ans : SQP 2010
43. What was the belief of the Early Nationalists
regarding the British rule in India ?
Surendranath Banerjee.
Ans : COMP 2009

38. Whom did Gandhiji acknowledge his political The Early Nationalists were a group of
Guru? loyalists who took pride in their British
Ans : MAIN 2005 connections and had faith in the British sense
Gopal Krishna Gokhale. of justice and fair play. The first session of
the Congress concluded with “three cheers”
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 67
for Hume, to which Hume responded with Ans : COMP 2010

“three cheers” for Her Majesty, “the Queen The Early Nationalists believed that the
Empress.” They believed that the English primary barrier to India’s progress was the
would grant ‘Home Rule’ to the Indians once social and economic backwardness of its
they understood their desires. They placed people. They sought a greater role in the
their trust in the solemn promises made by governance of their country, India, and their
the British Government over time. Even their demands for constitutional reforms were
criticism of the government was marked by partially met in 1892 with the enactment of
dignity and moderation. the Indian Councils Act. They envisioned
that India would ultimately progress toward
44. Mention two reasons for Moderate’s faith in democratic self-government.
the British sense of Justice.
Ans : COMP 2012
48. State any two issues opposed by the Early
Nationalists in the field of civil liberties.
The reasons for the Moderates’ faith in the
British sense of justice are as follows : Ans : MAIN 2015

(i) They regarded the English as a just and The Early Nationalists opposed :
freedom-loving people, holding a strong (i) The Vernacular Press Act (1878) : This
belief in British fairness and justice, and they Act restricted the freedom of the Indian
maintained loyalty to the British Crown. press, particularly in regional languages,
(ii) They believed that by merely presenting curbing freedom of expression.
and advocating their case before the (ii) Restrictions on Free Speech : They
British Parliament and the British opposed laws limiting public gatherings
public, justice would be served, and their and free speech, advocating for greater
grievances would be addressed. civil liberties.
45. Mention two achievements of the Moderates. 49. Mention any two achievements of the Early
Ans : MAIN (2002,2011) Nationalists.
The achievements of the Moderates include : Ans : COMP 2010

(i) They effectively sparked political (i) The Early Nationalists instilled a sense
awareness and a sense of national of national consciousness across different
consciousness among Indians. segments of society.
(ii) They succeeded in bringing together a (ii) They promoted the concepts of democracy,
majority of Indians in pursuit of a shared civil liberties, and representative
cause. institutions.
46. Mention any two shortcomings of the Early
50. Name any two economic issues raised by the
Nationalists.
Early Nationalists.
Ans : SQP 2015
Ans : MAIN 2015
(i) Beggarly Methods : They relied on prayer
(i) A reduction in land revenue and
and petitions, which were ineffective.
safeguards for peasants against unfair
(ii) Lack of Awareness : They failed to
demands by the Zamindars.
recognize the conflict of interests between
(ii) A decrease in military spending, with the
Indians and the British.
funds saved redirected towards welfare
47. What according to the Early Nationalists was initiatives such as health and education.
an obstacle in India’s progress ? What kind
of self government did the Early Nationalists
demand ?
CH 3 : FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
51. What were the two methods adopted by the adequate return to the Indian economy. This,
Early Nationalists in the freedom struggle ? according to Naoroji, was a primary reason
Ans : SQP 2000
for India’s economic stagnation under British
rule.
The Early Nationalists conducted their
agitation through constitutional means by : 55. What did the Early Nationalists demand for
(i) Submitting petitions to senior government the industrial growth of India ?
officials. Ans : SQP 2005
(ii) Passing resolutions.
They called for industrial growth by
52. Which period of the national movement is advocating for trade protection. This included
known as the period of the ‘Early Nationalists’ imposing heavy taxes on imported goods and
? Name any three leaders of the Congress urging the government to provide loans for
who are known as ‘Early Nationalists’. developing industries like iron, coal, paper,
Ans : SQP 2000
and sugar in India.

The period from 1885 to 1907 in the Indian 56. Who is known as India’s unofficial ambassador
National Movement is known as the period and why ?
of the ‘Early Nationalists’. Three prominent Ans : SQP 2011
leaders of the Congress who are known as
‘Early Nationalists’ are : Dadabhai Naoroji is known as India’s
(i) Dadabhai Naoroji unofficial ambassador in England due to his
(ii) Gopal Krishna Gokhale tireless advocacy for Indian rights. As one of
(iii)Surendranath Banerjee the founders of the Indian National Congress,
he presided over its sessions in 1886, 1893,
53. Mention any two demands of the Early and 1906. His 1906 presidency was a
Nationalists that aimed at improving the lot significant effort to restore the Congress’s
of the peasants. prestige after the 1905 Bengal partition.
Ans : SQP 2000
Even the Extremists, who preferred Tilak for
the presidency, supported Naoroji because of
Two demands of the Early Nationalists for his established reputation.
improving the condition of peasants were :
(i) Reduction of Land Revenue : They sought 57. List briefly any two causes that Gopal
lower land taxes to alleviate peasant Krishna Gokhale supported.
distress. Ans : MAIN 2015
(ii) Abolition of the Zamindari System : They
pushed for the removal of the exploitative (i) He advocated for the separation of the
Zamindari system. judiciary from the executive and pushed
for reforms in the Legislative Council.
54. What was the Drain Theory referred to by (ii) He was instrumental in the passage of the
Dadabhai Naoroji? Minto-Morley Reforms.
Ans : COMP 2011
58. State briefly the achievements of the East
The Drain Theory, as referred to by India Association.
Dadabhai Naoroji, was the concept that the Ans : COMP 2018
British were systematically draining India’s
wealth and resources to England, leaving In England, Dadabhai Naoroji became
the country impoverished. He argued that involved with several learned societies and
a significant portion of India’s revenue was associations. He established the East India
being transferred to Britain in the form of Association on December 1, 1866. He also
profits, salaries, and pensions, without any successfully advocated for a resolution in
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 69
the British Parliament to hold preliminary that Indians desired to be governed
examinations for the ICS simultaneously in by the same principles of government
India and England. prevalent in Europe.
(c) Exposing the true nature of british
59. Name Dadabhai Naoroji’s work which rule : In the 19th century, the Early
exposed the economic exploitation of India Nationalists were the first to reveal
by the British. how Indians were being exploited
Ans : MAIN 2000 under British rule. Dadabhai Naoroji,
Poverty and Un-British Rule in India in particular, exposed the true nature
exposed the economic exploitation of India of British imperialism through his
by the British. Dadabhai Naoroji’s famous Economic Drain theory.
Drain Theory highlighted how India’s wealth (d) Acts of 1892 : The Government of
was being siphoned off to England through India Act of 1892, which expanded
various means. the Legislative Councils, was a result
of the Early Nationalists’ persistent
60. The methods of the Early Nationalists were demands. Although the Act did
criticized as inadequate and half-hearted. In not fully satisfy them, it was an
this context briefly describe the following : improvement over the Government of
(i) Nature of their methods. India Act of 1861.
(ii) The final outcome of their, efforts. (e) Social reforms : Early Nationalists
Ans : COMP 2013 like Ranade and Gokhale were strong
advocates for social reform in India.
(i) Nature of Their Methods : The Early
They raised their voices against child
Nationalists focused on constitutional and
marriage and the hardships imposed
peaceful methods, avoiding violence and
on widows. They also supported the
confrontation. They relied on the three
Age of Consent Bill of 1891.
P’s - Petitions, Prayers, and Protests -
believing that reforms could be achieved 61. Mention any two constitutional demands
through dialogue, moral appeals, and made by the Early Nationalists.
non-violent public demonstrations. This Ans : COMP 2010
approach reflected their belief in gradual,
lawful progress toward self-governance. The Early Nationalists made the following
(ii) Despite their drawbacks, the Early constitutional demands :
Nationalists achieved several significant (i) The establishment of self-government
objectives : with elected representatives at both the
(a) National consciosness : Under the central and provincial levels.
leadership of the Early Nationalists, (ii) The enlargement of the Legislative
the Congress played a crucial role Councils that were established by the Act
in fostering a spirit of common of 1861.
brotherhood, transcending religious 62. Who is the author of ‘Poverty and Un-British
and regional differences. They Rule in India’ ? Name the first Indian who
instilled a sense of belonging to a passed the Indian Civil Service Examination.
unified nation among Indians.
(b) Political education in India : The Ans : COMP 2013

Early Nationalists worked tirelessly The author of ’Poverty and Un-British Rule
to spread the ideals of democracy, in India’ is Dadabhai Naoroji. The first Indian
representative institutions, and to pass the Indian Civil Service Examination
civil liberties. In the first session of was Satyendranath Tagore.
Congress, W.C. Bonnerjee emphasized
CH 3 : FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
63. Mention two contributions of Dadabhai (iii)Mention any four clauses of the Treaty
Naoroji to the National Movement. which affected Germany.
Ans : SQP 2003 Ans : MAIN 2024

(a) Dadabhai Naoroji established the East (i) Three causes of the World War which
India Association in London with the ended with the signing of the treaty :
primary goal of promoting the interests (a) Militarism : The European powers
and well-being of Indians. engaged in an arms race, building
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji is regarded as one large militaries that created tension
of the founders of the Indian National and a sense of impending conflict.
Congress. He served as its President three (b) Alliances : The formation of complex
times, in 1886, 1893, and 1906, earning alliances, such as the Triple Alliance
the title ‘Grand Old Man of India.’ (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and
Italy) and the Triple Entente (France,
64. Write any two administrative demands of the Russia, and Britain), dragged multiple
Moderates/Early Nationalist. countries into the conflict.
Ans : COMP 2015 (c) Nationalism : Intense national pride
(i) Higher Positions for Indians in the Army and competition among European
: They sought higher-ranking jobs for nations, particularly between
Indians within the army. Germany and France, created
(ii) Increased Autonomy for Local Bodies : an environment ripe for conflict,
They called for greater powers for local especially over territorial disputes like
bodies with reduced government control Alsace-Lorraine.
over them. (ii) The League of Nations was established in
1920 to maintain peace and prevent future
conflicts. It was the first international
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS organization of its kind, formed with
the goal of fostering cooperation among
nations. Two objectives of the League of
65. The final act of the long-drawn-out Nations :
negotiations took place at Versailles on (a) Prevent future wars : The primary
Saturday afternoon, and to-day Germany objective of the League was to
and the Allies – always with the exception provide a forum for nations to resolve
of America – are at peace. Peace is a blessed international disputes peacefully
word, and both the word and the fact are through diplomacy and negotiations,
welcome to-day. So far as Germany is in order to avoid the outbreak of
concerned there is for the present an end another war.
of strife, and at least a formal return to the (b) Promote disarmament : Another key
decent relations of civilised states. objective was to encourage nations to
Editorial : Peace in force (12 January 1920) reduce their military capabilities and
The Guardian armaments, thereby decreasing the
(i) Mention any three causes of the World War likelihood of military aggression and
which ended with the signing of the treaty ensuring long-term global peace.
being discussed in the passage above.
(iii)Four clauses of the Treaty which affected
(ii) Name the organization which was
Germany :
established in 1920 to maintain peace
after this war. Mention any two of its (a) Loss of territory : Germany had to
objectives. cede several important territories.
Alsace-Lorraine was returned to
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 71
France, parts of eastern Germany moderate, with leaders pursuing
were given to Poland (including the their cause through petitions and
creation of the Polish Corridor), and resolutions.
Germany lost all its overseas colonies, (ii) Demands of the Moderates :
which were distributed among the (a) Political Demands : The Moderates
Allies as mandates under the League sought constitutional reforms,
of Nations. including the expansion and greater
(b) Military restrictions : Germany’s representation in the Legislative
military was drastically reduced. The Councils, the abolition of the Indian
Treaty limited the German army to Council, and the complete separation
100,000 soldiers, banned conscription, of executive and judicial functions.
and prohibited the development of They also emphasized the need for
an air force, tanks, and submarines. a ‘Colonial form of self-government’
Additionally, the Rhineland was to be similar to that in Canada and
demilitarized. Australia.
(c) Reparations : Germany was required (b) Administrative Reforms : They
to pay substantial reparations to the advocated for wider employment
Allied powers, totaling 132 billion of Indians in higher services,
gold marks, to compensate for the Indenization of services through
extensive damage caused by the war, simultaneous ICS exams in India and
especially in France and Belgium. England, repeal of the Arms Act, and
(d) War guilt clause : Article 231, known more jobs for Indians in the army,
as the war guilt clause, held Germany along with increased powers for local
responsible for starting the war. bodies with reduced official control.
This caused great humiliation and
(c) Economic Reforms : The Moderates
resentment in Germany, which fueled
demanded economic reforms such as
anger and contributed to future
more funds for technical education,
instability in Europe.
abolition of the salt tax, reduction
66. The period from 1885 to 1907 is called the in land revenue and military
period of the Moderates. In this context expenditure, and an inquiry into
explain the following : India’s growing poverty and famines.
(i) Why was this period called the period of They also called for the improvement
the Moderates ? of working conditions for plantation
(ii) Demands of the Moderates. workers and the elimination of unfair
(iii)Methods of the Moderates. tariffs and excise duties.
Ans : COMP (1992 , 2000 , 2020)
(d) Defence of Civil Rights : The
Moderates strongly opposed the
(i) Period of the Moderates : restrictions on freedom of speech,
(a) The period from 1885 to 1907 is known press, and association imposed by the
as the Moderate phase because the British Government. They demanded
movement was led by a small group the repeal of the Preventive Detention
of educated middle-class individuals Act and the restoration of individual
influenced by Western education and liberties.
liberal thinkers. (iii)Methods of the Moderates :
(b) The demands of the Congress during (a) The Moderates were not anti-British
this time were moderate in nature. in their approach. They believed
(c) The methods of struggle were also that the British Government could
CH 3 : FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
be convinced of the fairness of their (i) The Early Nationalists were instrumental
demands and would eventually grant in revealing the true nature of British
them. rule in India. Through their efforts, they
(b) To achieve their goals, they passed brought to light the economic exploitation
resolutions and drafted petitions, and injustice embedded within British
which they submitted to the imperialism. By educating the Indian
Government for consideration. populace about how British policies were
(c) Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji worked systematically draining India’s wealth
to popularize the Congress’s demands and resources, they sparked a growing
in England and sought the support of awareness of the detrimental impact
the British public. of colonial rule. This understanding
gradually weakened the very foundations
67. Mention any four basic beliefs of Early upon which British authority in India was
Nationalists. built, as more and more Indians began
Ans : MAIN 2014
to question and resist the legitimacy of
foreign domination. Their pioneering
(i) The Moderates viewed the English as
work laid the groundwork for a broader
just and freedom-loving people, placing
national movement that would eventually
strong faith in the British sense of justice
lead to India’s struggle for independence.
and fairness while remaining loyal to the
(ii) Attitude of the Early Nationalists towards
British crown.
the British and Reason :
(ii) They believed that by simply presenting
(a) Faith in British Justice : The Early
and advocating their case before the
Nationalists believed in the integrity,
British Parliament and the British public,
justice, and fairness of the British,
justice would prevail, and their grievances
trusting that the British Government
would be addressed.
would eventually grant ‘Home Rule’
(iii)The Congress took pride in its connections
to Indians based on their solemn
with Britain and looked to England for
promises.
inspiration and guidance.
(b) Perceived Benefits of British Rule:
(iv) They acknowledged the benefits of
They acknowledged the benefits
British rule, particularly the English
of British rule, such as efforts
language and modern infrastructure like
to eliminate social ills like Sati,
transport and communication. They also
untouchability, and child marriage,
sought to reform society by addressing
and believed that British guidance
social evils such as sati, child marriage,
would help Indians govern themselves
and untouchability.
by Western standards.
68. The Early Nationalists were practical and (c) Commitment to Peaceful Methods:
wanted to win freedom by a gradual process. The Early Nationalists preferred
In this context, answer the following : constitutional and peaceful methods
(i) How did they expose the true nature of to achieve their goals, believing
British rule in India? in patience and gradual reform
(ii) What was the attitude of the Early rather than resorting to violence or
Nationalists towards the British? Why confrontation. They thought that
did they develop such an attitude? maintaining the British connection
(iii)What were the reasons for the partial was mutually beneficial for both
failure of their methods. England and India.
Ans : MAIN 2010
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 73
(iii)Reasons for the partial failure of their (c) They sought the reduction of land
methods : revenue, abolition of the salt tax,
(a) Lack of Mass Connection : The Early promotion of industrial growth
Nationalists, often businessmen, had through tariff protection, and a
little contact with the broader masses, reduction in military expenditure to
limiting their ability to mobilize fund social services like health and
popular support. education.
(b) Praise for British Rule : Despite the (d) They strongly opposed restrictions on
growing poverty and unemployment freedom of speech and press imposed
under British rule, these leaders by the British Government and
praised the British presence in India, demanded the right to assemble and
which led to a loss of faith among form associations.
the masses who were increasingly (e) Opposed the restrictions imposed
dissatisfied with colonial rule. by the British Government on the
(c) Ineffective Petitions : The Early freedom of speech and press.
Nationalists relied on petitions to (ii) The Early Nationalists believed that
the British Government, hoping for constitutional agitation was the key to
reforms, but the government largely achieving political and economic reforms.
ignored these efforts and acted Therefore, they pursued their goals
arbitrarily, making it difficult for the through :
leaders to maintain popular support. (a) Submitting petitions to high
(d) Failure to Mobilize Religious government officials.
Sentiment : In a country where religion (b) Holding meetings in towns, cities, and
holds significant influence, the Early rural areas.
Nationalists failed to harness religious (c) Distributing leaflets and pamphlets.
sentiments in the national struggle, (d) Preparing memorandums for
missing an opportunity to unite and government committees.
mobilize the masses effectively. (e) Sending delegations of prominent
politicians to England, usually
69. The period from 1885 to 1905 was dominated directed at the British Government.
by the Early Nationalists. In this context, (f) Taking steps to influence public
answer the following questions : opinion in England. Additionally, they
(i) To which section of society they belonged? used the press to criticize government
What were their demands? policies.
(ii) What methods did they adopt? (iii)The Early Nationalists laid a strong
(iii)How did the Early Nationalists help in foundation for the National Movement,
the growth of nationalism in India ? uniting Indians into a single force ready
Ans : SQP 2010 for any sacrifice to achieve freedom. They
(i) The Early Nationalists, drawn from awakened political consciousness among
the educated middle class, including the people and prevented potential
professionals like lawyers, teachers, and bloodshed by the British through their
officials, demanded following : commitment to peaceful, constitutional
(a) They called for the Indenization of methods of agitation. Dadabhai Naoroji,
higher grades in Indian Services. who dedicated his life, wealth, and career
(b) The separation of executive and to the nation, inspired many with his
judicial functions, and greater Indian selfless service. Gokhale praised him,
representation in the Executive saying, “If there is the divine in man, it is
Council of the Viceroy and Governors. in Dadabhai Naoroji.” In 1906, from the
CH 3 : FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
Congress platform in Calcutta, Naoroji (ii) Surendranath Banerjee, like other Early
boldly demanded Swaraj. He was also the Nationalists, called for reforms in the
first Indian to become a member of the British administration, believing that
British Parliament. such changes would earn the gratitude of
Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the the Indian people. His ultimate goal was
Servants of India Society, which fostered self-government, grounded in the belief
national unity and trained the masses that Indians had the right to shape their
to work for the country’s cause. He own destiny. A true advocate of freedom,
criticized the policy of taxing the poor he supported the idea of complete
and advocated for their welfare. S. N. independence from foreign rule.
Banerjee, a patriotic speaker, journalist, Banerjee had strong faith in the
and educator, was deeply influenced by honesty, integrity, and justice of the British,
British rule. His Indian Association, which led him to endorse constitutional
established in 1876, played a key role means to achieve his political objectives.
in raising political awareness and unity He also encouraged Indians to boycott
among the people. He also championed foreign goods and was a strong supporter
the protection of poor farmers against of the Swadeshi Movement.
exploitation by zamindars. (iii)In 1876, Surendranath Banerjee founded
the Indian Association to advocate for
70. Surendranath Banerjee is popularly known political reforms in India. He embarked
as the ‘Father of the Indian Nationalism’. In on an extensive tour across the country,
this context, answer the following : raising national awareness and opposition
(i) Trace his contribution towards the to the reduction of the maximum age
formation of the Indian National limit for the Indian Civil Services (ICS).
Congress. Additionally, he boldly criticized the
(ii) What was India’s political goal according Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Act.
to Surendranath Banerjee ? What were Through these efforts, Banerjee worked
the method he advocated to attain it ? tirelessly to unite people from different
(iii)What was his contribution to India’s regions of India in expressing their
freedom struggle? grievances against the colonial regime.
Ans : SQP 2020
71. Describe the achievements of Moderates
(i) Surendranath Banerjee played a Early Nationalist.
significant role in laying the groundwork
for the formation of the Indian National Ans : SQP 1992, 1993, 2005

Congress. He was a prominent leader (i) Foundation of a Secular and Democratic

who actively organized political activities National Movement : The early nationalist
across India, fostering a sense of unity leaders established a movement that
and national consciousness. In 1876, he included people of all religions, castes,
founded the Indian Association, which creeds, regions, and colors. They
became a powerful platform for voicing successfully fostered a spirit of common
Indian grievances and mobilizing public brotherhood that transcended religious
opinion. His efforts in promoting political and regional differences.
awareness and organizing meetings and (ii) Political Education of Indians : They
conferences were instrumental in creating played a significant role in awakening
the conditions that eventually led to the political awareness and national
establishment of the Indian National consciousness among Indians. They also
Congress in 1885. popularized the ideas of democracy and
civil liberties across the country.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 75
(iii)Revealing the True Nature of British Rule both of which addressed the detrimental
: These leaders were the first in the 19th effects of British imperialism on India.
century to develop an economic critique (ii) Dadabhai Naoroji, one of the founders
of colonialism, effectively exposing the of the Indian National Congress, served
exploitative nature of British imperialism as the Congress President in 1886, 1893,
in India and educating the public on and 1906. His 1906 presidency was a
how the British were draining the Indian strategic effort to restore the Congress’s
economy. lost prestige following the Partition of
(iv) Promotion of New Ideas : They actively Bengal in 1905. Although the Extremists
worked to popularize the concepts preferred Tilak for the presidency, they
of democracy, civil liberties, and conceded to Naoroji due to his well-
representative institutions among the established reputation and significant
Indian populace. contributions to the national movement.
(v) Social Reforms : Moderates like Govind (iii)Dadabhai Naoroji’s seminal work,
Ranade and Gopal Krishna Gokhale were Poverty and Un-British Rule in India,
strong advocates for social reforms in introduces his well-known Drain Theory.
India, raising their voices against social This theory outlines how India’s wealth
evils such as child marriage and the sati was being drained to England through
system. various channels, including :
(vi) Notable Achievements : Their efforts (a) Salaries paid to members of the
led to significant milestones, including Indian Councils.
the appointment of a Public Service (b) Pensions for British officers.
Commission in 1886, the House of (c) Payments made to the War Office for
Commons resolution in 1893 for maintaining British troops in India.
simultaneous ICS examinations in (d) Profits earned by British trading
London and India, and the establishment agencies.
of the Welby Commission on Indian
Expenditure in 1895. 73. Early Nationalists were practical and
wanted to win freedom by a gradual process.
72. State Dadabhai Naoroji’s contribution to Critically examine the contribution of Early
India’s freedom struggle under the following Nationalists using the following points :
heads. (i) Exposing the true nature of British rule.
(i) His views about the nature of British (ii) Arousing political consciousness among
imperialism. the people.
(ii) His achievement in strengthening Indian (iii)Laying the foundation of the national
nationalism. movement.
(iii)His views on the cause of poverty in India. Ans : SQP 2000
Ans : SQP 2012
(i) The Early Nationalists were instrumental
(i) Dadabhai Naoroji, while recognizing in revealing the true nature of British
the benefits of Western education and rule in India. Through their efforts, they
the construction of railways, was openly brought to light the economic exploitation
critical of British rule for its negative and injustice embedded within British
impact on the Indian economy. He imperialism. By educating the Indian
highlighted how Indian handicrafts and populace about how British policies were
textiles had been devastated under British systematically draining India’s wealth
policies. Naoroji edited Rast Goftar and resources, they sparked a growing
(Speaker of Truth) and also launched a awareness of the detrimental impact
magazine called Dharma Marg Darshak, of colonial rule. This understanding
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CH 3 : FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
gradually weakened the very foundations Gopal Krishna Gokhale established
upon which British authority in India was the Servants of India Society, which
built, as more and more Indians began fostered national unity and trained the
to question and resist the legitimacy of masses to work for the motherland.
foreign domination. Their pioneering He also criticized the British policy of
work laid the groundwork for a broader taxing the poor in India. S.N. Banerjee,
national movement that would eventually a patriotic speaker, journalist, and
lead to India’s struggle for independence. educator, was deeply influenced by British
(ii) The Early Nationalists were instrumental rule. His Indian Association, founded
in awakening political consciousness in 1876, played a crucial role in raising
across the country. They educated political consciousness and promoting
the Indian populace about democratic unity among the people. Banerjee also
principles, civil liberties, and the championed the cause of protecting poor
importance of self-governance. Through farmers from exploitation by zamindars.
public meetings, speeches, and
publications, leaders like Surendranath 74. Critically examine the Moderates/Early
Banerjee and Gopal Krishna Gokhale Nationalist under the following :
spread the ideas of political rights and (i) Criticism of their achievements.
representative government. They made (ii) They did whatever they could do under
Indians aware of their rights and the the circumstances.
need to demand reforms from the British. Ans : MAIN 2007

This growing political awareness among (i) The Early Nationalists, often referred
the educated middle class gradually to as Moderates, have been criticized
spread to the broader population, laying for their limited achievements during
the groundwork for a more inclusive and the early phase of the Indian National
widespread national movement. Movement. One major criticism is
(iii)The Early Nationalists laid a strong that their methods - relying heavily on
foundation for the National Movement, petitions, resolutions, and appeals to
uniting Indians into a single, cohesive the British sense of justice - were too
body ready for any sacrifice in the mild and ineffective. They focused on
fight for freedom. They ignited political constitutional and peaceful means, which
consciousness across the nation. By many felt did not put enough pressure on
adopting peaceful means of agitation the British authorities to enact significant
within constitutional limits, they reforms. Their approach largely catered
prevented widespread violence that to the educated elite, failing to engage
could have resulted in mass slaughter the broader masses, especially the rural
by the British. Dadabhai Naoroji, who population. As a result, their efforts
sacrificed his life, wealth, and career for often did not lead to substantial changes,
the country, inspired countless Indians and many of their demands were either
with his selfless dedication. As Gokhale ignored or only partially addressed by
once said, “If there is the divine in man, the British Government. Critics argue
it is in Dadabhai Naoroji.” In 1906, that the Moderates underestimated the
Naoroji boldly demanded Swaraj from extent of British resistance to granting
the Congress platform in Calcutta and real power to Indians and that their faith
became the first Indian to serve as a in British fairness was misplaced.
member of the British Parliament. (ii) However, it’s important to recognize
that the Early Nationalists did what
they could within the constraints of
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 77
their time. Operating in a period when (b) Primary Education Bill : Gokhale
the British colonial regime had tight attempted to introduce a bill aimed
control over political activities, their at making primary education
options were limited. The constitutional compulsory, though he faced limited
and peaceful methods they employed success in this effort.
were a pragmatic choice in an era where (c) Fiscal Policy Reforms : As an
more confrontational approaches could economist, he pushed for significant
have led to harsh repression and further changes in the fiscal policy and
restrictions on political expression. sought better job opportunities for
Additionally, they played a crucial role in the educated middle class.
raising political awareness and educating (d) Reduction of Land Revenue : He urged
Indians about their rights. Figures the government to lower the land
like Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath revenue, aiming to ease the burden
Banerjee, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale laid on the agricultural community.
the foundation for Indian nationalism, (iii)The Servants of India Society, founded
fostering unity and laying the groundwork in 1905, aimed to train individuals to
for future movements. Despite the dedicate their lives to serving the nation.
criticisms, their efforts were instrumental Additionally, its members were tasked
in the gradual awakening of a national with fostering a deep and passionate love
consciousness that would eventually lead for the motherland among the people.
to India’s independence. The Society also focused on promoting
women’s education and uplifting the
75. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, the political mentor depressed classes.
of Gandhiji, was one of the most popular
Early Nationalists leaders. In this context,
answer the following :
(i) State three policies of the imperial regime CASE BASED QUESTION
which were opposed by Gokhale.
(ii) What role did he play as a member of
Imperial Legislative Council ? 76. Read the extract given below and answer the
(iii)How did he try to arouse national questions that follow :
awakening? The Indians who actively worked for the
creation of an all-India political organization
Ans : COMP 2011
represented new social forces that were
(i) Gokhale opposed British Government increasingly opposed to the exploitation of
policies when necessary, criticizing them India for British interests. They needed an
for : organization that would fight for India’s
(a) The excessive spending on the English political and economic advancement.”
army. From ‘Freedom Struggle’
(b) The policy of racial discrimination in (i) In the context of the above, identify the
appointments to high positions. two individuals in Pictures 1 and 2, who
(c) The imposition of a production tax were the early leaders of the organization
on cotton. to be formed.
(ii) Role played by Gokhale as a Member of (ii) How did the person in Picture 1 explain
the Imperial Legislative Council : the economic exploitation of India for
(a) Success in Reducing Toll Tax : British interests ?
His persistent efforts resulted in a
reduction of the toll tax.
CH 3 : FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
(b) The Moderates admired the
superiority of European culture,
whereas the Radicals emphasized the
greatness of Indian culture.
(c) The Moderates advocated for
petitions, prayers, and passive
resistance, in contrast to the Radicals,
who supported more revolutionary
methods.
(d) The Moderates believed that Indians
Picture 1 Picture 2
were not yet ready for self-rule,
(iii)Name the organization which was to be
whereas the Radicals were convinced
formed. What were the objectives behind
that Indians were fully capable of
the formation of this political body ?
governing themselves.
(iv) Explain the major ideological differences
which emerged amongst the leaders within 77. (i) Identify the person in the given picture.
the first twenty years of the foundation of What was he known for and why?
this organization.
Ans : SQP 2018

(i) Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna

Gokhale.
(ii) Through his renowned book, Poverty
and Un-British Rule in India, Dadabhai
Naoroji introduced his “Drain Theory,”
which explained how the continuous
outflow of India’s wealth to England was
the primary cause of India’s poverty.
(iii)Indian National Congress.
Objectives : (ii) Name any one Society which was formed
(a) To bring together national workers by him. What were the objectives of the
from different parts of India, fostering society ?
personal connections among them. (iii)His efforts to arouse national awakening.
(b) To eliminate racial, religious, and (iv) His economic ideas.
provincial biases, and to cultivate Ans : MAIN 2015

a sense of national unity among (i) The person in the picture is Gopal
all patriots, while also promoting Krishna Gokhale. He was known as the
friendly relations between Hindus and Political Guru of Mahatma Gandhi. In
Muslims. 1912, Gokhale traveled to South Africa,
(c) To shape public opinion on critical where he assisted Mahatma Gandhi in
Indian issues and present these his struggle against racial discrimination.
concerns to the government. Gokhale is also credited with persuading
(iv) Major Ideological Differences : Gandhi to return to India and participate
(a) The Moderates had complete faith in in Indian public life.
the British sense of justice, while the (ii) He founded The Servants of India Society
Radicals distrusted the British and in 1905. The objective of the society are
lacked confidence in their goodwill. as follows :
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 79
(a) The Society trained individuals to 78. (i) Identify the person in the given picture :
dedicate their lives to the service of
the nation.
(b) It supported educational movements,
particularly those focused on women’s
education.
(c) The Society also worked for the
upliftment of the depressed classes.
(iii)His efforts to arouse national awakening :
(a) Gokhale opposed British Government
policies whenever necessary. He was
critical of the toll tax and condemned
the government for excessive military
spending on the English army, (ii) Name the Moderate leader who was
racial discrimination, and neglecting known as “The Indian Burke” ?
elementary education. (iii)Mention his efforts to arouse national
(b) In 1910 and 1912, he introduced awakening or in strengthening national
resolutions in the Imperial Legislative movement.
Council advocating for relief for Ans : COMP 1994
Indian bonded laborers in Natal.
(c) His political moderation and (i) The person in the picture is Surendranath
cooperation with the government Banarjee.
played a significant role in making (ii) Surendranath Banerjee is often referred
the British recognize the Congress as to as “The Indian Burke.”
a responsible voice for Indian public (iii)(a) Surendranath Banerjee was deeply
opinion. involved in India’s freedom movement.
(d) Gokhale believed in addressing the He was a passionate patriot, an
immediate needs of his countrymen, eloquent speaker, a journalist, an
such as public health and sanitation, educationist, an organizer, and a
advanced technology skills, communal political agitator.
harmony, social equality, democratic (b) In 1876, he founded the Indian
agitation methods, and basic literacy. Association, which played a crucial
(iv) His economic ideas : role in educating the public, raising
(a) Gokhale was deeply troubled by the political awareness, and fostering
worsening conditions of the peasantry unity among the people.
and advocated for the reduction of (c) He believed that the general public,
land revenue. or masses, should be actively involved
(b) He emphasized the importance of in the national movement.
promoting industry and appointing (d) Banerjee organized popular
Indians to high-ranking positions so demonstrations and led agitations
that the money saved could be used against the Licence Act, Arms
for public welfare. Act, Vernacular Press Act, and the
(c) Gokhale supported state protection reduction of the age limit for the ICS
for fledgling Indian industries. examination from 21 to 19 years.
(e) He strongly advocated for Hindu-
Muslim unity, believing that disunity
between these communities would
hinder the growth of the national
movement.
CH 3 : FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
(f) He opposed the Minto-Morley (iv) His achievements
Reforms of 1909, which introduced (a) Naoroji was a leading figure in the
separate electorates for Hindus and Indian National Congress for over two
Muslims, and also stood against the decades and presided over its sessions
partition of Bengal. three times.
(b) He was one of the earliest Indian
79. (i) Identify the person in the given picture : leaders to argue that the poverty in
India was a direct result of British
exploitation and the drain of India’s
wealth to Britain.
(c) He also initiated movements against
the Vernacular Press Act and the
harsh treatment of poor peasants by
zamindars.
(d) The distinction of demanding Swaraj
from the Congress platform in 1906
belongs to Dadabhai Naoroji.
(e) Under his leadership as Congress
(ii) Who was known as India’s Unofficial President, the movement gained
Ambassador to England ? momentum, as four key resolutions on
(iii)What were his views on the cause of self-government, boycott, Swadeshi,
poverty in India? and national education were passed.
(iv) Mention his achievements in strengthening
India’s nationalism.
www.nodia.in
Ans : SQP (2000, 2002, 2015)

(i) The person in the picture is Dadabhai

Naoroji
(ii) Dadabhai Naoroji, often referred to as the
Grand Old Man of India, was recognized
as the Unofficial Ambassador of India to
England.
(iii)A profound economic thinker, Dadabhai
Naoroji’s views on the Indian economy
are well articulated in his seminal work,
Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.
Through his famous Drain Theory, he
detailed how India’s wealth was being
siphoned off to England in various forms,
including : (a) Salaries paid to members
of the Indian Council, (b) Savings sent
back to England by British personnel
stationed in India, (c) Pensions for British
officers, (d) Payments to the War Office
for maintaining British troops in India,
and (e) Profits earned by British trading
agencies.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 81

CHAPTER 4
SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

SUMMARY led by leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale,

sought gradual reforms through dialogue with
the British. On the other hand, the Radicals,
The Second Phase of the Indian National
led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra
Movement (1905-1916) was a transformative
Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, believed in a more
period in India’s struggle for independence.
aggressive approach, demanding immediate
This phase witnessed the rise of assertive
self-rule (Swaraj). The split weakened the
nationalism, significant political developments
Congress temporarily but reflected the
and growing communal consciousness. The era
growing impatience among Indians with the
is marked by key events such as the Partition
slow pace of reforms.
of Bengal, the Surat Split, the emergence of
the Radicals, the formation of the Muslim 3. RADICALS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
League, and the historic Lucknow Pact.
The Radicals, often called the “Lal-Bal-
1. PARTITION OF BENGAL (1905) Pal” trio, infused energy into the nationalist
struggle through their fiery speeches, writings,
The Partition of Bengal, implemented by
and grassroots mobilization. Their methods
Lord Curzon, divided the province into two
included public demonstrations, boycotts of
parts - East Bengal (predominantly Muslim)
British goods, and the promotion of Swadeshi.
and West Bengal (predominantly Hindu).
They believed in the active participation of
The official justification was administrative
the masses and criticized the Moderates for
efficiency; however, nationalists saw it as
relying on petitions and reforms.
a deliberate attempt to divide Hindus and
Bal Gangadhar Tilak : Known as the “Father
Muslims and weaken the growing nationalist
of Indian Unrest,” Tilak was a staunch
movement. The Partition sparked widespread
advocate of Swaraj (self-rule). He popularized
outrage, leading to protests, boycotts of
the slogan, “Swaraj is my birthright, and
British goods, and the Swadeshi Movement.
I shall have it.” Tilak also used cultural
Indians promoted indigenous industries and
festivals, such as Ganesh Chaturthi and
goods, emphasizing self-reliance. Cultural
Shivaji Utsav, to unite people and foster a
events and festivals became platforms
spirit of nationalism. His newspapers, Kesari
for promoting nationalism. The protests
(in Marathi) and Maratha (in English),
eventually forced the British to annul the
became powerful tools to spread nationalist
Partition in 1911, marking an early victory
ideas.
for the nationalist movement.
Bipin Chandra Pal : Pal was a fierce orator and
writer who propagated Swadeshi and boycott
2. SURAT SPLIT (1907)
movements. He emphasized self-reliance in
A key event in this period was the Surat all aspects, from education to industry, and
Split, where the Indian National Congress inspired youth to join the struggle through
divided into two factions : the Moderates and his powerful speeches and writings.
the Radicals (or Extremists). The Moderates,
CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
Lala Lajpat Rai : Known as the “Lion of communal identities, which would later have
Punjab,” Lala Lajpat Rai was a staunch profound implications for India’s history. The
nationalist and social reformer. He worked to annulment of the Partition of Bengal and the
promote education, established institutions, success of the Lucknow Pact demonstrated
and led mass protests against oppressive that organized, united efforts could achieve
British policies. His fearless leadership and significant political outcomes.
sacrifices earned him widespread respect. This period served as a bridge between
the early years of the movement and the
4. FORMATION OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE (1906) more organized, large-scale struggles that
The All-India Muslim League was formed followed. It highlighted the need for unity,
in Dhaka to protect the political and social mass participation and innovative strategies
interests of Muslims, which some leaders felt in the fight for independence.
were being overshadowed in the Congress.
Factors leading to its formation included
the British policy of divide and rule, the
perception of Congress as Hindu-dominated, MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
and rising communal tensions. The League
aimed to represent Muslim aspirations,
1. The plan of Partition of Bengal was proposed
safeguard their rights, and secure their
by ________.
fair share in administrative reforms. While
(a) Lord Canning
initially supportive of British rule, the
League later played a pivotal role in shaping (b) Lord Dalhousie
communal politics in India. (c) Lord Curzon
(d) Lord Ripon
5. LUCKNOW PACT (1916)
Ans : COMP 2023
The Lucknow Pact was a significant
Thus (c) is correct option.
milestone in fostering Hindu-Muslim unity
and cooperation. Under this agreement, the 2. The Lucknow Pact was signed between
Congress and the Muslim League resolved ________.
to work together to demand self-governance (a) The British and the Congress
from the British. They agreed to safeguard (b) The Congress and the Muslim League
minority rights and ensure adequate (c) The Early and the Assertive Nationalists
representation for all communities. The Pact
(d) The Muslim League and the British
marked a brief phase of communal harmony
and strengthened the Indian nationalist Ans : SQP 2023

movement by uniting diverse sections of Thus (c) is correct option.

society.
3. What measure did Lord Curzon take to
6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PERIOD reduce the ‘influence of Bengal’ ?
The Second Phase of the Indian National (a) Partition of Bengal
Movement is crucial for understanding the (b) Swadeshi Movement
evolution of nationalist strategies and the (c) Boycott Movement
complexities of communal politics. While the (d) Bengal Land Act
Moderates laid the groundwork with their Ans : MAIN 2014

constitutional approach, the Radicals infused Thus (a) is correct option.

the movement with a sense of urgency
and mass involvement. The formation of
the Muslim League indicated the rise of
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 83
4. What justification did Lord Curzon give to Ans : MAIN 2005

the Indians for the Partition of Bengal? Thus (b) is correct option.
(a) Bengal was too big to be efficiently
administered by a single provisional 8. Which of the following was an achivement of
government Assertive Nationalists?
(b) It would cause a hindrance to the national (a) Annulment of Partition of Bengal
movement. (b) Annulment of Ilbert Bill
(c) It would place Bengalis under two (c) Annulment of Arms Act
administrative units making them a (d) Annulment of Indian Universities Act.
minority in Bengal. Ans : SQP 2003

(d) It would lead to division between Hindu Thus (a) is correct option.
and Muslim Nationalists
9. Why did Swadeshi become a watchword of
Ans : SQP 2021
the National Movement?
Thus (a) is correct option. (a) It would make India self-sufficient.
(b) It would make Indian goods attractive for
5. The Partition of Bengal was annuled and
export.
a new scheme was implemented on which
(c) It would encourage trade.
grounds?
(d) It would encourage British to buy Indian
(a) Religious
goods.
(b) Linguistic
(c) Cultural Ans : SQP 2008

(d) Traditional Thus (a) is correct option.

Ans : COMP 2020
10. Formation of Congress : 1885 : : Formation of
Thus (b) is correct option. Muslim League : ________
(a) 1905 (b) 1906
6. Both, Early Nationalists and Assertive (c) 1907 (d) 1908
Nationalists spoke, wrote, and edited
Ans : MAIN 2023
newspapers. Which section had a wider reach
and why? Thus (b) is correct option.
(a) Early Nationalists because they were well
11. Which of the following international events
educated.
led to the rise of Assertive Nationalism?
(b) Early Nationalists because they held
(a) Victory of Japan over Russia
official positions.
(b) Defeat of Britain in the Anglo -Afghan
(c) Assertive Nationalists because they used
Wars
Vernacular press as a medium.
(c) Defeat of France in Ethiopia
(d) Assertive Nationalists because they used
(d) Defeat of Germany in South Africa
English language as a medium.
Ans : SQP 2001
Ans : SQP 2010
Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
12. Early Nationalists : Educated middle class : :
7. Assertive Nationalists adopted the policy of Assertive Nationalists :.... ?
________to oppose the unjust acts of (a) Youth and women
the British (b) The British nationals in India
(a) Entreat and beseech (c) The masses
(b) Non-cooperation (d) The Civil servants
(c) Passive redressal
Ans : COMP 2007
(d) Prayers and petitions
Thus (b) is correct option.
CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
13. Who among the following was NOT an 18. Which action taken by the Viceroy sparked
Assertive Nationalist leader? off the Swadeshi Movement in 1905 ?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak Mention one important anti-India policy
(b) Lala Lajpat Rai adopted by Lord Curzon which brought
(c) Bipin Chandra Pal about aggressive nationalism in India.
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji Ans : MAIN 2003

Ans : MAIN 2009 The Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon

sparked off the Swadeshi Movement in 1905.
Thus (d) is correct option.
19. Name the leaders who constituted the radicals
14. The split in the Congress occurred due to
in the early years of the 20th century.
differences between the Early Nationalists
or
and Assertive Nationalists. Which of the
Mention three prominent leaders advocating
following was NOT an issue?
radicals Nationalism.
(a) Extension of Swadeshi and Boycott to
the whole country Ans : MAIN 2004

(b) Open support to boycott of foreign goods Lal-Bal-Pal namely, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal
(c) Candidature for Congress Presidents hip Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal.
(d) Indenization of Civil Services
20. Who said “Swaraj is my birth right and I
Ans : COMP 2019 shall have it ?
Thus (d) is correct option. Ans : COMP 1996,2000,2001,2007,2018

Lokmanya Tilak. He started Home Rule League.

21. Name any two causes of the rise of extremism

ONE MARK QUESTIONS in the 20th century.
Ans : MAIN 2015
15. Who was the chief architect of Partition of (i) Failure of the Moderates.
Bengal? (ii) Partition of Bengal.
Ans : MAIN 2011
22. When and by whom was Bengal partitioned
Lord Curzon into two parts ?
16. When was the decision regarding the Partition Ans : SQP 2011
of Bengal officially announced ? In 1905, by Lord Curzon.
Ans : SQP 2000, 2011
23. Name two papers started by Bal Gangadhar
On 19th July, 1905. Tilak in order to spread the ideals of
17. What was Lord Curzon’s argument in favour nationalism.
of the Partition of Bengal ? Ans : COMP 1998

Ans : COMP 2010 The Mahratta and The Kesari.

Lord Curzon said that Partition of Bengal 24. Mention any one reason for the rise of
was “a mere readjustment of administrative aggressive nationalism in India.
boundaries.” In other words, it would improve
the administration of the two provinces. Ans : MAIN 2002

The worsening of the economic conditions

of the masses and exploitation of Indian
resources.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 85
25. Name the Congress leader who died after government within the British Empire by
assaulted by the British in his demonstration constitutional means.
against th e Simon Commission. Mention one
consequence of the protest against the Simon 32. Describe the role of Lala Lajpat Rai in the
Commission’s recommendation. field of education.

Ans : SQP 2008

Ans : MAIN 2005

Lala Lajpat Rai. Lala Lajpat Rai wrote a book on National

This led to the launching of Civil Disobedience Education that called for reform of prevalent
Movement. educational system.

26. What efforts did Tilak make to instil the 33. Name the Viceroy responsible for the
spirit of nationalism in Indians? partition of Bengal.

Ans : COMP 2018

Ans : SQP 2013

Tilak organized many akharas and lathi clubs Lord Curzon who was the Viceroy of India
where physical training was imparted. was responsible for the partition of Bengal.

27. Name one weekly through which Tilak spread

the message of liberty and justice. TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans : MAIN 2006

The Mahratta (English) and the Kesari 34. In which year did the Surat Split happen?
(Marathi). What was the result of this split?
Ans : MAIN 2024
28. State the significance of the Congress Session
at Surat. The Surat Split occurred in 1907 due to
differences between the moderates and
Ans : COMP 2015
extremists in the Indian National Congress.
In the Surat of the Congress in 1907 there The moderates, led by leaders like Gokhale
was a split in the congress. and Naoroji, favored gradual reforms, while
the extremists, led by Tilak, pushed for more
29. What was the attitude of the British towards
radical action. The split divided the Congress
Lala Lajpat Rai?
into two factions, weakening it temporarily
Ans : SQP 2011 but setting the stage for future independence
The British followed the policy of repression movements.
against the actions of Lala Lajpat Rai.
35. State any two objectives of the Muslim
30. What classes of people were brought into the League.
Congress by the Assertive Nationalists? Ans : MAIN 2023

Ans : MAIN 2015 (i) Representation of Muslims : The Muslim

The Aggressive Nationalists attempted to League aimed to ensure adequate political
bring the mass of the population i.e., the representation for Muslims in India,
workers, peasants and youth into the fold of advocating for their rights and interests.
the Congress. (ii) Promotion of Muslim Identity : The
League sought to promote and protect
31. Who set up the Home Rule League and why? the cultural, religious, and educational
Ans : COMP 2000 rights of Muslims, emphasizing their
distinct identity within Indian society.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak set up the Home
Rule League at Pune in 1916 to attain self-
CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
(ii) What was the objective of the Assertive (iii)The Muslim League was formed in 1906.
Nationalists? Mention any two Three objectives of the Muslim League :
contributions of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. (a) Protect Muslim interests : The
(iii)In which year was the Muslim League Muslim League aimed to protect the
formed? Mention any three objectives of political and social rights of Muslims
the Muslim League. and ensure they had a voice in the
Ans : MAIN 2024
governance of India.
(b) Promote loyalty to the British :
(i) Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India,
Initially, the League sought to foster
partitioned Bengal in 1905.
loyalty among Muslims towards the
(a) Divide and Rule : The Nationalists
British government and prevent
believed that the real motive behind
Muslims from joining the nationalist
the partition was to weaken the
movement, which was largely led by
growing unity among Hindus and
the Indian National Congress.
Muslims in Bengal by dividing the
(c) Safeguard Muslim representation
province along communal lines—into
: The League worked to secure
Hindu-majority West Bengal and
adequate representation for Muslims
Muslim-majority East Bengal.
in government services and legislative
(b) Suppressing Nationalism : They saw
bodies, ensuring their political rights
it as an attempt to curb the rising
were protected.
nationalist sentiments in Bengal,
which was the center of anti-colonial 54. The Partition of Bengal in 1905 was intended
activities. By dividing the region, the to check the rising tide of Indian Nationalism
British hoped to reduce the influence and to break the Hindu-Muslim unity in
of Bengal’s political leaders on the Bengal. In this context, state the following :
national movement. (i) Reaction of the Nationalists to the
(ii) The objective of the Assertive Nationalists Partition of Bengal.
(or Extremists) was to achieve Swaraj
(ii) Reaction of the British against the
(self-rule) through more radical methods
agitators.
such as protests, boycotts, and the
rejection of British authority, unlike the Ans : MAIN 2002

Moderates, who sought reforms through (i) Reaction of the Nationalists to the
dialogue. Partition of Bengal:
Two contributions of Bal Gangadhar (a) Day of Mourning : The Partition
Tilak : of Bengal, effective from October
(a) Slogan of Swaraj : Tilak popularized 16, 1905, was declared “a Day of
the slogan “Swaraj is my birthright, Mourning” by the Nationalists.
and I shall have it,” which inspired Surendranath Banerjee launched the
a generation of freedom fighters to ‘Wang-Bang’ Movement, and people
actively participate in the struggle for tied ‘Rakhis’ to demonstrate unity.
independence. (b) Foundation of Federation Hall : Anand
(b) Revival of Indian Festivals : Tilak Mohan Bose laid the foundation
revived cultural festivals like Ganesh of Federation Hall in Calcutta as a
Chaturthi and Shivaji Jayanti to symbol of Bengal’s unity in response
unite people and inspire them with to the Partition.
nationalist pride, using these events to (c) Swadeshi and Boycott Movements :
spread the message of independence. The Partition led to the adoption of
the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements,
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 87
applying pressure and taking direct action. between the Moderates, who favored gradual
Therefore, they embraced a policy of non- reforms, and the Assertive Nationalists, led
cooperation, employing methods such as by Tilak, who advocated for more direct
Swadeshi and Boycott. action and Swaraj (self-rule).

45. Mention any one reason for the rise of 50. Why did Tilak revive Ganapati and Shivaji
Assertive Nationalism. Why the educated festivals?
Indians turned against the British. Ans : MAIN 2015
Ans : COMP 2001
In 1893, Tilak began using the traditional
One reason for the rise of Assertive Ganapati festival to promote nationalist
Nationalism was the failure of Moderate ideas through songs and speeches. In 1895, he
leaders to achieve significant reforms through revived the Shivaji festival to inspire young
petitions and dialogues. Maharashtrians.
Educated Indians turned against the British
due to the realization that British rule 51. Who is known as the ‘Father of Assertive
primarily served British interests, leading Nationalism ? To which state did he belong ?
to economic exploitation and political Ans : COMP 2012

marginalization of Indians. Bal Gangadhar Tilak is known as the ‘Father

46. List any two international events that of Assertive Nationalism’. He belonged to the
shattered the myth of European superiority. state of Maharashtra.

Ans : MAIN 2003 52. Mention any two achievements of the

Two international events that shattered the Assertive Nationalists.
myth of European superiority are : Ans : SQP 2001

(i) Japan’s victory over Russia in the Russo- Two achievements of the Assertive
Japanese War (1904-1905). Nationalists are :
(ii) Nationalist movements in Egypt and (i) Wider Spread of Nationalism : They
Turkey against European domination. broadened the reach of nationalist
47. Mention any two measures that show that sentiments across India.
Lord Curzon’s policies were repressive. (ii) Swadeshi and Boycott Movements : They
led the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements,
Ans : COMP 2015
promoting the use of Indian goods and
(i) The Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899 rejecting British products.
(ii) The Universities Act of 1904

48. Name the two books written by Bal

Gangadhar Tilak. THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans : SQP 2000

(i) Gita Rahasya 53. The Indian National Movement is divided into
(ii) Arctic home in the Vedas three phases. With reference to the Second
Phase of the Indian National Movement,
49. When and why did Tilak leave the Indian answer the following questions :
National Congress in India ? (i) Who partitioned Bengal? Mention any
Ans : COMP 2000 two points to explain the perspective
of the Nationalists regarding the actual
Bal Gangadhar Tilak left the Indian National
motive behind the decision of Partition.
Congress in 1907 due to the Surat Split.The
split was caused by ideological differences
CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
36. What were Curzon’s real motive behind the colonial rule.
Partition of Bengal.
41. Name any two prominent leaders of Anti-
Ans : SQP 2009
Partition agitation of Bengal. Name the song
(i) The British Government aimed to composed by Rabindranath Tagore during
undermine the powerful nationalist the Anti-partition agitation.
movement that had taken root in Bengal. Ans : SQP 2015
(ii) To create divisions and discord between
the Hindu and Muslim communities. K. K. Mitra and Rabindranath Tagore
were prominent Bengali leaders of the Anti-
37. Who started the paper ‘Young India’ ? Why? Partition agitation. During this movement,
Ans : COMP 1995,2000,2003
Rabindranath Tagore composed the national
song, “Amar Sonar Bangla” (“My Golden
Lala Lajpat Rai launched the newspaper Bengal”).
‘Young India’ in the United States to raise
awareness about the aspirations of the Indian 42. Who were Assertive Nationalists? Who were
people among the American public. they so called?

38. State any two repressive policies of Lord Ans : COMP 2013

Curzon which prepared the ground for The period from 1905 to 1918 saw the rise of
militant nationalism in India. a new group of leaders within the Congress,
Ans : MAIN 1999, 2012
known as the Assertive Nationalists. They
demanded complete Swaraj and promoted
(i) He enacted the Prevention of Seditious aggressive political methods, such as the
Meetings Act in 1907, which prohibited boycott of British goods, government services,
political gatherings. and titles, to achieve their goals. They earned
(ii) His most notorious action was the the name “Assertive” due to their determined
partition of Bengal. stance, advocating active resistance against
39. Why is October, 16, 1905 regarded as an British imperialism.
important day in the history of the Indian 43. Name three prominent Assertive Nationalist
National Movement? leaders. What was the aim of the Assertive
Ans : COMP 2020 Nationalists as far as the national movement
October 16, 1905, marks the implementation was concerned?
of the Partition of Bengal, sparking the Ans : MAIN 2014
Swadeshi Movement and a rise in militant (i) Bal Gangadhar Tilak,
nationalism, making it a key moment in the (ii) Bipin Chandra Pal
Indian National Movement. (iii)Lala Lajpat Rai.
40. Who composed the Bande Mataram? State The primary goal of the Assertive Nationalists
the reaction of the masses to the proclamation was to secure greater participation for Indians
of the Partition of Bengal. in the administration of their country and to
put an end to Britain’s economic exploitation
Ans : MAIN 2023
of India.
Bande Mataram was composed by Bankim
Chandra Chattopadhyay. 44. How did the Assertive Nationalists expand
Reaction to the Partition of Bengal : The the social base of the national movement ?
Partition of Bengal in 1905 led to widespread Ans : SQP 2000
protests, the launch of the Swadeshi The Assertive Nationalists believed that their
Movement, and a strong surge in anti-British objectives could not be achieved without
sentiments, uniting the masses against the
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 89
advocating the use of indigenous 55. With reference to the Partition of Bengal in
goods and the boycott of foreign 1905, answer the following questions :
products, along with renouncing (i) Why was Bengal partitioned ?
English speech, government posts, (ii) How did the Partition of Bengal effect
and socially boycotting those who the National Movement ?
purchased foreign goods. (iii)What was the reaction of the people to
(d) Cultural and Literary Stimulus : the partition ?
The Swadeshi spirit was bolstered by Ans : SQP 1995,2002,2012
cultural and literary activities, with
(i) The official reason for Bengal’s partition
songs, poems, and dramas. Tagore’s
was its size, making it difficult to govern,
“Amar Sonar Bangla” became a
hence the need for division. But real
rallying cry for nationalists.
motives were as follows :
(e) Congress Support and Rise of
(a) Weaken the National Movement :
Extremism : The Indian National
Bengal, as a stronghold of Indian
Congress fully supported the Swadeshi
nationalism, was targeted by
and Boycott Movements, with
the British to crush the growing
Dadabhai Naoroji declaring Swaraj
nationalist movement.
as the Congress’s goal. Some leaders,
(b) Divide Hindus and Muslims : The
dissatisfied with these movements,
partition aimed to create divisions
turned to terrorism, with figures like
between Hindus and Muslims, with
Khudi Ram Bose and Ram Prasad
East Bengal intended as a Muslim-
Bismil sacrificing their lives against
majority province.
British rule.
(c) Assert British Authority : Despite
(ii) Reaction of the British against the
public opposition, Lord Curzon
agitators:
sought to demonstrate the power of
(a) Policy of Repression : The government
the British Raj by proceeding with the
responded to the movement with
partition, ignoring public sentiment.
severe repression, including police
(ii) Effect of Partition of Bengal effect on the
brutality against people and local
National Movement :
leaders.
(a) Mass Movement : The Partition
(b) Arrest of National Leaders : Many
of Bengal sparked the first mass
national leaders, such as Lala Lajpat
movement involving all classes
Rai and Ajit Singh, were arrested and
of society, including landlords,
deported. In 1908, Tilak was sentenced
merchants, workers, students, and
to six years of imprisonment.
women, broadening the base of the
(c) Suppression of the Press : Numerous
National Movement.
newspapers were banned, and their
(b) Swadeshi and Boycott : The movement
editors, like V.O. Chidambaram
gave rise to the Swadeshi and Boycott
Pillai, were jailed.
campaigns, which had a positive
(d) Educational Repression : Students
impact on Indian handicrafts and drew
were expelled from schools and
active participation from workers.
colleges, and grant-in-aid to
(c) Impact on Congress : The Partition
educational institutions was halted.
led to a significant shift in the Indian
The government enacted repressive
National Congress, which moved from
laws, including the Prevention of
demanding reforms to advocating
Seditious Meetings Act (1907) and
for self-government (Swaraj) and
the Newspaper Act (1908).
supporting the Swadeshi and Boycott
Movements.
CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
(b) The defeat of Italy by Ethiopia, a (i) (a) Bal Gangandhar Tilak
small African nation, in 1896, and (b) Bipin Chandra Pal
Russia’s loss to Japan, a relatively (c) Lala Lajpat Rai.
small Asian country, instilled a new Contribution of Bal Gangadhar Tilak :
sense of self-confidence among the (a) Promotion of Self-Reliance and
people of Asia, including Indians. National Pride : Tilak was a leading
(iii)Partition of Bengal : extremist leader who inspired people
(a) Impact of Partition on Nationalism : to rely on their own strength, instilling
The Partition of Bengal in 1905 by a deep sense of love and pride for the
Lord Curzon significantly altered the country. He was known as an agitator
aims and methods of the nationalist and a true fighter for freedom.
movement, marking a turning point (b) Cultural Revival for National
in India’s struggle for independence. Mobilization : In 1895, Tilak revived
(b) Official Justification vs. Real Motive: the Shivaji festival and organized
While the official reason for the ‘Lathi Clubs’ and ‘Akharas’ to spread
partition was administrative efficiency, the national movement in rural areas,
the real motive was to weaken the using cultural events to mobilize the
strong nationalist movement in West masses.
Bengal and create disunity between (c) Transformation of the Anti-Partition
Hindus and Muslims. Movement : Along with Bipin
(c) Revolutionary Response : The Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai,
partition triggered widespread Tilak played a pivotal role in turning
agitation and revolutionized the the anti-partition movement into a
political landscape in Bengal, with broader struggle for Swaraj (self-
slogans like “Vande Mataram” rule).
and “Unity is Strength” becoming (d) Leadership in the Home Rule
symbols of patriotism and unity. Movement : Tilak launched the Home
(d) Rise of Swadeshi and Boycott Rule Movement in 1916, infusing new
Movements : The Swadeshi and energy into the national movement
Boycott movements, initially aimed and transforming it into a mass
at reversing the partition, quickly agitation, thereby broadening the
evolved into powerful tools in the base of the freedom struggle and
freedom struggle, demonstrating that giving it new direction.
petitions and appeals were ineffective (ii) Swaraj, or complete independence,
against British rule and strengthening was the primary goal of the Aggressive
the militant nationalist faction. Nationalists.
(a) The Moderates advocated for
61. The period between 1905 and 1914 saw the peaceful methods such as petitions,
rise of radicals (extremism) in the freedom constitutionalism, prayers, passive
struggle. In this context : resistance, resolutions, and
(i) Mention three prominent leaders meetings. In contrast, the Aggressive
advocating radicals. State the contribution Nationalists embraced revolutionary
of any one of them. methods, engaging in vigorous
(ii) State the most important aim of the political agitations, promoting self-
radicals and explain how their methods reliance, and awakening national
were different from those of the moderates. consciousness.
Ans : MAIN 2004 (b) The Moderates had full faith in the
British Government and preferred a
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 91
57. Bengal was partitioned in the year 1905, by to improve the governance and
Lord Curzon. In the light of this, describe development of the eastern region,
briefly : which was perceived as lagging in
(i) The motives of Lord Curzon behind the terms of economic and infra structural
Partition. progress.
(ii) The reasons given by the British to justify (c) Better Focus on Eastern Bengal :
the Partition of Bengal. Eastern Bengal was largely rural
(iii)The measures taken by the British to and economically underdeveloped
crush the anti-partition movement. compared to western Bengal. The
Ans : MAIN 2004 British claimed that creating a
separate province would enable them
(i) The motives of Lord Curzon behind the
to pay greater attention to the needs
Partition :
of this region.
(a) Reason of Administrative Efficiency :
(d) Ease of Law and Order Maintenance :
Lord Curzon justified the Partition of
The British contended that a smaller
Bengal by claiming that the province
province would help in maintaining
was too large, with a population of 8
law and order more effectively, given
crores and an area of 1,90,000 square
the growing nationalist sentiments in
miles, making it difficult to govern
Bengal.
efficiently under a single provincial
(iii)The measures taken by the British to
government.
crush the anti-partition movement :
(b) Nationalists’ Interpretation : The
(a) Repressive Legislation : The
Nationalists viewed the partition as
government implemented repressive
a deliberate attempt by the British
measures such as the Prevention of
to curb the growing Nationalist
Seditious Meetings Act (1907), the
Movement and demonstrate their
Explosive Substances Act (1908), and
power, rather than purely for
the Newspaper Act (1908) to suppress
administrative reasons.
nationalist activities.
(c) Divide and Rule Policy : The British
(b) Police Brutality : Swadeshi volunteers
used the partition to implement their
were subjected to merciless beatings by
“divide and rule” strategy, creating
the police as part of the government’s
divisions between Hindus and Muslims
effort to quell the movement.
to weaken the National Movement,
(c) Suppression of Nationalist Symbols
especially in Bengal, which was the
: The cry of “Vande Mataram” was
epicenter of nationalist activity.
banned in the streets of Bengal,
(ii) The British government, under Lord
reflecting the government’s attempt
Curzon, justified the Partition of Bengal
to stifle nationalist expressions.
in 1905 by citing the following reasons :
(d) Punitive Actions Against Supporters
(a) Administrative Efficiency : The
: Educational institutions faced grant
British argued that Bengal was too
withdrawal if students joined the
large to be governed effectively as a
Boycott movement, and government
single province. With a population of
employees were expelled for supporting
about 78 million, they claimed that
Swadeshi and Boycott activities.
dividing Bengal into two provinces
Leaders like Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai,
would make administration more
and Sardar Ajit Singh were also
manageable.
deported for their nationalist efforts.
(b) Improvement of Governance : The
division was presented as a measure
CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
(d) Impact on Revolutionary included :
Organizations : The government’s (a) Promotion of Indigenous Industries :
repressive measures led to the rise Encouraging the use and production
of revolutionary organizations that of Indian-made goods, such as textiles
adopted a policy of violent resistance, and handicrafts.
marking a shift towards more radical (b) Boycott of Foreign Goods : Refusing
actions against British officials. to purchase or use British goods,
(iii)The reaction to the partition was one including cloth, salt, and sugar.
of widespread outrage and opposition. (c) Social Boycott : Shunning those who
The people of Bengal, along with continued to use foreign goods or
national leaders, organized mass protests, supported British interests.
demonstrations, and public meetings. The (d) Rejection of Government Services
day the partition took effect, October 16, : Renouncing jobs in the British
1905, was observed as a Day of Mourning, administration and seats in the
with people tying rakhis to symbolize Legislative Councils.
unity. The Swadeshi and Boycott (e) Cultural Renaissance : The movement
Movements gained momentum, and there also sparked a revival of Indian culture
was a significant cultural and literary and literature, with the creation of
revival as a form of resistance. The Indian patriotic songs, poems, and dramas
National Congress fully supported these that inspired the masses to join the
movements, and the partition ultimately nationalist cause.
led to the strengthening of the nationalist (ii) Effect on the Indian Industries :
movement across India. (a) The Swadeshi and Boycott movements
had a significant positive impact on
56. The agitation against the partition of Bengal Indian industries. As people began
gave birth to the Swadeshi and Boycott boycotting British goods, there was
movement which marked one of the turning a surge in demand for domestically
points in the history of Indian Nationalism. produced products, particularly
With reference to the above answer the textiles and other handicrafts. This
following questions. led to the growth and revitalization
(i) Explain the aims and programmes of the of traditional Indian industries, which
Swadeshi and Boycott movement. had been severely affected by the
(ii) What were the effects of the movement influx of cheap British imports.
on Indian Industries? (b) Small-scale industries and cottage
Ans : COMP 2012, 2016 industries flourished as Indians
(i) The Swadeshi and Boycott movements increasingly relied on locally made
emerged as a direct response to the goods. The movement also encouraged
Partition of Bengal in 1905. The primary the establishment of new industries,
aim of the Swadeshi movement was to driven by the desire for self-reliance
promote the use of indigenous goods and economic independence from
and support Indian industries, thereby British control. Overall, the Swadeshi
reducing dependency on British products and Boycott movements played a
and weakening the British economy in crucial role in laying the foundation
India. The movement encouraged people for the industrial and economic self-
to embrace goods made within the country sufficiency of India, strengthening
and reject foreign, especially British, the country’s economic backbone
goods. The programs associated with as part of the broader struggle for
the Swadeshi and Boycott movements independence.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 93
paved the way for the rise of Radicals, (d) Official Secrets Act and Partition of
who believed that more assertive and Bengal : The Official Secrets Act of
confrontational methods were necessary 1904 made even minor information
to challenge British rule effectively. leaks illegal, while Curzon’s most
(ii) The worsening of the Economic unpopular decision, the Partition
Conditions. of Bengal, announced in 1903 and
(a) The British Government’s policies implemented in 1905, deepened
were anti-India, prioritizing their own divisions and unrest in India.
interests in any economic changes
they implemented. 60. With reference to the various factors which
(b) The poor state of industries led to led to the growth of radicals, examine the
limited employment opportunities, role of each of the following :
prompting younger leaders to take (i) Famines and Plague.
bold actions against the British. The (ii) International events.
spread of English education increased (iii)Partition of Bengal.
the number of educated Indians, but Ans : COMP 2010

many remained unemployed and were (i) Famines and Plague :

ineligible for higher positions, leading (a) Frequent Famines and Government
to frustration and fueling the rise of Neglect : Between 1860-1908, frequent
extreme nationalism. famines devastated India, largely
(c) The heavy cost of maintaining British due to the reliance on monsoons for
rule in India was borne by the Indian agriculture. The government failed to
people. The British waged wars against provide adequate irrigation facilities,
other countries at India’s expense, leading to widespread starvation and
leading to greater exploitation. High millions of deaths.
taxes were imposed, yet the revenue (b) Government’s Indifference : The
collected was never used to address government’s indifferent attitude
basic needs. during these crises, such as spending
(iii)Lord Curzon adopted a repressive policy on Queen Victoria’s Silver Jubilee
towards Indians, showing no sympathy for celebrations while people starved,
their aspirations, leading to widespread exacerbated public anger and
disillusionment regarding political resentment.
and economic progress. He passed the (c) Apathy During Plague and Repression
following Acts against the Indians : of Dissent : The government’s
(a) Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899 apathy during the plague in Poona
: This Act reduced the number of further fueled public anger. The
elected members in the Calcutta situation worsened when Tilak was
Corporation by half, diminishing sentenced to 18 months of rigorous
Indian representation. imprisonment for criticizing the
(b) Universities Act of 1904 : This Act government’s handling of the crisis in
restructured the governing bodies of his newspapers, Kesari and Mahratta.
universities, increasing British control (ii) International events :
over Indian education. (a) The early 20th century saw
(c) Act of 1898 : This Act made it an revolutions against oppressive
offense to incite people against the regimes in various parts of the world,
British, further restricting freedom of including Iran, China, and Turkey.
expression. These uprisings inspired the people of
India, particularly the educated class.
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CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
58. Describe briefly the important factors which in the newly created province, were
led to the formation of the Muslim League more inclined to support the British.
with reference to the following : This growing communal consciousness
(i) The British policy of Divide and Rule. contributed to the establishment of the
(ii) The Partition of Bengal. Muslim League in 1906 to represent
(iii)The efforts of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Muslim interests.
Ans : COMP 1991
(iii)Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a prominent
Muslim leader who played a crucial
(i) The British policy of Divide and Rule : role in shaping the political and social
(a) Divide and Rule Policy : The British outlook of Muslims in India. He worked
followed a policy of Divide and Rule, to improve relations between Muslims
aiming to create disunity between and the British rulers, striving to remove
Hindus and Muslims in order to the hostility that had developed after
maintain control over India. the Revolt of 1857. Sir Syed opposed
(b) Favoring Muslims After 1857 : the Indian National Congress, advising
Initially, the British discriminated Muslims not to join it, believing it did
against Muslims after the Revolt of not represent their interests. He founded
1857, viewing them as their main the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental
enemies. However, as the nationalist College, which later became the center
movement gained momentum, they of the Aligarh Movement, promoting
began favoring upper-class Muslims loyalty to the British crown and modern
to divert them from the nationalist education among Muslims. Additionally,
cause. he established the United Indian Patriotic
(c) Encouragement of Separate Muslim Association in 1888 to counter Congress
Organization : The British encouraged propaganda and the Mohammedan Anglo-
Muslims to form a separate Oriental Defence Association to combat
organization, fostering the belief that the growing influence of the Congress.
their rights would not be protected in
a Hindu-dominated society. 59. How did the following causes lead to the rise
(d) Partition of Bengal and Communal of radicals in the early 20th century :
Electorates : The Partition of (i) Failure of the Moderates.
Bengal was carried out to appease (ii) The worsening of the Economic
Muslims, with Lord Curzon openly Conditions.
stating the creation of a Muslim- (iii)Repressive policy of Lord Curzon.
majority province as an objective. Ans : SQP 2010
Additionally, the introduction of
separate communal electorates (i) The Moderates, who led the Indian
further deepened communal divisions National Congress in its early years,
and sowed the seeds of communalism. primarily relied on petitions, speeches,
(ii) The Partition of Bengal in 1905 by Lord and dialogues with the British government
Curzon further deepened the divide to seek reforms. However, their methods
between Hindus and Muslims. The yielded little success, as the British
partition was seen by many as an attempt largely ignored their demands for greater
to curb the nationalist movement by political representation and economic
creating a Muslim-majority province in reforms. This failure to achieve tangible
East Bengal, thereby weakening Hindu- results led to growing frustration among
Muslim unity. The partition fueled the younger generation of nationalists,
communal sentiments, and the Muslims, who began to lose faith in the Moderate
feeling a sense of identity and security leaders’ approach. This disillusionment
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 95
policy of cooperation. Although they self-sacrifice, and enduring hardships
supported the Swadeshi and Boycott to achieve their goals.
movements during the agitation (ii) Their method of struggle :
against the Partition of Bengal, they (a) The Moderates believed in using
intended to limit these actions to peaceful methods such as petitions,
specific situations. On the other hand, constitutionalism, prayers, passive
the Aggressive Nationalists believed resistance, resolutions and meetings.
in non-cooperation and championed In contrast, the Aggressive
the boycott of foreign goods, the Nationalists supported revolutionary
promotion of Swadeshi, and the methods, launching vigorous political
establishment of a national education agitations, promoting self-reliance,
system, insisting on expanding the and awakening national consciousness.
scope of the boycott to achieve their (b) The Moderates had faith in the
goals. British Government and advocated for
cooperation. Although they supported
62. There were some striking differences between the Swadeshi and Boycott movements
the Moderate and the radical wings of the during the agitation against the
Indian National Congress. In this context, Partition of Bengal, they wanted
explain the differences regarding : these actions to be limited to specific
(i) The basic beliefs and objectives. circumstances. On the other hand,
(ii) Their method of struggle. the Aggressive Nationalists believed
(iii)Their ultimate objective. in non-cooperation, advocating for
Ans : MAIN 2009,2010,1993,2008 a broader boycott of foreign goods,
(i) The basic beliefs and objectives : the promotion of Swadeshi, and the
(a) Differing Views on British Rule : establishment of a national education
Moderates like Gokhale, Ranade, system. They sought to expand the
and Naoroji had faith in British scope of the boycott to achieve their
benevolence and did not adopt an goals.
anti-British stance. In contrast, (iii)Their ultimate objective :
Aggressive Nationalists recognized (a) The Moderates aimed for
the clash of interests between British constitutional reforms and self-
rulers and Indian national interests, governance within the framework of
distrusting British intentions. the British Empire. In contrast, The
(b) Cultural Perspectives : Moderates Radicals sought Swaraj (complete
believed in the superiority of independence) from British rule.
European culture and thought (b) The ultimate goal of moderate
Indians needed European help for was to achieve a Dominion Status,
development. On the other hand, where India would have autonomy in
Aggressive Nationalists emphasized internal affairs but remain loyal to
the supremacy of Indian culture and the British Crown. Whereas radical
traditions. wanted to end British control entirely
(c) Attitudes Toward Self-Government and establish an independent and
and Sacrifice : Moderates doubted self-reliant India.
India’s readiness for self-government 63. One of the Lord Curzon’s administrative
and lacked a spirit of self-sacrifice. measures that resulted in a strong resentment
In contrast, Aggressive Nationalists from the masses was the Partition of Bengal
believed Indians were capable of self- in 1905. In this context, answer the following
rule and emphasized self-reliance, questions :
CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
educational institutions to provide believed that Hinduism, more than
both religious and political education. nationality, should be the foundation of
It also included secular, moral, and Indian life. According to Rai, Hinduism
vocational training to develop a well- promoted peace and humanity, and when
rounded national education system. combined with nationalist ideals, it could
(iii)The Assertive Nationalists focused on lead to the creation of a non-secular nation.
four key elements in their program : He was deeply involved in direct action
Revivalism, Swadeshi, Boycott and and protests against British colonialism,
National Education. leading significant movements such as
(a) Revivalism : The extremists aimed to the Punjab protests against the Amritsar
build the national movement on the Massacre in 1919, the Non-Cooperation
foundation of the people’s religious Movement (1919-1922), and the “Simon
beliefs. Tilak, for instance, revived Go Back” demonstrations against the
the Shivaji festival in 1895, promoting Simon Commission in 1928. Rai believed
figures like Rana Pratap and Shivaji that India’s survival against foreign
as national heroes. domination had been sustained by the
(b) Swadeshi : The Swadeshi concept recurring rise of nationalism. However, he
emphasized the use of homemade cautioned that this spirit of nationalism
products to support Indian needed to evolve and express itself
industries, thereby creating more job authentically to ensure lasting freedom.
opportunities and fostering economic (ii) In 1928, while leading a procession in
self-reliance. Lahore against the Simon Commission,
(c) Boycott : Boycott involved not only Lala Lajpat Rai was injured during
rejecting British goods but also a lathi charge. He succumbed to his
renouncing government services, injuries a month later, on November
honors, and titles offered by the 17, 1928. On the day he was wounded,
British. he declared, “The lathi blows inflicted
(d) National Education :This aspect on me will one day become nails in the
focused on establishing new coffin of the British Empire.” His words
educational institutions to provide were prophetic, as they were realized
both religious and political education. on August 15, 1947, when India gained
It also included secular, moral, and independence.
vocational training to develop a well- (iii)Contribution to the freedom movement
rounded national education system. : Lala Lajpat Rai made significant
contributions to India’s struggle for
71. Lala Lajpat Rai lived and died for the cause of independence, ultimately sacrificing his
Swaraj. In this context, answer the following life for his country and becoming a martyr.
questions : He played a crucial role in awakening
(i) Briefly mention his ideas. political consciousness and intensifying
(ii) Give evidence to show that he was a true the Swadeshi and Boycott movements.
patriot. Through his newspaper, Young India,
(iii)State his contribution to the freedom he advocated for radical nationalism
movement. and inspired many with his fearless love
Ans : MAIN 2006 for his country. A follower of Tilak, he
(i) Lala Lajpat Rai was an influential Indian supported Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation
author and politician, best known for Movement with courage and conviction.
his leadership in the struggle for India’s Rai opposed the policy of moderation and
independence from British rule. He firmly his death sparked immense resentment
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 97
(ii) What was the effect of the split between that cooperation and constitutional
the two wings of the Congress on the methods were ineffective in achieving
National Movement ? Indian self-rule. They viewed the British
(iii)Why did the Assertive Nationalists government as fundamentally opposed to
adopt the policy of non-cooperation with Indian interests and believed that more
the British Government ? Name the radical and confrontational methods were
assertive nationalist leader who organized necessary to challenge British authority
akharas and lathi clubs. Why were these and achieve Swaraj.
organized? Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the Assertive
Ans : COMP 2000
Nationalist leader who organized akharas
and lathi clubs. These were organized
(i) The Assertive Nationalists nominated to promote physical fitness and martial
Lala Lajpat Rai as their candidate for skills among the youth, preparing them
the presidency of the Surat Session, for the struggle against British rule.
while the Early Nationalists put forward The akharas and lathi clubs also served
Rashbehari Ghosh. When the session as platforms for spreading nationalist
began in December 1907, chaos ensued, ideas and fostering a sense of unity and
leading to a split in the Congress. As a self-reliance among the people. Through
result, the Assertive Nationalist leaders these activities, Tilak aimed to create
were expelled for nine years. a disciplined and determined cadre of
This split in the Congress was young nationalists who could actively
unfortunate, as it provided the British participate in the freedom movement.
with an opportunity to exploit the
situation to their advantage. The British 65. In the second phase of the National Movement,
implemented a strategy of “concession there emerged a new younger group of leaders
and repression”- offering concessions to within the Congress who did not agree with
the Early Nationalists and Muslims while the old leadership. In this context, answer
using repression against the Assertive the following questions :
Nationalists. (i) Differentiate between the Early Nationalists
(ii) The split between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists in their
and the Assertive Nationalists at the objectives and achievements, stating one
Surat session in 1907 had a detrimental objective and two achievements of each
effect on the National Movement. The wing of the Congress.
division weakened the Indian National (ii) Name the Assertive leader known as the
Congress, leading to a temporary decline forerunner of Gandhiji. Why is the person
in the momentum of the struggle for known as the forerunner of Gandhiji?
independence. The split also allowed (iii)Explain how the repressive policies of Lord
the British to implement their “divide Curzon and the influence of International
and rule” policy more effectively, as the events led to Assertive Nationalism.
Congress was no longer a unified force. The Ans : MAIN 2024
Moderates continued to work within the
framework of the British administration, (i) The Early Nationalists focused on
while the Assertive Nationalists pursued securing administrative and economic
their own strategies outside the Congress, reforms, aiming to give Indians some
leading to a fragmented and less influence in governance. It wasn’t until
coordinated effort against British rule. 1906, under pressure from Assertive
(ii) The Assertive Nationalists adopted Nationalists, that they began to advocate
the policy of non-cooperation with the for ‘Swaraj,’ though they envisioned it
British government because they believed as a government similar to British self-
CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
(i) What was Lord Curzon’s argument Bengal, with the cry of “Bande Mataram”
in favour of the Partition of Bengal ? echoing across the province. On that day
How did the Nationalists interpret Lord alone, around 2000 demonstrations took
Curzon’s motives? place. This movement soon evolved into
(ii) How did the people react to the Partition the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.
of Bengal ? (iii)Impact of the Anti-Partition Movement ?
(iii)What was the impact of the Anti- (a) Acceleration of the Nationalist
Partition Movement ? Movement : The Partition of Bengal
Ans : SQP 2000
and the subsequent Anti-Partition
Movement significantly accelerated
(i) The British government, under Lord the Nationalist Movement, uniting
Curzon, justified the Partition of Bengal people across the region in a common
in 1905 by citing the following reasons : cause to resist, suffer, and sacrifice for
(a) Administrative Efficiency : The their rights.
British argued that Bengal was too
(b) Rise of Swadeshi and Boycott : The
large to be governed effectively as a
concepts of Swadeshi and Boycott,
single province. With a population of
which emerged in 1905, became
about 78 million, they claimed that
integral to the movement. Recognizing
dividing Bengal into two provinces
that these two strategies were
would make administration more
complementary, they were used as
manageable.
powerful tools for political agitation
(b) Improvement of Governance : The
and fostering self-sufficiency with the
division was presented as a measure
ultimate goal of attaining Swaraj. The
to improve the governance and
spirit of Swadeshi permeated various
development of the eastern region,
aspects of life, including industries,
which was perceived as lagging in
education, culture, and literature,
terms of economic and infra structural
leading to public acts of resistance,
progress.
such as burning British goods and
(c) Better Focus on Eastern Bengal :
picketing shops that sold them.
Eastern Bengal was largely rural
(c) Loss of Faith in British Justice :
and economically underdeveloped
The refusal of Lord Curzon to annul
compared to western Bengal. The
the partition, despite widespread
British claimed that creating a
opposition, led the people to lose faith
separate province would enable them
in the fairness and justice of British
to pay greater attention to the needs
rule. Curzon’s firm stance, declaring
of this region.
that “Partition of Bengal is a settled
(d) Ease of Law and Order Maintenance :
fact and what is settled cannot be
The British contended that a smaller
unsettled,” further alienated the
province would help in maintaining
Indian populace and deepened their
law and order more effectively, given
resolve against colonial rule.
the growing nationalist sentiments in
Bengal. 64. With reference to the Surat split of 1907,
(ii) As soon as the proposal was announced, answer the following questions :
it sparked widespread outrage and a (i) What were the issues on which the two
wave of protests. The Partition of Bengal wings of the Congress had differences of
was implemented on 16th October 1905, opinion ? How did the British exploit the
and the people quickly began a strong differences between the Early Nationalists
movement against it. The 16th of October and the Assertive Nationalists?
was observed as a Day of Mourning in
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 99
progress. Pal was critical of educated (b) The East India Association, founded
Indians who aligned themselves with the in 1866 :
ruling class and looked down upon the Founder : Dadabhai Naoroji
common people. (ii) Early Nationalists :
(iii)Bipin Chandra Pal, one of the most (a) Constitutional Methods : Focused on
powerful voices of nationalism, not only petitions, resolutions, and meetings
galvanized public support for granting within legal frameworks.
political rights to India but also proposed (b) Moderate Demands : Sought gradual
several remedies to address the issues reforms like increased representation
of poverty and unemployment in the and administrative changes.
country. (c) Faith in British Justice : Believed in
(a) Promotion of Industrial Development the fairness and eventual goodwill of
: Bipin Chandra Pal advocated for the British rulers.
the development of industries in Assertive Nationalists :
India to achieve self-sufficiency both 1. Direct Action : Emphasized boycotts,
politically and economically. protests, and mass mobilization to
(b) Progressive Taxation and Social challenge British authority.
Spending : He proposed high taxation 2. Radical Demands : Advocated
on the wealthy to fund education and for complete independence and
healthcare, aiming to improve the immediate self-rule.
overall well-being of the population. 3. Distrust in British Authority :
(c) Swadeshi and Economic Reforms Rejected the idea that the British
: Pal strongly promoted Swadeshi would willingly grant reforms,
and the boycott of foreign goods as believing instead in the necessity of
strategies to combat poverty and forceful measures.
unemployment, as well as to enhance (iii)Contributions of Gopal Krishna Gokhale:
the economic conditions of the Indian (a) Role in Legislative Reforms :
people. Gokhale was instrumental in pushing
for legislative reforms, particularly
67. With reference to the growth of Nationalism : through his work in the Imperial
(i) Mention two associations which served Legislative Council, where he
as the forerunners (precursors) of the advocated for free and compulsory
India National Congress. Who were the primary education and worked to
founders of the two associations ? reduce land revenue assessments.
(ii) Differentiate between the methods (b) Establishment of the Servants of India
adopted by the Early Nationalists and Society : In 1905, Gokhale founded
the Assertive Nationalists. the Servants of India Society, aiming
(iii)State two contributions each of Gopal to train Indians for public service
Krishna Gokhale and Lala Lajpat Rai. and to promote education and social
Ans : SQP 2004 reforms, thereby fostering a sense of
(i) Two prominent associations that acted duty towards the nation.
as precursors to the Indian National Contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai :
Congress are as follows : (a) Leadership in the Swadeshi
(a) The Indian Association, established Movement : Lala Lajpat Rai played
in 1876 : a key role in the Swadeshi Movement,
Founder : Surendranath Banerjee promoting the use of Indian goods
and boycotting British products as a
form of economic resistance against
CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
governing colonies. In contrast, the (a) Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899
Assertive Nationalists demanded ‘Purna : This Act reduced the number of
Swaraj’- complete self-government, like elected members in the corporation
that in the United Kingdom. by half.
Achievements of Assertive Nationalists : (b) Universities Act of 1904 : This Act
(a) Self-Confidence : They boosted Indian restructured the governing bodies of
morale, instilling self-confidence universities to increase British control.
and self-reliance, believing that (c) Act of 1898 : This Act made it a crime
independence could only be achieved to incite people against the British
through strength. government.
(b) Revival of Handicrafts : By promoting (d) Official Secrets Act of 1904 : This
Boycott and Swadeshi, they revived Act made it illegal to disclose even
Indian handicrafts and cottage ordinary information related to civil
industries, fostering economic self- administration.
sufficiency. (e) Partition of Bengal : Curzon’s most
Achievements of Early Nationalists : unpopular decision was the Partition
(a) Secular and Democratic Movement : of Bengal, which he announced in
They established a national movement 1903 and implemented in 1905.
inclusive of all religions, castes, and
regions, fostering unity. 66. Bipin Chandra Pal was said to be “One of
(b) Political Education : They raised the mightiest prophets of nationalism.” In
political awareness and national this context :
consciousness, popularizing democracy (i) Mention his political aims.
and civil liberties among Indians. (ii) State his ideas on National Education.
(ii) Bal Gangadhar Tilak is considered the (iii)What remedies did he propose to eradicate
forerunner of Gandhiji for several reasons: India’s poverty and unemployment?
(a) Influence on Gandhiji’s Ideals : Ans : COMP 2023

Gandhiji’s ideals were significantly (i) Bipin Chandra Pal, widely regarded as
shaped by Tilak’s teachings. The the Father of Revolutionary Thought in
emphasis Gandhiji placed on India, played a crucial role in awakening
prohibition, Swadeshi, and Boycott national consciousness. He joined the
were principles that Tilak had Congress in 1887 and, through his
championed and practiced long before powerful speeches, strongly advocated
Gandhiji adopted them. for the repeal of the Arms Act. In 1890,
(b) Shared Vision of Independence he traveled to England, France, and the
: Gandhiji’s vision of complete United States, where he rallied public
independence closely aligned with support for granting political rights to
Tilak’s concept of Swaraj, reflecting Indians. Upon returning to India, he
the strong influence Tilak had on actively participated in several Congress
Gandhiji’s approach to the freedom sessions, significantly contributing to the
struggle. growth of national awareness.
(iii)Lord Curzon implemented a repressive (ii) Bipin Chandra Pal advocated for
policy toward Indians, showing little education to be structured along
sympathy for their aspirations. His anti- nationalistic lines, aiming to inspire a
Indian stance led the people to lose strong sense of nationalism and resistance
hope in achieving political and economic against foreign rule. Additionally, he
progress. Curzon passed several Acts that believed that such an education system
were detrimental to Indian interests : would serve as a powerful tool for social
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 101
Early Nationalists to secure significant (i) Aims of the Assertive Nationalists:
concessions from the British government (a) Establishment of Self-Government
fueled the demand for more vigorous and : The Assertive Nationalists aimed
radical political action. to drive the British out of India
(ii) Lord Curzon’s seven-year rule in and restore the supremacy of Indian
India, marked by numerous “missions, civilization and culture.
omissions, and commissions,” provoked (b) Promotion of Swadeshi : They
a strong reaction among Indians. The advocated for the use of Swadeshi
Delhi Durbar of 1903 was held at a time goods in place of foreign manufactured
when the country was still reeling from goods, as a means to weaken British
the devastating famine of 1899-1900. The economic control over India.
Calcutta Corporation Act of 1899 halved (c) Demand for Immediate Swaraj :
the number of elected members in the The Assertive Nationalists believed
corporation, while the Universities Act of that freedom could not be achieved
1904 restructured university governance, through petitions and requests. They
significantly reducing their autonomy. emphasized that the British, who
The Sedition Act and Official Secrets had made India a market for their
Act further restricted the liberties of goods, would not willingly grant
all sections of society. As a staunch independence. Therefore, their goal
imperialist, Lord Curzon was vehemently was the immediate attainment of
opposed to Indian nationalism. His Swaraj or complete independence,
repressive policies, therefore, played a not just self-government like that in
significant role in the rise of extremism British colonies such as Australia and
within the Indian nationalist movement. New Zealand.
(iii)The early 20th century witnessed a wave (ii) The Assertive Nationalists focused on
of revolutions against oppressive regimes four key elements in their program :
worldwide. The Boers in South Africa Revivalism, Swadeshi, Boycott, and
fought against the powerful British rule, National Education.
while Ireland was engulfed in a full-scale (a) Revivalism : The extremists aimed to
Home Rule agitation. Revolutionary build the national movement on the
movements were also unfolding in China, foundation of the people’s religious
Egypt, Russia, Turkey, and Iran. These beliefs. Tilak, for instance, revived
international events instilled courage the Shivaji festival in 1895, promoting
and inspiration in the minds of Indians. figures like Rana Pratap and Shivaji
Moreover, Italy’s defeat in Ethiopia as national heroes.
(1896) and Japan’s victory over Russia (b) Swadeshi : The Swadeshi concept
(1905) dispelled the myth of European emphasized the use of homemade
superiority, motivating Indians to products to support Indian
intensify their struggle against British industries, thereby creating more job
rule. opportunities and fostering economic
self-reliance.
70. With reference to the Assertive Nationalism, (c) Boycott : Boycott involved not only
write briefly about the following : rejecting British goods but also
(i) Aims of the Assertive Nationalists. renouncing government services,
(ii) Methods used by them. honors, and titles offered by the
(iii)Achievements of the Assertive British.
Nationalists. (d) National Education : This aspect
Ans : SQP 2013
focused on establishing new
CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
British rule. (iii)Tilak is often regarded as the forerunner
(b) Advocacy for Education and Social of Mahatma Gandhi because many of the
Reforms : Rai established several strategies Gandhi later used were first
educational institutions, including popularized by Tilak :
the National College in Lahore, to (a) Swadeshi Movement : Tilak promoted
promote national education. He also the use of indigenous goods and the
worked to uplift the status of women boycott of British products, which
and eradicate social evils like child Gandhi later adopted to achieve
marriage. self-reliance and challenge British
economic control.
68. Tilak said ‘Swaraj is my birthright and I shall
(b) Mass Mobilization : Tilak’s efforts to
have it.’ In this context, describe :
involve the masses in the independence
(i) His political beliefs.
struggle through cultural festivals and
(ii) Means he employed to arouse Nationalistic
economic boycotts laid the foundation
passions.
for Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation and
(iii)Ways in which he was the forerunner of
Civil Disobedience movements.
Gandhi.
(c) Swaraj : Tilak’s idea of Swaraj
Ans : COMP 2003
as a non-negotiable right strongly
(i) Bal Gangadhar Tilak, often regarded influenced Gandhi’s vision of
as the “Father of Indian Unrest,” was a complete independence, culminating
staunch advocate of Swaraj or complete in Gandhi’s call for Purna Swaraj in
self-rule for India. He believed that Indians 1930.
had the right to govern themselves and
that Swaraj was a birthright that could 69. The period between 1905 to 1918 is known as
not be compromised. Tilak rejected the the period of Assertive Nationalism. In this
gradual and constitutional approach of context, state how the following causes led to
the Early Nationalists, advocating instead the rise of Assertive Nationalism :
for immediate independence from British (i) Failure of the Early Nationalists.
rule. He was a strong proponent of using (ii) Repressive policies of Lord Curzon.
mass mobilization, direct action, and the (iii)International Events
empowerment of the Indian people to Ans : COMP 2005
achieve this goal. Tilak’s political beliefs
centered on the idea that only through (i) The younger members of the Congress
self-reliance and active resistance could grew increasingly dissatisfied with
Indians secure their freedom. the limited achievements of the Early
(ii) Tilak employed various strategies to Nationalists and strongly criticized
ignite nationalistic fervor among the their reliance on peaceful constitutional
people. In 1893, he initiated the Ganapati methods. In contrast, the Assertive
festival in Maharashtra and later revived Nationalists called for the adoption of
the Shivaji festival in 1895, with the aim European-style revolutionary tactics to
of instilling discipline and patriotism confront British imperialism. While the
among the masses. Additionally, he Early Nationalists remained loyal to the
organized Akharas (wrestling arenas) and British Crown and focused on improving
Lathi Clubs in Maharashtra to prepare their chances of securing positions in the
the youth to bravely resist British rule. Central and Provincial legislatures or
In 1896, he also led a no-rent campaign judicial services, the Assertive Nationalists
to highlight the injustices and misrule of accused them of restricting their efforts
the British government. to the middle class. The inability of the
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 103
among revolutionaries, leading them Early Nationalists Assertive
to intensify their activities against the Nationalists
British government.
1. The Early The Assertive
Nationalists Nationalists
aimed to achieve sought nothing
CASE BASED QUESTION self-government, less than Swaraj,
pursuing autonomy comparable to the
within the British self-governance
72. Study the pictures given below and answer Empire rather that existed
the questions that follow : than complete in the United
independence. Kingdom..
2. They adhered They were
to constitutional assertive in their
methods and approach.
operated within the
bounds of the law.
3. They held They condemned
prominent positions British rule and
under British rule. openly defied it.
(A) (B)
4. They trusted in They rejected
(i) Identify the persons ‘A’ and ‘B’ given the British sense of British rule and
above. To which section of the Congress justice and fairness. held it responsible
did each belong and what were their for the poverty of
ultimate objectives ? the Indian people.
(ii) Highlight three different methods of 5. They drew their They garnered
struggle adopted by each section of the support from the their support
Congress. intelligentsia. from the masses.
(iii)State two contributions of persons ‘A’
and ‘B’ to the freedom struggle. (iii)Contributions of persons ‘A’ and ‘B’ to
the freedom struggle.
Ans : SQP 2001
Contributions of Dadabhai Naoroji :
(i) Person A is Dadabhai Naoroji, who (a) Founding the East India Association
belonged to the Early Nationalists : Dadabhai Naoroji established the
(Moderates), and Person B is Bal East India Association in London
Gangadhar Tilak, a leader of the with the primary aim of promoting
Assertive Nationalists (Extremists). The the interests and welfare of Indians.
Early Nationalists aimed to achieve self- (b) Leadership in the Indian National
government, seeking autonomy within Congress : Naoroji is regarded as a
the British Empire rather than full founding figure of the Indian National
independence. In contrast, the primary Congress and served as its President
goal of the Assertive Nationalists was three times, in 1886, 1893, and 1906.
the immediate attainment of Swaraj He earned the title “Grand Old Man
complete independence, not merely self- of India” for his contributions.
government like that in British colonies Contributions of Bal Gangadhar Tilak :
such as Australia and New Zealand. (a) Demand for Swaraj : Tilak was the
(ii) Methods of struggle adopted by each first to boldly declare the demand for
section of the Congress. Swaraj, asserting that “Swaraj is my
CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
pride in Indian culture and history.
(c) Journalism and Public Mobilization :
Through his newspapers, Kesari and
Mahratta, Tilak spread nationalist
ideas, criticized British policies, and
rallied support for the independence
movement.
(d) Advocacy of Swadeshi and Boycott :
Tilak promoted the use of Swadeshi
goods and the boycott of British
(ii) What were the political views of Bal products, which became key strategies
Gangadhar Tilak? in the nationalist struggle.
(iii)Why is he known as the forerunner of (iii)Bal Gangadhar Tilak is considered
Mahatma Gandhi ? the forerunner of Mahatma Gandhi
because many of the strategies and ideas
Ans : MAIN 2001,2010
that Gandhi later employed were first
(i) The person in the picture is Bal Gangadhar popularized by Tilak. Tilak’s advocacy
Tilak. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a of Swaraj as a birthright, his emphasis
prominent leader in the Indian National on Swadeshi and the boycott of British
Movement and is often referred to as the goods, and his focus on mass mobilization
“Father of Indian Unrest.” He was the and direct action laid the groundwork for
first to demand Swaraj (self-rule) as a Gandhi’s later campaigns, such as the
birthright, asserting that independence Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience
could only be achieved through assertive movements. Additionally, Tilak’s efforts
and direct action. Tilak played a crucial to connect with the masses and his
role in mobilizing the masses and fostering willingness to endure imprisonment for
a sense of nationalism through the revival the cause of independence set a precedent
of cultural festivals like Ganesh Chaturthi that Gandhi and other nationalist leaders
and Shivaji Jayanti. He also founded two followed.
influential newspapers, Kesari (Marathi)
and Mahratta (English), which became 76. Identify the person in the picture and answer
platforms for spreading nationalist ideas the following question :
and encouraging resistance to British (i) His views on national education.
rule. His emphasis on Swadeshi (use of (ii) His beliefs about social evils
indigenous goods) and the boycott of (iii)His suggestions for eradicating poverty
British products laid the foundation and unemployment in India.
for the later mass movements led by
Mahatma Gandhi.
(ii) (a) Promotion of Swaraj : Tilak was the
first to openly declare that Swaraj
(self-rule) was the birthright of every
Indian, inspiring a strong sense of
nationalism.
(b) Revival of Cultural Festivals : He
revived traditional festivals like
Ganesh Chaturthi and Shivaji
Jayanti, using them as platforms to
unite people and instill a sense of
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 105
with the British government. The advocating for direct action and mass
Moderates were loyal to the British mobilization instead of just petitions.
Crown and sought self-government (c) Swadeshi and Boycott : Tilak
within the British Empire rather than emphasized the importance of using
complete independence. Swadeshi goods and boycotting
2. Extremists (Assertive Nationalists) British products to weaken British
: Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, economic control and promote Indian
Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai self-reliance.
were Extremists. Dissatisfied with the (ii) In 1893, Tilak began using the traditional
slow pace of reforms, they advocated Ganapati festival to spread nationalist
for more radical measures, including ideas through songs and speeches. In 1895,
mass mobilization, Swadeshi, Boycott he celebrated and honored Chhatrapati
and direct confrontation with Shivaji by initiating the Shivaji festival
British authorities. The Extremists to inspire young Maharashtrians. Tilak
aimed for Purna Swaraj (complete also launched two newspapers, Mahratta
independence) and were willing to (in English) and Kesari (in Marathi),
adopt aggressive tactics to achieve which quickly became the platforms for
this goal. his views. Through these publications,
he promoted nationalism and encouraged
74. Study the picture given here and answer the people to be courageous and self-reliant.
following questions : (iii)Forerunner of Gandhiji?
(a) Advocate of Swaraj : Tilak’s concept
of Swaraj was similar to Mahatma
Gandhi’s vision of complete
independence.
(b) Close Contact with the Masses :
Like Gandhi, Tilak emphasized the
importance of connecting closely with
the masses.
(c) Promotion of Swadeshi and Boycott
: Tilak was a strong proponent of
Swadeshi and Boycott, strategies
(i) Name the leader. State any three of his
later embraced by Mahatma Gandhi.
political beliefs.
(d) Endurance of Imprisonment : Tilak
(ii) State the means he employed to arouse
endured several terms of imprisonment
nationalistic passions.
for his nationalist activities, setting
(iii)In what ways was he the forerunner of
a precedent followed by Gandhi and
Gandhiji?
other leaders.
Ans : COMP 2002 (e) Influence on Gandhi : Tilak’s actions
(i) The leader in the picture is Bal Gangadhar and ideas significantly influenced
Tilak. His poltitical beliefs are as follows : Mahatma Gandhi’s approach to the
(a) Swaraj as a Birthright : Tilak believed freedom struggle.
that self-rule was every Indian’s
inherent right, famously stating,
“Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall
have it.” 75. (i) Name the person represented in the
(b) Aggressive Nationalism : He picture given below. Write about his
promoted a more assertive approach, contribution to the National Movement.
CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
birthright, and I shall have it.” He the formation of this political body ?
believed that political rights could be (iv) Explain the major ideological differences
secured through aggressive demands. which emerged amongst the leaders within
(b) Promotion of Physical and the first twenty years of the foundation of
Nationalist Training : To instill this organization.
courage, self-defense, and patriotism, Ans : MAIN 2003
Tilak organized akharas and lathi
clubs, where physical training was (i) (A) Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
provided. Additionally, he started (B) Dadabhai Naoroji.
two influential newspapers, Mahratta (ii) Dadabhai Naoroji, through his renowned
(in English) and Kesari (in Marathi), ‘Drain Theory,’ explained how India’s
to spread nationalist ideas. wealth was exploited for British interests
in various ways, including :
73. “______The Indians who actively worked (a) Salaries paid to members of the India
for the creation of an all-India political Council.
organization represented new social forces that (b) Remittances of savings to England by
were increasingly opposed to the exploitation British personnel stationed in India.
of India for British interests. They needed
(c) Pensions provided to British officers.
an organization that would fight for India’s
(d) Payments made to the War Office for
political and economic advancement.”
the maintenance of British troops in
India.
(iii)The organization to be formed was the
Indian National Congress (INC).
The objective were as follows :
1. To allow national workers from across
India to meet and get to know each
other personally.
2. To eliminate racial, religious, and
regional biases, fostering a sense of
national unity among all who love the
country.
3. To formulate and present popular
demands on crucial Indian issues to
the government.
4. To cultivate and organize public
opinion throughout the country.
(iv) Within the first twenty years of the Indian
National Congress (INC), two distinct
(i) In the context of the above, identify the groups emerged : the Moderates and the
two individuals in Pictures A and B, who Extremists (Assertive Nationalists).
were the early leaders of the organization 1. Moderates : Leaders like Dadabhai
to be formed. Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and
(ii) How did the person in Picture B explain Pherozeshah Mehta were Moderates.
the economic exploitation of India for They believed in gradual reforms
British interest ? and aimed to achieve their goals
(iii)Name the organization which was to be through constitutional means, such
formed. What were the objectives behind as petitions and peaceful negotiations
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 107
(i) This person is Bipin Chandra Pal.
He believed that education should be
structured along nationalistic lines. He
argued that education should not glorify
or idealize British rule. Instead, he viewed
education as a powerful tool for driving
social progress and saw it as the key to
unlocking the rich treasures of Indian
philosophy.
(ii) Bipin Chandra Pal was deeply concerned
about social evils such as caste
discrimination, child marriage, and
(ii) (a) Name that militant nationalist who
the subjugation of women. He believed
was known as ‘Sher-e-Punjab’
that these social issues weakened the
(b) His contribution as an educationist
nation and hindered India’s progress.
and a forceful writer.
Pal advocated for social reforms that
(c) His militant ideas.
would promote equality, justice, and the
(d) His contribution to the growth of
upliftment of all sections of society. He
National consciousness in India.
emphasized that eradicating these social
evils was essential for building a strong Ans : SQP 2014, 2019

and united India capable of resisting (i) The person in the picture is Lala Lajpat
British rule. Rai. Lala Lajpat Rai, known as “Sher-
(iii)Bipin Chandra Pal proposed several e-Punjab” or “The Lion of Punjab,”
measures to combat poverty and was a key figure in the Indian National
unemployment in India. He strongly Movement. He played a significant role
advocated for the promotion of Swadeshi in the anti-partition agitation against
industries and the boycott of British goods the Partition of Bengal in 1905 and was
as a means to develop local industries a leader in the Swadeshi and Boycott
and create jobs. Pal also emphasized the movements. Rai was a strong advocate
revival of traditional Indian handicrafts for self-reliance and was instrumental
and cottage industries, which had been in promoting the cause of education,
devastated by British economic policies. founding institutions like the Dayanand
He believed that by encouraging the use Anglo-Vedic (DAV) College. His writings
of indigenous products and reducing and speeches inspired many to join the
dependence on foreign goods, India struggle for independence. Lala Lajpat
could achieve economic self-reliance Rai’s participation in the protests
and significantly reduce poverty and against the Simon Commission in 1928,
unemployment. Additionally, Pal called where he was brutally beaten by the
for agricultural reforms, including better police, ultimately led to his death. His
irrigation and fair prices for crops, to martyrdom became a symbol of resistance
improve the living conditions of farmers against British rule and inspired many
and alleviate rural poverty. revolutionaries.
(ii) (a) The militant nationalist known as
“Sher-e-Punjab” is Lala Lajpat Rai.
(b) 1. Promotion of Education :
77. (i) Name the person represented in the Lala Lajpat Rai emphasized
picture given below. Write about his the importance of education in
contribution to the National Movement. shaping people’s character and was
CH 4 : SECOND PHASE OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
instrumental in founding D.A.V. in 1914, he joined the Ghadar
College, Lahore, along with other Party and successfully garnered
educational institutions. support for Indian nationalism
2. Advocacy in the U.S.A. : In the and the freedom struggle.
United States, he launched the 4. Ultimate Sacrifice and Its Impact
monthly magazine Young India : He sacrificed his life while
to promote the idea of Swaraj for protesting against the Simon
Indians. Commission, and his death in 1928
3. Influential Writings : He authored sparked widespread anger and
several books, including The Call fueled revolutionary activities,
to Young India and England’s leading to the assassination of
Debt to India, which inspired Saunders by revolutionaries.
Indian youth to fight for
independence. 78. (i) Name the person represented in the
(c) Militant ideas : picture given below. Write about his
1. He was a fearless, bold, and contribution to the National Movement.
passionate patriot dedicated to
India.
2. He opposed the policies and
programs of the Moderates.
3. During the Anti-Partition
agitation, he urged men and
women to resist repression with
all their strength.
4. He led the boycott protest against
the Simon Commission, where he
was brutally injured in a lathi
charge and ultimately sacrificed
his life for the country. Before his (ii) Bipin Chandra Pal was the prophet of a
death, he proclaimed, “The lathi bold, self-reliant nationalism in India. In
blows inflicted on me will one day this context describe :
be the nails in the coffin of the (a) His contribution to the growth of
British Empire.” national consciousness in India.
(d) Contribution to the growth of (b) His ideas on national education.
National consciousness in India : (c) Remedies he proposed to eradicate
1. Promotion of Radical Nationalism poverty and unemployment.
: Through his writings, he preached Ans : SQP 2020

radical nationalism, inspiring (i) The person in the picture is Bipin Chandra
Indian youth and igniting a strong Pal. Bipin Chandra Pal, a key member
sense of patriotism. of the “Lal-Bal-Pal” trio alongside Lala
2. Mass Mobilization : He Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, was
transformed the freedom struggle a prominent leader in the Indian National
into a mass movement, broadening Movement. He strongly advocated for
its base and accelerating its pace the Swadeshi movement, promoting the
through powerful speeches and boycott of British goods and the support
writings. of local industries. As a fierce critic of
3. Involvement with the Ghadar British rule, Pal used his speeches and
Party : During his stay in America writings to inspire nationalism and self-
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 109
reliance among Indians. His push for Menace to India, Bipin Chandra Pal
radical reforms and self-rule made him proposed several methods to alleviate
a pivotal figure in the independence poverty and unemployment :
struggle. Additionally, his efforts in 1. He advocated for the development
promoting national education and of numerous industries to address
engaging in social reforms significantly poverty and unemployment.
advanced national consciousness in India. 2. He suggested that the wealthy
(ii) (a) Contribution to the growth of national should be taxed more heavily
consciousness in India : than the poor.
1. Bipin Chandra Pal, often referred 3. He emphasized the need for
to as the “father of revolutionary increased spending on education
thought in India,” initially and healthcare.
supported the Moderates but 4. He recommended a workweek
joined the Aggressives after the of forty-eight hours with higher
Partition of Bengal. wages.
2. During the Anti-Partition 5. He believed that practicing
agitation, he traveled across the Swadeshi and Boycott should be
country, spreading the message of central to the national freedom
Boycott and Swadeshi wherever movement, enabling the growth
he went. of Indian industries.
3. He urged people to value their
own culture and draw strength
www.nodia.in
and unity from it.
4. Along with Lala Lajpat Rai
and Tilak, Pal led a new era of
militant nationalism, believing
that great hardship and suffering
were necessary prices to pay for
freedom.
5. In his book The Spirit of Indian
Nationalism, he emphasized the
importance of nationalism..
(b) Bipin Chandra Pal believed that
education should be organized along
nationalistic lines, free from British
influence. He argued that education
should not glorify British rule but
should instead promote Indian values,
culture, and history. Pal saw education
as a vital tool for social progress
and believed it should be accessible
to all, fostering a sense of pride and
self-reliance among Indians. He also
emphasized the importance of moral
and vocational training to prepare
Indians for active participation in
nation-building.
(c) In his book, The New Economic
CH 5 : GANDHIAN ERA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE

CHAPTER 5
GANDHIAN ERA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE

SUMMARY the use of Indian-made goods (Swadeshi).

The movement sought to undermine the
British economy and administrative control
This chapter delves into Mahatma Gandhi’s
by encouraging self-reliance and non-violent
leadership during critical phases of India’s
resistance among Indians.
struggle for independence, focusing on three
landmark movements: the Non-Cooperation 1.3 Suspension
Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement,
The movement’s momentum was abruptly
and the Quit India Movement. Each of
halted by the Chauri Chaura incident in
these movements played a significant role
February 1922, where a violent clash between
in mobilizing the Indian populace against
protesters and the police led to the deaths of
British colonial rule, shaping the course of
22 policemen. Gandhi, deeply committed to
the independence movement.
non-violence (ahimsa), was dismayed by the
1. NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT (1920-1922) turn of events and decided to suspend the
movement. This decision, while controversial,
1.1 Causes underscored Gandhi’s principles and his
belief that the struggle for independence
The Non-Cooperation Movement was initiated
must be conducted through peaceful means.
in response to a series of events that outraged
The suspension led to a temporary decline in
Indian society. The Khilafat Movement, aimed
the momentum of the freedom movement but
at protecting the Ottoman Caliphate after
also solidified Gandhi’s position as a leader
World War I, resonated deeply with Indian
who placed ethics above all else.
Muslims and became a symbol of broader
opposition to British rule. The Rowlatt 2. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (1930-1934)
Act of 1919 further fueled discontent, as it
allowed the British government to imprison 2.1 Causes
individuals suspected of sedition without
The Civil Disobedience Movement was
trial, leading to widespread unrest. The
ignited by the rejection of Indian demands
Jallianwala Bagh massacre, where British
for self-governance in the Simon Commission
troops killed hundreds of unarmed civilians
report, which was seen as another instance of
during a peaceful protest, was the final straw
British disregard for Indian aspirations. The
that galvanized Indians across the nation to
Indian National Congress, under Gandhi’s
reject British authority.
leadership, declared complete independence
1.2 Programme (Poorna Swaraj) as its goal during the
Lahore Session in December 1929. The formal
Gandhi called for a complete boycott of
declaration of independence on January 26,
British goods, institutions, and services. This
1930, set the stage for direct action against
included withdrawing from government jobs,
British laws and policies.
returning British titles and honors, boycotting
British schools and courts, and promoting
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 111
2.2 Key Events leaders. The Japanese advance towards India
The movement gained momentum with the and the fear of a possible invasion heightened
iconic Dandi March, where Gandhi and 78 the urgency for immediate independence.
followers marched 240 miles to the coastal Gandhi, recognizing the critical moment,
village of Dandi to produce salt, directly called for the British to “Quit India” and
challenging the British monopoly on salt leave the country to its own devices.
production and sales. This act of defiance
3.2 Programme
inspired millions of Indians to join the struggle
by refusing to pay taxes, boycotting British On August 8, 1942, the All India Congress
goods, and participating in mass protests. Committee passed the Quit India Resolution,
demanding an end to British rule. Gandhi’s
2.3 Programme call for “Do or Die” resonated across the
The movement called for the non-payment of nation, leading to a massive civil disobedience
taxes, the boycott of British goods, the non- campaign. People from all walks of life
cooperation with British authorities, and the participated in strikes, protests, and acts
promotion of indigenous industries. It was of defiance against the British authorities.
marked by widespread civil disobedience, The movement was marked by widespread
where ordinary citizens took up the cause, violence, including attacks on government
leading to mass arrests and increased buildings, communication lines and other
repression by the British government. symbols of British authority.

2.4 Impact 3.3 Significance

The movement brought international The British response was swift and brutal,
attention to India’s struggle for with mass arrests, including the imprisonment
independence, highlighting the moral and of Gandhi and other Congress leaders. Despite
political arguments against colonial rule. The the repression, the Quit India Movement
British government, recognizing the scale of demonstrated the determination of the Indian
the unrest, entered into negotiations with people to achieve independence. Although
Gandhi, resulting in the Gandhi-Irwin Pact of it did not achieve immediate success, the
1931. Under this agreement, the government movement marked a turning point in the
agreed to release political prisoners and allow struggle for freedom, signaling to the British
the salt tax to be repealed in exchange for that their hold on India was weakening. The
Gandhi’s participation in the Second Round movement also united the Indian populace
Table Conference in London. Although the in their resolve to end colonial rule, paving
conference did not yield immediate results, the way for India’s eventual independence in
the movement significantly strengthened the 1947.
Indian resolve for independence and laid the These three movements Non-Cooperation,
groundwork for future actions. Civil Disobedience, and Quit India were
instrumental in mobilizing the Indian
3. QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT (1942) masses, fostering a spirit of nationalism,
and applying relentless pressure on the
3.1 Causes British government. Gandhi’s leadership
The Quit India Movement emerged in and the principles of non-violence and civil
the context of World War II. The failure disobedience became the hallmark of India’s
of the Cripps Mission in 1942, which freedom struggle, ultimately leading to the
offered India dominion status but not country’s independence on August 15, 1947.
immediate independence, led to widespread
disappointment and anger among Indian
CH 5 : GANDHIAN ERA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION Thus (b) is correct option

6. Which event led to widespread anger

1. The Rowlatt Act was called the Black Act and contributed to the Non-Cooperation
because the Indians: Movement?
(a) Could not possess any arms (a) Simon Commission
(b) Could not export any goods (b) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
(c) Could be arrested without a warrant (c) Dandi March
(d) Could be sent overseas on duty (d) Rowlatt Act
Ans : MAIN 2024 Ans : SQP 2005

Thus (c) is correct option Thus (b) is correct option

2. People protested against the ________ 7. When did the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy take
because it had seven British members and no place?
Indian representation. (a) 1919
(a) Simon Commission (b) 1917
(b) Lucknow Pact (c) 1920
(c) Ilbert Bill (d) 1921
(d) Cabinet Mission Ans : MAIN 2000

Ans : MAIN 2023 Thus (a) is correct option

Thus (a) is correct option
8. Who led the Non-Cooperation Movement?
3. The main objective of the Assertive (a) Subhas Chandra Bose
Nationalists was ________. (b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(a) Constitutional agitation (c) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Peaceful protests (d) Lala Lajpat Rai
(c) Purna Swaraj Ans : COMP 2018
(d) Self-government under British Rule
Thus (c) is correct option
Ans : MAIN 2023
9. What was the main cause of the Non-
Thus (c) is correct option
Cooperation Movement?
4. ________ was one of the causes of the (a) British policies
Quit India Movement. (b) Failure of the Montagu-Chelmsford
(a) Failure of the Second Round Table reforms
Conference (c) Non-acceptance of the Rowlatt Act
(b) Rowlatt Act (d) All of the above
(c) Mountbatten Plan Ans : SQP 2012
(d) Failure of the Cripps Mission
Thus (d) is correct option
Ans : MAIN 2023
10. Which incident led to the suspension of the
Thus (d) is correct option
Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922 ?
5. Who was the leader of the Khilafat Movement? (a) Dandi March
(a) Maulana Azad (b) Chauri Chaura incident
(b) Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali (c) Salt March
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru (d) Salt Satyagraha
(d) Subhas Chandra Bose Ans : MAIN 2018

Ans : COMP 2001 Thus (b) is correct option

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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 113
11. What was the outcome of the Chauri Chaura 16. What was the significance of the Second
incident? Round Table Conference?
(a) Gandhi called for a complete boycott of (a) It led to the Partition of India
British goods (b) It was an agreement between the Congress
(b) The Non-Cooperation Movement was and the British
suspended (c) It marked a turning point in the Indian
(c) The movement gained momentum freedom struggle
(d) Indian National Congress became more (d) It ended the Civil Disobedience Movement
radical Ans : COMP 2000
Ans : SQP 2022
Thus (c) is correct option
Thus (b) is correct option
17. What was the aim of the Dandi March led by
12. Which of the following was a major component Mahatma Gandhi?
of the Non-Cooperation Movement’s (a) To protest the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
programme? (b) To break the salt law
(a) Non-payment of taxes (c) To demand the release of political prisoners
(b) Boycott of foreign goods (d) To promote Indian industries
(c) Starting a civil disobedience campaign Ans : SQP 2005
(d) All of the above
Thus (b) is correct option
Ans : COMP 2019

Thus (b) is correct option 18. Which act did the Civil Disobedience
Movement focus on defying?
13. What was the main cause of the Civil (a) Salt Act
Disobedience Movement? (b) Rowlatt Act
(a) Reaction to the Simon Commission (c) Vernacular Press Act
(b) Declaration of Poorna Swaraj (d) Government of India Act, 1919
(c) Reaction to the failure of the Cripps Ans : COMP 2012
Mission
Thus (a) is correct option
(d) All of the above
Ans : SQP 2000 19. Which of the following was a key outcome of
the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Thus (d) is correct option
(a) Increase in British repression
14. Where was the Quit India Resolution passed? (b) Rise of Indian nationalism
(a) Lucknow (b) Bombay (c) The Salt Satyagraha was successful
(c) Lahore (d) Kolkata (d) All of the above
Ans : COMP 2021
Ans : MAIN 2002

Thus (b) is correct option Thus (d) is correct option

15. What was declared at the Lahore Session of 20. What was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931?
1929? (a) Agreement to end the Quit India
(a) Non-Cooperation Movement Movement
(b) Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) (b) Agreement to withdraw the Civil
(c) Dandi March Disobedience Movement
(d) Gandhi-Irwin Pact (c) Agreement on joint talks for self-rule
(d) Agreement on the partition of India
Ans : MAIN 2008
Ans : SQP 2007
Thus (b) is correct option
Thus (b) is correct option
CH 5 : GANDHIAN ERA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
21. Which event was a major cause for the Quit (a) It promised full independence to India
India Movement? (b) It failed to satisfy Indian demands,
(a) Failure of the Cripps Mission leading to the Quit India Movement
(b) Passing of the Rowlatt Act (c) It led to the formation of the Indian
(c) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre National Congress
(d) Launch of the Civil Disobedience (d) It granted the right to self-rule
Movement Ans : SQP 2006
Ans : MAIN 2013
Thus (b) is correct option
Thus (a) is correct option
27. Who was the British leader who led the
22. What was the primary objective of the Quit Cripps Mission?
India Movement? (a) Winston Churchill
(a) To demand full independence from (b) Lord Mountbatten
Britain (c) Sir Stafford Cripps
(b) To organize non-violent protests (d) Lord Curzon
(c) To promote a constitutional solution for Ans : COMP 2008
self-rule
(d) To demand the abolition of the salt tax Thus (a) is correct option

Ans : SQP 2022 28. Which key event marked the end of the Quit
Thus (a) is correct option India Movement?
(a) The arrest of Mahatma Gandhi
23. Which of the following was a significant result (b) The end of World War II
of the Quit India Movement? (c) The passing of the Quit India Resolution
(a) Gandhi’s arrest (d) The formation of the Indian National
(b) Increased repression by the British Congress
(c) Widespread protests across the country Ans : MAIN 2017
(d) All of the above
Thus (a) is correct option
Ans : MAIN 2001

Thus (d) is correct option 29. What was the impact of the Quit India
Movement?
24. What was the Japanese threat that influenced (a) It led to widespread repression by the
the Quit India Movement? British
(a) Japan’s occupation of Burma (b) It united people across India for the cause
(b) Japan’s occupation of China of independence
(c) Japan’s invasion of India (c) It intensified the freedom struggle, leading
(d) Japan’s military alliance with Germany to India’s independence
Ans : SQP 2018
(d) All of the above

Thus (a) is correct option Ans : SQP 2016

Thus (d) is correct option

25. When was the Quit India Resolution passed?
(a) 1940 (b) 1942
(c) 1945 (d) 1939
Ans : COMP 2018 ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Thus (b) is correct option
30. Which tragic incident prompted Gandhiji to
26. Was the role of the Cripps Mission in the
launch the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Quit India Movement?
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 115
Ans : COMP 2024
It was the day on which Purna Swaraj was
Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy. celebrated all over India.

31. Name the two methods adopted by Gandhiji 38. Name the Act passed by the British
in the freedom struggle. Government in the year 1919 which gave
or them the authority to arrest and detain
State two methods of political struggle suspected Indians.
evolved by Mahatma Gandhi as part of the Ans : COMP 2004
national movement.
The Rowlatt Act.
Ans : MAIN 2002,2009

Non-violence and Satyagraha. 39. Why was the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement,
of March, 1930 withdrawn ?
32. When did Gandhiji launch the Champaran Ans : SQP 2003
Satyagraha in Bihar?
The Civil Disobedience Movement was
Ans : COMP 2015
withdrawn after the Gandhi-Irwin pact.
In 1917, the movement was launched to
provide justice to the tenants of Champaran. 40. Who was the British General, responsible for
‘The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre’ ?
33. What is meant by Swadeshi ? Ans : MAIN 1996
Ans : SQP 2001
General Dyer.
Swadeshi means use of the goods produced
within one’s country and by one’s countrymen. 41. When did the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy
occur?
34. Under whose leadership was the Khilafat Ans : SQP 2000
Movement of 1920 launched ?
or On April 13, 1919.
Who were the leaders of the Khilafat 42. When was the Swaraj Party formed?
movement ?
Ans : COMP 2003
Ans : COMP 1997,2001,2013,2020
In December, 1922.
Ali Brothers – Muhammed Ali and Shaukat
Ali. 43. Who was known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’ ?
Ans : SQP 2004
35. Name the prominent leader who sacrificed
his life while agitating against Simon Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan.
Commission.
44. When was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed ?
Ans : MAIN 2004
Ans : COMP 2011
Lala Lajpat Rai.
In March, 1931.
36. When and by whom was the Civil Disobedience
45. When was the First Round Table Conference
Movement launched?
held ?
Ans : SQP 2004
Ans : SQP 2007
Civil Disobedience Movement was launched
In 1930-31.
by Gandhiji on 18th March, 1930.
46. In which session of the Congress demand for
37. What is the historical importance of 26th Jan.
Poorna Swaraj was declared as the goal of
1930 ?
the Congress?
Ans : MAIN 2001
CH 5 : GANDHIAN ERA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
(ii) Reasons for launching the Quit India policies and methods of dealing with the
Movement: government.
(a) Failure of the Cripps Mission to grant (ii) In 1939, Subhas Chandra Bose resigned
full independence. from the Congress presidency over
(b) Japanese threat during World War disagreements regarding the formation
II, raising concerns about India’s of the Congress Working Committee
security under British rule. and subsequently founded a separate
group within the Congress known as the
92. What was the major cause of the failure of Forward Bloc.
the Quit India Movement ?
Ans : COMP 2010
97. What were the circumstances during the
Second World War which forced the national
The movement failed mainly due to lack leaders to launch the ‘Quit India Movement’ ?
of coordination and absence of a clear-cut
Ans : MAIN 2009
programme.
The Quit India Movement was launched due
93. Why was the August Offer rejected by the to:
Congress ? Give one reason. (i) Failure of the Cripps Mission (1942) to
Ans : SQP 2011 offer full independence.
(ii) Japanese Threat of invasion during World
The government proposed the creation of a
War II.
constitutional body, but it did not specify
(iii)Continued British Control despite India’s
a time frame for when this body would be
support in the war, leading to growing
established.
demands for immediate independence.
94. Mention any two proposals of the August
98. Who were the ‘Pro-changers’ and ‘no
Offer of 1940.
changers’ ?
Ans : COMP 1991
Ans : MAIN 2003
(i) Expansion of the Viceroy’s Executive
Pro-changers : These were members of the
Council to include more Indian members.
Congress, like C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru,
(ii) Assurance of Dominion Status for India
who in 1923 supported contesting elections
after the war, with the possibility of
under the Act of 1919 to fight British rule
framing a new constitution based on the
from within the legislative councils.
consent of all communities in In
No Changers : These were members of the
95. Why did the Congress ministries resign in Congress who opposed contesting elections
1939 ? under the Act of 1919, preferring to continue
Ans : COMP 2013
the boycott of British institutions.

The Congress ministries resigned in 1939 to 99. How was the constitution-making body to be
protest against the British decision to involve constituted according to Cripps Proposals of
India in World War II without consulting 1942 ?
Indian leaders or securing India’s consent. Ans :

96. What was the cause of the rift in the Congress (i) It would be composed of elected
in 1939 ? representatives from the British Indian
provinces and nominated members from
Ans : SQP 2014
the princely states.
(i) By 1937, Subhas Chandra Bose emerged as (ii) The British Indian provinces were to
a prominent leader of the Indian National elect their representatives through their
Congress, differing with Gandhiji on respective legislative assemblies.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 117
Ans : SQP 2023
members.
The provision of No Dalil, No Vakil, No
Appeal, i.e., No pleas, No lawyer, No appeal. 68. Mention any two events which led to the
Civil Disobedience Movement.
64. Name any two movements launched by Ans : MAIN 2007,2018
Gandhiji against British rule in India.
(i) The resolution for ‘Complete Independence’
Ans : MAIN 2021
or ‘Purna Swaraj’ was passed at the
Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Lahore session of the Congress.
Disobedience Movement. (ii) Gandhi’s ‘Eleven Point’ programme was
rejected by the British government.

69. Why did Gandhiji suspend the Non-

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS Cooperation Movement ?
Ans : SQP 1996

65. Mention any two causes of the Quit India Gandhiji suspended the Non-Cooperation
Movement. Movement in 1922 following the violent
Ans : MAIN 2024 incident at Chauri Chaura, where a mob of
Failure of the Cripps Mission : The British protesters clashed with the police, resulting
offer of limited self-government was rejected, in the burning of a police station and the
leading to frustration. deaths of 22 policemen. Gandhiji, who was
Impact of World War II : India was forced committed to non-violence, decided to halt
into the war without consultation, increasing the movement as he believed it had deviated
demands for independence. from its principle of peaceful protest.

66. What do you mean by Non-Cooperation 70. What is meant by Satyagraha ?

Movement ? Ans : COMP 2018

Ans : COMP 2004,2014 Satyagraha is a philosophy and method of

The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched non-violent resistance developed by Mahatma
by Gandhiji in 1920, was a response to the Gandhi. It means “truth force” or “soul
injustice in Turkey, the repression in Punjab, force” and involves using peaceful protest,
and the demand for Swaraj. It earned its civil disobedience, and non-cooperation to
name due to the methods of non-cooperation oppose injustice and bring about social or
with British authorities used during the political change.
movement. 71. Why was Dandi March undertaken?
67. When and why was the Simon Commission Ans : SQP 2001

appointed ? The Dandi March was carried out to initiate

Ans : SQP 2010 the Civil Disobedience Movement and to defy
The Simon Commission was appointed by the Salt Laws.
the British government in 1927 to review 72. Why was the Rowlatt Act (1919) passed ?
the functioning of the constitutional system
Ans : COMP 2007
in India and suggest reforms. It was set up
because the British wanted to assess the The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms fell short
1919 Government of India Act and determine of the expectations and hopes of the Indian
the next steps for India’s political progress. masses, leading to widespread agitation. In
However, it was met with widespread protest response, the government passed the Rowlatt
in India because it did not include any Indian Act in 1919 to suppress these protests.
CH 5 : GANDHIAN ERA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
Ans : MAIN 2005
Nagpur Session.
Congress Session of 1929 at Lahore.
55. When was Civil Disobedience Movement
47. Name two leaders who encouraged socialism finally suspended ?
in the Congress. Ans : COMP 2015
Ans : COMP 2006
April, 1934.
Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra
Bose. 56. Who represented the Indian National Congress
in the Second Round Table Conference ?
48. Which day was to be observed as the Poorna Ans : SQP 1991
Swaraj Day all over India every year ?
Mahatma Gandhi.
Ans : COMP 2008

26th January. 57. Name the movement which was started by

the Congress after the Lahore Session of 1929.
49. When did Mahatma Gandhi start his historic Ans : MAIN 2016
march to Dandi ?
Civil Disobedience Movement.
Ans : MAIN 2009

On March 12, 1930. 58. Name two of the leading lights (main leaders)
of the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920.
50. Which provision of the Communal Award Ans : MAIN 2023
made Gandhiji to go on fast unto death ?
C.R. Das and Rajendra Prasad.
Ans : SQP 2010

At the dismemberment of the Hindu 59. What is Poona Pact ?

Community. Ans : COMP 2017

51. Why was Khilafat Movement launched ? Under the Poona Pact, both the Hindus and
the Harijans agreed to have joint electorates.
Ans : MAIN 2012

The Khilafat Movement was launched against 60. What did the violation of Salt Laws denote?
the injustice done to Turkey and Caliph. Ans : SQP 2018

52. What was the major cause of the failure of It was a symbol of defiance of the laws made
the First Round Table Conference? by the Government.

Ans : COMP 2013 61. What was the new name given to the
The First Round Table Conference failed untouchables by Mahatma Gandhi ?
because the Congress boycotted the Ans : MAIN 2019

Conference. Harijans.
53. Name the Pact after which the Civil 62. What moral code was laid down by Gandhiji
Disobedience Movement was suspended. for a Satyagrahi ?
Ans : SQP 2014
Ans : COMP 2020

Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931. A Satyagrahi should rely on love-force and

54. At which Session of the Congress was there should be no ill-will against the evil-
the decision to launch Non-Cooperation doer.
Movement undertaken ? 63. Which provision of the Rowlatt Act aroused
Ans : MAIN 2000 widespread popular indignation?
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 119
82. Mention any two objectives of the Non- 87. What led to the formation of the Swaraj
Cooperation Movement of 1920. Party ?
Ans : SQP 2010 Ans : MAIN 2011

(i) Attaining Swaraj (self-rule) by The formation of the Swaraj Party was
withdrawing Indian support from British prompted by the suspension of the Non-
institutions and laws. Cooperation Movement in 1922. Some
(ii) Boycotting British goods and institutions Congress leaders, like C.R. Das and Motilal
to weaken British economic and political Nehru, wanted to continue the struggle for
control over India. self-rule by entering the legislative councils
and working within the system to oppose
83. Mention one item each of the positive and British policies, leading to the establishment
negative programme of the Non-Cooperation of the Swaraj Party in 1923.
Movement.
Ans : MAIN 2000
88. Which proposal of the August Offer was
welcomed by the Muslim League ?
One item of the positive programme of
the Non-Cooperation Movement was the Ans : SQP 2008

promotion of Swadeshi, encouraging the use The Muslim League welcomed the August
of Indian-made goods. Offer’s proposal that no future Constitution
One item of the negative programme was the would be adopted without the consent of all
boycott of British goods and institutions. communities in India, as it provided assurance
to the minorities.
84. What was the main aim of Swaraj Party ?
Ans : COMP 2001
89. How did the Nehru Report drawn in 1928 lead
to the launching of the Civil Disobedience
The main aim of the Swaraj Party was to Movement ?
enter the legislative councils and obstruct
British government policies from within, Ans : COMP 2004

using constitutional means to push for self- The Nehru Report of 1928, which sought self-
governance and greater political rights for governance, was rejected by the British. This
Indians. refusal led to increased frustration among
Indian leaders, prompting the Congress to
85. Give two measures which Mahatma Gandhi demand complete independence and launch
adopted for the upliftment of Harijans. the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.
Ans : SQP 2005
90. When and why was the Cripps Mission sent
(i) Promoting the removal of untouchability to India ?
through social campaigns and awareness.
(ii) Establishing educational and vocational Ans : MAIN 2007

centers to improve the economic and The Cripps Mission was sent to India in
social status of Harijans. March 1942 by the British government during
World War II.
86. Mention any two recommendations of the
Simon Commission. 91. (i) When was Quit India Resolution passed ?
Ans : SQP 2023
(ii) Give two reasons for the launching of the
Quit India Movement.
(i) The Provincial Legislative Councils
should be expanded. Ans : SQP 2007

(ii) Communal representation would be (i) The Quit India Resolution was passed on
maintained. August 8, 1942.
CH 5 : GANDHIAN ERA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
73. Name two leaders of Swaraj Party. Why were National Congress in a united struggle
they said to be the pro-changers ? against British rule. It also strengthened
Ans : MAIN 2010
Hindu-Muslim unity in the fight for India’s
independence.
Two leaders of the Swaraj Party were Motilal
Nehru and Chittaranjan Das.They were 78. Mention any one provision each of the
called pro-changers because they supported Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed in 1931.
participating in the elections under the Act Ans : SQP 2014
of 1919.
One provision of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed
74. Why was the Simon Commission boycotted in 1931 was that the British government
everywhere ? Give one reason. agreed to release all political prisoners who
Ans : SQP 2010,2013,2015
had not committed violence during the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
The Simon Commission was boycotted
everywhere in India because it did not 79. Why was the Congress session held at Lahore
include a single Indian member, which was in 1929 significant to the National Movement
seen as an insult to the Indian people and ?
their aspirations for self-governance. Ans : MAIN 2016

75. On what assurances did Gandhiji with-draw The Congress session held at Lahore in 1929 was
the Civil Disobedience Movement ? significant to the National Movement because
Ans : MAIN 2008
it marked the adoption of the resolution for
’Purna Swaraj’ or Complete Independence
Gandhiji withdrew the Civil Disobedience as the goal of the Indian National Congress.
Movement after receiving assurances from During this session, January 26, 1930, was
the British government through the Gandhi- declared as Independence Day, and the Civil
Irwin Pact in 1931. The key assurances Disobedience Movement was also planned,
included the release of political prisoners, setting the stage for a more intensified
the return of confiscated properties, and the struggle against British rule.
permission for peaceful picketing of liquor
shops and foreign cloth. 80. Explain the value of constructive programme
in Gandhian methods.
76. What is mass involvement in Gandhi’s
methods ? Ans : MAIN 2003

Ans : COMP 2001

The constructive programme, including the
removal of untouchability, upliftment of
Mass involvement means that people from women, provision of basic education, village
all castes, creeds, and professions should sanitation, and promotion of khadi and
participate in the movement. Gandhi village industries, provided the social and
recognized the strength of a united and moral foundation for the National Movement.
organized population.
81. Why did Gandhiji lay emphasis on ‘Swadeshi’ ?
77. Why is the Khilafat Movement significant in Give two reasons.
the history of the National Movement ?
Ans : COMP 2001
Ans : MAIN 1994,1999
(i) Gandhiji supported ’Swadeshi’ to
The Khilafat Movement is significant in the alleviate poverty and unemployment.
history of the National Movement because it (ii) It was also intended to disrupt British
marked the first time that Indian Muslims, trade in India.
led by leaders like Maulana Azad and the
Ali brothers, joined hands with the Indian
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 121
(iii)The princely states were to be represented became infamous as the “Black Act.”
by members nominated by their rulers. (c) The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
In response to the strong protests
100. When and why was the ‘Deliverance Day’ against the Rowlatt Act in Punjab,
celebrated ? two Congress leaders, Dr. Satya Pal
Ans : MAIN 2012 and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, were
Deliverance Day was celebrated on December arrested. To protest their arrests, a
22, 1939, by the Muslim League to mark the public meeting was held on April 13th
resignation of Congress ministries, which in Jallianwala Bagh, where General
they viewed as a relief from Congress’s rule. Dyer ordered his troops to fire on
the crowd without warning, resulting
in over 1,000 deaths. This atrocity
shocked the world.
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS (d) The Khilafat Movement: The Khilafat
Movement, led by the Ali brothers
Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali was
101. The famous Nagpur Session of the Indian organized to protest the injustice
National Congress in 1920 adopted a resolution done to Turkey after World War
to launch Non-Cooperation Movement. In I. Congress leaders supported the
this context, answer the following questions: Khilafat agitation and helped spread
(i) Reasons or circumstances for launching it across the country.
the Non-Cooperation Movement. (ii) The Non-Cooperation Movement was
(ii) Which Mass Struggle was launched by launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 as
Gandhi on non-violent lines in 1920? a mass struggle based on the principle of
Explain in brief the programmes of such non-violence (Ahimsa). It aimed to resist
a Campaign. British rule peacefully by withdrawing
(iii)Reason for the withdrawal of the cooperation from the colonial government.
Movement. Programmes of the Non-Cooperation
(iv) Importance of the Movement. Movement:
(v) What were the objectives which the (a) Boycott of British Institutions and
movement sought to achieve ? Goods : Indians were encouraged
Ans : MAIN 2024 to boycott British goods, including
(i) Reasons or circumstances for launching textiles, and adopt Swadeshi (use of
the Non-Cooperation Movement : Indian-made products).
(a) Failure of the Montague-Chelmsford (b) Promotion of Swadeshi and Khadi :
Reforms: The Congress found the People were urged to promote local
Montague-Chelmsford Reforms industries and hand-spun cloth
to be inadequate, unsatisfactory, (Khadi) to reduce dependence on
and disappointing. The reforms foreign goods.
introduced had little impact on the (c) Surrender of Titles and Honors :
administration. Indians renounced British titles and
(b) The Rowlatt Act: The Rowlatt honors as a mark of protest. For
Act was enacted to suppress any example, Gandhi returned his title of
movement against the British. It Kaiser-i-Hind.
granted the police extensive powers (d) Resignation from Government Jobs
to arrest individuals without cause, : Officials were encouraged to resign
search premises without a warrant, from their government posts to
and imprison people without trial. It weaken British administration.
CH 5 : GANDHIAN ERA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
107. Various circumstances were responsible for tragedy also marked a turning point in the
the Non-Cooperation Movement started by Indian freedom struggle, as it convinced
Gandhiji. In this context, write short notes many moderates that the British could no
on the following : longer be trusted to govern India fairly.
(i) Rowlatt Act, 1919. (iii)Khilafat Movement :
(ii) Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy. (a) The Muslim population in India
(iii)Khilafat Movement. launched a strong agitation known
Ans : COMP 1992,2003
as the Khilafat Movement, led by the
Ali Brothers - Mohammed Ali and
(i) Rowlatt Act, 1919 : The Rowlatt Act, also Shaukat Ali - along with Maulana
known as the “Black Act,” was passed by Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and
the British government in March 1919. Hasrat Mohani, in response to the
This act authorized the government injustice done to Turkey.
to imprison any person suspected of (b) Gandhiji recognized the Khilafat
terrorist activities without trial for up to Movement as an opportunity to unite
two years. It also allowed the government Hindus and Muslims in a common cause.
to suppress any potential revolutionary (c) In November 1919, Mahatma Gandhi
activities, censor the press, and conduct was elected President of the All-India
searches without warrants. The Rowlatt Khilafat Conference and advised the
Act was seen as a blatant violation Khilafat Committee to adopt a policy
of civil liberties and a continuation of Non-Cooperation with the British
of wartime repressive measures, even government.
though World War I had ended. The (d) By August 31, 1920, the Khilafat
act led to widespread anger and protests Non-Cooperation Movement had
across India, as people from all walks officially begun.
of life condemned the government’s (e) People resigned from government
oppressive policies. Gandhiji, who was jobs, shops selling foreign goods
then emerging as a national leader, called were picketed, students boycotted
for a nationwide hartal (strike) to protest schools and colleges, and hartals and
against the act, which laid the foundation demonstrations were organized.
for the Non-Cooperation Movement. (f) By the end of 1920, the Khilafat
(ii) The Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy, which Movement and the Congress Non-
took place on April 13, 1919, in Cooperation Movement had merged
Amritsar, Punjab, was one of the most into a single nationwide movement.
horrific incidents in Indian history. On (g) Mahatma Gandhi agreed to merge
this day, a large crowd had gathered at the movements, seeing it as a chance
Jallianwala Bagh to peacefully protest to bring Muslims under the umbrella
against the arrest of two nationalist of a unified national struggle for
leaders, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. independence.
Satya Pal. Without warning, General
Dyer ordered his troops to fire into the 108. With reference to the National Movement
unarmed crowd, resulting in the deaths from 1930 to 1947, answer the following :
of hundreds of men, women, and children. State any three features of the Programme of
The massacre shocked the entire nation the Civil Disobedience Movement launched
and exposed the brutal nature of British in 1930.
colonial rule. It led to a massive wave Ans : MAIN 2019
of outrage and resentment against the
British government, galvanizing support (i) Salt as a Unifying Symbol : Mahatma
for the Non-Cooperation Movement. The Gandhi recognized salt as a powerful
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 123
(ii) Gandhiji’s belief in Non-Violence (Ahimsa) political fervor and discontent among
was a cornerstone of his leadership in the Indians.
Indian National Movement. He believed (b) Lahore Session and Demand for
that true resistance to oppression should Complete Independence : Due to
be peaceful and rooted in moral force. the British Government’s failure to
This belief guided the Non-Cooperation grant Dominion Status and other
Movement after the Jallianwala Bagh developments in 1929, the Congress, at
Massacre and was evident when he its Lahore Session in December 1929,
suspended the movement following the presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru,
Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, where passed the resolution for ‘Purna
violence erupted. Non-violence also Swaraj’ (Complete Independence)
underpinned the Civil Disobedience and decided to launch the Civil
Movement, where peaceful protests like Disobedience Movement.
the Dandi March were key methods of (c) Gandhi’s Eleven Demands : On
resistance. January 30, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi
(iii)Gandhiji realised the importance and presented Eleven Demands aimed at
power of the organised masses : addressing injustices against Indians,
(a) Gandhiji believed that freedom could but the Viceroy dismissed them as
not be achieved by a few leaders or unrealistic, further intensifying the
individuals alone. call for Civil Disobedience.
(b) He emphasized that the collective (ii) Importance or Impact of Civil
strength of the masses would be Disobedience Movement :
necessary to compel the British to (a) Salt as a Symbol : Mahatma Gandhi
leave India. recognized salt as a powerful unifying
(c) To harness this power, he launched the symbol, as it was a basic necessity for
Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil both the rich and the poor.
Disobedience Movement, and Quit (b) Political Awakening : The Civil
India Movement, involving workers, Disobedience Movement ignited
women, students, and farmers in the patriotic fervor, raising political
struggle. awareness and a sense of responsibility
among the people.
103. The Civil Disobedience Movement was (c) Social Impact : The movement had
significant in the history of the National a positive social effect, leading to
Movement. With reference to this movement, the creation of the Harijan Sevak
write short note on : Sangh, which helped untouchables
(i) Circumstances leading to the Civil secure basic rights and gain access to
Disobedience Movement. temples and churches.
(ii) Importance or Impact of the Movement. (d) Constitutional Reforms : The
Ans : SQP 1999,2001,2011 government realized the need for
(i) Circumstances leading to the Civil significant reforms, leading to the
Disobedience Movement : introduction of the Government
(a) The Simon Commission : The Reforms of India Act, 1935, which brought
of 1919 failed to satisfy national important changes to India’s
leaders, leading to the formation of governance.
the Simon Commission, composed 104. The Indian National Congress in 1930
entirely of British members. Its arrival resolved to launch the Civil Disobedience
in India was met with strikes and Movement. In this context, answer the
demonstrations, sparking significant following questions :
CH 5 : GANDHIAN ERA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
(e) Non-payment of Taxes : Refusal to (v) Objectives achieved by this movement :
pay taxes and land revenue was a part (a) Addressing the injustices in Punjab,
of the movement to hurt the financial including the Jallianwala Bagh
stability of the British regime. massacre and the imposition of
(f) Peaceful Demonstrations : Mass martial law.
gatherings, marches and public (b) Restoring the former status of the
meetings were held to spread awareness Sultan of Turkey.
and demand self-rule (Swaraj). (c) Achieving Swaraj (self-rule) : In
(iii)Reason for the withdrawal of the September 1920, a special Congress
Movement : session led by Lala Lajpat Rai was held
(a) Violent Incident : Gandhiji suspended in Calcutta to approve this agenda.
the movement due to the violent
incident in Chauri Chaura, Uttar 102. The advent of Mahatma Gandhi into the
Pradesh, where a mob burned 22 Indian National Congress in 1919 brought a
policemen alive. Gandhiji, deeply dramatic change in the National Movement.
committed to non-violence, believed In this context explain:
that nationalist workers had not fully (i) His Doctrine of Satyagraha and Swadeshi.
embraced the principle. He could not (ii) His belief in Non-Violence.
tolerate violence from his followers, (iii)His belief in the Mass Movement.
leading him to halt the movement. Ans : MAIN 1994,2012,1994

(b) Turkey Revolution : In 1922, Turkey (i) Doctrine of Satyagraha and Swadeshi :
became a republic following a (a) Gandhiji’s Doctrine of Satyagraha :
revolution. This change diminished Derived from Sanskrit, ‘Satyagraha’
the significance of the movement in means “firm insistence on truth”
India, as the original cause related to (Satya meaning ‘truth’ and Agraha
the Khilafat issue lost relevance. meaning ‘insistence’). It advocates
(iv) (a) Establishment of Educational for non-violent resistance and self-
Institutions : The Non-Cooperation restraint while facing injustice.
Movement boosted the Indian (b) Principles of Satyagraha : A
education system, leading to the Satyagrahi must be willing to endure
establishment of institutions like Jamia suffering, remain peaceful under
Millia and Kashi Vidyapeeth under a provocation, and never harm others.
national education programme. Satyagraha is about courage and
(b) Expansion of the National Movement: moral strength, not aggression.
The movement broadened the scope (c) Meaning and Purpose of Swadeshi:
of the freedom struggle by involving ‘Swadeshi’ means “of one’s own
masses from all walks of life, extending country.” The movement aimed at
beyond the educated urban elite. social and economic upliftment,
(c) Unity Among Communities : It was particularly for rural workers, through
the first major movement where the use of indigenous goods and the
Hindus and Muslims participated boycott of foreign products.
together, fostering a sense of unity (d) Economic Upliftment through
and fraternity across the country. Swadeshi : Gandhi promoted the use
(d) Impact on the Congress : The of the ‘charkha’ (spinning wheel) and
movement significantly influenced cottage industries in rural areas to
the Congress, leading it to adopt combat poverty and unemployment,
Satyagraha and Non-Cooperation as providing employment and self-
key strategies on a larger scale. reliance to the rural population.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 125
announcement of a Round Table the spread of the Civil Disobedience
Conference in London, instead of offering Movement across the country, leading
dominion status, dissatisfied Congress to the boycott of foreign goods and,
leaders. Radicals within the Congress, later, the refusal to pay taxes.
led by Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, (d) Millions, including women, actively
pushed for a more assertive stance. The participated in the movement.
Congress called on all members and (e) The widespread impact of the
nationalists to boycott elections and movement ultimately compelled the
resign from the legislatures. To achieve government to sign the Gandhi-Irwin
complete independence, it was decided to Pact.
launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. (ii) (a) Gandhi–Irwin Pact was signed on
Additionally, Congress declared that March 5, 1931.
January 26th would be observed annually (b) Under the pact the government agreed
as Independence Day. On January 26, to release all the political prisoners.
1930, Independence Day was celebrated (c) It also agreed to withdraw all
nationwide, with thousands pledging ordinances imposing curbs on political
their commitment to the inalienable right activities.
of the Indian people to freedom and the (d) In return Mahatma Gandhi consented
fruits of their labor, setting the stage for to discontinue Civil Disobedience
renewed resistance against British rule. Movement.
(e) He also consented to take part in the
106. Trace the programme and progress of the Second Round Table Conference.
Civil Disobedience Movement under the (iii)The Second Round Table Conference
leadership of Mahatma Gandhi with reference took place in London in September
to the following : 1931, with Gandhiji selected as the sole
(i) The Dandi March of 1930. representative of the Congress. The
(ii) Gandhi-Irwin Pact 1931. conference included representatives from
(iii)The Second Round Table Conference of all sections of Indian society.
1931.
Ans : SQP 1991,1992,2000,2002,2011,2015
Assurance from Assurance from
Governor Gandhiji
(i) The Civil Disobedience Movement
commenced with the Dandi March. On Release all political The Civil
March 12, 1930, Gandhiji, accompanied prisoners, except Disobedience
by 79 satyagrahis, set out from his those involved in Movement would be
Sabarmati Ashram on a 390 km march to violence. called off.
the village of Dandi on the west coast of Repeal the Gandhiji would
Gujarat. ordinances issued represent the
Main Aim and Progress of the Dandi in response to the Congress at the
March: Civil Disobedience Second Round
(a) The primary goal was to break the Movement. Table Conference.
Salt Laws, symbolizing defiance Allow coastal Promote Hindu-
against the government’s oppressive residents to produce Muslim unity.
laws. salt.
(b) The march aimed to transform
the national movement into a mass Gandhiji called for a responsible government,
movement, engaging a broader section independence for India, and the immediate
of the population. granting of Dominion Status.
(c) The defiance of the Salt Laws sparked
CH 5 : GANDHIAN ERA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
(i) The circumstances leading to the Civil 1931, he found that the government had
Disobedience Movement. resumed its repressive actions despite the
(ii) Why was the movement suspended ? Gandhi-Irwin Pact. The Viceroy even
(iii)Why was the movement renewed ? refused to meet him. Consequently, on
Ans : COMP 1991,1999
January 1, 1932, the Congress Working
Committee passed a resolution to resume
(i) Circumstances leading to the Civil the movement and boycott British goods.
Disobedience Movement : On January 4, Gandhiji was arrested,
(a) The Simon Commission : The 1919 and the Congress was declared an illegal
Reforms failed to satisfy national organization.
leaders, leading to the formation of
the Simon Commission, composed 105. In the context of the Civil Disobedience
entirely of British members. Its Movement, explain the importance of the
arrival in India was met with strikes following :
and protests, generating significant (i) The Simon Commission (1927).
political fervor. (ii) The Lahore Session of the Indian National
(b) Lahore Session and Demand for Congress (1929).
Complete Independence : The Ans : MAIN 2004
British Government’s refusal to
grant Dominion Status in 1929 led (i) The importance of the Simon Commission
Congress, under Jawaharlal Nehru’s (1927).
leadership at the Lahore Session, to (a) The Simon Commission was
pass the Purna Swaraj resolution and appointed to review the Government
plan for Civil Disobedience. of India Act 1919 and suggest further
(c) Gandhi’s Eleven Demands : On administrative reforms.
January 30, 1930, Gandhi presented (b) The Commission was boycotted by
Eleven Demands to address injustices Indians because all its members
faced by Indians, but the Viceroy were Englishmen, with no Indian
dismissed them as unrealistic. representation.
(ii) The Movement was suspended due to the (c) The Commission arrived in India on
following reasons: 3rd February 1928, and the entire
(a) Ineffectiveness of Repressive country observed a hartal on that
Measures : Despite the government’s day.
attempts to crush the nationalist (d) The Simon Commission faced massive
movement through various repressive protests and demonstrations across
tactics, these efforts failed, leading the the country wherever it went.
government to consider negotiations (e) During one such demonstration, Lala
with the leaders. Lajpat Rai was severely assaulted by
(b) Failure of the First Round Table the police.
Conference : The First Round Table (f) The Simon Commission fueled
Conference in London in 1930 was political fervor in India and laid the
unsuccessful due to the absence groundwork for the Civil Disobedience
of Congress. This failure made Movement, which had its roots in the
the government more inclined to protests against the Commission.
compromise with the Congress. (ii) During the Lahore Session of the Congress
(iii)The movement was renewed due to in December 1929, under the leadership of
the failure of the Second Round Table Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress formally
Conference in London. When Gandhiji demanded Purna Swaraj (complete
returned to Bombay on December 28, independence) for India. The Viceroy’s
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 127
symbol that could unite the nation, as it (f) The Governor-General should have
was a basic necessity consumed by both the freedom to appoint members of
the rich and the poor. his Cabinet.
(ii) Patriotic Fervor : The Civil Disobedience (iii)People reactions of simon commission :
Movement sparked a wave of patriotic (a) The proposals of the Commission were
fervor across the country, raising political totally unacceptable to the major
awareness and a sense of responsibility political parties, including the Indian
among the masses. National Congress, because it was an
(iii)Social Impact : The movement positively all-white Commission with no Indian
influenced social conditions, leading to member, and its recommendations
the establishment of the Harijan Sevak were not in line with the aspirations
Sangh, which helped untouchables gain of the Indian people.
basic rights and access to churches and The proposals of the Commission were
temples. totally unacceptable to the major
political parties, including the Indian
109. The Simon Commission was appointed in National Congress, because it was an
1927 to recommend constitutional changes in all-white Commission with no Indian
India. In this context answer the following member, and its recommendations
questions : were not in line with the aspirations
(i) The purpose of the Commission. of the Indian people.
(ii) Main recommendations. (b) Widespread Hartal and Protests :
(iii)People’s reaction. When the Simon Commission arrived
Ans : SQP 2020 in India on February 3, 1928, the
(i) The Simon Commission was appointed entire country observed a hartal,
by the British government in 1927 to with meetings held nationwide to
review the working of the Government condemn the Commission and reject
of India Act of 1919 and to recommend its legitimacy.
further constitutional reforms in India. (c) Violent Repression : The Commission’s
Its primary purpose was to evaluate the arrival and subsequent tours were met
effectiveness of the existing administrative with massive protests, demonstrations,
structures and suggest changes to address and hartals across the country. The
any issues or shortcomings. police responded with repressive
(ii) Main Recommendations of simon measures, including firing in Madras
commission : and lathi charges in many places.
(a) Provinces should have full autonomy, (d) National Outcry : The slogan “Simon
including control over law and order, Go Back” echoed throughout the
but Governors should retain overriding country, reflecting the widespread
powers in areas like internal security. rejection of the Commission by
(b) Provincial Legislative Councils should the Indian populace. The Central
be expanded. Legislative Assembly also decided by
(c) Communal representation should be majority that it would not cooperate
maintained. with the Commission.
(d) High Courts should remain under 110. Japanese success in the East prompted the
the administrative control of the British Government to send the Cripps
Government of India. Mission to India. In this context, state :
(e) British troops and officers should (i) The proposals of the Cripps Mission.
continue to be present in India for (ii) Reasons for its rejection by the Congress.
many years. (iii)Reasons for its rejection by other
CH 5 : GANDHIAN ERA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
Jawaharlal Nehru, and Maulana Abul activities, leading to eventual
Kalam Azad, were arrested, and the independence in 1947.
Congress party was outlawed.
(c) Public Response: The arrest of the 113. The August Offer of 1940 evoked little
leaders ignited widespread unrest. enthusiasm in India. In this context, answer
Strikes and protests erupted across the following :
the nation, leading to an unarmed (i) Why was the August Offer made ?
yet highly violent revolt. Government (ii) What proposals did the August Offer
properties were attacked, and contain ?
transportation and communication (iii)Why was the Offer rejected ?
networks were severely disrupted. Ans : SQP 1999

Students played a significant role in (i) In 1940, Lord Linlithgow proposed the
the movement, resulting in the closure August Offer to resolve the political
of colleges, universities, and schools. impasse that had arisen during World
The movement was particularly War II. On July 27, 1940, the Congress
intense in regions such as Bihar, party proposed to support the war effort
Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Bengal. if their demand for independence was met
(d) The government employed police and and a provisional national government,
military forces to quell the movement, accountable to the existing Central
resulting in hundreds of deaths and Assembly, was established at the central
over 70,000 arrests within a span of less level. In response to this, the British
than five months. Armed aircraft were government put forth the August Offer.
deployed in Bhagalpur and Monghyr in (ii) (a) After the war, the government
Bihar. Crowds were dispersed using lathi would establish a body to draft the
charges, rifles, pistols, and occasionally Constitution of India.
machine guns. Women and children (b) The Viceroy’s Executive Council
were also targeted. The primary aim of would be enlarged to include Indian
the government was to intimidate and members.
terrorize the populace. (c) A War Advisory Council would be
(e) The Quit India Movement was significant created.
for several reasons: (d) The government reaffirmed its
(a) Mobilization of the Masses: It marked commitment to fully consider the
a significant mobilization of the interests of minorities.
Indian masses against British rule, (iii)The August Offer was rejected for the
showcasing the widespread demand following reasons:
for independence. (a) Insufficient Concessions: It did not
(b) Heightened Nationalism: The provide immediate autonomy or self-
movement intensified nationalist rule.
sentiments and galvanized public (b) No Independence Timeline: It lacked
opinion against colonial rule. a clear plan for full independence.
(c) Political Pressure: It increased (c) Unaddressed Needs: It did not
political pressure on the British address economic hardship or political
government, eventually leading to a repression.
reconsideration of India’s political (d) Leader Discontent: Key leaders and
future. parties felt it did not meet their
(d) Foundation for Future Struggles: The expectations.
Quit India Movement set the stage
for further political and revolutionary
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 129
Mahatma Gandhi. (ii) The objectives of the Quit India
(ii) Three reasons behind the launching of Movement.
the August, 1942 movement : (iii)The spread of the Movement.
(a) Failure of Cripps Mission: The (iv) The reaction of the British Government.
1942 Cripps Mission failed to offer (v) Explain any four significant effects of the
immediate independence, frustrating Quit India Movement.
Indian leaders. Ans : MAIN 1993,1995,1998,2013,2018,2020
(b) Japanese Threat: Advancing Japanese
forces in WWII raised concerns about (i) The reasons that led to the passing of the
India’s security under British rule. Quit India Resolution:
(c) Demand for Independence: Growing (a) Failure of the Cripps Mission: The
impatience with British rule led Cripps Mission’s proposals failed to
Congress to launch the Quit meet Indian aspirations for immediate
India Movement for immediate independence and included provisions
independence. that could potentially divide India into
(iii)Four consequences of the 1942 Movement: smaller independent regions, creating
(a) Demonstration of National Unity: dissatisfaction among Indian leaders.
The movement revealed the intensity (b) War Situation: The possibility of a
of national sentiment and convinced Japanese attack on India, combined
the British that their control over with the lack of Indian power to
India was nearing its end. People resist, heightened the demand for
from across the country united in complete independence as Indian
their struggle against British rule. leaders, including Gandhiji, sought to
(b) Setback for the British: British avoid internal anarchy and external
officials realized that they could no aggression.
longer maintain their grip on India, as (c) Internal Anarchy: The worsening
the movement clearly demonstrated communal situation and the Muslim
the diminishing power of British rule. League’s demand for a separate
(c) Emergence of Parallel Governments: state of Pakistan contributed to a
A notable aspect of the Quit India deteriorating internal environment,
Movement was the formation of further justifying the call for
parallel governments in places like immediate independence.
Ballia in Uttar Pradesh, Midnapur in (ii) The objectives of the Quit India
Bengal, and Satara in Maharashtra. Movement :
(d) Growth of the Congress Socialist (a) The goal was to launch a large-scale,
Party: The Quit India Movement non-violent struggle for independence
significantly strengthened the to end British rule in India.
Congress Socialist Party, whose (b) The Quit India resolution also called
active and heroic participation in for the establishment of a provisional
the movement influenced the broader government to defend India against
Indian National Congress with its foreign aggression.
socialist ideals. (iii)Spread of the Movement :
(a) Quit India Resolution: The Quit
112. On August 8, 1942 the All India Congress India Resolution was passed on 8th
Committee passed the famous Quit India August 1942, with “Do or Die” as the
Resolution. In this context explain : rallying cry of the movement.
(i) The reasons that led to the passing of the (b) Arrest of Leaders: On the morning
Quit India Resolution. of 9th August 1942, all key Congress
leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi,
CH 5 : GANDHIAN ERA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
communities. (iv) The Muslim League rejected the Cripps
(iv) Reasons for its rejection by the Muslim Mission because:
League. (a) Demand for Pakistan: The proposals
Ans : COMP 1992,1993,1998
did not address the Muslim League’s
demand for the creation of a separate
(i) The proposals of the Cripps Mission : state of Pakistan, which was a key
(a) India would be granted Dominion priority for them.
Status immediately after the war. (b) Fear of Hindu Domination: The
(b) A Constituent Assembly would be Muslim League feared that the
established, with members from proposed Constituent Assembly would
British India elected by Provincial be dominated by Hindus, leading to
Legislative Assemblies and the marginalization of Muslims in a
representatives from Princely States united India.
nominated by their rulers.
(c) Provinces that did not agree with 111. Read the passage given below and answer
the new constitution would have the questions that follow : “On August 7th
the freedom to create their own and 8th in Bombay the All-India Congress
constitution. Committee considered and debated in Public
(d) Measures would be taken to protect the resolution,.... The Committee resolves
racial and religious minorities. therefore to sanction,... the starting of a
(e) The responsibility for controlling and mass struggle on non-violent lines under the
directing India’s defense would remain inevitable leadership of Gandhiji.
with His Majesty’s Government. The resolution was finally passed late in the
(ii) The Congress rejected the proposals evening of August 8th, 1942. A few hours
because: later, in the early morning of August 9th, a
(a) They included a provision that could large number of arrests were made in Bombay
lead to the division of India into and all over the country.
numerous independent provinces. (From : The Discovery of India - Jawaharlal
(b) There was no specified time frame for Nehru).
establishing the constitution-making (i) What is meant by ‘Mass struggle on
body. non-violent lines’ ? Which resolution was
(c) The Congress insisted that all passed on the 8th of August, 1942 leading
subjects, including defense, be handed to a mass struggle on non-violent lines ?
over to the National Government. (ii) State any three reasons behind the
Gandhiji was so dismayed by the launching of the August, 1942 movement.
proposals that he referred to them as a (iii)Discuss any four consequences of the 1942
“post-dated cheque.” Movement.
(iii)Other communities opposed the Cripps Ans : SQP 2005,2009
Mission because they believed it did not
provide sufficient safeguards for their (i) A “Mass struggle on non-violent lines”
interests. They felt the proposals were refers to a large-scale movement involving
too vague and lacked specific protections the general population in acts of civil
for smaller religious and ethnic groups. disobedience and protest, conducted
These communities were concerned without the use of violence. The resolution
about potential marginalization in the passed on August 8th, 1942, was the
future governance of India. The absence Quit India Resolution, which called for
of clear guarantees for their rights led to an immediate end to British rule in
widespread dissatisfaction and rejection India and led to the launch of the Quit
of the Cripps proposals by these groups. India Movement under the leadership of
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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 131
114. Soon after the beginning of the Second World CASE BASED QUESTION
War, the Congress ministers resigned. In this
context answer the following questions :
(i) Cause for the resignation of the Congress 115. With reference to the picture given below,
ministries. answer the following questions :
(ii) Reaction of the British Government to (i) Identify the Memorial built for those who
these resignations. were killed in this incident.
(iii)Reaction of the Muslim League. (ii) Where did this incident take place ?
(iii)Name the movement launched by Gandhi
Ans : COMP 1981
in 1920 as a consequence.
(i) The British involved India in the
war without consulting the Central
Legislature or Provincial Governments.
In response, the Congress demanded
the formation of an Indian government
accountable to the Central Legislative
Assembly and a promise of independence
after the war. The British Government
rejected these demands. Consequently, in
November 1939, the Congress ministries
in the provinces resigned, realizing that
Britain was advancing its own imperialist
interests in the war. Ans : COMP 2019

(ii) The British Government experienced a (i) The memorial is the Jallianwala Bagh
sense of relief following the resignation Memorial, which was built to honor the
of the Congress ministers. This relief victims of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
stemmed from the fact that the Congress (ii) This tragic incident took place at
had held power in eight out of the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab,
eleven provinces, giving them significant on April 13, 1919.
influence and the ability to potentially (iii)As a consequence of the Jallianwala Bagh
disrupt or hinder the government’s war massacre, Mahatma Gandhi launched the
efforts. With the resignation, the British Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.
were no longer under the pressure of
dealing with a political force that could 116. Look at the picture given below and answer
challenge or obstruct their strategies the following questions:
during the war, allowing them to pursue
their objectives with greater ease and
without the threat of internal opposition
from the Congress ministries.
(iii)The Muslim League was elated by the
resignation of the Congress ministers and
chose to observe the event as ‘Deliverance
Day.’ Viewing this as a chance to
demonstrate its loyalty to the British
government, the Muslim League pledged
full support for the war effort. However,
they insisted that no constitutional plan (i) Name the march being led by Gandhiji in
would be finalized without their consent. the above picture. Which movement did
this march launch?
CH 5 : GANDHIAN ERA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
(ii) What were the three causes of the Non- British Government agreed to:
Cooperation Movement? Name the (a) Release political prisoners: The
incident which led to the suspension of British agreed to free all non-violent
this movement. political prisoners.
(iii)Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin signed a (b) Permit salt production: Indians were
pact in 1931. Mention any two conditions allowed to produce salt for personal
that the Congress agreed to and two use along the coast.
conditions that the British Government
agreed to according to this pact. 117. (i) Identify two male personalities in the
picture given below. Mention four
Ans : MAIN 2023
ideological tenets of the Indian leader.
(i) The march being led by Gandhiji in
the picture is the Dandi March (Salt
March) of 1930. This march launched the
Civil Disobedience Movement, aimed at
protesting against the British salt tax and
asserting the right of Indians to produce
their own salt.
(ii) Three causes of the Non-Cooperation
Movement:
(a) Jallianwala Bagh massacre: The
brutal massacre of peaceful protestors
by British troops in Amritsar in 1919
caused widespread outrage.
(b) Rowlatt Act: This repressive law
allowed the British government to
imprison individuals without trial,
sparking massive protests.
(c) Khilafat Movement: Gandhi (ii) Explain the reason behind the launching
supported this movement to show of the Khilafat Movement in India. Why
solidarity with Indian Muslims, were the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
protesting against the treatment of Movements merged in 1920?
the Ottoman Caliph. (iii)Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement
The movement was suspended following withdrawn ?
the Chauri Chaura incident (1922), Ans : SQP 2006
where protestors clashed with the police, (i) Lord Mountbatten and Mahatma Gandhi.
leading to the burning of a police station Four ideologies :
and the death of policemen. (a) Non-violence (Ahimsa)
(ii) Congress agreed to: (b) Satyagraha (Truth Force)
(a) Suspend the Civil Disobedience (c) Swadeshi
Movement: Congress stopped all (d) Truth.
civil disobedience actions, including (ii) Reasons behind launching the khilafat
protests and boycotts. movement : The Khilafat Movement
(b) Participate in the Second Round (1919-1924) was launched by Indian
Table Conference: Congress agreed to Muslims to protest the British treatment
join the discussions on constitutional of the Ottoman Empire and its Caliph,
reforms in London. the spiritual leader of the Islamic world.
(a) Disrespect to the Caliphate: The
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 133
British undermined the Caliph’s
position after World War I, violating
promises to protect Muslim holy
places.
(b) Religious Sentiments: The weakening
of the Caliphate hurt Muslim religious
feelings.
(c) British Betrayal: Muslims felt
betrayed as the British failed to honor
their wartime assurances.
Merger of khilafat movement with the Non-
Cooperation movement : The Khilafat
and Non-Cooperation Movements merged
in 1920 for the following reasons:
(a) Common Enemy: Both aimed to
weaken British rule.
(b) Hindu-Muslim Unity: Gandhi saw
the Khilafat issue as a way to foster
unity and mass participation.
(c) Strengthening the Movement: The
merger created a larger and more
powerful national movement.
(iii)Non-Cooperation Movement withdrawn
due to following reasons :
(a) Suspension of the Movement: Gandhiji
suspended the Non-Cooperation
Movement after the Chauri Chaura
incident, where 22 policemen were
killed by a mob. He believed that
the nationalist workers had not fully
grasped the principle of non-violence,
which was central to his philosophy.
(b) Decline of the Khilafat Movement:
The Khilafat Movement lost its
significance after Turkey became
a republic in 1922, following a
revolution.
(c) Formation of the Swaraj Party:
Dissatisfied with Gandhi’s decision
to withdraw the Non-Cooperation
Movement, leaders like C.R. Das
and Motilal Nehru decided to form
the Swaraj Party after the Congress
rejected the Council-entry proposal
at the Gaya session.

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CH 6 : FORWARD BLOC AND THE INA

CHAPTER 6
FORWARD BLOC AND THE INA

2. INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY (INA) AND SUBHASH

SUMMARY CHANDRA BOSE

1. OBJECTIVES OF FORWARD BLOC 2.1 Objectives

The Forward Bloc was formed by Subhash The Indian National Army (INA) was
Chandra Bose in 1939 after his resignation as initially formed in 1942 with the aim of
the President of the Indian National Congress. liberating India from British rule. Subhash
The primary objective of the Forward Bloc Chandra Bose took command of the INA
was to achieve complete independence from in 1943, revitalizing it with a strong sense
British rule through a united effort of all of purpose and nationalistic fervor. Under
anti-British forces in India. Bose envisioned Bose’s leadership, the INA became a symbol
the Forward Bloc as a platform that would of resistance against British rule and played a
consolidate the left-wing elements within significant role in the Indian freedom struggle.
the Congress and push for a more radical The key objectives of the INA under Subhash
approach to securing freedom. Chandra Bose were:
The key objectives of the Forward Bloc (i) Overthrowing British Rule : The primary
included : goal of the INA was to wage an armed
struggle to expel the British from India,
(i) Complete Independence : The ultimate
using military force if necessary.
goal was to liberate India from British
(ii) Collaboration with Axis Powers : Bose
colonial rule.
sought the support of Axis powers
(ii) Unity of Anti-British Forces : The
(Japan, Germany and Italy) to challenge
Forward Bloc aimed to unite all groups
British supremacy in India. The INA
and individuals opposed to British rule,
collaborated with the Japanese forces
regardless of their political or ideological
in Southeast Asia to launch a campaign
differences.
against British India.
(iii)Socialist Revolution : Bose sought to lay (iii)Mobilization of Indians Abroad : Bose
the groundwork for a socialist society actively recruited Indian expatriates
in India, where economic and social and prisoners of war in Southeast Asia
inequalities would be addressed. to join the INA, transforming it into a
(iv) Mass Mobilization : The Forward Bloc formidable fighting force.
emphasized mass mobilization and
active participation in the struggle 3. CONTRIBUTIONS OF SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE
for independence, including potential AND THE INA
collaboration with foreign powers opposed Inspiration for Nationalism : Bose’s leadership
to British imperialism. and the activities of the INA inspired a
renewed sense of nationalism and resistance
among Indians. His famous slogans, “Jai
Hind” and “Give me blood, and I will give you
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 135
freedom,” galvanized the Indian population (d) To train and organise public opinion in
to support the cause of independence. the country
Military Engagement : The INA engaged in Ans : MAIN 2024
military operations against the British forces
in the northeastern regions of India, although Thus (d) is correct option.
these efforts ultimately did not succeed in 3. Surat split : Moderates and Assertive
liberating India. Nationalists : : Tripuri Split ........?.........
Post-War Impact : Although the INA’s (a) Gandhiji and Bose
military campaign did not achieve its goal, (b) Gandhiji and Tilak
the trial of INA officers after World War II (c) Gandhiji and Jinnah
generated widespread public sympathy and (d) Gandhiji and Nehru
resentment against British rule, contributing
Ans : SQP 2001
to the momentum for India’s eventual
independence in 1947. Thus (a) is correct option.
Subhash Chandra Bose’s legacy and
4. Name the army under ‘Subhash Chandra
the efforts of the INA remain an important
Bose’ command.
chapter in India’s struggle for freedom,
(a) British Indian Army
highlighting the diverse approaches and
(b) Indian Independence Army
sacrifices made to achieve independence from
(c) Indian National Army
colonial rule.
(d) POW Army
Ans : COMP 2005

Thus (c) is correct option.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
5. Which of the following were the objectives
of INA?
1. Read the two statements given below and (i) To organise an armed revolution and to
select the option that shows the correct fight against the British army.
relationship between (A) and (R): (ii) To organise a provisional government of
Assertion (A) : Forward Bloc had the free India.
objective of abolishing Zamindari System. (iii)To mobilise Indian manpower and money
Reason (R) : Subhash Chandra Bose wanted to end the World war.
to establish a socialist state. (a) (i) and (ii)
(a) A is true but R is false (b) (i) and (iii)
(b) R is the reason for A (c) (ii) and (iii)
(c) Both A and R are false (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(d) Only R is true, A is false Ans : MAIN 2004
Ans : MAIN 2024
Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus (d) is correct option.
6. INA :......?...... : Quit India : Do or Die
2. Given below are the objectives of the Indian (a) Jai Hind
National Army. Identify the odd one out of (b) Unity Faith, Sacrifice
the following: (c) Delhi Chalo
(a) To organise a provisional government of (d) Give me blood, and I’ll give you freedom
Free India Ans : SQP 2005
(b) Total mobilisation of Indian manpower
and money Thus (d) is correct option.
(c) Unity, faith and sacrifice
CH 6 : FORWARD BLOC AND THE INA
7. Subhash Chandra Bose was re-elected the 11. Who was the founder of the Forward Bloc in
President of INC at the Tripuri Session in 1939?
1939 by defeating which of the following (a) Jawaharlal Nehru
candidates? (b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad (c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) J.B. Kriplani (d) Gandhi
(c) Pattabhi Sitaramaiya Ans : MAIN 2018
(d) Nellie Sengupta
Thus (b) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2008

Thus (c) is correct option. 12. The Provincial Government under Netaji first
acquired which of the following territories in
8. Arrange the following events of Netaji’s life India?
in chronological order (a) Mowdok
(i) Congress Presidents hip (b) Ukhral and Kohima
(ii) Formation of Forward Block (c) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(iii)Provisional Government of free India (d) Imphal
(iv) Supreme Commander of INA Ans : COMP 2021
(a) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(b) (iv) (ii), (iii) and (i) Thus (c) is correct option.
(c) (iv) (i) (iii) and (ii) 13. To attain Independence Netaji did not lay
(d) (i), (iii), (iv) and (ii) stress on which of the following?
Ans : MAIN 2017 (a) Organization of masses
Thus (a) is correct option. (b) Large scale industrializations
(c) Small scale industries
9. The Forward Bloc would work for the (d) National Planning
establishment of _____ state. Ans : MAIN 2006
(a) Capitalist
(b) Socialist Thus (d) is correct option.
(c) Combination of (a) and (b) 14. What was one of the primary goals of the
(d) None of the above Indian National Army (INA) led by Subhash
Ans : SQP 2009 Chandra Bose?
Thus (b) is correct option. (a) To assist the British in World War II
(b) To fight for India’s independence through
10. What was the main objective of the Forward armed struggle
Bloc formed by Subhash Chandra Bose? (c) To support the British colonial system in
(a) To promote the idea of a unified India India
under British rule (d) To negotiate a peaceful settlement with
(b) To demand complete independence from the British
British colonial rule Ans : SQP 2003
(c) To form alliances with European powers
(d) To support the policies of the Indian Thus (b) is correct option.
National Congress 15. Where was the Indian National Army (INA)
Ans : COMP 2008 formed?
Thus (b) is correct option. (a) Lahore
(b) Singapore
(c) Calcutta
(d) Delhi
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 137
Ans : MAIN 2008
(a) Leading peaceful protests against British
Thus (b) is correct option. policies
(b) Strengthening the demand for complete
16. What was the role of Subhash Chandra Bose independence from the British
in the INA? (c) Promoting unity between Hindus and
(a) He was a strategist but did not lead the Muslims
INA (d) Establishing educational institutions for
(b) He formed and led the INA during World Indian students
War II
(c) He supported the INA but was not Ans : COMP 2019

directly involved Thus (b) is correct option.

(d) He was a key figure in its defeat
Ans : SQP 2011

Thus (b) is correct option. ONE MARK QUESTIONS

17. Which of the following was a key objective
of Subhash Chandra Bose’s Indian National 21. Name the party formed by Subhash Chandra
Army (INA)? Bose in 1939.
(a) To fight alongside the British against or
Japan Who was the founder of the ‘Forward Bloc’ ?
(b) To establish a new colonial government in
Ans : MAIN 2007,2015
India
(c) To gain Indian independence with the Forward Bloc Or Subhash Chandra Bose.
support of Japan
22. What was the immediate objective of the
(d) To unite India with Britain
Forward Bloc ?
Ans : MAIN 2022
Ans : SQP 2002,2012,2015
Thus (c) is correct option.
The main aim was the immediate liberation
18. What slogan is famously associated with of India.
Subhash Chandra Bose and the INA?
(a) “Jai Hind” 23. Name the leader who planned to fight for the
(b) “Inquilab Zindabad” liberation of India from abroad.
(c) “Satyagraha” Ans : COMP 2017

(d) “Vande Mataram” Rashbehari Bose planned to fight for the

Ans : SQP 2000 liberation of India from abroad.
Thus (a) is correct option. 24. Who established the Provisional Government
19. Which country provided support to the of India in 1943?
Indian National Army during World War II? Ans : MAIN 2011

(a) United States Subhash Chandra Bose, on 21st October 1943,

(b) Japan announced the formation of the Provisional
(c) Germany Government of Free India.
(d) Soviet Union
Ans : MAIN 2005
25. Who gave the call of ‘Delhi Chalo’ and ‘Total
Mobilisation’ ?
Thus (b) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2001

20. What was the major contribution of the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.
Forward Bloc to India’s freedom struggle?
CH 6 : FORWARD BLOC AND THE INA
49. With reference to the Indian National Army, party aimed to liberate India with the
answer the following questions : support of workers, peasants, youth
(i) Mention the circumstances which led and radical organizations.
to the formation of the Indian National (c) Leadership of the INA : In 1943, Bose
Army. officially took charge of the Indian
(ii) Contribution of Subhash Chandra Bose National Army (INA). The INA
to the National Movement. fought alongside Japanese forces and
(ii) Objectives of INA. advanced up to Imphal, Manipur.
Ans : SQP 2001,2003,2008,2011,2016
On October 21, 1943, Bose declared
the formation of the Provisional
(i) Circumstances which led to the formation Government of Free India.
of the Indian National Army : (d) INA’s Battle Cry and Victories : The
(a) Formation of the Indian Independence slogans “Delhi Chalo” and “Jai Hind”
League : During World War II, became the battle cry of the INA. On
Japan captured over 40,000 Indian March 19, 1944, the INA hoisted the
soldiers. Along with Indians living Tricolour on liberated Indian soil and
in Southeast Asia, they formed the they, along with Japanese forces, held
Indian Independence League under Burma for nearly a year.
Rash Behari Bose’s leadership. (e) INA’s Impact on the National
(b) The Tokyo Conference (March 28-31, Movement : The INA symbolized
1942) : Attended by over 120 delegates unity, dedication and sacrifice. The
from countries like Burma, Malaya, trials of INA officers led to widespread
Thailand and Japan, the conference protests, affecting the armed forces
passed a resolution to form the Indian and sparking a revolt in the Indian
National Army (INA). Mohan Singh Navy in Bombay in 1946. Although
became the Commander-in-Chief the INA’s mission failed, it left a
and Rash Behari Bose was elected lasting legacy of patriotism.
President. (iii)Objectives of Indian National Army :
(c) Leadership of Subhash Chandra (a) The primary objective of the INA was
Bose : On August 26, 1943, Subhash to overthrow British rule in colonial
Chandra Bose took command of the India.
INA as its Supreme Commander. It (b) To establish a provisional government
was also decided to strengthen and for free India.
expand the Indian Independence (c) To seek assistance from the Japanese
League. Army and raise the Indian flag on
(ii) Contribution of Subhash Chandra Bose Indian soil by ousting the British.
to the National Movement : (d) To expand and strengthen the Indian
(a) Subhash Chandra Bose’s Decision Independence League.
: Subhash Chandra Bose, despite
passing the Indian Civil Service 50. In 1939, Subhash Chandra Bose formed the
Examination, chose not to join the Forward Bloc. In this context, answer the
British Government. He is popularly following questions :
known as Netaji for his courage, (i) Why did Subhash Chandra Bose decide
sacrifice and boldness. to form a new party ?
(b) Formation of the Forward Bloc : In (ii) What were the aims and objectives of the
May 1939, due to differences with new party formed by Subhash Chandra
Gandhiji, Subhash Chandra Bose Bose.
resigned from the Congress Presidency (iii)Mention two main objectives of the
and formed the Forward Bloc. The Provisional Government of Free India.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 139
to rally the Indian community in the fight for 42. Mention two main objectives of the
India’s independence. Provisional Government of Free India.
The first Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Ans : MAIN 2002
National Army (INA) was General Mohan
Singh. (i) To initiate and lead the struggle to expel
the British and their allies from Indian soil.
38. State two important objectives of the Indian (ii) To establish a permanent National
National Army. Government of Free India (Azad Hind).
Ans : MAIN 2014
43. Name the two slogans which became the war
(i) The army aimed to overthrow British cry of the INA. Which islands were renamed
rule in colonial India with the support of as ‘Shahid’ and ‘Swaraj’ ?
the Japanese. Ans : COMP 2021
(ii) To establish a provisional government.
The two slogans that became the war cry of
39. Mention any two contribution of the INA to the Indian National Army (INA) were “Jai
the freedom movement? Hind” and “Chalo Dilli”.
Ans : COMP 2023
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands were
renamed as ‘Shahid’ and ‘Swaraj’ respectively.
(i) Inspiring Nationalism : The INA, under
Subhash Chandra Bose, fueled a strong 44. Mention two contributions of Subhash
sense of nationalism and unity among Chandra Bose to India’s free struggle.
Indians. Ans : COMP 2007
(ii) Challenging British Rule : The INA’s
military efforts weakened British (i) He reorganized the Indian National Army
authority and increased support for the (INA), which played a crucial role in
independence movement. India’s freedom struggle. The INA was
the first to hoist the Tricolour flag on
40. Why did Subhash Chandra Bose resign from liberated Indian soil.
the Congress Presidents hip ? (ii) He formed the Forward Bloc to promote
Ans : SQP 2020
economic development based on socialist
principles.
When Subhash Chandra Bose sought
Gandhiji’s opinion regarding the refusal of the 45. Mention two contributions of Subhash
New Working Committee members to act as Chandra Bose to India’s freedom struggle.
a puppet President under Gandhi’s influence, Ans : SQP 2004
he received no response. As a result, Subhash
Chandra Bose resigned from the Congress (i) He established a new party called the
Presidentship on 29 April, 1939. Forward Bloc with the aim of liberating
India.
41. Name any three countries that recognised the (ii) He reorganized the Indian National Army,
Provisional Government of India formed in which hoisted the Tricolour flag for the
Singapore in 1943. first time on liberated Indian soil.
Ans : SQP 2008

(i) Japan
(ii) Italy and THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
(iii)Germany recognized this Provisional
Government of India. 46. Subhash Chandra Bose laid the foundation
of a radical and progressive party within the
Congress in 1939. In this context answer the
CH 6 : FORWARD BLOC AND THE INA
26. What was the objective of the Indian National vital role in raising the Indian National Army.
Army?
34. Why did Subhash Chandra Bose resign from
Ans : SQP 2019
the Presidentship of the Indian National
The objective of the Indian National Army Congress ?
was to organise on armed revolution and to Ans : SQP 2018
fight the British Army with modern arms.
Subhash Chandra Bose resigned due to some
27. When was Indian National Army formally differences with Gandhiji.
established ?
Ans : COMP 2010

It was formally established on 1 September,

st TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
1942.

28. Who announced the formation of Provisional 35. Name the Party formed by Subhash Chandra
Government of Free India ? Bose in May 1939. What was the party’s
programme for rebuilding India?
Ans : MAIN 2003
Ans : MAIN 2000
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.
The party formed by Subhash Chandra
29. Name any four countries which accorded Bose in May 1939 was the Forward Bloc.
recognition to the Provisional Govern-ment. The party’s programme for rebuilding India
Ans : MAIN 2003 included :
(i) Planning for the reorganization of
Japan, Germany, Italy and Burma.
agriculture and industry along socialist
30. Name any two slogans which became the principles.
battle cry of the INA. (ii) Abolition of the Zamindari system.
(iii)Establishment of a new monetary and
Ans : SQP 2018
credit system.
‘Delhi Chalo’ and ‘Jai Hind’.
36. Why couldn’t the Indian National Army
31. Name the military organization of which Bose capture Imphal?
became the Supreme Commander in 1943.
Ans : MAIN 2006
Ans : MAIN 2024
The soldiers of the INA, fighting alongside
Indian National Army (INA). Japanese forces, advanced to Imphal in
Manipur. However, shortly thereafter, the
32. Name the islands which were handed over to
Japanese were compelled to redirect their
INA by Japan. What names were given by
aircraft from the Indo-Burma zone to the
Subhash Chandra Bose to these islands?
Pacific zone. Additionally, the monsoon season
Ans : COMP 2001
began before Imphal could be captured.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands were handed
over to the INA. These were renamed as 37. Why did Rash behari Bose organise the
‘Shahid’ and ‘Swami. Indian Independence League? Who was
the first Commander-in-Chief of the Indian
33. Who was Rash Behari Bose ? National Army?
Ans : COMP 2013 Ans : SQP 2005

He was an Indian revolutionary who went Rashbehari Bose, an experienced

to Japan in 1915 and established Indian revolutionary who fled to Japan in 1915,
Independence League in 1942. He played a organized the Indian Independence League
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 141
(iii)Subhash Chandra Bose was the founder on October 21, 1943. Shortly after, the
of the Indian National Army (INA). Provisional Government declared war
Three objectives of the Indian National on Britain and the USA. Within a few
Army: days, nine countries, including Japan
(a) Liberation of India : The primary and Germany, recognized the government
objective was to free India from headed by Bose. The Provisional
British colonial rule through military Government gained its first territory
means. when Japan handed over the Andaman
(b) Mobilization of Indian Soldiers : To and Nicobar Islands on November 6, 1943.
rally and organize Indian soldiers Bose subsequently renamed these islands
and expatriates to fight against the as ‘Shahid’ and ‘Swaraj’, respectively.
British forces. (iii)Contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) Establishment of an Independent to the National Movement :
Government : To establish a sovereign (a) Formation of the Forward Bloc (1939):
and independent government in India After resigning from the Congress
after the successful removal of British due to ideological differences, Bose
authority. formed the Forward Bloc to unite
anti-British forces and push for
48. Using the following points summarise Netaji’s immediate independence. His party
contribution to the National Movement : focused on radical measures, socialist
(i) His escape from house arrest. principles and mass mobilization.
(ii) His becoming the Supreme Commander (b) Leadership of the INA (1943):
of the INA. Bose assumed control of the Indian
(iii)Subhash Chandra Bose’s contribution to National Army (INA) in 1943,
the National Movement. turning it into a powerful symbol of
Ans : COMP 2021 resistance against British rule. The
(i) In July 1940, Bose was arrested under INA, fighting alongside the Japanese,
the Defence of India Rules and went on a advanced to Imphal, Manipur and
hunger strike. As his health deteriorated, hoisted the Indian flag for the first
the government was forced to release time on liberated soil.
him. However, he was placed under house (c) Provisional Government of Free India
arrest in Kolkata. On January 26, 1941, : Bose established the Provisional
he successfully escaped, evading police Government of Free India in 1943,
surveillance. Traveling through Peshawar giving a symbolic declaration of
and Russia, he arrived in Berlin on March independence. This government
28, where the Indian community warmly gained recognition from Axis powers
welcomed him as their leader, Netaji and and played a role in mobilizing
greeted him with the slogan ‘Jai Hind’. support for the INA.
Bose called upon his countrymen via (d) Inspiring Nationalism : Bose’s
radio to take up arms against the British leadership, along with slogans like
and established Free India Centres in “Jai Hind” and “Give me blood,
Rome and Paris. and I will give you freedom,” stirred
(ii) On August 26, 1943, Subhash Chandra nationalist fervor among Indians. His
Bose officially took command of the Indian role in the INA, despite its military
National Army (INA) and became its failure, inspired revolts in the Indian
Supreme Commander. His first significant Navy and elsewhere, weakening
move was the formal declaration of the British control in India.
Provisional Government of Free India
CH 6 : FORWARD BLOC AND THE INA
following : (c) Introduce a new monetary and credit
(i) Name the new party which he formed. system.
(ii) Under what circumstances he resigned
from the Congress. 47. The heroism of the Indians was revealed by
(iii)What led to the formation of the new the courage of Subhash Chandra Bose and
party ? the Indian National Army. With reference to
(iv) Mention the ideals of the new Party. this, answer the following questions:
(i) Mention any three objectives of the
Ans : MAIN 1993,2018,2020,2008
Forward Bloc.
(i) He formed the Forward Bloc in 1939. (ii) Mention any three contributions of
(ii) Subhash Chandra Bose became Congress Subhash Chandra Bose.
President in 1938, reflecting the growing (iii)Who was the founder of the Indian
influence of the Leftist and Socialist wing National Army ? Mention any three of its
within the Congress. He was re-elected objectives.
in 1939, defeating Gandhi’s candidate, Ans : MAIN 2023
Pattabhi Sitaramayya. Gandhi viewed
this as a personal defeat. A conflict (i) Three objectives of the Forward Bloc :
arose between Bose and Gandhi over (a) Complete independence for India :
the formation of the Congress Working The Forward Bloc aimed at achieving
Committee. Bose wanted the freedom to full and immediate independence
choose his own committee, while Gandhi, from British rule.
fearing Bose might use violent means in the (b) Revolutionary socialism : It sought
struggle for independence, disapproved. to establish a socialist society based
Despite mediation efforts by Nehru and on equality and justice, free from
Jayaprakash Narayan, the deadlock exploitation.
persisted. As a result, Bose found himself (c) Mobilizing the masses : The Forward
isolated, with no one willing to join his Bloc aimed to bring together various
Working Committee due to Gandhi’s sections of society, including peasants,
disapproval. Consequently, Bose resigned workers and youth, to create a united
from the Congress Presidentship on April front against British colonialism.
29, 1939 and Dr. Rajendra Prasad, a (ii) Three contributions of Subhash Chandra
Gandhian, succeeded him. Bose :
(iii)The formation of the Forward Bloc was (a) Formation of the Indian National
driven by Bose’s desire to continue the Army (INA) : Subhash Chandra Bose
fight for complete independence through founded the INA to fight against
more radical means. After resigning from British rule with military strength,
the Congress Presidency, Bose sought to garnering support from Indian
unite left-wing forces and mobilize the soldiers and expatriates.
masses for a more direct and militant (b) Leadership and Inspiration : Bose
struggle against British rule. provided strong leadership and
(iv) The immediate objective of the Forward inspired millions of Indians to join the
Bloc was to liberate India with the freedom struggle, promoting the idea of
support of workers, peasants, youth and complete and immediate independence.
other radical organizations. (c) Advocacy of Armed Struggle : He
Main ideals of the Party: emphasized the need for armed
(a) Develop the economy based on resistance against British rule,
socialist principles. contrasting with the non-violent
(b) Abolish landlordism, specifically the methods advocated by leaders like
Zamindari System. Mahatma Gandhi.
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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 143
Name any two countries that recognized Ans : MAIN 2000

the Provisional Government of India (i) The Indian National Army (INA) was
formed in Singapore in 1943. conceived by Mohan Singh, an Indian
Ans : COMP 2018
officer in the British Indian Army, in
Malaya during World War II. Instead
(i) Subhash Chandra Bose decided to form of retreating with the British, Singh
a new party, the Forward Bloc, due to sought Japanese support to form an
his differences with the Indian National Indian military unit. The Japanese had,
Congress leadership, especially with up to that point, only encouraged Indian
Mahatma Gandhi. Bose advocated for a civilians to join anti-British groups but
more radical and immediate approach to had not considered a military wing. After
achieving independence, including the use the fall of Singapore, which brought
of mass mobilization and potential alliances 45,000 Indian prisoners of war (POWs)
with foreign powers. His views on direct into Mohan Singh’s sphere of influence,
action clashed with the Congress’s non- the INA began to take shape. By the end
violent strategies, leading to his resignation of 1942, around 40,000 Indian POWs had
from the Congress presidency and the expressed their willingness to join the
formation of the Forward Bloc in 1939. INA. However, the INA was unique as it
(ii) Aims and objectives of the new party was formed on foreign soil, far from India
formed by Subhash Chandra Bose : and was dependent on foreign support
(a) Achieve immediate and complete for arms, equipment and transport. The
independence from British rule. INA relied on the patriotic contributions
(b) Unite all anti-British forces, including of Indians scattered across East
workers, peasants and youth, to fight Asia, providing essential supplies and
for liberation. manpower. Despite these challenges, the
(c) Promote socialist principles to INA’s greatest strength was the patriotic
develop India’s economy, abolish the spirit and self-sacrifice of its volunteers,
Zamindari system and introduce a who were committed to laying down their
new monetary and credit system. lives for India’s independence. Its eventual
(iii)Two main objectives of the Provisional leadership under Subhash Chandra
Government of Free India: Bose further galvanized the movement,
(a) To lead an armed struggle to liberate inspiring even more widespread support
India from British rule. for the fight against British rule.
(b) To establish a free and independent (ii) Objectives of the INA : The main
Indian government. objectives of the INA were the following :
Two countries that recognized the (a) To lead an armed revolution and
Provisional Government of India: confront the British Army with
1. Japan modern weaponry.
2. Germany (b) As organizing a revolution from
51. As the Supreme Commander of the INA, within India was difficult, the task
Subhash Chandra Bose inspired, from outside was assigned to Indians residing
the country, many in his homeland. In this abroad, particularly in East Asia.
context, answer the following questions : (c) To form a Provisional Government of
(i) How can you say that the INA was a Free India to efficiently mobilize all
unique army ? forces.
(ii) What were the main objectives of the (d) To fully mobilize Indian manpower
INA? and financial resources for an all-out
(iii)What were the achievements of the INA ? war effort.
CH 6 : FORWARD BLOC AND THE INA
was suppressed in 1942, the issue (i) Identify the person in the picture and
of constitutional reforms remained name the army organized by him. How
dormant until the end of World War was this army formed and where ?
II in 1945. (ii) What were the objectives of this army ?
Did it achieve its objectives ?
(iii)Mention this army’s contributions to the
India’s freedom struggle.
CASE BASED QUESTION Ans : COMP 2023

(i) The person in the picture is Subhash

54. Study the given picture and answer the Chandra Bose. He organized the Indian
following questions : National Army (INA), which was formed
with the help of Indian prisoners of
war and expatriates in Southeast Asia,
primarily in Singapore, during World
War II.
(ii) The main objectives of this army were :
(a) To launch an armed revolution and
combat the British army using
modern weaponry.
(b) Since organizing an armed revolution
from India was not feasible, the
responsibility fell on Indians abroad,
particularly those in East Asia.
(i) Identify the given person. (c) To establish a Provisional Government
(ii) Name the political organization with of Free India for the effective
which he has associated. mobilization of all available forces.
Ans : MAIN 2018 (d) Complete mobilization of Indian
manpower and financial resources for
(i) The person in the picture is Subhash
a full-scale war effort.
Chandra Bose.
(e) The INA’s core motto was ‘unity,
(ii) Subhash Chandra Bose was associated
faith and sacrifice.’
with the Indian National Congress (INC)
(iii)Though the INA did not succeed in its
and later founded the Forward Bloc. He
mission, Subhash Chandra Bose and
also led the Indian National Army (INA)
its soldiers set an enduring example of
during World War II.
patriotism for the Indian people. INA
55. Study the picture and answer the following soldiers fought bravely alongside Japanese
questions : forces, reaching Imphal and Manipur.
(a) On October 21, 1943, Subhash Chandra
Bose announced the formation of
the Provisional Government of Free
India and declared war on the Allies.
Japan handed over the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands and “Delhi Chalo”
and “Jai Hind” became the INA’s
rallying cries.
(b) INA’s victories in Southeast Asia:
On March 19, 1944, the INA hoisted
the tricolour on liberated Indian soil.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 145
in 1943, giving a symbolic declaration resolution in Bombay, demanding the
of independence. This government immediate end of British rule. The
gained recognition from Axis powers Congress planned a mass, non-violent
and played a role in mobilizing struggle on a national scale. Gandhiji’s
support for the INA. slogan, “Do or Die” (“Karo ya Maro”),
(d) Inspiring Nationalism: Bose’s inspired people across the country to
leadership, along with slogans like dream of a free India.
“Jai Hind” and “Give me blood The British government responded
and I will give you freedom,” stirred quickly by banning the Congress and
nationalist fervor among Indians. His arresting its leaders before they could
role in the INA, despite its military mobilize the masses. Despite this, people
failure, inspired revolts in the Indian launched hartals and protests nationwide,
Navy and elsewhere, weakening attacking symbols of British authority
British control in India. like railway stations, law courts and
police stations. In some places, people
53. The last nine years of the Indian freedom even formed independent governments,
struggle were marked by widespread especially in regions like Uttar Pradesh,
agitations. In this context, discuss : Bihar, Bengal, Bombay, Odisha and
(i) A rift between Gandhiji and Subhash Andhra Pradesh.
Chandra Bose. The British reacted with brutal
(ii) The Quit India Movement (1942). repression, using the army and police
(iii)The impact of Quit India Movement on to crush the movement. Demonstrators
the National Movement. were fired upon and over 60,000 people
Ans : MAIN 2011 were imprisoned by December 1942.
(i) The rift between Gandhiji and Subhash Leaders like Jai Prakash Narayan, Aruna
Chandra Bose began at the Tripuri Asaf Ali and Ram Manohar Lohia went
session of the Congress in 1939. Gandhiji underground to guide the movement.
advised Bose not to stand for re-election Ultimately, the movement proved that
as Congress President for a second term, the British could no longer rule India
but Bose chose to contest. Gandhiji against the will of its people..
endorsed Pattabhi Sitaramayya as his (iii)The impact of Quit India Movement on
preferred candidate, putting his full the National Movement :
support behind him. Despite this, Bose (a) The Quit India Movement showcased
won the election by a majority of votes. the depth of nationalist sentiment
After the result, Gandhiji remarked across the country and revealed
that Sitaramayya’s defeat was his own. the people’s remarkable ability for
Following this, 13 members of the Congress struggle and sacrifice.
Working Committee resigned in protest. (b) It was the last major mass uprising
Bose was then asked to form a Working before independence, with people from
Committee aligned with Gandhiji’s views. all regions and communities Hindus,
Most delegates who had backed Bose still Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Parsis
expressed their confidence in Gandhiji’s and even those from the Princely
leadership, leading to a deadlock between States participating in processions
the two leaders. and demonstrations.
(ii) In August 1942, Gandhiji launched the (c) The movement also strengthened the
Quit India Movement (“Bharat Chhodo Congress Socialist Party due to its
Andolan”). On 8 August 1942, the All prominent and courageous role.
India Congress Committee passed a (d) After the Quit India Movement
CH 6 : FORWARD BLOC AND THE INA
(e) The motto of the INA was ‘unity, control over industries to prevent
faith and sacrifice’. exploitation and ensure the well-
(iii)The INA, alongside the Japanese army, being of workers and the poor.
captured several territories in Southeast (c) New Monetary and Credit System:
Asia. In 1944, they seized Kohima and Bose proposed reforms to establish
advanced to Imphal in Manipur. On a more just and equitable financial
March 19, 1944, they had the privilege system to support the growth of a
of hoisting the tricolor flag for the first socialist society.
time. Although the INA did not achieve (ii) Three decisions were taken at the Tokyo
its goal of liberating India from colonial Conference :
rule, its contribution to the freedom (a) Formation of the Indian National
struggle is unforgettable. Firstly, it set Army (INA): A resolution was passed
a powerful example of patriotism for the to formally create the INA, with
Indian people. The bravery and sacrifices Mohan Singh as its first Commander-
of INA soldiers stirred political awareness in-Chief and Rash Behari Bose as the
among Indian forces. Secondly, it made President.
the British realize that they could no (b) Leadership of the INA: The INA
longer depend on Indian soldiers to would operate under the command
uphold their control over India. Thirdly, of Subhash Chandra Bose, once he
the trial of INA officers at the Red Fort assumed leadership in 1943.
in Delhi garnered nationwide sympathy. (c) Expansion of the Indian Independence
Lastly, the INA’s influence spread to the League: It was decided to expand and
Indian armed forces, sparking revolts in strengthen the Indian Independence
the Indian Navy in Mumbai and similar League to mobilize Indians in
uprisings in Kolkata and Chennai, Southeast Asia and gather resources
shaking the foundations of British rule. for the independence struggle.
(iii)Four contributions of Subhash Chandra
52. With reference to the Indian National Army, Bose to the National Movement :
answer the following questions : (a) Formation of the Forward Bloc (1939):
(i) Explain three measures taken by Subhash After resigning from the Congress
Chandra Bose to establish a socialist due to ideological differences, Bose
society. formed the Forward Bloc to unite
(ii) What were the three decisions taken at anti-British forces and push for
the Tokyo Conference ? immediate independence. His party
(iii)Explain any four contributions of Subhash focused on radical measures, socialist
Chandra Bose to the National Movement. principles and mass mobilization.
Ans : SQP 2009 (b) Leadership of the INA (1943):
(i) Three measures taken by Subhash Bose assumed control of the Indian
Chandra Bose to establish a socialist National Army (INA) in 1943,
society : turning it into a powerful symbol of
(a) Abolition of the Zamindari System: resistance against British rule. The
Bose wanted to end landlordism and INA, fighting alongside the Japanese,
ensure land redistribution to uplift advanced to Imphal, Manipur and
the peasants and create a more equal hoisted the Indian flag for the first
society. time on liberated soil.
(b) Economic Development on Socialist (c) Provisional Government of
Lines: He envisioned a state-led Free India: Bose established the
economy with strong government Provisional Government of Free India
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 147
Along with Japanese forces, they held
Burma for nearly a year.
INA’s impact on the National Movement:
The INA became a symbol of Indian unity
and sacrifice. The trial of INA officers,
though they were found guilty, resulted in no
punishment due to nationwide protests.

56. Study the given picture and answer the

following questions :

(i) Identify the given person.

(ii) Name the political organization with
which she was associated.
Ans : SQP 2019

(i) Captain Lakshmi Sehgal

(ii) She led the Rani Jhansi Regiment Indian
National Army (INA).

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CH 7 : INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA

CHAPTER 7
INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA

2. MOUNTBATTEN PLAN (1947)

SUMMARY
Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India,
proposed a plan that laid the foundation
1. CABINET MISSION PLAN (1946) for the partition of British India. This plan
The Cabinet Mission Plan was a crucial was driven by the urgency to prevent a civil
attempt to resolve the political deadlock war due to communal tensions and to grant
between the Indian National Congress and India its independence swiftly. Key clauses
the Muslim League, both of which were included:
demanding different visions for India’s
2.1 Partition
future. The plan aimed at preserving Indian
unity while granting considerable autonomy India was to be divided into two independent
to provinces. Its key clauses included : dominions, India and Pakistan, based on
religious majorities.
1.1 Federal Structure
2.2 Boundary Commission
The plan proposed a weak central government
with control over only foreign affairs, defense, Sir Cyril Radcliffe headed the commission to
and communication, while the provinces demarcate the boundaries between India and
would retain autonomy over other subjects. Pakistan in Punjab and Bengal, areas with
mixed populations.
1.2 Groupings
2.3 Princely States
Provinces were divided into three groups
Group A (Hindu-majority provinces), The princely states were given the option
Group B (Muslim-majority provinces in the to join either India or Pakistan or remain
northwest), and Group C (Muslim-majority independent, although Mount batten urged
provinces in the east). them to join one of the two dominions.

1.3 Constituent Assembly 2.4 Dominion Status

A Constituent Assembly was to be elected Both India and Pakistan would become
by provincial legislatures to draft the future independent dominions within the British
Constitution of India. Commonwealth, enjoying full autonomy but
acknowledging the British monarch as the
1.4 Interim Government symbolic head of the Commonwealth.
Until the Constitution was framed, an interim
3. INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT (1947)
government comprising representatives from
different political parties was to be set up at The Indian Independence Act, passed by
the center. the British Parliament in July 1947, legally
However, the Muslim League’s insistence sanctioned the partition and granted
on a separate state and the Congress’s refusal independence to India and Pakistan. The
to accept groupings based on religion led to act’s clauses were:
the plan’s failure.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 149
3.1 End of British Rule 2. Who among the following was NOT a part of
British sovereignty over India ended on the Cabinet Mission?
August 15, 1947, marking the end of nearly (a) Penthic Lawrence
two centuries of colonial rule. (b) Sir Stafford Cripps
(c) A.V. Alexander
3.2 Creation of Two Dominions (d) Lord Linlithgow
Two independent nations, India and Pakistan, Ans : SQP 2018
were created, with Pakistan including the
Thus (d) is correct option.
Muslim-majority areas of the northwest and
east (later Bangladesh). 3. Arrange the following events in chronological
3.3 Princely States order
(i) End of World War
The princely states were free to accede to (ii) Attlee’s Announcement
either dominion or declare independence, (iii)Mountbatten Plan
though most eventually joined India or (iv) Cabinet Mission
Pakistan. (a) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
3.4 Full Legislative Powers (b) (i), (iv), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i), (iv), (iii) and (ii)
Both India and Pakistan were granted
(d) (i), (iii), (ii) and (iv)
full legislative authority to govern their
territories without British interference, with Ans : COMP 2003

the Constituent Assemblies of both nations Thus (d) is correct option.

assuming full sovereign powers.
The Indian Independence Act marked the 4. Which of the following is incorrect about
culmination of India’s long struggle for the formation of a Constituent Assembly
freedom, but it also brought immense suffering, according to the Cabinet Mission Plan?
as the partition led to mass migrations and (a) Members to be directly elected by the
communal violence. Despite the challenges, it people of India
laid the foundation for India and Pakistan as (b) Members to be elected by Provincial
independent nations. Legislative Assemblies
(c) 296 members from the Provinces and 93
from princely states
(d) Complete freedom to frame the
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION Constitution of the Indian Union.
Ans : SQP 2009

1. Which of the following international events Thus (a) is correct option.

forced Britain to consider handing over the
governance of India to Indians? 5. Why was the Cabinet Mission sent to India
(a) End of Fascism in 1946?
(b) Rise of Communism (a) To facilitate transfer of power to Indians
(c) World War II (b) To facilitate the Partition of the country
(d) Rise of USA as a superpower (c) To facilitate the division of resources
between Provinces and Princely States.
Ans : MAIN 2001
(d) To facilitate the drawing up of the
Thus (c) is correct option. Constitution for each Dominion.
Ans : MAIN 2008

Thus (a) is correct option.

CH 7 : INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA
6. Group A: United Provinces : : Group B :___ 10. Why did the Muslim League accepted the
(a) Baluchistan Cabinet Mission Plan?
(b) Punjab (a) Its demand for a separate nation was
(c) Delhi fulfilled.
(d) Bihar (b) It felt that grouping of Muslim majority
Ans : COMP 2022 Provinces was a step towards a separate
dominion.
Thus (b) is correct option.
(c) It felt that its claim to nominate Muslim
7. Which of the following was NOT proposed by members to the Executive Council was
the Cabinet Mission? supported.
(a) Federal Union of British Provinces (d) None of the above.
(b) Formation of a Constituent Assembly Ans : MAIN 2005
(c) British Provincess to be divided on
Thus (b) is correct option.
linguistic basis
(d) Union government would control 11. Which of the following forced the British
communication government to send Lord Mount batten?
Ans : SQP 2009 (a) Communal riots
(b) Labour Unrest
Thus (c) is correct option.
(c) Congress-League deadlock
8. The Muslim League put forth a demand (d) All of the above
which had tragic consequences. What was Ans : COMP 2007
the demand ? What did it result in?
Thus (d) is correct option.
(a) The demand for a separate Muslim-
dominated Pakistan. It resulted in the 12. Which of the following provisions regarding
Partition of country. the Constituent Assemblies is/are correct?
(b) The demand for separate electorate for (a) Act as Central Legislatures in each
Muslims. It resulted in the Partition of dominion
India. (b) Full powers to make laws for their
(c) The demand for Muslim leadership of the dominion
country. It resulted in the formation of
(c) Act as sovereign bodies for legislative
Pakistan.
purpose
(d) The demand of have a Governor General
(d) All of the above
of a dominion. It resulted in the Partition
of the country. Ans : COMP 2011

Ans : SQP 2008 Thus (d) is correct option.

Thus (c) is correct option. 13. According to Mount batten Plan which is
9. According to Indian Independence Act, a incorrect regarding the status of Princely
plebiscite would be held in States?
(a) Bihar (a) They will become independent
(b) Sylhet (b) All treaties would end.
(c) Princely states (c) Plebiscite will be held
(d) Central provinces (d) Freedom to associate with any dominion
Ans : MAIN 2023
Ans : COMP 2011

Thus (b) is correct option. Thus (c) is correct option.

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 151
14. The Indian Independence Act provided for Attlee was the Prime Minister of Britain
division of which state if so desired by the when India became independent. He was
people? the person who announced that the British
(a) Jammu and Kashmir would quit India by June 30, 1948.
(b) Punjab and Bengal
(c) Bihar and Orissa (Odisha) 21. What was the implication of the Group ‘B’
(d) Bombay and Madras States proposed by the Cabinet Mission
Plan?
Ans : SQP 2002
Ans : COMP 2003
Thus (b) is correct option.
The Cabinet Mission Plan proposed three
15. Who had the power to bring India Muslim Majority provinces to be included in
Independence Act into operation? Group ‘B’ i.e. Punjab, North west Frontier
(a) The Secretary of State for India Province (NWFP) and Sind.
(b) The Governor General
(c) The British Prime Minister 22. What was mentioned in the Cabinet Mission
(d) None of the above Plan regarding Provincial Autonomy ?

Ans : SQP 2008

Ans : MAIN 2005

Thus (b) is correct option. It was mentioned that the Provinces would
enjoy full autonomy for all subjects other
than the Union Subjects.

ONE MARK QUESTIONS 23. What arguments did the Cabinet Mission
give to reject Jinnah’s proposal of Pakistan?
Ans : SQP 2003
16. Name the last British Viceroy of India.
According to Cabinet Mission the
Ans : MAIN 2004,2008,2018,2020
establishment of Pakistan would not solve
Lord Mount batten. the problem of communal minorities.

17. State any one of the provisions of the Indian 24. What was the most important but tragic
Independence Act 1947. provision of the Mount batten Plan?
Ans : SQP 2018 Ans : SQP 2022

It provided for the setting up of two The most important but tragic provision of
independent Dominions of India and Pakistan the Mount batten Plan was the transfer of
with effect from 15th August, 1947. power, without any delay and partition of the
country into two dominions.
18. Who replaced Lord Wavell ?
Ans : COMP 2023
25. To whom was the power to be transferred
according to the Mount batten Plan?
Lord Mount batten.
Ans : MAIN 2016

19. Who was the first President of the Indian The power was to be transferred to Indians
Union ? according to the Mount batten Plan.
Ans : MAIN 2018
26. Why did the Muslim League accept Cabinet
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Mission proposals?
20. Who was Attlee ? Ans : COMP 2008

Ans : SQP 2008 The Muslim League, accepted the Cabinet

mission’s proposals on June 6, 1946 because
CH 7 : INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA
(c) Sikhs’ and Scheduled Castes’ was a step toward Pakistan. However,
Reaction: The Sikhs opposed Punjab after the Congress’s opposition to
being placed in Group B with the compulsory grouping, the League
Muslim-majority provinces, while the rejected the plan, feeling that its
Scheduled Castes were dissatisfied demand for a separate Muslim state
with their lack of proper representation was not being met.
in the Interim Government.
55. The Mount batten Plan of June 3, 1947
54. The Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 tried to was accepted by all parties. In this context,
please both the Congress and the League. In answer the following questions :
this context, answer the following : (i) Explain any four proposals made by Lord
(i) Why did the League earlier accept and Mount batten to settle the independence
later reject the proposals of the Cabinet issue for India.
Mission ? (ii) The reasons that made the Congress
(ii) What were the reaction of the Congress accept the partition proposals.
and the Muslim League to the Cabinet
Mission Plan? Ans : MAIN 2018
Ans : COMP 2001
(i) Four proposals made by Lord Mount
(i) The Muslim League initially accepted the batten to settle the independence issue
Cabinet Mission Plan because it believed for India :
that grouping the Muslim-majority (a) Partition of India : India would
provinces essentially laid the groundwork be divided into two independent
for Pakistan. However, on July 29, 1946, dominions – India and Pakistan. The
the League withdrew its acceptance of partition was based on religious lines,
the plan for the following reasons: with Muslim-majority areas forming
(a) The Congress had accepted only Pakistan.
the portion of the plan related to (b) Boundary Commission : A Boundary
Constitution-making and viewed the Commission, headed by Sir Cyril
Constituent Assembly as a sovereign Radcliffe, would be set up to
body. The Congress interpreted the demarcate the borders between
grouping of provinces as optional India and Pakistan, especially in
rather than mandatory. Punjab and Bengal, where religious
(b) The League had secured only 73 populations were mixed.
seats and feared that it would be (c) Princely States: The Princely
overshadowed and dominated by the States were given the option to join
Congress in the Constituent Assembly. either India or Pakistan, or remain
(ii) (a) Congress’s Reaction : The Congress independent. However, Mount batten
accepted the idea of the Constituent strongly urged them to accede to one of
Assembly to draft a Constitution but the two dominions to ensure stability.
opposed the compulsory grouping (d) Independence Date : The plan
of provinces. The Congress wanted stipulated that the transfer of power
provinces to have the freedom to opt would occur on August 15, 1947,
out of groups, as it feared the division much earlier than initially expected.
could lead to communal tension and (ii) Reasons that made the Congress accept
eventual partition the partition proposals :
(b) Muslim League’s Reaction : Initially, (a) League’s Obstruction : The Muslim
the League accepted the plan as it League joined the Congress not
believed the grouping of provinces to cooperate but to hinder its
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 153
35. Mention any two provisions of the Indian 39. Who was elected as the President of the
Independence Act, 1947. Constituent Assembly in 1946? Name the last
Ans : SQP 2020
Viceroy of India. State one of his proposals
with regard to the Princely States.
(i) The Act established two independent
dominions, India and Pakistan, effective Ans : COMP 2010

from August 15, 1947. In 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as
(ii) The office of the Secretary of State for the President of the Constituent Assembly.
India was abolished. The last Viceroy of India was Lord Men-
about-town of his proposals regarding the
36. State two important reasons that prompted Princely States, as outlined in the Mount
the British to withdraw from India. batten Plan, was that the Princely States
Ans : MAIN 2015 were given the option to either join India
The British exit was undoubtedly graceful, or Pakistan or remain independent, though
and Prime Minister Attlee’s efforts were Mountbatten strongly encouraged them to
commendable. However, the withdrawal was accede to one of the two dominions.
driven by two key factors: 40. What was the composition of Pakistan
(i) The strong wave of nationalism, led according to the Independence Act, 1947?
primarily by Mahatma Gandhi.
(ii) England’s weakened position following Ans : SQP 2019

World War II. According to the Indian Independence Act of

1947, Pakistan was composed of:
37. How did the outcome of the Second World (i) West Pakistan: This included the Muslim-
War help India’s demand for self-government? majority areas of Punjab, Sindh, North-
Ans : SQP 2011 West Frontier Province (NWFP), and
Following the conclusion of the Second British Baluchistan.
World War in April 1945, India’s fight for (ii) East Pakistan: The Muslim-majority
independence entered a new stage. The province of East Bengal along with the
unrest from the Quit India Movement was Sylhet District of Assam (based on a
still fresh in people’s minds, the failure of the referendum) formed East Pakistan.
INA marked the end of a brave effort, and These regions were established as part of
the Muslim League had heightened its call for the new dominion of Pakistan following the
the partition of India. partition of India.

38. What was the reaction of the Congress to the 41. Mention any two reasons why the Congress
Cabinet Mission Plan? finally accepted the Partition of India.
Ans : SQP 2005
Ans : MAIN 2015

The Congress accepted the Cabinet Mission The Congress accepted the Partition of India
Plan with some reservations. They agreed due to:
to the portion of the plan that pertained to (i) Rising Communal Violence: Partition
Constitution-making, viewing the Constituent was seen as a way to prevent further
Assembly as a sovereign body responsible bloodshed between Hindus and Muslims.
for drafting the Constitution. However, the (ii) Muslim League’s Demand: The Muslim
Congress wanted the grouping of provinces to League’s insistence on Pakistan made a
be optional rather than mandatory, especially united India seem unworkable.
since Assam, which was placed in Group C, 42. What did the Indian Independence Act 1947
had a Congress-led government at the time. state about :
CH 7 : INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA
it felt that the grouping of Muslim Majority the Congress prioritized to end colonial
provinces in a way meant the formation of rule quickly.
Pakistan.
32. Why was demand for Pakistan rejected by
27. Name the first Governor-General of the Cabinet Mission ? Give two reasons.
independent India and Indian Governor- Ans : SQP 2005
General of India.
(i) The creation of Pakistan would not
Ans : COMP 2007
resolve the issue of communal minorities.
First Governor-general of independent India (ii) Partition would further complicate the
was Lord Mount batten and Indian Governor- matter of the Princely states.
General of India was C. Rajagopalachari.
33. What was said in the Cabinet Mission Plan
28. Name the first Governor-General of free about the division of power between the
India. Federal Government and the Provinces?
Ans : MAIN 2001 Ans : MAIN 2000

C. Rajagopalachari. A Federal Union was to be formed, comprising

the British Provinces and Princely States. The
29. What was the impact of Mount batten Plan Union Government (Central Government)
on the Constituent Assembly ? would handle matters related to:
Ans : MAIN 2005 (i) Foreign affairs
The Constituent Assembly was allowed to (ii) Defense
work but the Constitution framed by it would (iii)Communications.
not apply to Pakistan. The Union Government would have the
authority to raise finances necessary for
30. Why was Mount batten Plan accepted by the managing these subjects. It would also have its
Muslim League ? own executive and legislature, with members
Ans : SQP 2017 elected from all Provinces. Meanwhile, the
Provinces would retain full autonomy over
The Muslim League accepted it because
all areas except those assigned to the Union.
it contained the provision for creation of
Pakistan. 34. What was mentioned in the Cabinet Mission
Plan regarding Provincial Autonomy ?
Ans : COMP 2012

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS The British provinces would be organized into

groups, with each group deciding on common
provincial subjects. A province could leave its
31. Give two reasons for the acceptance of the group and join another through a majority
Mount batten Plan by the Congress. vote.
Ans : Main 2023
Group A Group B Group C
(i) The Congress accepted the plan to avoid
a potential civil war and large-scale Bombay, Sindh, Assam and
communal violence between Hindus and Madras, Punjab, Bengal
Muslims, which had escalated due to Bihar, U.P., British
growing tensions. Orissa, and Baluchistan,
(ii) The plan offered a clear time line for the Central N.W.F.P.
British withdrawal, allowing for an Province
expedited path to independence, which
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 155
50. What was the provision for the states in the communications.
Indian Independence Act of 1947? (b) The rest of the subjects would be
Ans : COMP 2004
under the control of Princely States.
(c) Constituent Assembly : A Constituent
The Indian Independence Act of 1947 Assembly consisting of 389 members
provided that the Princely States were no –292 members from provinces, 4 from
longer under the suzerainty of the British the territories governed by Chief
Crown. They were given the freedom to Commissioner and 93 from Indian
choose between three options: Princely States would draft the
(i) Join India Constitution of India.
(ii) Join Pakistan (d) Division of Provinces : The provinces
(iii)Remain independent were to be divided into three groups.
51. What is the importance of Indian Group A Group B Group C
Independence Act ?
Bombay, Sindh, Assam and
Ans : MAIN 2008
Madras, Punjab, Bengal
This Act signaled the end of British rule in Bihar, U.P., British
India, leading to India’s independence on Orissa, the Baluchistan,
August 15, 1947. Central N.W.F.P.
Province.
52. Name any two factors which led the British
to quit India. (e) Interim Government : An Interim
Government was to be formed at the
Ans : MAIN 2010
Centre, with representation from all
(i) Economic Strain after World War communities, and there would be
II, which made managing the empire equal representation for Hindus and
difficult. Muslims.
(ii) Rising Nationalist Movements, like (f) Treaty : A treaty would need to be
the Quit India Movement, demanding negotiated between the Constituent
independence. Assembly and the United Kingdom
regarding matters related to the
transfer of power.
(g) Union of India: The Union of India
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS would have the option to either
remain within or withdraw from the
53. ‘The Cabinet Mission Plan made earnest British Commonwealth, and the plan
efforts to resolve the Constitutional deadlock’. had to be accepted or rejected in its
In this context answer the following : entirety.
(i) What were the main proposals under the (ii) (a) Congress’s Objection : The Congress
Cabinet Mission Plan? opposed the compulsory grouping
(ii) Why did the Cabinet Mission Plan fail ? of provinces and was unhappy with
the limited status and powers of the
Ans : MAIN 2001,2002,2015
Interim Government, as well as the
(i) Main proposals under the Cabinet principle of parity with the Muslim
Mission Plan : League.
(a) The Federal Government (Central (b) League’s Objection : The Muslim
Government) was to have only League criticized the Cabinet Mission
three subjects under its jurisdiction, because it did not explicitly accept
namely defence, foreign affairs and the demand for a separate Pakistan.
CH 7 : INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA
(i) Bengal and Punjab; (i) Negotiate the Transfer of Power from
(ii) North West Frontier Province; and British rule to Indian leaders.
(iii)Sylhet District of Assam? (ii) Propose a Framework for India’s
Ans : COMP 2002
Governance, including the creation
of a Constituent Assembly to draft
The Indian Independence Act of 1947 stated a Constitution, while addressing the
the following: demands of both the Congress and the
(i) Bengal and Punjab : These provinces Muslim League.
were to be partitioned between India and
Pakistan based on religious majorities, 46. Name any two provisions of the Mountbatten
with boundaries determined by a Plan.
Boundary Commission. Ans : COMP 2023
(ii) North West Frontier Province (NWFP)
: The NWFP was to hold a referendum (i) Partition of India : India was to be
to decide whether it would join India or divided into two independent dominions,
Pakistan. India and Pakistan, based on religious
(iii)Sylhet District of Assam : A referendum majorities.
was to be held in the Sylhet district to (ii) Princely States : The princely states were
determine whether it would remain part given the option to join either India or
of Assam in India or join East Pakistan. Pakistan or remain independent.

43. In what way did Britain suffer after the 47. Mention any two provisions of the
Second World War? Independence Act, 1947.

Ans : MAIN 2006

Ans : COMP 2016

Following the Second World War, Britain (i) Constituent Assembly: Two separate
implemented several measures to resolve the Constituent Assemblies were established
ongoing deadlock that had persisted since the for the two Dominions, each acting as
resignation of the Congress Ministries in 1939, the Central Legislature for its respective
aiming to create a favorable environment for dominion.
negotiations. (ii) Princely States: The Princely States
gained independence, and all powers
44. Name the persons who constituted the previously held by British authorities
Cabinet Mission. over them were abolished.
Ans : SQP 2012
48. Why was Attlee’s announcement welcomed
The Cabinet Mission was constituted by the by the Muslim League ?
following three members: Ans : SQP 2000
(i) Lord Pethick-Lawrence : Secretary of
State for India. The Muslim League accepted it because the
(ii) Sir Stafford Cripps : President of the Prime Minister clarified that power would
Board of Trade not necessarily be transferred to a unified
(iii)A.V. Alexander : First Lord of the government for all of India.
Admiralty 49. What was the provision there regarding the
45. What was the purpose of sending the Cabinet transfer of power in the Independence Act ?
Mission to India in 1946? Ans : MAIN 2007

Ans : MAIN 2018 The plan concluded by announcing that the

The Cabinet Mission was sent to India in transfer of power would occur much sooner
1946 to: than June 1948, as initially expected.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 157
functioning and to prevent any the integration of the Princely States,
effective governance by the Congress. making the process more difficult.
(b) Communal Riots : The widespread (ii) (a) Shift in Power in England: In 1945, the
communal riots, triggered by the Labour Party came to power, which
League’s “Direct Action” Day, was more supportive of granting self-
convinced everyone that partition was government to India.
the only solution to the communal (b) International Pressure: World War
problem. II had weakened British power, while
(c) End of Undemocratic Practices : the U.S.A. and Russia emerged as
Leaders believed that undemocratic superpowers. Both nations backed
practices like separate electorates India’s demand for independence,
would weaken democracy, making prompting Britain to take steps
partition necessary to eliminate them. towards India’s freedom.
(d) Urgency for Independence : People (c) Pressure from Indian Revolutionaries
and leaders were so eager to end and Freedom Fighters: Indian
British rule that they were willing revolutionaries and freedom fighters
to accept partition as the price for made it clear to the British that their
immediate independence. rule was coming to an end. The INA
had launched attacks on British-held
56. The Cabinet Mission Plan came to India on territories.
10th August, 1945. In this context answer the (iii)Objectives of cabinet mission plan :
following questions : (a) To create a framework for the transfer
(i) Why did Mission reject the demand of a of power from British rule to Indian
separate state for the Muslims? leadership
(ii) Under what circumstances was the (b) To establish a Constituent Assembly
Mission sent to India ? to draft a new Constitution for India.
(iii)What were its main objectives ? (c) To propose a federal structure for
Ans : SQP 2010 India that would balance unity while
(i) Mission reject the demand of a separate giving autonomy to the provinces,
state for the Muslims due to following especially to address the demands of
reasons : both the Congress and the Muslim
(a) No Resolution to the Communal League.
Issue : Establishing Pakistan would (d) To create an Interim Government
not resolve the communal tensions, as to manage the transition of power
the Muslim population was unevenly until the new Constitution was
spread across India. implemented.
(b) Non-Muslim Areas : Including non- 57. The attempt of the British to pacify the
Muslim districts of Bengal, Assam, Congress and the Muslim League was clearly
and Punjab in Pakistan lacked visible in the Cabinet Mission proposals, but
justification. in reality neither could be pleased. With
(c) Separation of Territories : The reference to this, explain :
geographical separation between (i) Any three proposals of the Cabinet
West Punjab and East Bengal would Mission.
create difficulties in communication (ii) The reasons for the Muslim League’s
and governance for the proposed acceptance and later rejection of the
Pakistan. Cabinet Mission plan.
(d) Complexity with Princely States : (iii)The reactions of the Congress to the
Partition would further complicate Cabinet Mission plan.
CH 7 : INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA
60. The British Government proposed several two independent dominions, India and
plans to satisfy the demand for Indian Pakistan on August 15, 1947. This
Independence but the schemes failed. Finally, resulted in mass migrations, as Hindus
Lord Mount batten suggested the partition of and Sikhs moved to India, while Muslims
India. Answer following questions : moved to Pakistan, leading to wide
(i) Why was India to be divided into two spread violence, displacement, and loss of
separate states? life. The partition also sowed the seeds
(ii) What was the basis for the partition? of future conflict between India and
(iii)What was the place of princely States in Pakistan, particularly over regions like
this plan? Kashmir.
(iv) What was the result of the plan?
61. The attempt of the British to pacify the
Ans : MAIN 1981
Congress and the Muslim League was clearly
(i) India was to be divided into two separate visible in the Cabinet Mission proposals but
states to address the rising tensions in reality neither could be pleased. With
between the Indian National Congress reference to this, explain:
and the Muslim League. The Muslim (i) Any three proposals of the Cabinet
League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Mission.
had been demanding a separate state for (ii) The reasons for the Muslim League’s
Muslims (Pakistan) due to concerns that acceptance and later rejection of the
Muslims would be politically marginalized Cabinet Mission Plan.
in a united India dominated by the Hindu (iii)Why did the Congress refuse to
majority. The ongoing communal violence participate in the formation of the Interim
and the failure to reach a consensus on a Government under the Cabinet Mission
united India prompted Lord Mountbatten Plan ?
to suggest partition as a solution to avoid Ans : SQP 2013
further bloodshed.
(ii) The partition of India was based on (i) Three proposals of the Cabinet Mission
religious lines. Areas with Muslim- were :
majority populations were to form the new (a) Federal Union: The Cabinet Mission
state of Pakistan, while Hindu-majority proposed a federal union comprising
regions would remain in India. The both British provinces and princely
partition primarily affected the provinces states. The central government would
of Punjab and Bengal, which were divided handle only key areas like defense,
between the two newly formed dominions foreign affairs, and communications,
based on religious demographics. while the provinces would have
(iii)In the Mount batten Plan, the princely autonomy over other subjects.
states were given the option to either (b) Groupings of Provinces: The provinces
join India or Pakistan based on their were to be grouped into three sections
geographical location and the will of based on religious majority, with the
their people, or to remain independent. option for provinces to opt out of their
However, the Plan strongly urged them group after an initial period. This was
to join one of the two dominions for seen as a way to balance Muslim and
stability. The princely states were not Hindu interests.
allowed to stay neutral, as their decision (c) A Constituent Assembly was to
would affect the territorial integrity of be established to draft the Union
the new nations. Constitution, consisting of 385
(iv) The Mount batten Plan led to the members in total - 292 elected from
partition of India and the creation of the provinces, while the princely
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 159
dominions, India and Pakistan, of struggle, sacrifice, and the painful
effective from August 15, 1947. partition. The partition, a devastating
Pakistan included East Bengal, West outcome, was the result of British policies,
Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, NWFP, particularly their “Divide and Rule”
and Sylhet district of Assam, while strategy, which left a lasting impact on
India comprised the remaining the region.
territories of British India.
(b) Governor-General for Each Dominion 59. The Cabinet Mission Plan proposed a two-
: Each dominion would have its own tiered federal union of British Provinces
Governor-General, who would act as and Princely States. With reference to this
a constitutional head, following the describe the following :
advice of ministers. (i) Name the persons who constituted the
(c) Sovereign Legislatures : Both India Cabinet Mission. What was the purpose
and Pakistan would have sovereign of sending the Cabinet Mission to India
legislatures with full authority to make in 1946?
laws. The Constituent Assemblies (ii) The federal structure proposed by the
would serve as legislative bodies until Cabinet Mission Plan.
their respective Constitutions were (iii)The option given to the Princely States.
framed. The Government of India Act Ans : COMP 2018

of 1935 would remain in effect until (i) The Cabinet Mission was constituted
then. by three British officials: Lord Pethick-
(d) End of Paramountcy: The Crown’s Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and A.
authority over the Princely States V. Alexander. Their primary aim was
would end on August 15, 1947, and to facilitate an agreement between the
the states could choose to join India, Muslim League and the Congress for
Pakistan, or remain independent. the swift transfer of power from British
(e) Abolition of Secretary of State: The control to Indian leadership.
office of the Secretary of State for (ii) After failing to secure an agreement
India was abolished, and relations between the Congress and the Muslim
with India and Pakistan were to be League, the Cabinet Mission proposed
managed by the Commonwealth the following:
Secretary. (a) A federal union would be established,
(f) Division of Army and Assets: comprising all the provinces and
Provisions were made for the division princely states of India.
of the Indian Army and the sharing (b) The central government would manage
of assets and liabilities between India only defense, foreign affairs, and
and Pakistan. communications, while the provinces
(ii) Enforcement of the Act: The Governor- would handle all other subjects and
Generals of both dominions were tasked retain control over residual powers.
with implementing the Act. On August (iii)The Princely States were to gain
15, 1947, the Dominion of India was independence, with all powers held by
established, with Nehru requesting Lord British authority ending. All treaties and
Mountbatten to continue as India’s agreements between the British and the
first Governor-General. In Pakistan, States would expire on August 15, 1947.
Mohammed Ali Jinnah assumed the The States would then have the freedom
role of its first Governor-General. This to either join one of the two Dominions or
marked the official end of British rule in remain independent.
India, bringing independence after years
CH 7 : INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA
Ans : MAIN 2006
initially accepted the Cabinet
(i) Main proposals under the Cabinet Mission Plan because it allowed for
Mission Plan : the grouping of Muslim-majority
(a) The Federal Government (Central provinces. The League saw this as a
Government) was to have only step towards achieving their demand
three subjects under its jurisdiction, for a separate Pakistan, as it provided
namely defence, foreign affairs and autonomy to these regions.
communications. (b) Rejection: The League later rejected
(b) The rest of the subjects would be the plan after the Congress opposed
under the control of Princely States. the compulsory grouping of provinces.
(c) Constituent Assembly : A Constituent The Congress wanted the provinces
Assembly consisting of 389 members to have the freedom to opt out,
–292 members from provinces, 4 from which weakened the League’s goal of
the territories governed by Chief creating a distinct Muslim state.
Commissioner and 93 from Indian (iii)Reactions of the Congress to the Cabinet
Princely States would draft the Mission Plan :
Constitution of India. (a) Acceptance of the Constituent
(d) Division of Provinces : The provinces Assembly : The Congress accepted
were to be divided into three groups. the idea of a Constituent Assembly
to draft a constitution, as it aligned
Group A Group B Group C with their goal of a united India with
Bombay, Sindh, Assam and a democratic framework.
Madras, Punjab, Bengal (b) Opposition to Grouping : The
Bihar, U.P., British Congress rejected the idea of
Orissa, the Baluchistan, compulsory grouping of provinces.
Central N.W.F.P. They wanted provinces to have the
Province. flexibility to choose whether or not to
(e) Interim Government: An Interim join a group, which clashed with the
Government was to be formed at the Muslim League’s vision.
Centre, with representation from all (c) Concerns about Interim Government
communities, and there would be : The Congress was also dissatisfied
equal representation for Hindus and with the proposed interim government
Muslims. that called for equal representation
(f) Treaty: A treaty would need to be between Hindus and Muslims, as it
negotiated between the Constituent felt that it would limit their power in
Assembly and the United Kingdom governing the country.
regarding matters related to the 58. Indian Independence Act received the Royal
transfer of power. assent on July 18, 1947. In this context,
(g) Union of India: The Union of India discuss :
would have the option to either (i) Main provisions of the Indian
remain within or withdraw from the Independence Act of 1947.
British Commonwealth, and the plan (ii) Enforcement of the Act.
had to be accepted or rejected in its
entirety. Ans : COMP 2010,2011,2015

(ii) Reasons for the Muslim League’s (i) Main provisions of the Indian
Acceptance and Later Rejection of the Independence Act of 1947 :
Cabinet Mission Plan: (a) Creation of Two Dominions : The
(a) Acceptance: The Muslim League Act established two independent
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 161
states could send 93 representatives. soon demanded partition, fearing that
(ii) Reasons for the Muslim League’s the Hindu-majority Congress would
Acceptance and Later Rejection of the dominate the government. To address this
Cabinet Mission Plan: situation, the British sent Lord Pethick-
(a) Acceptance : The Muslim League Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and Mr.
initially accepted the Cabinet A.V. Alexander to mediate between the
Mission Plan because it allowed for League and the Congress for the swift
the grouping of Muslim-majority transfer of power to Indian leadership.
provinces. The League saw this as a (iii)The Cabinet Mission rejected the Muslim
step towards achieving their demand League’s demand for Pakistan for several
for a separate Pakistan, as it provided reasons:
autonomy to these regions. (a) A significant proportion of non-
(b) Rejection : The League later rejected Muslims (37.93% in the northwest
the plan after the Congress opposed and 48.31% in the northeast) would
the compulsory grouping of provinces. remain within Pakistan, failing to
The Congress wanted the provinces solve the communal minority issue.
to have the freedom to opt out, (b) Including non-Muslim areas of Bengal,
which weakened the League’s goal of Assam, and Punjab in Pakistan lacked
creating a distinct Muslim state. justification.
62. The Cabinet Mission was commissioned by (c) Partition would disrupt shared systems
the British Government in February 1946 to like the armed forces, transport, and
find a solution for constitutional reforms in communication networks, which were
India. In the light of this, answer the following designed for unified India.
questions: (d) The Princely States would face
(i) Who were the members of the Cabinet difficulty deciding which Union to
Mission? join.
(ii) Why was the Cabinet Mission appointed? (e) The two regions of Pakistan would be
(iii)Why didn’t the Mission concede to the separated by 700 miles, complicating
League’s demand for Pakistan? their interaction.
Ans : MAIN 2023
63. The Cabinet Mission Plan was sent to India
(i) The Cabinet Mission was composed of to resolve the constitutional deadlock. With
three British officials: Lord Pethick- reference to the above statement, answer the
Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and A. V. following questions.
Alexander. (i) On what main issues was there a
(ii) The Second World War concluded with constitutional deadlock in India?
Japan’s surrender in August 1945. On the (ii) To what extent did it solve the
domestic front, the trial of INA officers constitutional deadlock.
had sparked strong anti-British sentiment Ans : COMP 2005
in India, creating a crisis that required
a swift solution. Lord Pethick-Lawrence, (i) The constitutional deadlock in India
the new Secretary of State for India, centered around the following key issues:
responded by announcing elections to the (a) Demand for Pakistan : The Muslim
Central and Provincial legislatures. The League, led by Jinnah, demanded a
Congress formed ministries in eight of separate nation for Muslims, which
the eleven provinces, while the Muslim was opposed by the Congress.
League established governments in (b) Groupings of Provinces : The
Bengal and Sindh. However, the League debate over whether India should
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CH 7 : INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA

CASE BASED QUESTION (b) Timely independence : The Congress

wanted a swift transfer of power and
realized that accepting partition was
67. Look at the picture given and answer the the only way to achieve independence
following questions: quickly.
(c) Inability to keep India united :
Congress leaders, including Nehru
and Gandhi, acknowledged that
continued efforts to keep India united
had failed, and partition seemed
inevitable for maintaining peace.
(iii)Four provisions of the Indian Independence
Act of 1947 :
(a) Creation of two independent
dominions : The Act created two
independent nations, India and
(i) Name the Viceroy who announced Pakistan, which came into being on
the plan for smooth transfer of power. August 15, 1947, with full authority
Mention any two clauses of his plan with to govern themselves.
reference to the Princely States. (b) End of British rule : British rule in
(ii) Mention any three reasons for the India formally ended, and all powers
acceptance of his plan by the Congress. were transferred from the British
(iii)Mention any four provisions of the Indian Crown to the governments of India
Independence Act of 1947. and Pakistan.
Ans : MAIN 2024 (c) Partition of Bengal and Punjab :
The provinces of Bengal and Punjab
(i) The Viceroy who announced the plan for
were divided along religious lines,
the smooth transfer of power was Lord
forming West Bengal and East
Mount batten.
Bengal (Pakistan), and West Punjab
Two clauses of his plan with reference to
(Pakistan) and East Punjab (India),
the Princely States:
leading to mass migrations and
(a) The Princely States were given the
violence.
option to either join India or Pakistan,
(d) Princely States : The Princely States
or remain independent, as the British
were given the choice to join India,
would not compel them to join either
Pakistan, or remain independent,
dominion.
with guidance to consider geography
(b) The Princely States were encouraged
and public opinion in making their
to take into account geographical
decision.
contiguity and the wishes of their
people when making the decision
to join either dominion or remain
independent.
68. In the historic photograph, Pandit Jawaharlal
(ii) Three reasons for the acceptance of his
Nehru, is being sworn in as Prime Minister
plan by the Congress :
of free India. In this context, answer the
(a) Avoidance of civil war : The
following :
Congress recognized that accepting
the partition plan would prevent
widespread violence and bloodshed
between Hindus and Muslims.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 163
(i) State three main provisions of the Indian with the British monarch recognized as
Independence Act. a symbolic head of the Commonwealth,
(ii) Who was appointed the first Governor- but without executive power over the
General for each of the two Dominions? new governments.
(iii)Mention the areas where plebiscites were
to be held. 66. The Indian Independence Act of 1947 marked
What was the position of His Majesty’s the end of the British rule in India. In this
government in the new set-up in India? context, answer the following questions :
(i) Who passed the Indian Independence
Ans : SQP 2003,2007,2018,2022
Act?
(i) On the basis of the Mount batten Plan (ii) List the areas included in Pakistan.
of June 3, 1947, the British Parliament (iii)Why did the Congress leaders accept the
passed the Indian Independence Act on partition of India?
July 16, 1947, with the following main
Ans : SQP 2013, 2014,2015
provisions:
(i) The British Prime Minister introduced
(a) Pakistan would include East Bengal,
the Indian Independence Bill in the
West Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan,
House of Commons, and it was approved
NWFP, and the district of Sylhet in
by both houses of the British Parliament
Assam.
in July 1947.
(b) The Constituent Assemblies of both
(ii) The areas included in Pakistan were the
Dominions would function as sovereign
Muslim-majority regions of:
bodies, responsible for framing their
(a) West Punjab
respective Constitutions and passing
other laws. They would also act as (b) East Bengal
the Central Legislatures for India and (c) Sindh
Pakistan. (d) North-West Frontier Province
(c) The Act provided for the division of (NWFP)
the Indian Army and the distribution (e) Parts of Assam (Sylhet district)
of assets and liabilities between the (f) Baluchistan
(ii) First Governor-General for each of the (iii)Congress leaders accepted the partition
two Dominions: of India to prevent further communal
(a) India : Lord Mount batten was violence, as the country was engulfed in
appointed the first Governor-General large-scale riots. They also saw partition
of independent India. as a way to resolve the administrative
(b) Pakistan : Muhammad Ali Jinnah was deadlock caused by the non-cooperation
appointed the first Governor-General of the Muslim League and believed that
of Pakistan. a smaller, unified India with a strong
(iii)Plebiscites were to be held in the North- central government was better than
West Frontier Province (NWFP) and the a larger, unstable federation with a
Sylhet district of Assam to decide whether weak center. Additionally, the partition
these areas would join India or Pakistan. would remove undemocratic practices
His Majesty’s Government had no direct like separate electorates, enabling India
control over the new dominions after the to evolve into a secular and democratic
enactment of the Indian Independence state.
Act. The two dominions of India and
Pakistan were fully sovereign and
independent. However, they could remain
members of the British Commonwealth,
CH 7 : INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA
be a strong central government or (b) A plebiscite would be held in the North
a loose federation with autonomous West Frontier Province (NWFP) and
provinces. The Muslim League Sylhet district in East Bengal to
favored provincial autonomy, while decide whether they wanted to join
the Congress wanted a strong central India or Pakistan.
government. (ii) Three features of the Mount batten Plan:
(c) Representation and Parity : The (a) Princely States : The Princely States
Muslim League demanded parity with were given the option to either
Congress in the executive council, join India or Pakistan or remain
which Congress opposed, particularly independent, though they were
the idea that the League alone would encouraged to accede to one of the
represent all Muslims. two dominions.
(ii) The Cabinet Mission arrived in India (b) Boundary Commission : A Boundary
to address the challenges related to the Commission was to be set up to
Indian Constitution and managed to demarcate the borders between
make progress. However, when it met India and Pakistan, particularly in
with various party leaders, they were Punjab and Bengal, where religious
unable to reach a unified agreement. As populations were mixed.
a result, the Cabinet Mission developed (c) Partition of India: India was to
a plan based on its own observations and be divided into two independent
understanding of Indian issues. Initially, dominions, India and Pakistan, based
the plan had certain ambiguities, but on religious majorities.
once clarified, the Muslim League fully (iii)(a) The widespread communal riots
accepted it on June 6, 1946, despite convinced Congress leaders that
initially being critical. On the other hand, partition was the only solution to the
the Congress insisted that a Constituent communal problem, as it was seen as
Assembly should be the final authority preferable to the continued slaughter
on deciding constitutional matters. of innocent people.
64. Mount batten formula was to divide India but (b) The non-cooperative attitude of the
to retain maximum unity. In the light of the Muslim League, which had joined
statement, answer the following questions: the Interim Government in October
(i) State the basis of the Partition of India. 1946, made administration difficult,
(ii) State any three features of the Mount leading Congress leaders to believe
batten Plan. that partition or open conflict with
(iii)Why did the Congress accept the Mount the League was inevitable.
batten Plan? (c) Partition was viewed as a way to
avoid a weak central government,
Ans : MAIN 2011,2013,2018
allowing India to establish a strong
(i) The plan proposed the partition of central authority and evolve into a
Punjab and Bengal, giving the Princely truly secular and democratic state,
States the option to join either India or while avoiding further violence and
Pakistan. potential civil war.
(a) Bengal and Punjab could be divided
if the people desired. Provincial 65. Indian Independence Act was unique in
Assemblies of Hindu and Muslim history, because never before had such
majority areas would vote separately a large population of the world achieved
on whether to partition the provinces. Independence through legislation. In this
context answer the following questions :
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 165
apply. Until new constitutions were
created, both governments would
follow the Government of India Act
of 1935.
(d) End of Paramountcy : The British
Crown’s authority over the Indian
Princely States ended on August 15,
1947. The princely states became
independent and could choose to join
either India or Pakistan or remain
independent.
(e) Abolition of the Secretary of State
(i) Mention the Provisions of the Indian for India : The office of the Secretary
Independence Act of 1947 regarding the of State for India was abolished,
Constituent Assembly. with future relations managed by the
(ii) Discuss the basic reasons why the Cabinet Commonwealth Secretary.
Mission Plan rejected the demand for (f) Division of Army and Assets :
Pakistan. Provisions were made for dividing the
(iii)Mention the areas where plebiscites were Indian Army and sharing assets and
to be held. What was the position of His liabilities between India and Pakistan.
Majestly’s government in the new set-up (ii) The Cabinet Mission rejected the Muslim
in India? League’s demand for Pakistan for several
Ans : MAIN 2001,2003,2023,2021,2020 reasons:
(i) Provisions of the Indian Independence (a) A significant proportion of non-
Act of 1947 regarding the Constituent Muslims (37.93% in the northwest
Assembly : and 48.31% in the northeast) would
(a) Two Independent Dominions : India remain within Pakistan, failing to
and Pakistan were to be established solve the communal minority issue.
as two independent dominions from (b) Including non-Muslim areas of Bengal,
August 15, 1947. Pakistan included Assam, and Punjab in Pakistan lacked
East Bengal, West Punjab, Sindh, justification.
Baluchistan, NWFP, and Sylhet, (c) Partition would disrupt shared systems
while India consisted of the remaining like the armed forces, transport, and
territories of British India. communication networks, which were
(b) Governor-General for Each Dominion designed for unified India.
: Both India and Pakistan would (d) The Princely States would face
have their own Governor-General as difficulty deciding which Union to
the representative of His Majesty’s join.
Government, serving as constitutional (e) The two regions of Pakistan would be
heads acting on the advice of their separated by 700 miles, complicating
respective ministers. their interaction.
(c) Sovereign Legislatures : Each (iii)Areas where plebiscites were to be held :
dominion would have a sovereign (a) North West Frontier Province
legislature with full authority to create (NWFP) : To determine whether it
laws. The Constituent Assemblies of would join India or Pakistan.
India and Pakistan would act as the (b) Sylhet district (East Bengal) : To
legislative bodies, and no British laws decide whether it would remain part
passed after August 15, 1947, would of India or join Pakistan.
CH 7 : INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA
(c) Both provinces choose to join Indian government. To implement these
Pakistan (West and East Pakistan, plans, Lord Wavell was recalled, and
respectively). Lord Mountbatten was appointed the
His Majesty’s Government would new Viceroy, assuming office on March
no longer be responsible for India’s 24, 1947.
government after August 15, 1947. All (iii)Lord Mountbatten quickly initiated
treaties and agreements with Indian negotiations with party leaders such
states or tribal areas would become as Nehru, Patel, Azad, Liaqat Ali,
invalid. The Dominion would negotiate Baldev Singh, and others. During these
agreements with the tribes of the North discussions, he became convinced that
West Frontier Province. reaching a consensus based on the Cabinet
Mission Plan was impossible, and that
69. With reference to the picture given above the partition of India was unavoidable.
answer the following: Mountbatten successfully persuaded both
Patel, Nehru, and other Congress leaders
to accept this view.
(d) (a) Non-Cooperative Stance of the
League: The League joined the
interim government with the aim of
disrupting Congress activities, rather
than cooperating with it.
(b) Communal Riots: The widespread
communal violence that spread across
the country convinced everyone that
partition was the only solution to the
communal issue. These riots resulted
(a) Identify the Viceroy in the picture. from the League’s “Direct Action” Day.
(b) Why was he sent to India? (c) Elimination of Undemocratic
(c) How did he plan to solve the communal Practices: The leaders believed that
problem existing in India? undemocratic practices like separate
(d) Why did the Congress accept the electorates and the British policy
Plan? State three reasons to justify its of Divide and Rule would weaken
acceptance. democracy. Therefore, partition was
Ans : MAIN 2014 necessary to eliminate these obstacles.
(i) The Viceroy in the picture is Lord Louis 70. (i) Identify the event in the picture. Name
Mountbatten. the Lady seen in the picture. Mention the
(ii) On February 20, 1947, the British Prime year when the event took place.
Minister announced in the House of
Commons that Britain would withdraw
from India and transfer power to
responsible Indian authorities by June
20, 1948. If Indian leaders failed to reach
an agreement by then, Britain would
still withdraw, either handing power to
a central government or, in some regions,
to the existing provincial governments.
The British government would not force
any unwilling provinces to join a united
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 167
(ii) What were the main provisions of the (c) Immediate Independence : The
Indian Independence Act? Congress leaders were keen on ending
(iii)Mention the reasons that made the British rule as soon as possible, and
Congress to accept the Partition they saw partition as a price to pay
Proposals. for immediate independence.
Ans : MAIN 2011

(i) The event shown is the swearing-in of www.nodia.in

Jawaharlal Nehru as the Prime Minister
of Independent India. The lady in the
picture is Lady Mountbatten, wife of Lord
Mountbatten, who was the Governor-
General of India at that time. This event
took place on 18th July 1947.
(ii) (a) End of British Rule : British rule over
India was formally ended, and the
sovereignty of the two dominions was
recognized.
(b) Governor-General : Each dominion
was to have its own Governor-
General to represent the Crown, but
they would act on the advice of the
ministers of the new governments.
(c) Legislative Powers : The Constituent
Assemblies of both India and
Pakistan were given the power to act
as sovereign legislatures and frame
their respective Constitutions.
(d) Princely States : The princely states
were free to either join India or
Pakistan or remain independent.
(e) Division of Assets : The assets of the
British Indian government were to be
divided between India and Pakistan.
(f) Formation of Two Dominions : India
and Pakistan were established as two
independent dominions from August
15, 1947.
(iii)(a) Communal Riots : The large-
scale communal riots and violence
convinced Congress leaders that
partition was necessary to prevent
further bloodshed and unrest.
(b) Non-cooperation from the Muslim
League : The Muslim League’s
obstructive behavior made it difficult
to work together within a unified
government, leading Congress to
agree to partition as a solution.
CH 8 : THE FIRST WORLD WAR

CHAPTER 8
THE FIRST WORLD WAR

SUMMARY The development of new weapons,

including powerful battleships like the British
“Dreadnought” and advanced artillery, led
1. CAUSES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR to a militarization of Europe. Countries
invested heavily in military technology and
1.1 Nationalism and Imperialism conscription, preparing for a potential large-
By the early 20th century, nationalism scale conflict. This armament race contributed
had grown into a powerful force in Europe. to the war’s outbreak by creating a sense of
Nations sought to assert their dominance, inevitability and fear, as nations believed
believing their nation to be superior. This that they needed to strike first before being
led to conflicts over territories and political attacked.
influence. Nationalism was particularly 1.3 Division of Europe into Alliances
intense in areas like the Balkans, where
Europe was divided into two hostile military
various ethnic groups sought independence
blocs, which made the situation extremely
from larger empires.
volatile:
Imperialism further deepened tensions.
The Triple Alliance was formed by
European powers, especially Britain, France
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. It
and Germany, were involved in a fierce
aimed to counterbalance the power of other
competition for colonies in Asia and Africa.
European nations, especially France and
They sought new markets, resources and
Russia.
strategic territories. The desire for global
The Triple Entente consisted of Britain,
dominance increased distrust and rivalry
France and Russia and was created as a
between nations, particularly between
response to the growing military strength of
Britain and Germany. The aggressive pursuit
Germany.
of empire-building also resulted in conflicts in
These alliances were designed to provide
Africa and Asia, contributing to the broader
security but ended up pulling multiple
global tensions that eventually led to war.
countries into the conflict once war began. A
1.2 Armament Race localized conflict had the potential to become
As nationalism and imperialism fueled a full-scale European war because, under
tensions, European countries began an intense these alliances, if one country was attacked,
military buildup. Major powers, particularly its allies were bound to support it, resulting
Germany and Britain, were locked in an in a domino effect. This division of Europe
arms race, competing for military superiority. into opposing camps laid the foundation for
Germany significantly expanded its army a massive and widespread conflict.
and navy, aiming to challenge British naval 1.4 Sarajevo Crisis (June 1914)
dominance. In response, Britain enlarged its
The immediate cause of World War I was the
fleet and other nations followed suit.
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand,
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 169
heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, on Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were formed
June 28, 1914. The assassination took place by merging various ethnic regions.
in Sarajevo, Bosnia, by a Serbian nationalist, Territories such as Alsace-Lorraine were
Gavrilo Princip, a member of a group called returned to France and colonies in Africa
the Black Hand, which sought to end Austro- and the Pacific previously controlled by
Hungarian rule over Bosnia. This event Germany were redistributed among the
triggered a diplomatic crisis. Allies. The collapse of the Russian Empire
Austria-Hungary, with backing from led to the rise of Soviet Russia and former
Germany, issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Russian territories like Finland, Estonia,
When Serbia’s response was deemed Latvia and Lithuania gained independence.
unsatisfactory, Austria-Hungary declared The territorial rearrangements were meant
war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. Russia, allied to establish stability but often created new
with Serbia, began mobilizing its forces. tensions, particularly in regions with mixed
Germany declared war on Russia and France ethnic populations.
and Britain, as part of the Triple Entente,
2.3 Formation of the League of Nations
declared war on Germany. The alliances
turned a regional conflict into a global war. One of the key outcomes of the Treaty of
Versailles was the creation of the League of
2. RESULTS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR Nations. The League was intended to be an
international organization aimed at promoting
2.1 Treaty of Versailles (1919) peace and preventing future conflicts through
The war ended with the signing of the Treaty diplomacy and collective security. It was the
of Versailles on June 28, 1919. The treaty first attempt at a global governing body that
imposed severe penalties on Germany. The could mediate disputes between nations. The
terms of the treaty were extremely harsh and League of Nations had several goals:
Germany was held responsible for causing 1. Encourage disarmament.
the war (the “War Guilt Clause”). Germany 2. Settle international disputes peacefully.
was forced to: 3. Promote cooperation in addressing issues
Pay huge reparations to the Allied Powers. such as labor conditions, public health
Cede significant territories, including Alsace- and human rights.
Lorraine to France and parts of Prussia to 4. However, the League suffered from several
Poland. Limit its military to 100,000 troops weaknesses:
and was prohibited from maintaining a navy 5. Major powers like the United States never
or air force. joined.
The treaty was resented in Germany, 6. It had no military force of its own,
leading to economic hardship, political relying on member nations to enforce its
instability and a sense of humiliation. These resolutions.
grievances sowed the seeds for the rise of Adolf 7. It failed to prevent aggressive actions by
Hitler and the outbreak of World War II. nations like Japan, Italy and Germany in
the 1930s, leading to its eventual failure.
2.2 Territorial Rearrangements
The defeat of the Central Powers (Germany,
Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire)
led to significant changes in the political map
of Europe. The empires of Austria-Hungary
and the Ottoman Empire were dismantled.
Several new countries were created, including:
Poland, which regained its independence.
CH 8 : THE FIRST WORLD WAR

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION Thus (b) is correct option.

6. Which of the following had vast colonies in

1. The immediate cause of the First World War Asia and Africa?
was ________. (a) Germany
(a) Imperialism (b) Italy
(b) Alliance System (c) USA
(c) Sarajevo Crisis (d) Britain
(d) Arms Race Ans : MAIN 2000

Ans : MAIN 2024 Thus (d) is correct option.

Thus (c) is correct option.
7. Which of the following is incorrect?
2. What refers to the sense of unity felt by (a) Triple Entente: France, Russia, Japan
people who share a common history and (b) Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia
culture that came to fore in beginning of the (c) Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, Austria-
20th century? Hungary
(a) Communism (d) Central Powers: Germany, Austria, Italy
(b) Fascism Ans : SQP 2005
(c) Nationalism
Thus (d) is correct option.
(d) Imperialism
Ans : COMP 2021 8. When and where did the First World War
begin?
Thus (c) is correct option.
(a) 1912; Europe
3. At the end of the 19th century British (b) 1914; Asia
and French government policies were NOT (c) 1914; Europe
focussed on (d) 1912; Africa
(a) Increasing trade Ans : SQP 2017
(b) Exploiting their colony’s resources
Thus (c) is correct option.
(c) Encouraging nationalism in Asia
(d) Protecting their colonies 9. Who left the ‘Triple Alliance’ ?
Ans : SQP 2023 (a) Germany
(b) Russia
Thus (b) is correct option.
(c) France
4. The Franco-Prussian war led to which of the (d) Italy
following? Ans : COMP 2007
(a) Race for armaments
Thus (d) is correct option.
(b) Scramble for colonies
(c) Rise of nationalism in Asia 10. Arrange the following in chronological order:
(d) Communist movement in Russia (i) Formation of Tripple Entente
Ans : MAIN 2015 (ii) Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
(iii)Formation of Tripple Alliance
Thus (a) is correct option.
(iv) Austria declaring the war on Serbia
5. Which of the following was NOT a Nation- (v) Britain declaring war on Germany
State? (a) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)
(a) France (b) Russia (b) (iii), (i), (ii), (iv) and (v)
(c) Germany (d) Holland (c) (iii), (ii), (i), (v) and (iv)
(d) (i), (iii), (ii), (v) and (iv)
Ans : COMP 2017
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 171
Ans : MAIN 2013 Ans : COMP 2010

Thus (b) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.

11. Which countries, along with their allies were 16. Which event led the United States to declare
called the “Allied Powers”? war on Germany?
(a) Britain, France, Germany (a) The attack on Pearl Harbour
(b) Italy, Russia, Germany (b) The assassination of Archduke Francis
(c) Britain, France, Russia Ferdinand
(d) Turkey, Britain, Italy (c) The sinking of Lusitania by U-boats
Ans : MAIN 2011
(d) None of the above

Thus (c) is correct option. Ans : MAIN 2015

Thus (c) is correct option.

12. Which countries, along with their allies were
called the “Central Powers”? 17. When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
(a) Germany, Britain (a) June 26, 1918
(b) Russia, Bulgaria (b) June 28, 1919
(c) Italy, Turkey (c) July 14, 1918
(d) Germany, Austria (d) June 26, 1919
Ans : SQP 2017 Ans : COMP 2019

Thus (d) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.

13. What happened at Sarajevo that trigger the 18. The Treaty of Versailles was signed as a result
War? of the discussions at the
(a) Failure of talks between Germany and (a) Paris conference
Austria-Hungary (b) Moscow conference
(b) Fall of the Russia empire (c) London conference
(c) Assassination of the heir to the throne of (d) New York conference
Austria-Hungary Ans : SQP 2023
(d) None of the above
Thus (a) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2019

Thus (c) is correct option. 19. As per the Treaty of Versailles, Alsace-
Lorraine and Danzing were respectively
14. When and where did the First World War restored to
begin? (a) Denmark and Belgium
(a) 1912; Europe (b) France and Polland
(b) 1914; Asia (c) Russia and Hungary
(c) 1914; Europe (d) Germany and France
(d) 1912; Africa Ans : MAIN 2008
Ans : SQP 2017
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
20. The League of Nations was created as a World
15. The first World War was fought on many organization of all independent states in
________. (a) 1918 (b) 1920
(a) Trenches (c) 1912 (d) 1922
(b) Fronts Ans : COMP 2010
(c) Borders
(d) Ports Thus (b) is correct option.
CH 8 : THE FIRST WORLD WAR
63. What was the cause of Anglo-German rivalry? 67. Name the five major powers who got involved
Ans : SQP 2005 in the hostilities in 1914.
Germany built large ships and expanded Ans : COMP 2019
the Kiel Canal, challenging Britain’s naval (i) Britain
dominance. Determined to preserve its naval (ii) France
supremacy, Britain engaged in a competition (iii)Russia
with Germany to strengthen their respective (iv) Germany
naval forces, leading to an intense arms race (v) Austria
between the two nations.
68. Why is the war fought between 1914 and
64. Which country was blamed for the 1918 called the First World War ?
assassination of the Archduke Francis
Ans : MAIN 2003
Ferdinand? Which country declared war on
Serbia? Name two countries which supported The war between 1914 and 1918 is called the
Austria. First World War because it involved many
Ans : MAIN 2007
major powers across multiple continents,
with battles fought globally, making it the
Serbia was blamed for the assassination of first truly international conflict.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. 69. Which country withdrew from the First
Two countries that supported Austria- World War and why?
Hungary were Germany and Italy. Ans : SQP 2008

65. Why did Britain declare war on Germany in Russia withdrew from the First World War
1914? after facing significant setbacks, with over
Ans : SQP 2004
600,000 Russian soldiers killed. The day after
the Bolshevik government, led by Lenin,
Britain declared war on Germany in 1914 came to power, it issued the Decree on
because Germany violated Belgium’s Peace, proposing to end the war without any
neutrality by invading it as part of the annexations or indemnities.
Schlieffen Plan to attack France. Britain had
a treaty with Belgium to protect its neutrality 70. Explain briefly the Treaty of Versailles?
and Germany’s invasion on August 4, 1914, Ans : COMP 2012
prompted Britain to fulfill its obligation and
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace agreement
declare war on Germany.
made with Germany, which was blamed for
66. Name the country which emerged as a world starting World War I. Signed on June 28,
power after the War. What happened to the 1919, in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, the
Austrian Empire after the First World War? treaty imposed severe penalties on Germany,
Ans : MAIN 2013
including territorial, military and economic
restrictions, marking the formal end of the
The United States emerged as a world power war.
after the First World War.
Austria-Hungary was dissolved, resulting 71. How was Denmark affected by the Treaty of
in the creation of two separate kingdoms, Versailles ?
Austria and Hungary. Austria was required to Ans : COMP 2019
cede territories to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
The duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, which
and Poland and was compelled to recognize
had been seized by Prussia from Denmark in
their independence.
1864, were returned to Denmark after nearly
55 years.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 173
33. Why did Britain declare war on Germany 40. Give the date of the Armistice on which the
and when ? First World War came to an end.
Ans : SQP 2009 Ans : SQP 2012

Britain declared war on Germany on August The date of Armistice on which the war came
4, 1914 when German army invaded Belgium, to an end was November 11, 1918.
whose neutrality had been guaranteed by
Britain. 41. Why is the First World War called the World
War ?
34. Mention the time period of the First World Ans : COMP 2015
War.
It is called the World War as it was fought on
Ans : MAIN 2000
land, water and in air. Moreover armies and
The First World War started in 1914 AD and resources of about 86 nations were involved
ended in 1918 AD. in the war.

35. What was the conflict between Austria and 42. When and by whom was Russia attacked first
Serbia due to regions? during the World War I ?
Ans : SQP 2003 Ans : SQP 2000

The major cause of tension between Serbia Russia was attacked by Austria-Hungary on
and Austria was Balkan region. August 6, 1914.

36. Which country declared war on Serbia and 43. Which country withdrew from Triple Alliance
when ? during the World War I ?
Ans : COMP 2006 Ans : COMP 2008

Austria declared a war on Serbia on 28th Italy withdrew from Triple Alliance and
July, 1914 due to constant refusal of Serbia joined the war against Germany in 1915.
to comply with Austrian constitution.
44. Which region was the cause of tension
37. Name the country which withdrew from the between France and Germany ?
Triple Alliance during the First World War. Ans : MAIN 2023
Ans : SQP 2011
The province of Alsac-Lorane which France
Russia. had lost to Germany after the Franco-
Prussian War of 1870.
38. Name the five major powers which got
involved in World War I. 45. Where were headquarters of the League of
Ans : MAIN 2007
Nations situated?

The five major powers were Russia, Germany, Ans : MAIN 2019

Britain, Austria and France. The League of Nations had its headquarters
at Geneva in Switzerland.
39. When and by whom was the League of
Nations initiated ? 46. Which country was blamed for the
Ans : MAIN 2018
assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand?

The League of Nations was initiated on Ans : SQP 2008

January 16, 1920 by President Wilson of Serbia was blamed for the assassination of
the USA with its headquarters at Geneva in Archduke Francis Ferdinand.
Switzerland.
CH 8 : THE FIRST WORLD WAR
21. The Treaty of Versailles was based on 26. Why was the League of nations established ?
(a) Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen points Ans : COMP 2019
(b) The French Charter
(c) The Eleven demands of Serbia The main objective of the League of Nations
(d) The conditions of the October Revolution was to preserve peace and settle disputes by
arbitration.
Ans : MAIN 2015

Thus (c) is correct option. 27. Give one main objective of the League of
Nations.
22. The terms of the Treaty of Versailles were or
decided by Why was the League of nations established ?
(a) Woodrow Wilson Ans : MAIN 2019
(b) Lloyd George
(c) George Clemenceau The main objective of the League of Nations
(d) All of the above Arts was to preserve peace and settle disputes by
arbitration.
Ans : COMP 2019

Thus (d) is correct option. 28. How much did Germany have to pay as war
reparation charges according to the Treaty of
23. Which of the following was one of aims of the Versailles ?
League of Nations? Ans : COMP 2001
(a) Prohibition of Secret Treaties and
Alliances between members Germany had to pay 33 million dollars as war
(b) Prohibition of maintenance of large reparation charges.
armed forces by member-states 29. When did the First World War break out?
(c) Promotion of local, cultural and economic
Ans : MAIN 2005
cooperation
(d) All of the above The First World War broke out on 28 July,
th

Ans : MAIN 2011

1914.

Thus (d) is correct option. 30. What did France gain from the Treaty of
Versailles?
Ans : SQP 2009

ONE MARK QUESTIONS The Coal mines in the German area called
Saar were ceded to France for 15 years and
the area was to be governed by the League
24. Name the signatory countries of the Triple of Nations.
Alliance (1882). State the rival bloc that was
formed. 31. Name the two major countries which were
not allowed to become the member of the
Ans : MAIN 2012,2022
League of Nations.
Tripple Alliance-Germany Austria-Hungary
Ans : COMP 2022
and Italy.
(i) Germany
25. What was the immediate cause of the First (ii) The Soviet Union
World War ?
32. How many original members did the League
Ans : SQP 2013
of Nations have?
Killing of AF Ferdinand, the Heir - Apparent
Ans : COMP 2003
to the throne of Austria in Bosnia in 1914.
There were 42 original members.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 175
Two restrictions imposed by the Treaty of 59. What was the cause of Franco-German
Versailles on Germany’s military power were: rivalry ?
(i) Reduction of the Army: The German Ans : COMP 2011
army was limited to 100,000 soldiers and
conscription was banned. France was defeated by Germany in the 1870-
(ii) Prohibition of Advanced Military 71 war, leading to the loss of its two provinces,
Equipment: Germany was forbidden from Alsace and Lorraine. Germany refused to
having tanks, submarines and an air force return these territories, fueling a desire for
and its navy was significantly reduced. revenge among the French. Additionally,
their imperial ambitions clashed in Morocco,
57. What was the war indemnity imposed on Africa, as both sought control over the region,
Germany through the Treaty of Versailles ? making conflict between the two nations
or inevitable.
What was the amount of reparation that
Germany had to pay the allies ? Mention any 60. What is meant by the term ‘Imperialism’, as
two terms of the treaty of Versailles which a cause for World War I ?
affected the German military ? Ans : COMP 2020

Ans : MAIN 2022 Imperialism refers to the policy of extending

The amount of reparation that Germany a nation’s power and influence by acquiring
had to pay to the Allies, as stipulated in colonies and exploiting weaker regions for
the Treaty of Versailles, was 33 billion U.S. economic, political and military advantages.
dollars (132 billion gold marks). As a cause for World War I, imperialism
Two terms of the Treaty of Versailles that played a significant role as European powers,
affected the German military were: such as Britain, France and Germany,
(i) Reduction of the Army: Germany’s competed fiercely for colonies in Africa and
army was limited to 100,000 troops and Asia. This competition for global dominance
conscription was prohibited. led to increased tensions and rivalries among
(ii) Restrictions on Military Equipment: the major powers, contributing to the
Germany was banned from having tanks, overall climate of hostility and mistrust that
submarines, an air force and its navy was eventually sparked the war.
significantly reduced. Additionally, the 61. State two features of Imperialism.
Rhineland was to be demilitarized.
Ans : SQP 2000

58. What was the effect of the First World War Two features of Imperialism are:
on the colonial possessions of industrialised (i) Colonial Expansion: Acquiring colonies to
countries ? exploit resources and establish markets.
Ans : SQP 2022 (ii) Political and Economic Domination:
Germany lost all its colonies and possessions, Controlling weaker nations for economic
which were taken over by Britain, France and and political benefits.
Belgium. Togoland and Cameroon (in West 62. Why was there a scramble for colonies?
Africa) were divided between Britain and
Ans : MAIN 2008
France, while German East Africa was shared
between Britain and Belgium. However, The scramble for colonies happened due to:
these territories were administered by the (i) Economic Gain : Access to raw materials
Allied powers (Britain, France and Belgium) and new markets.
as mandates under the supervision of the (ii) Political Power : Colonies symbolized
League of Nations. national prestige and provided strategic
advantages.
CH 8 : THE FIRST WORLD WAR
47. On which side did Turkey join the war? 52. Mention any two important consequences of
Ans : MAIN 2017
the First World War.

Turkey joined the war on Austria’s side. Ans : MAIN 2009

Two important consequences of the First

48. Which treaty was the symbol of humiliation World War include:
to the German people? (i) Massive loss of human life and resources,
Ans : COMP 2015 which led to significant political and
The Treaty of Versailles was the symbol of social changes in many countries.
humiliation to the German people. (ii) Economic strains that resulted in major
geopolitical shifts, including the redrawing
of national borders and the rise of new
political ideologies.
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
53. Name the two rival blocs formed in Europe
before World War-I.
49. Mention any two clauses of the Treaty of Ans : SQP 2015
Versailles.
(i) Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-
Ans : MAIN 2023
Hungary and Italy.
Reparations: Germany was required to (ii) Triple Entente: Britain, France and
pay reparations to the Allied countries for Russia.
the damages caused during World War I.
Territorial Losses : Germany lost territories, 54. How did the Sarajevo crisis in 1914 lead to
including Alsace-Lorraine to France and the First World War ?
parts of Prussia to Poland. Ans : MAIN 2006

50. Name the countries which formed the Triple (i) Austria believed Serbia was involved
Alliance and the Triple Entente. in the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and issued an ultimatum to
Ans : COMP 2019
Serbia.
The countries that formed the Triple Alliance (ii) Backed by Russia, Serbia refused to fully
were: comply with the ultimatum, leading
(i) Germany Austria to declare war on Serbia.
(ii) Austria-Hungary
(iii)Italy 55. Mention two most important clauses of the
The countries that formed the Triple Entente Treaty of Versailles.
were: Ans : SQP 2014

(i) Britain (i) Germany was held responsible for the war
(ii) France and was required to pay 33 billion dollars
(iii)Russia in war indemnities to the victorious
51. Name the two alliances formed in Europe nations.
before the beginning of the First World War. (ii) Germany was forced to withdraw from all
the territories it had occupied during the
Ans : MAIN 2023
war.
(i) The Triple Alliance (1882) – consisting of
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. 56. State any two objections imposed by the
(ii) The Triple Entente (1907) – consisting of Treaty of versailles on the German military
France, Russia and Britain. power.
Ans : COMP 2019
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 177
72. How was militant nationalism a cause of the 76. What was the immediate cause for the First
First World War? World War?
Ans : MAIN 2016 Ans : MAIN 2013

Militant nationalism allowed leaders and On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand
rulers to stir up hatred and intense emotions of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo, the
under the guise of patriotism. Loyalty to capital of Bosnia, by a Serbian nationalist.
one’s own country often required animosity Austria held the Serbian government
toward others. For example, France was responsible and issued an ultimatum. However,
determined to reclaim its provinces of Alsace Serbia rejected some of the demands, as they
and Lorraine from Germany, regardless of infringed on its sovereignty. As a result,
the cost. As a result, every nation sought to Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28,
assert its independence and establish itself as 1914. This conflict quickly escalated, leading
a powerful state. to the outbreak of the First World War.

73. State any two aims of the League of Nations. 77. Mention any three of the terms of the Treaty
Ans : COMP 2011
of Versailles.

(i) To promote international cooperation Ans : MAIN 2014

among nations by encouraging dialogue (i) Germany was held responsible for
and collaboration on political, economic aggression under the treaty and was
and social issues. required to pay $33 million in war
(ii) To maintain global peace and security by reparations to the Allies.
preventing conflicts through diplomatic (ii) The Saar region’s coal mines were given
means, disarmament and resolving to France for 15 years and the area was
international disputes peacefully. placed under the administration of the
League of Nations.
74. Why was the League of Nations established? (iii)The Rhineland was to be demilitarized as
Ans : SQP 2019 part of the treaty’s terms.
The League of Nations was established in 1920 78. When and why was the League of Nations
after World War I to prevent future conflicts formed?
and promote global peace. Its primary aim
was to encourage international cooperation, Ans : MAIN 2000

resolve disputes through diplomacy and The League of Nations was founded in 1920
ensure collective security by bringing nations to foster international cooperation and ensure
together to address issues without resorting global peace and security.
to war. It sought to create a new world order
focused on peaceful conflict resolution and 79. How did imperialistic rivalry create hatred
disarmament. among nations?
Ans : SQP 2022
75. How did the race for armaments contribute
to the First World War ? Britain had established a vast empire in
Asia and Africa, becoming wealthy through
Ans : COMP 2000
foreign trade. Other nations like Germany,
Germany began constructing a powerful the Netherlands, Italy and the USA also
navy to rival Britain’s naval strength, which sought to acquire colonies in these regions.
raised serious concerns for both Britain and This desire for colonies led to a fierce
France. This triggered an arms race between scramble, creating rivalries and conflicts,
the opposing alliances, becoming one of the which ultimately contributed to the outbreak
primary causes of the First World War. of the First World War.
CH 8 : THE FIRST WORLD WAR
(ii) (a) Extent : Unlike earlier wars, which (b) Anglo-German Rivalry : Germany’s
mainly affected soldiers, the First naval expansion and the widening of
World War was a total war that the Kiel Canal heightened competition
mobilized all human and economic with England.
resources of the participating (c) Austria-Russia Tensions : Russia
countries. It had a global impact supported Serbia, while Austria
on the economy and caused severe opposed it, exacerbating conflict
civilian casualties due to bombings, as Austria annexed Bosnia and
famines and epidemics, resulting in Herzegovina, which clashed with
widespread suffering. Serbia’s Slavic ambitions.
(b) Methods : The war saw the (d) Scramble for Colonies : Germany’s
introduction of many new weapons, rise as an industrial power intensified
including machine guns and competition for colonies with
flamethrowers. Aircraft were used for established European powers like
the first time in warfare, including for France and Britain.
bombing civilian areas. Tanks were (e) German Ambitions : Kaiser Wilhelm
introduced by the British and became II’s claims of Germany’s world
a significant weapon, while Germany leadership and aggressive propaganda
extensively deployed submarines increased global tensions.
known as U-boats. (ii) (a) Japan received Shantung and Kiau-
(iii)(a) High Financial Cost : The First Chow in China, while New Zealand
World War involved approximately 86 was given Samoa Island
nations, with total expenses estimated (b) Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia
at around $186 billion, making it an emerged as independent countries.
extremely costly conflict. (c) Danzig was designated as a “Free
(b) Economic Destruction : The war City.”
caused significant damage to cities, (d) Togoland and Cameroon were divided
farms and factories, leading to the between France and England.
destruction of trade and severe (e) Austria and Hungary were separated
economic disruption. into two distinct kingdoms.
(iii)The objectives of the League of Nations
96. The war that broke out in 1914 was different were as follows:
from the previous wars in many ways. In this (a) No state was permitted to enter into
context discuss the following points briefly: secret treaties.
(i) Militant Nationalism as a cause of the (b) Member states were prohibited from
War. possessing warships and destructive
(ii) What was the territorial rearrangement armaments.
of Europe as a result of this War? (c) All mutual disputes between states
(iii)What were the objectives of the League of were to be referred to the League of
Nations? Name the organization formed Nations for resolution.
in 1945 with similar objectives. (d) States were expected to respect each
Ans : SQP 2005,2008,2011,2015 other’s independence.
(i) In the 19th century, militant nationalism (e) The League was tasked with
grew due to: promoting cultural, social and
(a) Franco German Rivalry : France economic cooperation among member
sought to regain Alsace and Lorraine states.
and compete with Germany over (f) Member states were required to take
Morocco, increasing tensions. necessary actions, as directed by
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 179
87. How was the outbreak of the Second World like race, religion, history and geography. In
War an outcome of the First World War ? the mid-19th century, nationalism shifted
Ans : MAIN 2006
from liberal and humanitarian ideals to a
more aggressive focus on national power.
The harsh treatment of the defeated nations Essentially, nationalism is the idea that people
after the First World War contributed to identify with each other based on common
the outbreak of the Second World War. The values, beliefs and cultural traditions.
Treaty of Versailles, signed after the war,
was humiliating and oppressive for countries
like Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey and
Bulgaria. THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
88. Why did the League of Nations collapse and
who replaced it ? 92. With reference to the consequences of the
Ans : COMP 2023 World War I, explain :
(i) Loss of life and money.
The League of Nations collapsed due to its
(ii) Changes in the political map of the world.
inability to prevent conflicts, particularly
(iii)Emergence of the democratic spirit after
World War II and its lack of enforcement
World War I.
power. Key nations, like the USA, never
joined and rising aggression from countries Ans : SQP 2010, 2015, 2024

like Germany and Italy weakened it. It was (i) (a) Loss of Life : Over the four years of
replaced by the United Nations in 1945 to war, approximately 8 million people
maintain global peace. were killed, 6 million were disabled
and around 12 million were wounded.
89. What did France gain from the Treaty of
Additionally, 8 million were reported
Versailles ?
missing. Many more suffered from
Ans : MAIN 2002 diseases, famines and epidemics
(i) France was granted full control of the rich caused by the war.
coal mines in the Saar basin, though the (b) Loss of Money : The war had a huge
region was administered by the League of financial impact. The Allied powers
Nations. spent around 41,000 million pounds,
(ii) France also received parts of Togo and while the Germans spent 15,000
Cameroon in Southeast Africa. million pounds. Numerous industries,
farms and towns were destroyed,
90. When and between whom was the Treaty of severely damaging the global economy.
Versailles signed ? (ii) The Treaty of Versailles and other treaties
Ans : SQP 2015 after World War I reshaped the political
map. Germany lost territories like Alsace-
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June
Lorraine to France and new nations like
28, 1919, between Germany and the Allied
Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
Powers, which included countries like France,
were created from the defeated empires
Britain and the United States, officially
of Austria-Hungary, Germany and the
ending the First World War.
Ottoman Empire. The redrawing of
91. What is nationalism ? borders caused significant political and
Ans : COMP 2022
ethnic tensions that persisted for years.
(iii)Before World War I, empires like Russia,
Nationalism is an ideology that unites people Germany, Turkey and Austria were
through shared institutions and culture, ruled by royal dynasties. After the war,
fostering a sense of unity. It includes elements
CH 8 : THE FIRST WORLD WAR
80. How was nationalism a cause of the First 83. What is the Sarajevo Incident ? Who
World War ? assassinated whom, when and where ?
Ans : COMP 2007 Ans : COMP 2001

Nationalism is the belief that one’s country The Sarajevo Incident refers to the
is superior to others, making nations assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of
more assertive and aggressive. It played Austria-Hungary. He was killed by a Serbian
a significant role in the outbreak of World nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, on June 28,
War I. Nationalism not only led to the 1914, in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. This
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, event was the immediate trigger for World
but also fueled Germany’s desire to be seen War I.
as a formidable power, as it was not fully
recognized by other nations as a strong 84. Mention two territorial conflicts between
competitor. Nationalism was also the driving European nations before the outbreak of
force behind imperialism, with the quest for World War I.
resources being the underlying motive. Ans : SQP 2008

81. What were the conditions of the Austrian (i) Tension arose between France and Italy
ultimatum to Serbia ? regarding the occupation of Tunis.
(ii) There was a territorial dispute between
Ans : MIAN 2012
Turkey and several European powers.
Serbia must suppress all anti-Austrian
activities and dissolve nationalist groups 85. How is the dictatorship in Germany and Italy
that were seen as hostile to Austria-Hungary, attributed to be the cause of the First World
particularly the Black Hand. War ?
Serbia must dismiss any officials involved in Ans : SQP 2000

anti-Austrian propaganda, especially those in (i) The Treaty of Versailles was signed
the military and government. following the conclusion of the First
Austria-Hungary must be allowed to World War.
participate in the investigation and trial of (ii) The war led to economic and political
those responsible for the assassination of instability in several European nations.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Serbia must take measures to prevent arms 86. Which country emerged as the super power
and explosives from being smuggled across after the War ?
the border. or
The USA emerged as the Super Power after
82. When and where were the two International the War. Why ?
Conferences held before 1914 and with what
Ans : COMP 2004
outcome ?
The USA emerged as a superpower after the
Ans : MAIN 2018
war because
(i) First Hague Conference (1899) : Held (i) It brought an end to the political isolation
in The Hague, it aimed to discuss imposed by the Monroe Doctrine.
disarmament and peaceful dispute (ii) The USA played a key role in the victory
resolution but made limited progress on of the Allied Powers, significantly turning
disarmament. the tide against Germany and the Axis
(ii) Second Hague Conference (1907) : Also Powers.
in The Hague, it established conventions (iii)The Armistice signed by Germany on
on warfare but failed to prevent rising November 11, 1918, was based on US
tensions and the arms race. President Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 181
94. Write a note on Treaty of Versailles with (b) German colonies in East Africa and
reference to : South-West Africa were distributed
(i) Loss to Germany in material and military among England, Belgium, Portugal
arrangement. and South Africa.
(ii) Losses with respect to her own territories. (c) Japan was granted Shantung and
(iii)Mention four points under the Treaty of Kiau-Chow in China.
Versailles which affected Germany. (d) Samoa Island was given to New
Ans : COMP 2005,2007,2011,2015
Zealand.
The Treaty of Versailles aimed to cripple
(i) (a) Germany was required to pay war Germany both militarily and economically,
indemnity to the victorious nations, ensuring it would not pose a future threat to
amounting to 33 billion dollars. European stability.
(b) The German army was dismantled
and it was permitted to retain only 95. The First World War was unique in history.
100,000 soldiers. Both the air force In this context, answer the following :
and submarines were prohibited and (i) Any three causes that led to the war.
the navy was restricted to 15,000 men (ii) The extent and methods used in this war.
and 36 ships. (iii)Economic consequences of this war.
(c) Germany had to hand over its Ans : MAIN 2000
merchant ships to the Allies as part
of the reparations. (i) Causes of First World War
(d) Germany was obligated to supply (a) Militant Nationalism : Germany,
large quantities of coal to France, under Kaiser William II, aggressively
Italy and Belgium for 10 years. pursued the goal of establishing a
(e) To compensate France for the coal vast German Empire and becoming
mines destroyed by Germany in 1918, a global leader, which contributed to
France was granted full control over heightened tensions and competition.
the coal-rich Saar Basin, although the (b) Armament Race : Intense nationalism
area was administered by the League led to Europe becoming an armed
of Nations. camp, with nations rapidly increasing
(ii) (a) Germany was to return Alsace and their military capabilities. Germany,
Lorraine to France. in particular, built a powerful navy to
(b) She had to hand over Eupen and protect its colonies, causing concern
Malmedy to Belgium. for Britain and France.
(c) Schleswig was to be given to Denmark. (c) Arms Race Dynamics : The competitive
(d) The German city of Danzig was made nature of the arms race meant that
a free port in Polish territory. as one country increased its military
(e) The German territory to the west of strength, others felt compelled to do
the Rhine Valley was to be occupied the same, escalating tensions and
by the Allies. preparing the ground for conflict.
(iii)Germany’s overseas colonies in Africa (d) Europe split into two armed camps:
and the Pacific were confiscated and the Triple Alliance and the Triple
distributed as mandates to the Allied Entente. The Triple Alliance, formed
powers, primarily Britain and France. in 1879, included Germany, Austria-
Four Points that Crippled Germany’s Hungary and later Italy. In response,
Strength : the Triple Entente was formed with
(a) Britain and France divided and took Britain, France and Russia. This
control of Togo and the Cameroons in division heightened tensions and
Southeast Africa. rivalry between the two alliances.
CH 8 : THE FIRST WORLD WAR
democratic governments emerged: (f) Militant Nationalism and Rivalries:
(a) The German Emperor William II fled Nationalism grew increasingly
and a democratic government was aggressive, fostering a sense of
established. superiority and hatred between
(b) A People’s Republic was formed in nations, which led to intense rivalries
Russia following the 1917 Revolution. and a highly charged political
(c) Italy also became a republic. atmosphere.
(g) Division of Europe into Power Blocs:
93. With reference to the causes of the First By 1914, Europe was divided into
World War, explain : two major blocs the Triple Alliance
(i) World situation in 1914. (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)
(ii) Mutual rivalries between nations. and the Triple Entente (Britain,
(iii)Clash of Imperial Interests and Colonial France, Russia), creating a highly
Rivalries. Enumerate any three causes of tense and polarized environment that
the First World War. contributed to the outbreak of war.
Ans : MAIN 2005,2007,2011,2015,2018 (ii) In the 19th century, patriotism was
(i) (a) Sarajevo Incident : On June 28, characterized by love for one’s own
1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of country and hostility towards others.
Austria-Hungary and his wife were Each nation prioritized its own interests,
assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian leading to competition and aggression.
nationalist, triggering the chain of This created an atmosphere filled with
events that led to World War I. interstate rivalries.
(b) Lack of International Machinery : (iii)In the 19th century, European nations
The absence of effective international competed for colonies in Africa and Asia.
systems to maintain peace, highlighted Britain dominated most territories, with
by the failures of the Hague others claimed by France, Spain, Holland,
Conferences in 1899 and 1907, forced Portugal and Belgium. Germany, entering
nations to rely on armaments and the race later, sought its share in the
secret diplomacy for self-protection. global market, causing concern among
(c) Territorial Conflicts : The Balkan Britain and France over its growing
Wars in 1912 and 1913 intensified power, sparking conflicts. Additionally,
tensions, as Serbia, Greece and others small wars broke out, such as between
fought Turkey and Bulgaria, leading France and Italy over Tunis and Britain
to new alliances and heightened and Russia over Persia. These rivalries
conflicts. led to the formation of two power
(d) Imperialist and Colonial Rivalry : blocs: Britain, France and Russia versus
Colonial disputes, such as between Germany, Austria and Turkey. The
France and Italy over Tunis and scramble for colonies was a key cause of
between Britain and Russia over World War I.
Persia, divided Europe into two Three Causes of the First World War:
blocs Germany, Austria-Hungary (a) Militarism : European nations built large
and Turkey on one side and Britain, militaries, increasing the risk of war.
France and Russia on the other. (b) Alliance System : Alliances like the Triple
(e) Armament Race : European nations Alliance and Triple Entente pulled many
escalated an arms race, building up nations into the conflict.
weapons to ensure their security, (c) Nationalism : Strong national pride and
which heightened tensions across the territorial ambitions fueled rivalries and
continent. tensions.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 183
the League, against any nation that 98. With reference to the First World War answer
threatened world peace. the following questions :
The organization formed in 1945 with similar (i) State any three consequences of the war.
objectives is the United Nations (UN). (ii) Mention three points under the Treaty of
Versailles, which affected Germany.
97. The First World War had a devastating (iii)Discuss any three reasons which led to
effect on the world and caused unprecedented the war in 1914.
destruction. With reference to the First
Ans : COMP 2013
World War, answer the following questions.
(i) Name the signatory countries of the (i) Three consequences of First World War :
Triple Entente. (a) Territorial Rearrangements: The war
(ii) What is meant by the term Imperialism ? led to significant changes in national
(iii)Explain the immediate cause of the First borders, including the breakup of
World War. empires such as Austria-Hungary and
(iv) What was the amount of war reparation the Ottoman Empire and the creation
that Germany had to pay the allies ? of new countries like Yugoslavia and
Mention any two terms of the Treaty Czechoslovakia.
of Versailles which affected the German (b) Economic Devastation: The conflict
military. resulted in massive financial costs
Ans : MAIN 2022
and widespread destruction of
infrastructure, leading to economic
(i) The signatory countries of the Triple hardships and instability in many
Entente were Britain, France and Russia. countries.
(ii) Imperialism refers to a policy where a (c) Formation of the League of Nations:
powerful nation seeks to extend its control The League of Nations was established
over other countries, either through to promote international cooperation
colonization, military conquest, or and prevent future conflicts, although
economic domination, in order to exploit it struggled to maintain peace
resources and strengthen its own power. effectively.
(iii)The immediate cause of the First World (ii) Treaty of Versallies :
War was the assassination of Archduke (a) War Indemnity: The Treaty of
Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro- Versailles declared Germany guilty
Hungarian throne, on June 28, 1914, in of aggression and required it to
Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist. This pay a heavy sum of approximately
event triggered a series of alliances and $33 billion as war indemnity to the
conflicts that eventually led to a global Allies. Additionally, Germany had
war. to evacuate the territories it had
(iv) Germany was required to pay 132 billion captured during the war.
gold marks (approximately 33 billion US (b) Demilitarization of the Rhine
dollars) in war reparations. Valley: The Rhine Valley was to
Two terms of the Treaty of Versailles that be demilitarized, with Germany
affected the German military were: prohibited from maintaining or
(a) The German army was limited to constructing fortifications on
100,000 soldiers and conscription was both banks of the Rhine. Existing
banned. fortifications were to be dismantled
(b) Germany was prohibited from having and the territory west of the Rhine
an air force or submarines and its was to be occupied by Allied troops
navy was restricted to a small fleet of for 15 years to ensure compliance.
36 ships.
CH 8 : THE FIRST WORLD WAR
European powers into war due to their as Britain and France, heightening
treaty obligations to their allies. tensions and contributing to a warlike
(ii) Nationalism was another potent force atmosphere.
that contributed significantly to the (c) Strategic and Diplomatic Conflicts:
outbreak of the war. In the context of The 1904 secret agreement between
pre-war Europe, nationalism was marked Britain and France over political
by: control in Egypt and Morocco and
(a) Ethnic Groups Seeking Independence: Germany’s opposition to French
Various ethnic groups within and claims in Morocco, showcased the
across empires (like the Slavs in deep-seated rivalries and strategic
the Austro-Hungarian Empire) maneuvers that further strained
sought greater autonomy or outright relations among European powers.
independence, which destabilized (d) Infrastructure Projects and Regional
multi-ethnic states. Dominance : Germany’s plan to build
(b) Patriotic Fervor : In countries like a railway from Berlin to Baghdad,
Germany and France, a strong sense along with Italy’s and Russia’s
of national pride and the desire for expansionist activities in Africa and
international prestige or revenge (in the Ottoman Empire, respectively,
France’s case, revenge for the loss of triggered fear and opposition
Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in 1871) from Britain, France and Russia,
fueled militaristic and expansionist underlining the interconnected ness
policies. of imperial ambitions and regional
(c) Balkan Nationalism : In the Balkans, dominance which escalated the pre-
the decline of Ottoman control led war tensions.
to rising nationalism among newly
independent states like Serbia, which 105. There was a transformation in the political
aspired to form a larger Slavic state. map of the world as the consequence of the
This was seen as a threat by Austria- First World War. In this context, explain the
Hungary and was a direct spark for following:
the war following the assassination (i) Territorial rearrangements.
of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a (ii) Economic Conflicts.
Bosnian Serb nationalist. (iii)League of Nations
(iii)(a) Surge in Imperial Expansion : By Ans : SQP 2011

the late 19th century, established (i) (a) Decline of European Dominance
European powers like Britain, France : The aftermath of World War I
and Spain were joined by Germany marked the decline of European
and Italy in a competitive rush to supremacy, with the United States
acquire new colonies, driven by emerging as a predominant economic
increasing nationalism, demand for and military world power. This shift
land and limited opportunities within was facilitated by the transformative
their own borders. effects of the peace treaties on the
(b) German Industrial and Colonial political landscape of Europe.
Ambitions : Germany’s industrial (b) Fall of Monarchies and Rise of
prowess led to its desire for a greater Democracies : The war led to the
share in global markets, necessitating collapse of three major dynasties:
colonial acquisitions. This ambition the Romanovs in Russia, the
put Germany in direct conflict with Hohenzollerns in Germany and the
established colonial powers such Habsburgs in Austria-Hungary. This
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 185
to accommodate battleships. Despite (b) The Zimmermann Telegram :
Britain’s repeated pleas to reduce Germany’s attempt to ally with Mexico
naval armament, Germany persisted, against the United States, revealed
triggering an arms race across Europe. in the intercepted Zimmermann
From 1908 to 1918, defense spending Telegram, further inflamed American
surged dramatically. This escalation in public opinion.
armaments emerged as a critical factor (c) Economic Interests : The U.S. had
leading to the outbreak of the war. strong economic ties with the Allied
Powers and a victory for the Central
100. The First World War was precipitated by Powers could jeopardize American
the assassination of the heir to the throne economic interests and investments in
of Austria-Hungary, Archduke Francis Europe.
Ferdinand. In this context, describe the (iii)The Austro-Hungarian Empire was
following : dismantled following the First World
(i) Sarajevo Crisis. War, leading to the creation of two
(ii) Why did the USA join the First World separate kingdoms: Austria and Hungary.
War ? This breakup resulted in significant
(iii)What was the impact of the War on territorial changes. Austria was
Austria-Hungary? required to cede substantial territories
Ans : SQP 2010 to the newly established countries of
(i) The tensions in Europe had been Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Poland.
escalating for years, but the assassination Additionally, Austria had to formally
of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria on accept the independence of these newly
June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo by a Serbian formed nations, which not only reshaped
nationalist provided the spark that ignited the political map of Central Europe but
the conflict. Austria-Hungary blamed the also had lasting implications for regional
Serbian government for the murder and stability and national identities. These
issued a harsh ultimatum. Serbia, unable territorial concessions and the recognition
to accept all the conditions as they of new states marked a profound shift in
violated its sovereignty, refused to comply the post-war European landscape.
fully. Consequently, Austria declared 101. There were several far reaching consequences
war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. This as a result of the First World War. In this
declaration quickly set off a chain reaction context, answer the following :
of alliances and conflicts, culminating in (i) Explain how World War I brought about
the outbreak of the First World War. The a changed political scenario of the world.
rapid escalation highlighted the deep- (ii) What did France gain from the Treaty of
seated rivalries and tensions that had Versailles ?
been brewing in Europe. (iii)What was the major drawback of the
(ii) The United States joined the First World League of Nations? How did it lead to
War in 1917 due to several key factors: another World War?
(a) Unrestricted Submarine Warfare :
Germany’s resumption of unrestricted Ans : MAIN 2000

submarine warfare, targeting civilian (i) The political map of the world,
and neutral ships, including those particularly in Europe, underwent
carrying American passengers, led to significant transformations after the
significant American casualties. Peace Treaties following World War I.
The old empires such as the German
Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire,
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CH 8 : THE FIRST WORLD WAR
(c) Loss of Colonies and Overseas (a) The Triple Alliance (1882) : This
Possessions: Germany lost all its was composed of Germany, Austria-
colonies and overseas possessions. Hungary and Italy. It was initially
Togoland and Cameroon in West formed to isolate France and provide
Africa were divided between Britain mutual support against potential
and France, while Germany’s East Russian aggression or French
Africa was shared between Britain retaliation.
and Belgium. (b) The Triple Entente (1907) : Formed
(iii)There were many causes which led to the as a counter to the Triple Alliance,
First World War (1914-1918) : this alliance linked France, Russia
(a) Franco-German rivalry was an and Great Britain. The alliance was
important cause. France wanted to largely a response to the growing
avenge its defeat at the hands of the threat posed by the Triple Alliance and
Germans and get back Alsace and it aimed at providing a counterweight
Lorraine captured by the Germans. to the rising German power.
Also both countries wanted to seize These alliances were meant as deterrents
Morocco in Africa. Thus war between but instead fostered an environment ripe
them was inevitable. for conflict, where a war in one area could
(b) At this time there was also a scramble quickly escalate into a full-scale European
for new colonies. France, Spain, war due to the obligations of alliance
Portugal and England had established members to support each other militarily.
colonies in different parts of the (ii) Militant nationalism, often termed
world. With Germany emerging as a competitive patriotism, meant that
powerful industrial nation, there was nations prioritized their own interests,
great rivalry among the European showing little regard for others. This
nations to set up and control colonies. attitude held that true patriotism involved
(c) German ambition to be a world hostility towards other nations. Under
power also added to the tension. Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany, having
German Kaiser William II went about defeated France in the Franco-Prussian
proclaiming that ‘Germany’ was War (1870-71) and annexed the resource-
going to be the leader of the world rich territories of Alsace and Lorraine,
empire and the war propaganda by aspired to global leadership. In response,
newspapers specially in Germany France was determined to reclaim these
added to the war hysteria. provinces at any cost. Meanwhile, the
rivalry between England and Germany
99. Various events led to the First World War. In for commercial and colonial dominance
this context, explain the following: reached a peak. In the Balkans, the
(i) Division of Europe into two hostile camps. conflict between Austria and Serbia
(ii) Militant nationalism. and the competing interests of Austria
(iii)Race for armaments in the beginning of and Russia, significantly threatened
the 20th century global peace. Political leaders fueled this
Ans : COMP 2018 environment by spreading hatred and
(i) By the early 20th century, Europe was passion under the guise of nationalism.
sharply divided into two rival alliances, (iii)Intense nationalism transformed Europe
primarily driven by the interests of their into a landscape dotted with heavily
respective powers to counterbalance armed camps. Germany, aiming to
each other’s influence and secure their match Britain’s naval power, expanded
territories: its navy and deepened the Kiel Canal
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 187
(c) The size of the Austrian military was regions to the new state of Poland,
limited to 30,000 troops and Austria creating the Polish Corridor.
was obligated to pay a substantial (ii) (a) Perceived Injustice and Humiliation:
war indemnity. The punitive measures imposed by
(iii)(a) Territorial Gains : As mentioned the Treaty of Versailles, including
earlier, France regained Alsace- significant territorial losses and heavy
Lorraine and was also given control war indemnities, were perceived by
over the Saar Basin’s coal mines for Germans as excessive and unjust,
15 years. deeply humiliating a proud nation.
(b) Security Measures : The (b) Rise of Extremist Movements :
demilitarization of the Rhineland These harsh conditions and national
provided a buffer zone between France humiliation provided fertile ground
and Germany, intended to prevent for the rise of extremist ideologies like
future German aggression. Nazism, leading Germany towards a
(c) Reparations : France received a path of aggressive expansionism and
significant portion of the reparations militarism in the following years.
from Germany, which were intended
to compensate for the immense 104. With reference to the causes of the First
destruction suffered during the war World War explain.
and aid in reconstruction. (i) Division of Europe
(d) Military Limitations on Germany : (ii) Nationalism
The severe restrictions placed on the (iii)Imperialism
German military were seen as crucial Ans : MAIN 2012

by France to prevent any future (i) The division of Europe into opposing
threat from its neighbor. alliances is often cited as a direct
103. The world witnessed a ‘great war’ in the years precursor to the outbreak of the First
between 1914-1918. In this context : World War. By the early 20th century,
(i) Mention three clauses of the Treaty of the major European powers were split
Versailles. into two main alliances:
(ii) Explain how the Treaty of Versailles was (a) The Triple Alliance (1882) :
responsible for the outbreak of the Second Comprising Germany, Austria-
World War. Hungary and Italy, this alliance was
initially formed to counteract French
Ans : COMP 2012
power but later became aimed at
(i) Three clauses of the Treaty of Versailles : opposing Russia and France both.
(a) War Guilt Clause (Article 231) : (b) The Triple Entente (1907) : Linking
Assigned full blame for the war to France, Russia and Britain, this
Germany and its allies, justifying the alliance was established in response
reparations demanded by the Allies. to the growing threat posed by the
(b) Reparations : Germany was mandated Triple Alliance and was more about
to pay 132 billion gold marks (about balancing German power in Europe.
$31 billion in 1921) to cover war These alliances were defensive in nature,
damages. meaning that each member promised to
(c) Territorial Losses : Germany lost support the others in the event of an
substantial territories, including attack by other powers. This system of
Alsace-Lorraine to France, Eupen alliances meant that any conflict involving
and Malmedy to Belgium, North one country could easily escalate into a
Schleswig to Denmark and eastern broader conflict, drawing all the major
CH 8 : THE FIRST WORLD WAR
the Ottoman Empire and the Russian 102. The terms of the Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Empire were shattered, leading to the were not the result of negotiations between
dissolution of their extensive territories. the defeated and the victorious powers but
This dramatic shift led to the emergence were imposed by the victorious powers on the
of many new nation-states. New states defeated nations. In this context, answer the
such as Poland, Finland, Latvia, following :
Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Romania and (i) In what ways was Germany punished by
Yugoslavia were created, each with newly the Allies?
defined borders that reflected the ethnic (ii) What were the consequences of the First
and nationalist aspirations ignited by World War on the position of England ?
the war. This reconfiguration was largely (iii)What did France gain from the Treaty?
influenced by the principles of national Ans : COMP 2015
self-determination promoted during the
Paris Peace Conference. (i) (a) Severe Military Restrictions: The
(ii) (a) Germany was required to return the Treaty of Versailles imposed strict
territories of Alsace and Lorraine to limitations on Germany’s military
France. capabilities, restricting the army to
(b) As compensation for the damage 100,000 soldiers, the navy to 15,000
to her coal mines by Germany in personnel and 36 ships and completely
1918, France was granted full control banning the air force.
over the lucrative Saar basin coal (b) Demilitarization of the Rhineland:
mines in Germany, which would Germany was prohibited from
be administered by the League of constructing or maintaining any
Nations. fortifications along both the left
(c) Britain and France split and took joint and right banks of the Rhine River,
possession of the West African regions further weakening its defensive and
of Togoland and the Cameroons. offensive military capabilities.
(d) Germany was obligated to deliver a (c) Economic and Naval Concessions:
substantial amount of coal to France, In addition to military restrictions,
Italy and Belgium for a decade. Germany was required to surrender
(iii)The formation of the League of Nations all its merchant ships to the Allies as
did not fulfill the aspirations for a global compensation and was barred from
organization committed to maintaining possessing submarines. Furthermore,
peace and the independence of nations. Germany had to provide substantial
Initially, two major powers Germany quantities of coal to France, Italy and
and the Soviet Union were excluded Belgium for a decade, impacting its
from membership for several years. own economic recovery and industrial
The emergence of dictatorships in Italy needs.
and Germany further undermined the (ii) Austria-Hungary was compelled to sign
League of Nations, compromising its the Treaty of St. Germain with the Allies,
fundamental goal of preserving global which imposed the following terms:
peace. Ultimately, the League’s failure (a) The dual monarchy of Austria-
was highlighted when Hitler’s invasion of Hungary was dissolved, resulting
Poland triggered the onset of World War in the separate formation of the
II (1939-1945), leading to the League’s kingdoms of Austria and Hungary.
dissolution. (b) Austria was required to cede territories
to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and
Poland and had to recognize their
independence.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 189
upheaval paved the way for the end 106. With reference to the First World War,
of autocratic rule in these regions answer the following questions :
and spurred the development of (i) How was the war fought between 1914
democratic governance structures and 1918 different from other wars ?
across Europe. (ii) How did the Balkan Crisis lead to the
(c) Emergence of New Nations and First World War?
Cultural Realignment : The recon (iii)How was the Sarajevo crisis responsible
figuration of territories post-war for the First World War ?
resulted in the dissolution of multi- Ans : SQP 2013
ethnic empires and the creation
of new independent states with (i) In previous wars, civilian involvement
distinct cultural identities, such as was typically minimal. However, the First
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, World War was characterized as a total
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. war, utilizing all available human and
Additionally, regions with strong economic resources from the participating
nationalistic movements like Alsace- nations. This conflict introduced several
Lorraine and Schleswig-Holstein were new weapons, including machine guns
returned to France and Denmark, and flamethrowers. It also marked the
respectively, aligning political first use of aircraft in combat and saw the
boundaries more closely with ethnic British debut the tank on the battlefield.
and cultural identities. (ii) In the early 1900s, significant European
(ii) As a consequence of the First World powers became increasingly involved
War, Italy faced significant financial in the Balkans. Austria annexed the
hardships, with its industry devastated Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and
and unemployment rising sharply. Herzegovina in 1908, regions also desired
Additionally, the economic downturn by Serbia as it emerged as a significant
triggered by the 1929 slump further Balkan power. During this period, Serbia
exacerbated unemployment. These lacked Russian support for its goal of
economic challenges contributed to the establishing a United Slav State in the
rise of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Balkans. In 1912, the Balkan states
Germany. launched a war against the Ottomans,
(iii)The League of Nations, founded in 1920 stripping Turkey of most of its European
and based in Geneva, Switzerland, was territories. The subsequent year, in the
created to foster international cooperation Second Balkan War of 1913, Serbia and
and secure global peace and security. The Greece, backed by Russia, overcame
League aimed not only to prevent war Bulgaria, an ally of Austria. This led
but also to uphold several key objectives: Austria, with Germany’s explicit support
(a) Preserving the status quo as from Kaiser Wilhelm II, to take decisive
established by the outcomes of the actions to diminish Serbian influence in
peace conference. the area.
(b) Safeguarding the rights of national (iii)The Sarajevo Crisis, or the assassination
minorities. of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-
(c) Ensuring the effective administration Hungary by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian
of the Mandate system. Serb nationalist, on June 28, 1914,
(d) Beyond its political roles, the League directly triggered the outbreak of the
also sought to enhance cultural, social war:
and economic collaboration among its (a) Immediate Cause : The assassination
member countries. was seen by Austria-Hungary as a
direct threat and an act of aggression
CH 8 : THE FIRST WORLD WAR
by Serbian nationalists, leading to Hungarian Empire and his murder by a
demands for retribution against Bosnian Serb nationalist was perceived
Serbia. by Austria-Hungary as a direct threat,
(b) Chain Reaction : Austria-Hungary’s supported by Serbia. This event set
harsh response to Serbia (with the off a chain reaction among the major
backing of Germany) led to a chain European powers, all bound by complex
reaction among the intertwined alliances, ultimately leading to the full-
alliances. Russia mobilized to defend scale outbreak of World War I after
Serbia, followed by Germany declaring Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia,
war on Russia and subsequently on prompting Russia and subsequently other
France. When Germany invaded major powers to mobilize or declare war
Belgium to outflank the French in defense of their allies.
defenses, Britain entered the war (ii) (a) Militant Nationalism as a Catalyst
against Germany, marking the full for Hostility: Militant nationalism
escalation into a global conflict. was a significant factor in escalating
tensions across Europe, as it fueled
hatred and passion under the guise
of patriotic love. This phenomenon
CASE BASED QUESTION was exemplified by France’s intense
desire to reclaim the provinces of
107. (i) Identify the event in the picture and state Alsace and Lorraine from Germany,
how it became the immediate cause of demonstrating how nationalism
the First World War. pushed nations towards conflict
to assert their dominance and
independence.
(b) Arms Race Between Major Powers:
Germany’s ambitious effort to match
the naval capabilities of Britain
highlighted the intensifying arms
race that concerned both Britain and
France. This competition for military
superiority not only heightened
tensions but also contributed to the
overall insecurity and rivalry among
the major European powers.
(c) Alliance Systems and the Division of
(ii) State any three other causes of the First Europe : The formation of the Triple
World War. Alliance in 1879 and subsequently the
(iii)Mention any three clauses of the Treaty Triple Entente in 1907, effectively split
of Versailles. Europe into two major hostile camps.
Ans : MAIN 2001,2005,2003,2018,2019,2023 This division fostered an atmosphere
(i) The event in the picture is the assassination of tension and instability, with the
of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria rivalry between these alliances laying
and his wife, Sophie, by Gavrilo Princip the groundwork for the outbreak of
in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. This the First World War.
assassination was the immediate cause (iii)The three clauses were :
of the First World War. Archduke Franz (a) Rhine Valley Demilitarization : The
Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro- area was demilitarized and German
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 191
territories west of the Rhine were
occupied by Allied troops for 15 years.
(b) Germany’s Colonial Losses : Germany
relinquished all colonies to the
victorious Allies, including Britain,
Belgium, South Africa and Portugal.
(c) German Military Limitations : The
German army was capped at 100,000
soldiers, the navy at 15,000 personnel
and 24 ships, with bans on the air
force and submarines.

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CH 9 : RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS

CHAPTER 9
RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS

1.5 Nationalism
SUMMARY
Extreme nationalist ideologies played a
central role in both Fascism and Nazism.
1. CAUSES FOR THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY The desire to restore national pride, expand
AND NAZISM IN GERMANY territorial boundaries and create a powerful,
unified state attracted many supporters.
1.1 Economic Instability
Aspect Mussolini’s Fascism Hitler’s Nazism
Both Italy and Germany faced severe Leadership Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler,
economic hardships after World War I. High Italy (1922) Germany (1933)
inflation, unemployment and a sense of Core Beliefs Strong centralized Extreme
humiliation due to the Treaty of Versailles state, nationalism, nationalism,
anti-communism, anti-Semitism,
(for Germany) led to widespread discontent. militarism racial purity,
anti-communism
1.2 Political Instability
Totalitarianism Fascism advocated Nazism also
for a totalitarian supported
Italy and Germany experienced weak
state where all totalitarianism
democratic governments that failed to address aspects of life were but placed
the pressing needs of their populations. The controlled by the a stronger
state. emphasis on
parliamentary systems in both nations were racial hierarchy
unstable, leading to frequent changes in and ethnic
leadership and political chaos. cleansing.
Role of Violence Mussolini used Hitler used
1.3 Treaty of Versailles violence to suppress violence
opposition, extensively
For Germany, the Treaty of Versailles (1919) especially through the
communists and SA and SS
imposed heavy reparations, territorial losses socialists. to eliminate
and military restrictions. The treaty angered enemies, enforce
the German people and fueled nationalist racial policies
and instill fear.
sentiments, providing fertile ground for the
Expansionism Mussolini sought to Hitler aimed to
rise of extremist ideologies like Nazism. revive the Roman expand Germany
Empire and expand by conquering
1.4 Fear of Communism Italian influence in Eastern Europe
Africa. and establishing
The Russian Revolution (1917) and the a pure Aryan
spread of communism across Europe led to a race.

fear of communist uprisings. Both Fascism in Attitude towards Fascism focused on Nazism was
Race creating a strong obsessed with
Italy and Nazism in Germany gained support Italian nation but the idea of racial
from elites, industrialists and the middle was less focused on purity, promoting
class, who saw these ideologies as a defense racial ideologies. Aryan supremacy
and conducting
against communism. mass genocide
(Holocaust)
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 193
Ans : COMP 2012
Militarism Mussolini promoted Hitler built a
militarism and powerful military Thus (a) is correct option.
believed in the use machine,
of force to achieve rearming
national goals. Germany in
4. Who was called the ‘Duce’ – meaning the
violation of ‘Leader’ ?
the Treaty (a) Adolt Hitler
of Versailles
and preparing
(b) Mussolini
for aggressive (c) King Victor Emma null II
expansion. (d) King Victor Emma null III
In summary, both Fascism and Nazism grew Ans : MAIN 2005
out of similar economic and political crises,
Thus (b) is correct option.
but Nazism placed a greater emphasis on
racial superiority and the extermination of 5. Which of the following did contribute to the
Jews, while Fascism focused more on national rise of Fascism?
revival and military strength. Both ideologies (a) Treaty of Versailles
contributed to the rise of totalitarian (b) Rise of democracy
regimes that sought to expand their power (c) Economic crisis
and influence, leading to significant global (d) Fear of Communism
consequences during World War II.
Ans : SQP 2001

Thus (b) is correct option.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION 6. Name the Pact signed between the Pope and
Mussolini in 1929?
(a) Treaty of Italy
1. The word ‘Fascism’ means (b) Treaty of Lateran
(a) Capitalism (c) Treaty of War
(b) Democracy (d) Treaty of Vatican
(c) Autocracy Ans : COMP 2006
(d) Communism
Thus (b) is correct option.
Ans : MAIN 2000

Thus (c) is correct option. 7. Hitler planned to capture power through a

march on
2. Which of the following was NOT a cause of (a) Berlin
Fascism in Italy? (b) Reichstag
(a) Economic stability (c) Munich
(b) Class conflicts (d) Rome
(c) Leadership provided by Mussolini Ans : SQP 2005
(d) Threat of socialism or communism
Thus (b) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2008

Thus (a) is correct option. 8. Which of the following is NOT a factor

contributing to growth of Nazism in Germany?
3. Mussolini turned which country into a (a) Resurgence of Militant Nationalism
protectorate of Italy? (b) Economic Crisis
(a) Albania (c) Charismatic Personality of Hitler
(b) Turkey (d) Strong opposition
(c) Japan Ans : SQP 2000
(d) Spain
Thus (d) is correct option.
CH 9 : RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS
43. What was Mussolini’s foreign policy? 46. Did the totalitarian governments have an
Ans : MAIN 2011
appeal to the masses? Why?

Mussolini’s foreign policy aimed to Ans : MAIN 2008

demonstrate Italy’s power and restore the Yes, totalitarian governments had an appeal
glory of the Roman Empire. He believed to the masses, particularly during times of
territorial expansion was a sign of national economic and political instability. In Italy
greatness, which led to the invasion of and Germany, the rise of Fascism and Nazism
Abyssinia. Mussolini, like many Italians, was promised strong leadership, national revival
dissatisfied with the Treaty of Versailles. His and solutions to unemployment and social
goal was clear: “I want to make Italy great, unrest. Mussolini and Hitler gained support
respected and feared.” He also sought good by presenting themselves as decisive leaders
relations with France and Britain, hosting the who could restore order, rebuild the economy
Four Power Pact in Rome in 1933, which he and restore national pride after the perceived
saw as a symbol of Italy’s growing influence failures of democratic governments.
and his role as a leader in Europe.
47. Why did some countries lose faith in
44. In what way was the failure of Weimar democratically elected governments?
Republic responsible for the introduction of Ans : COMP 2019
Nazism?
One of the Allies’ declared goals in World War
Ans : MAIN 2009
I was “to make the world safe for democracy,”
Between 1919 and 1933, the Weimar Republic leading postwar Germany and many newly
saw 21 ministries led by 12 different Prime created or restored states to adopt democratic
Ministers. The constant changes in coalition constitutions. However, by the 1920, a
governments failed to address the country’s new wave of nationalism, militarism and
mounting issues, leading to widespread public totalitarianism called fascism seemed to be
dissatisfaction, riots and unrest. During this gaining ground. Fascism promised to address
period, Adolf Hitler joined the German the needs of the people more effectively
Workers’ Party, eventually becoming its than democracy and positioned itself as
leader and renaming it the National Socialist the strongest defense against communism.
Party, or Nazi Party. On January 30, 1933, Benito Mussolini established the first Fascist
he formed his first Nazi government. dictatorship in Italy in 1922.

45. Give any two consequences of Nazism in 48. Why were the Italians dissatisfied with
Germany. Treaty of Versailles ?
Ans : COMP 2018 Ans : MAIN 2005

(i) Opposition was ruthlessly suppressed. All Italians were unhappy with the Treaty of
political parties, except the Nazi Party, Versailles because they had allied with Britain
were banned, including the Communist and France during World War I in 1915,
Party. Opposition leaders were either expecting to gain significant territories like
imprisoned or assassinated to eliminate Trentino, Trieste, Istria, Fiume, the coastal
resistance. regions of Dalmatia, Albania and parts of
(ii) After becoming dictator in 1934, Hitler Germany and Turkey. However, the Paris
consolidated all power and established a Peace Treaties granted them none of these
strong central government. He dismantled areas from the defeated German and Turkish
democracy, creating an administration empires. As a result, Italians felt they “had
based on the principle of “one party, one won the war, but lost the peace.”
leader” with strict discipline.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 195
The two countries where dictatorship arose of rods tied together, which signifies that
after the First World War were Italy and strength lies in unity.
Germany.
26. Name the party Newspapers published by
19. Name Hitler’s autobiography and where did Hitler to spread Nazism.
he write it ? Ans : SQP 2008
Ans : SQP 2018
People’s Observer or Guardian was the
Hitler’s autobiography was named Mein newspaper published by Hitler to spread
Kampf (My Strength). He wrote it in jail Nazism.
when he was arrested in 1923 for 5 years.

20. Who formed the Fascist Party in Italy and

when ? TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans : MAIN 2010

Duce Benito Mussolini formed the Fascist 27. What is meant by ‘Fascism’ ? Why did the
Party in Italy in 1922. Italians feel that they had been deceived by
the Treaty of Versailles?
21. What did the Fascist regime in Italy do to
solve the unemployment problem ? Ans : MAIN 2024

Ans : COMP 2001 Fascism was a highly nationalistic, anti-

communist and anti-democratic movement.
(i) It set up many factories.
It promoted dictatorship, where all state
(ii) It enhanced the production of electricity.
power was concentrated in one leader and
22. On which side did Italy fight in the First citizens were required to obey his commands
World War ? without question. Opposition or criticism of
the leader’s policies was not tolerated.
Ans : MAIN 2022
The Italians were discontented with the
Italy fought the War on the side of the Allies Treaty of Versailles, feeling humiliated as
(Britain and France) in 1915. they gained little from the war. Italy had
joined the Allies in World War I hoping to
23. What name or title did Mussolini give to
acquire territories from Turkey and Germany.
himself after he became the party leader ?
However, under the Treaty of Versailles, Italy
Ans : SQP 2018 only received Southern Tyrol, Trentino and
Mussolini gave himself the title of ‘Duce’ parts of Dalmatia, but none of the German
which means the leader of the country. or Turkish colonies it sought.

24. What did Mussolini do to restore law and 28. Mention the two most important causes of
order in Italy ? the rise of Fascism.
Ans : COMP 2019 Ans : COMP 2020

Mussolini restored law and order by banning (i) Economic Hardships : Post-World
all other political parties except his own War I economic crises, including high
Fascist Party. unemployment and inflation, caused
widespread discontent.
25. What does the Italian word “Fascio” stand (ii) Political Instability : Weak democratic
for? governments and frequent leadership
Ans : MAIN 2004 changes created a power vacuum, allowing
The Italian word “Fascio” means a bundle Mussolini to rise to power.
CH 9 : RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS
9. “Mein Kamph”, written by Adolf Hitler 14. What was the main focus of the Fascist’s
literally means economic reforms?
(a) The war (a) Promoting worker’s unions and trade
(b) My struggle guilds
(c) My leadership (b) Discouraging rise of capitalists
(d) My Constitution (c) Removing unemployment and making
Ans : COMP 2018
the nation self sufficient
(d) Increasing support to fulfil domestic
Thus (b) is correct option. demands for food and power.
10. Which of the following was NOT an aim of Ans : COMP 2013
the Nazi Movement? Thus (c) is correct option.
(a) To extol war
(b) To advocate the rule by a great leader
from a single party
(c) To disparage nationalism ONE MARK QUESTIONS
(d) To uphold racial supremacy
Ans : MAIN 2015
15. How did the Treaty of Versailles lead to the
Thus (c) is correct option. rise of dictatorship?
11. What was the main objective of Hitler’s Ans : MAIN 2008

foreign policy? The hopes of Italy was not fulfilled by the

(a) To despise internationalism, peace and Treaty of Versailles which lead to the rise of
democracy dictatorship.
(b) To use force and brutality
(c) To establish a Totalitarian state 16. Why did Mussolini control the press and the
(d) To reject the Treaty of Versailles radio?
Ans : SQP 2017
Ans : SQP 2004

Thus (c) is correct option. Mussolini control the press and the radio in
order to crush his opponents brutally Press
12. Who all had to be purged to ensure dominance was censored. The freedom of speech and
of the master race? organizing meetings was also prohibited.
(a) Jews, communists and Christians
(b) Communists, socialists 17. Define dictatorship.
(c) Germans, Italians and French Ans : COMP 2020
(d) British, Americans and Indians Dictatorship is an anti-thesis of democracy. It
Ans : MAIN 2005 is a rule by a dictator who has got total power
Thus (a) is correct option. of a country which he rules without popular
consent. It gives no rights to people, tolerates
13. Which of the following is a negative aspect neither opposition nor criticism. It envisages
of Fascism? one party rule, controlled by one leader
(a) End of Civil liberties with complete authority. The individual, his
(b) End of food shortage freedom, his thinking are controlled by the
(c) Growth of trade State.
(d) Revival of the economy
18. Name the countries where dictatorship arose
Ans : SQP 2018
after the First World War.
Thus (a) is correct option. Ans : SQP 2003
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 197
37. Why did Germans feel humiliated by the 40. Why was the economic burden of Germany
Treaty of Versailles? greater than that of other countries?
Ans : COMP 2019 Ans : SQP 2013

The Treaty of Versailles, imposed on The economic burden of Germany was

Germany, was harsh and unfair. Germany greater than that of other countries because
was forced to give up significant territories to the Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy
France, Belgium, Poland and Denmark and reparations on Germany. These reparations,
her overseas colonies were divided among along with territorial losses and military
the victors. Additionally, Germany’s military restrictions, crippled Germany’s economy,
was severely restricted, with her army limited making recovery more difficult compared
to just 100,000 troops. This sense of injustice to other nations. This economic strain
and humiliation eventually contributed to contributed to the rise of Nazism.
the outbreak of the Second World War.
41. How did the. Fascists look upon the rights
38. Name the book in which Hitler first expressed and liberties of the people ?
Nazi principles. Name the country where the Ans : MAIN 2003
Nazi party came to power in 1933. Give one
positive and one negative result of Nazism in The Fascists viewed the rights and liberties
Germany ? of the people as secondary to the interests of
the state. They believed individual freedoms
Ans : COMP 2005
should be sacrificed for national unity and
The book in which Hitler first expressed Nazi strength, often suppressing personal rights
principles is ”Mein Kampf”.The country like freedom of speech, press and assembly
where the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 to maintain strict control and promote
is Germany. authoritarian rule.
(i) Positive result of Nazism : Nazism led to
a significant reduction in unemployment 42. Do you think that the aims of the Fascists
and improved infrastructure through and Nazis could have brought lasting peace
public works and military rearmament. and prosperity to their countries? Do you
(ii) Negative result of Nazism : Nazism led agree with those aims? Why?
to extreme persecution, particularly the Ans : SQP 2004

Holocaust, where millions of Jews and The aims of the Fascists and Nazis were
other minorities were killed. centered around extreme nationalism,
39. Give any two aims of Nazism. authoritarianism and military expansion,
which were unlikely to bring lasting peace
Ans : SQP 2000
and prosperity to their countries. These
(i) Establishment of Aryan Supremacy : ideologies relied on aggression, suppression
Nazism aimed to create a pure Aryan of individual freedoms and racial superiority,
race, promoting racial superiority and leading to conflict both domestically and
eliminating those deemed inferior, internationally.
especially Jews. I do not agree with these aims because
(ii) Expansion of German Territory : Hitler they promoted violence, discrimination and
sought to expand German territories by oppression, ultimately leading to destruction,
conquering Eastern Europe to provide such as World War II and the Holocaust,
“Lebensraum” (living space) for the rather than peace and prosperity. True
German people. progress requires respect for human rights,
equality and peaceful cooperation, not
authoritarianism and division.
CH 9 : RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS
29. How did the failure of the League of Nations 33. In what way was socialism a cause for the rise
lead to the rise of dictatorship? of Fascism in Italy?
Ans : MAIN 2023 Ans : COMP 2015

In the 1920, efforts were made to secure Socialism was a cause for the rise of Fascism
lasting peace, starting with the creation in Italy as the fear of socialist uprisings and
of the League of Nations in 1920 as a the growing influence of communist ideas
platform for resolving international conflicts. created anxiety among the middle class,
However, the League’s influence was limited industrialists and landowners. They viewed
to persuasion and imposing moral and socialism as a threat to their property and
economic sanctions, which member nations way of life. Mussolini’s Fascist ideology,
could choose to enforce at their discretion. which was strongly anti-socialist and anti-
This ineffectiveness contributed to the rise of communist, gained support from these
dictatorships. groups as they saw it as a way to maintain
order, protect their interests and counter the
30. State two similarities between Nazism and influence of socialism.
Fascism.
Ans : SQP 2007 , 2018
34. What did Mussolini do to solve the problem
of unemployment?
Two similarities between Nazism and Fascism
are: Ans : MAIN 2008

(i) Authoritarian Leadership : Both To solve the problem of unemployment,

supported totalitarian rule under a single Mussolini initiated large public works
leader. programs, such as building roads, bridges
(ii) Anti-Communism : Both opposed and infrastructure, to provide jobs. He
communism and socialism. also promoted military expansion and
rearmament, which created employment
31. How did the economic crisis, after the First opportunities in the defense sector.
World War create unrest in Italy?
35. Give any two positive results of Fascism in
Ans : COMP 2012
Italy.
Italy experienced significant losses in both
Ans : SQP 2015
life and property during the First World War.
After the war, many soldiers returned home (i) Several measures were implemented to
to unemployment and trade and commerce reduce unemployment, including the
were devastated, leading to widespread nationalization of factories and mills to
joblessness. Food shortages and the collapse improve conditions for workers.
of industries further fueled unrest and (ii) Military training was made mandatory
dissatisfaction among the Italian population. and efforts were made to strengthen
Italy’s naval power to compete with that
32. State two underlying Principles of Fascism.
of France and Germany.
Ans : SQP 2011
36. Give any two features of Nazism.
(i) Extreme Nationalism : Fascism
emphasized intense loyalty to the nation, Ans : COMP 2013

prioritizing national interests above Main features of Nazism were as follows.

individual rights. (i) It promoted authoritarianism and
(ii) Totalitarianism : Fascism promoted dictatorship.
absolute control of the state by a single (ii) It rejected democracy, liberalism,
leader, with no tolerance for opposition. socialism and international is
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 199
49. What were the two main complaints of the Mussolini became the Prime Minister of Italy
people about the working of the democratic in 1922 after the March on Rome, a significant
government in Italy? event where Fascist forces marched to
Ans : SQP 2007
demand power. Facing pressure, King Victor
Emmanuel III appointed Mussolini as Prime
(i) Frequent strikes occurred, with workers Minister to avoid civil conflict and unrest.
damaging machinery and seizing
factories. Industrialists, frustrated by 54. What is meant by Mussolini’s famous March
these disruptions, sought a strong leader to Rome in 1922 ?
to manage the crisis effectively. Ans : MAIN 2000
(ii) The Italian government showed little
interest in addressing the country’s issues Mussolini’s March on Rome in 1922 was a
and was unable to maintain control of the planned coup by the Fascist Party to take
situation. control of the Italian government. On October
28, 1922, Mussolini and his Blackshirt
50. How did the spread of Communism lead to followers marched towards Rome, pressuring
the rise of Nazism in Germany? King Victor Emmanuel III. Instead of
Ans : MAIN 2013
using military force to stop them, the king
appointed Mussolini as the Prime Minister of
Inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1917, Italy on October 29, 1922. This marked the
German communists attempted to spark a beginning of Mussolini’s rise to power and
revolution in Germany. Hitler, fearing that the the establishment of a Fascist dictatorship in
spread of communism would make Germany Italy.
subservient to Russia, warned the public
about its harmful consequences. He stirred 55. Why did Italy give up the membership of the
nationalistic sentiments and rallied the people League of Nations and when ?
against communism, positioning himself as a Ans : MAIN 2019
defender of Germany’s independence. Italy gave up its membership of the League
51. Mention any two steps taken by Mussolini to of Nations in 1937. The primary reason was
make Italy a great power. its growing dissatisfaction with the League’s
response to Italy’s aggression, particularly
Ans : SQP 2005
during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
(i) He enforced mandatory military training (1935-1936). After the League condemned
for the youth. Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia and imposed
(ii) He pursued a bold and aggressive foreign economic sanctions, Benito Mussolini saw
policy to elevate Italy’s prestige and the League as a hostile body undermining
influence in the global arena. Italy’s imperial ambitions. In retaliation and
defiance, Italy withdrew from the League in
52. How did Mussolini meet his end and when ? December 1937.
Ans : COMP 2017
56. What do you understand by the terms
Italy was defeated by Britain and France
“Brown Uniform” and “Black Uniform” ?
in 1943 during the Second World War and
Rome was captured by the Allies in 1944. Ans : MAIN 2007

Mussolini was captured by his opponents and Black Uniform: The Nazi force in black
executed in 1945. uniforms was responsible for safeguarding
and protecting the party leader.
53. How did Mussolini become the Prime Minister Brown Uniform: The group in brown uniforms
of Italy and when ? was tasked with disrupting opposition party
Ans : COMP 2020 meetings.
CH 9 : RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS
Ans :
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS MAIN 2015

(i) The term ‘Fascism’ comes from the

Italian word Fascio, meaning a bundle
57. With reference to results of Fascism, explain of rods bound together, symbolizing the
the following : idea that strength comes from unity. The
(i) Restoration of law and order. motto of Fascism is “Unity, Strength
(ii) Economic reforms and prosperity. and Authority.” In this system, all the
(iii)Aggressive Foreign Policy under power of the state is concentrated in one
Mussolini. individual and it is mandatory for all
Ans : COMP 2016 citizens to follow his commands without
question.
(i) Mussolini restored law and order in Italy
(ii) The main principles of Fascism are as are:
by banning all political parties except the
(a) Opposition to democracy : Focus
Fascist Party, creating a one-party state.
on duties and obligations, rejecting
This allowed him to eliminate opposition
individual rights and liberties.
and enforce strict control over the
(b) Single-party rule : Authority
country’s political landscape. Along with
concentrated in one party and a
this, he used propaganda, censorship and
leader with absolute power.
a secret police force to suppress dissent
(c) No opposition allowed : Criticism of
and maintain order. By consolidating
the leader is prohibited.
power, Mussolini ensured that Fascist
(d) State over individual : The state’s
ideology dominated the government,
interests are prioritized over individual
silencing any resistance to his regime.
rights.
(ii) For economic reforms and prosperity,
(e) Nationalism : Strong emphasis on
Mussolini:
national unity and patriotism.
(a) Cut down on government spending.
(f) Imperialism : Support for an
(b) Enhanced transportation and
aggressive foreign policy to enhance
communication systems.
the country’s international status.
(c) Reclaimed land and boosted
(iii)Mussolini stressed the need for a strong
agricultural production.
state to advance the Italian nation. He
(d) Established numerous factories.
advocated for aggressive nationalism,
(e) Provided improved facilities for
believing that a nation becomes stronger
workers.
through war and the conquest of weaker
(f) Increased electricity production.
nations. His ideas appealed to people
(iii)Mussolini often declared, “Italy must
from various backgrounds, such as ex-
expand or perish.” His goal was to acquire
soldiers, farmers and workers, who
colonies to fulfill nationalist ambitions
organized themselves into groups called
and support the country’s economic
Fascios. Additionally, industrialists
needs. In pursuit of this, he annexed
and capitalists were ready to provide
Ethiopia (Abyssinia) in 1936, followed by
him financial support if he opposed the
Albania.
Communists and Socialists.

59. With reference to the causes of the Rise of

Fascism, discuss the :
58. With reference to Fascism, discuss the (i) Impact on economic crisis in Italy.
following : (ii) Impact on working of the government
(i) Meaning of Fascism. prior to rise of Fascism.
(ii) Principles of Fascism. (iii)Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of
(iii)Fascist Propaganda. Versailles.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 201
Ans : SQP 2019
60. In the post-World War I scenario, Italy and
(i) The war had caused a great economic Germany experienced the rise of dictatorships.
strain on Italy’s economy : In this context, explain :
(a) Post-World War I, Italy experienced (i) Any three circumstances that led to the
severe economic difficulties, including rise of Fascism in Italy.
inflation, unemployment and (ii) Any three domestic policies of Hitler.
widespread poverty. (iii)How the foreign polices of Hitler were
(b) The economic crisis led to social responsible for the outbreak of world War
unrest, with frequent strikes and II?
protests across the country. Ans : MAIN 2006,2010,2016
(c) Many Italians were frustrated with
the government’s inability to address (i) Three circumstances that led to the rise
these issues effectively. of Fascism in Italy :
(d) This dissatisfaction created an (a) Economic Instability Post-World
environment where Mussolini’s War I : Italy faced severe economic
promises of stability and economic challenges after World War I,
recovery gained widespread support. including unemployment, inflation
(ii) 1919, Italy introduced a Parliamentary and industrial unrest. Many Italians,
Government based on male adult franchise especially veterans and the middle
for the first time. However, no political class, were disillusioned by the lack
party achieved a clear majority, leading to of post-war rewards and economic
a series of unstable coalition governments. hardships. This created fertile
These short-lived governments lacked ground for extremist movements like
consistency and continuity in their Fascism, which promised stability
policies and were ineffective in addressing and economic revival.
the frequent strikes and riots. During (b) Political Instability and Weak
communist-led strikes, workers often Democracy : Italy’s democratic
damaged machinery and seized factories. system was fragile and ineffective,
The general population, especially with frequent changes in government
industrialists, grew tired of these strikes and political chaos. The democratic
and disruptions. They sought strong government struggled to maintain
leadership to resolve the crisis, which order and people lost confidence in
was provided by the Fascist Party under its ability to address their needs.
Benito Mussolini. Mussolini capitalized on this
(iii)Italy joined the First World War alongside dissatisfaction, presenting Fascism as
Britain and France in 1915, hoping to gain a force that could restore order and
significant territories, including Trentino, national pride.
Trieste, Istria, Fiume, the Dalmatian (c) Fear of Communism : After the
coast, Albania and parts of Germany and Russian Revolution of 1917, the fear
Turkey after the Allies’ victory. However, of a similar communist uprising in
the Paris Peace Treaties awarded Italy Italy grew among the middle and
none of the lands from the defeated upper classes. The rise of socialist
German and Turkish empires. This led movements and worker strikes in Italy
to widespread discontent among Italians, further fueled these fears. Mussolini’s
who felt that while they had “won the Fascist movement promised to crush
war, they lost the peace,” feeling betrayed socialism and communism, appealing
by their wartime Allies. to those who feared left-wing
revolution.
CH 9 : RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS
(c) Hitler’s Exploitation of Resentment for the first time, failed to produce a
: Hitler capitalized on the public’s clear majority, leading to instability
anger towards the Treaty of Versailles, as six coalition governments were
encouraging Germans to disregard formed between 1919 and 192(b)
it, rebuild the German empire and (b) Inability to Address Problems: The
reclaim lost colonies, thus gaining coalition governments were ineffective
widespread support for the Nazi in addressing pressing issues such
movement. as unemployment, strikes and riots
(ii) Growing Fear of Communism : Following during 1921-22, contributing to
the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, growing public dissatisfaction.
communist influence in Germany grew (c) Rise of Fascism: Mussolini and the
significantly. The Communists organized Fascists exploited the instability
effectively and gained several seats in the by promoting the idea of a strong
Reichstag. Hitler warned that German national government, positioning
Communists would become subservient themselves as the solution to Italy’s
to their Russian counterparts and would chaotic political environment.
follow Communist directives. He argued (ii) (a) Unfulfilled Territorial Ambitions:
that only Nazism could effectively curb Italy joined the Allies in World War
the rising influence of communism in I with the expectation of gaining
Germany, persuading many to support territories from Turkey and Germany
his movement as a defense against this but was largely disappointed by the
perceived threat. Treaty of Versailles.
(iii)Hitler possessed a highly influential (b) Limited Gains: Italy only received
and charismatic personality. He was an Southern Tyrol, Trentino and parts
outstanding orator, resourceful, tireless of Dalmatia, failing to acquire any
and a talented organizer. His speeches territories from the German and
were compelling, full of logical reasoning Turkish colonial empires, leading to
and strongly connected with his audience. national dissatisfaction.
This led people to place unwavering faith (iii)(a) Revolutionary Atmosphere: Inspired
in him, viewing him as an exceptional by the Russian Revolution, the
leader. It is often said and rightly so, that communists spread revolutionary
he was a “master of propaganda.” ideas, leading to peasants seizing
land and workers organizing strikes,
67. With reference to the causes of the rise damaging machinery and taking
of Fascism in Italy, answer the following control of factories.
questions; (b) Communist Threat: The communists
(i) What were the difficulties faced by the began plotting to overthrow the
democratic government in Italy? government and seize power, creating
(ii) Why were the Italians disappointed by a sense of lawlessness and insecurity
the Treaty of Versailles? throughout Italy.
(iii)How did the Communists create (c) Support for Fascism: Alarmed by the
conditions conducive for the growth of growing power of labor unions and
Fascism in Italy? fearing further unrest, industrialists
Ans : provided financial support to the
(i) Difficulties faced by the democratic Fascist movement, seeing it as a force
government in Italy : to restore order and stability.
(a) Political Instability: The 1919 elections
in Italy, which introduced democracy
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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 203
government with effective economic the global stage.
policies. Fascism, with its opposition to (ii) Aggressive foreign policy under Mussolini.
democracy and liberalism, capitalized on
(a) Ambition to Re-establish the Roman
these weaknesses, as leaders like Hitler
Empire’s Greatness : Mussolini aimed
believed the state had the right to control
to restore the greatness of the Roman
all aspects of life. This authoritarianism
Empire through aggressive foreign
replaced democratic principles, leading to
policy and territorial expansion,
dictatorship.
believing that conquering foreign
(iii)Failure of the League of Nations: The
lands was essential for Italy to be seen
League of Nations, established to
as a powerful nation. This ambition
maintain global peace after World War I,
fueled actions like the invasion of
failed to prevent the rise of dictatorships.
Abyssinia.
Its inability to act against the aggressive
plans of Mussolini and Hitler allowed (b) Grievances from the Treaty of
their ambitions to grow, ultimately Versailles : Mussolini, like many
contributing to the outbreak of World Italians, was dissatisfied with the
War II. Treaty of Versailles, believing it had
unfairly deprived Italy of the spoils
62. Due to Fascism, Italy made progress in of World War I. His foreign policy
different spheres of life and became a sought to address these grievances
powerful nation. With reference to the results by expanding Italy’s influence and
of Fascism in Italy, explain the following : territorial control.
(i) Reforms introduced in Italy to improve (c) Diplomatic Moves to Elevate Italy’s
the economic condition of the people. Power : Mussolini aimed to showcase
(ii) Aggressive foreign policy under Mussolini. Italy’s growing influence by hosting
(iii)Negative impact of Fascism in Italy. key international meetings, such as
Ans : COMP 2006 the Four Power Pact in Rome in 1933,
(i) Reforms introduced in Italy to improve where France, Germany and Britain
the economic condition of the people : participated. Mussolini viewed this as
a symbol of Italy’s rising power and
(a) Imperialistic Expansion : Mussolini leadership in Europe.
and the Fascists glorified war and
pursued aggressive imperialistic (iii)Negative impact of Fascism in Italy :
policies. In 1936, Italian troops (a) Loss of Political Freedom : Under
captured Ethiopia’s capital, Addis Fascism, the Italian people had to
Ababa, marking a significant sacrifice their political freedoms.
expansion of Italy’s empire. Strict restrictions were imposed on
(b) Albania as a Protectorate : Mussolini the press and newspapers, limiting
extended Italy’s control over Albania, free expression and controlling public
turning it into a protectorate, further opinion.
asserting Italian dominance in the (b) Aggressive Foreign Policy : Mussolini’s
region. aggressive and bold foreign policy,
aimed at making Italy a powerful
(c) Commercial and Diplomatic Treaties
nation, contributed to escalating
: Mussolini strengthened Italy’s
tensions in Europe and ultimately
international position by entering into
played a role in paving the way for
commercial and diplomatic treaties
the Second World War.
with France and Russia, aiming to
increase Italy’s prestige and power on
CH 9 : RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS
(ii) Hitler’s Domestic Policies : navy.
(a) Establishment of a Dictatorship : (d) Rome-Berlin Axis : In 1936, Hitler
Germany became a totalitarian state allied with Italy, forming the Rome-
under Hitler, where all power was Berlin Axis. When Japan joined in
centralized in his hands. Opposition 1937, it became the Rome-Berlin-
parties were banned, citizens’ rights Tokyo Axis, solidifying a powerful
were suppressed, democracy was alliance.
dismantled and the Gestapo (secret (e) Non-Aggression Pact with Russia :
police) was created to monitor the Hitler secured a Non-Aggression Pact
population. with Russia, ensuring that he would
(b) Economic Reforms : Hitler not face Soviet opposition during his
restructured the economy and early expansion.
administration by creating new (f) Territorial Expansion : Hitler
jobs, expanding bureaucracy and aggressively expanded German
establishing factories and farms. territory, annexing Austria in 1938
Workers were provided with better and Sudetenland. The Munich
facilities, though the right to strike Pact enabled him to seize parts of
was prohibited. Trade policies were Czechoslovakia with the appeasement
controlled to ensure a favorable of Britain and France. These
balance of trade. aggressive moves escalated tensions
(c) Anti-Jewish Policies : Jews were and contributed to the outbreak of
blamed for Germany’s defeat in World World War II.
War I, denied citizenship, removed
from government jobs and banned 61. With reference to the rise of dictatorship in
from practicing various professions. Europe after the First World War, explain
Jewish shops were looted, their the following :
properties confiscated and they faced (i) How did class conflicts lead to the rise
widespread persecution. of dictatorship that emerged in Italy and
(d) The Holocaust : Hitler sought the Germany after the First World War?
complete extermination of Jews, (ii) How did the decline of democracy help
resulting in the mass killing of in the rise of dictatorship in Italy and
around six million Jews, including Germany?
men, women and children, as part (iii)What was the reason for the failure of the
of his genocide campaign during the League of Nations?
Holocaust. Ans : MAIN 2002

(iii)(a) Imperialistic Ambitions : Hitler aimed (i) Class Conflict and the Rise of Fascism:
to establish global dominance under Post-World War I Italy faced economic
the rule of the Swastika, reflecting his turmoil, with workers demanding
imperialistic ambitions. better wages and conditions. Fearing
(b) Rejection of the Treaty of Versailles : a communist revolution, industrialists
Hitler openly declared that he would supported Fascism to suppress labor
not comply with the restrictions unions. This class conflict between
imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, workers and industrialists contributed to
which fueled his expansionist policies. the rise of Fascism, which eventually led
(c) Formation of Alliances : Hitler formed to the Second World War.
key alliances, including the Anglo- (ii) Weakness of Post-War Democracies: In
German Naval Agreement in 1933, Germany, the Weimar Republic struggled
which allowed Germany to expand its with instability and people sought a strong
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 205
and demonize perceived enemies, nationalism, national pride and unity.
such as Jews and communists. (e) They supported an imperialist and
(c) Use of Terror and Secret Police: aggressive foreign policy aimed at
Hitler used terror to maintain control. enhancing the country’s standing in
The Gestapo (secret police) and the the international community.
SS were used to eliminate any form of (ii) The fascists believed in :
dissent. Political opponents, Jews and (a) A single-party system with a sole
others deemed enemies of the state leader holding absolute authority.
were arrested, sent to concentration (b) All citizens are required to follow the
camps, or executed. leader unquestioningly.
(d) Notification of Society: Education, (c) No opposition or criticism of the
youth organizations and cultural leader was permitted under any
institutions were all used to circumstances.
indoctrinate the population with Nazi (iii)The individuals under the fascists were:
ideals. The Nazi regime controlled (a) Criticism of the leader was strictly
every aspect of public life, ensuring prohibited in all situations.
total obedience to the state. (b) The state took precedence over
(iii)Similarities Between the Ideologies of individuals, who were expected to
Fascism and Nazism: submit to its authority.
(a) Belief in Totalitarian Rule, where (c) Individual rights and freedoms were
absolute power rests in the hands of disregarded.
the state.
(b) Rejection of Democratic Political 66. Describe the factors responsible for the Nazi
Systems and institutions. movement in Germany under the following
(c) Emphasis on the Supremacy of the headings:
State, with the right to suppress (i) Humiliation due to the Treaty of
individual freedoms and rights. Versailles.
(d) Advocacy of One-Party Rule under a (ii) Growing Fear of Communism?
single, powerful leader. (iii)Personality of Hitler.
(e) Promotion of Aggressive Nationalism Ans : MAIN 2007

and Imperialism, aimed at expanding (i) (a) Humiliation from the Treaty of
national power. Versailles : Defeat in World War I
65. With reference to the Principles of Fascism, and the harsh terms imposed by the
answer the following : Treaty of Versailles left Germans
(i) Attitude towards democracy. feeling humiliated, as Germany was
(ii) Attitude towards leader. forced to cede territory to France,
(iii)Attitude towards individual. Belgium, Poland and Denmark and
lost its overseas colonies.
Ans : SQP 2003
(b) Economic and Military Restrictions
(i) The Fascists were staunchly opposed to : Germany was burdened with
democracy: heavy reparations, amounting to
(a) They rejected the rights and freedoms $33 billion and its military strength
of individuals. was drastically reduced to just
(b) The focus was placed on duties and 100,000 troops. These conditions
obligations over personal liberties. caused widespread resentment among
(c) The state was considered more Germans.
important than the individual.
(d) There was a strong emphasis on
CH 9 : RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS
63. Modern dictatorship was totalitarian and the use of force, particularly military, it is
preached hostility for democratic political generally viewed as morally questionable.
systems and for fundamental rights of As a result, the term has frequently been
the common man. With reference to this used by nations to criticize and discredit
statement, explain the following features of the foreign policies of their rivals.
the modern dictatorship;
(i) Ruthless one-party rule. 64. With reference to Nazism, answer the
(ii) Authoritarianism. following questions:
(iii)Imperialism. (i) What were the aims of Nazism ?
(ii) How did Hitler establish a Totalitarian
Ans : SQP 2013
State in Germany?
(i) A single-party state, also referred to (iii)State two similarities between the causes
as a one-party system, is a type of that led to the rise of Fascism and
government where only one political Nazism?
party is allowed to govern and no other Ans : MAIN 2023
parties are permitted to participate in
elections. Totalitarianism is a form of (i) Aims of Nazism :
government that theoretically allows no (a) To promote the racial superiority of
individual freedom and seeks to control Germans and foster hatred towards
every aspect of a person’s life under Jews;
the state’s authority. Italian dictator (b) To glorify nationalism and place the
Benito Mussolini introduced the term nation above all else;
“Totalitario” in the early 1920 to describe (c) To enforce rule by a single-party
Italy’s Fascist state, summarizing it as: system led by a powerful, great leader;
“Everything within the state, nothing (d) To reject democracy, international
outside the state, nothing against the cooperation and peace;
state.” In general, totalitarianism is (e) To endorse the use of violence and
characterized by a strong centralized brutality to achieve goals;
government that exerts control over all (f) To celebrate and encourage war as
aspects of personal life through force and a means of advancing the nation’s
repression. interests.
(ii) Authoritarianism is a type of social (ii) (a) Elimination of Political Opposition:
structure characterized by submission to After becoming Chancellor in 1933,
authority, in contrast to individualism Hitler quickly moved to eliminate
and democracy. In political terms, it all political opposition. He passed
refers to a government where power is the Enabling Act, which gave him
concentrated in a leader or group of leaders, dictatorial powers and allowed him
typically not elected, who hold absolute, to rule by decree. All political parties
unchecked and arbitrary authority. Unlike except the Nazi Party were banned
totalitarianism, authoritarian systems and key opposition figures were
permit certain social and economic imprisoned or eliminated
institutions to function independently of (b) Control of Media and Propaganda:
government oversight. Hitler established strict control over
(iii)Imperialism refers to a state’s policy the media, using propaganda to
or practice of expanding its power and promote Nazi ideology and ensure
influence, typically through the direct loyalty to the regime. Joseph Goebbels,
acquisition of territory or by exerting as Minister of Propaganda, used
political and economic control over other newspapers, radio, films and public
regions. Since imperialism often involves events to glorify Hitler’s leadership
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 207

CASE BASED QUESTION limited to 100,000 troops. Hitler

urged Germans to discard the Treaty,
rebuild Germany’s empire and reclaim
68. (i) Identify the leader in the picture. How lost colonies.
did he establish a totalitarian state in his (b) Fear of Communism: Following the
country? Bolshevik Revolution, communist
influence grew in Germany, gaining
seats in the Reichstag. Hitler warned
that German Communists would
become puppets of Russia and argued
that only Nazism could stop the rise
of Communism.
(c) Economic Crisis : The Treaty
of Versailles severely impacted
Germany’s economy, reducing
agricultural output, trade and foreign
investments. High unemployment and
rising debt, especially among farmers,
(ii) State three factors that led to the rise of worsened the situation by 193(a)
Nazism. (iii)Similarities Between the Ideologies of
(iii)State four similarities between the Fascism and Nazism :
ideologies of Nazism and Fascism. (a) Belief in Totalitarian Rule, where
Ans : MAIN 2023 absolute power rests in the hands of
the state.
(i) The leader in the picture is Adolf Hitler.
(b) Rejection of Democratic Political
Hitler possessed a charismatic personality,
Systems and institutions.
displaying all the traits necessary for
(c) Emphasis on the Supremacy of the
a popular leader. He was a cunning
State, with the right to suppress
politician and a courageous soldier,
individual freedoms and rights.
skilled in shaping public opinion to suit
(d) Advocacy of One-Party Rule under a
his needs. He tapped into the grievances
single, powerful leader.
of the German people, emphasizing their
(e) Promotion of Aggressive Nationalism
betrayal through the Treaty of Versailles
and Imperialism, aimed at expanding
and promoting the idea of a Jewish-
national power.
Communist conspiracy to dominate the
(f) View of War as a Tool to achieve
world. Many Germans, angered by the
national objectives and strengthen
humiliating treatment they received from
the state.
the Allies, were eager for retribution
and Hitler effectively played to these www.nodia.in
sentiments.
(ii) Three factors that led to the rise of
Nazism :
(a) Treaty of Versailles and National
Humiliation : The defeat in World
War I and the harsh terms of the
Treaty of Versailles left Germans
feeling humiliated and powerless.
They were forced to pay $33 billion
in reparations and their army was
CH 10 : THE SECOND WORLD WAR

CHAPTER 10
THE SECOND WORLD WAR

SUMMARY Western powers and destabilized the Asia-

Pacific region.
1.4 Failure of the League of Nations
1. CAUSES
The League of Nations, created after World
Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles:
War I to maintain peace, failed to prevent
The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919,
aggression by the Axis powers. It lacked the
imposed severe reparations, territorial losses
authority to enforce its decisions and was
and military restrictions on Germany. This
weakened by the absence of major powers
created widespread resentment, with many
like the U.S.
Germans feeling humiliated by the harsh
Hitler’s Invasion of Poland: Hitler’s invasion
terms. The subsequent economic crisis
of Poland on September 1, 1939, prompted
contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler, who
Britain and France to declare war on
promised to restore German pride and reverse
Germany, marking the start of World War II.
the treaty’s effects.
2. KEY EVENTS
1.1 Rise of Fascism and Nazism
Authoritarian regimes rose in Italy under 2.1 Attack on Pearl Harbour
Benito Mussolini and in Germany under
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl
Adolf Hitler during the 1920 and 1930. Both
Harbour, leading to the United States’ entry
promoted aggressive nationalism, glorified
into the war.
military power and pursued territorial
expansion, rejecting democratic principles 2.2 Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
and using propaganda to maintain control, In August 1945, the U.S. dropped atomic
directly contributing to global instability. bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading
1.2 Policy of Appeasement to Japan’s surrender and the end of World
War II in the Pacific.
Britain and France, hoping to avoid another
war, adopted a policy of appeasement toward 3. CONSEQUENCES
Nazi Germany in the 1930, allowing Hitler
to annex territories such as Austria and 3.1 Defeat of the Axis Powers
the Sudetenland. However, this policy only The combined efforts of the Allies led to the
emboldened him to pursue more aggressive defeat of the Axis powers. Nazi Germany was
actions. defeated in May 1945 and Japan surrendered
1.3 Japanese Invasion of China after the atomic bombings in August 1945.
Japan sought to expand its empire by 3.2 Formation of the United Nations
invading Manchuria in 1931 and launching The UN was established in 1945 to promote
a full-scale invasion of China in 1937. This international peace and security, addressing
aggressive expansion caused friction with the failures of the League of Nations. Its
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 209
Security Council, with permanent members 2. Which of the following is NOT a consequence
like the U.S. and Soviet Union, was designed of the Second World War?
to be more effective. (a) Austria and Hungary became separate
states
4. COLD WAR (b) Defeat of the Axis powers
The rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet (c) Beginning of the Cold War
Union intensified after the war, leading to (d) Formation of the United Nations
the Cold War. This period of geopolitical Ans : MAIN 2024
tension was marked by ideological conflict,
proxy wars and an arms race, shaping global Thus (a) is correct option.
politics for decades. 3. Mussolini opposed the Treaty of _______:
In conclusion, World War II was caused (a) Abyssinia
by unresolved issues from World War I, the (b) Versailles
rise of authoritarian regimes and failures in (c) Germany
diplomacy. Its consequences included the (d) Czechnoslovakia
defeat of the Axis powers, the formation of
Ans : SQP 2001
the UN and the onset of the Cold War, which
influenced global relations throughout the Thus (b) is correct option.
20th century.
4. Which empire did Italy want to revive the
glory of?
(a) Old Roman empire
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION (b) Old Germany empire
(c) Old Italian empire
(d) Old Britain empire
1. Which incident depicted in the above cartoon
Ans : COMP 2014
led to the beginning of the Second World
War? Thus (a) is correct option.

5. Arrange the following events in chronological

order.
(i) Treaty to Versailles
(ii) Hitler’s invasion of Poll and
(iii)Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour
(iv) Japanese invasion of China
(a) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(b) (i), (iv), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i), (iii), (iv) and (ii)
(d) (i), (iv), (iii) and (ii)
Ans : SQP 2018

Thus (b) is correct option.

By Milton Rawson Halldaya
(a) Hitler’s policy of Imperialism 6. Hitler invaded Poland in
(b) Hitler’s attack on Poland (a) September, 1939
(c) Hitler’s annexation of Austria (b) September, 1919
(d) Hitler’s attack on Czechoslovakia (c) October, 1936
Ans : MAIN 2024
(d) July 1942

Thus (b) is correct option. Ans : MAIN 2000

Thus (a) is correct option.

CH 10 : THE SECOND WORLD WAR
7. Which of the following was the immediate 12. When did Japan surrender unconditionally?
cause of The World War II? (a) September 1, 1946
(a) Japanese Invasion of China (b) September 2, 1946
(b) Failure of League of Nations (c) September 2, 1945
(c) Hitler’s Invasion of Poland (d) August 28, 1945
(d) Rise of Fascism and Nazism Ans : SQP 2009
Ans : SQP 2007
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
13. The World War II lasted for how many years?
8. Which of the following was a part of the (a) Six years
“Axis Powers”? (b) Four years
(a) Turkey (c) Sixteen years
(b) Japan (d) Eight years
(c) Britain Ans : MAIN 2014
(d) Sweden
Thus (a) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2004

Thus (b) is correct option. 14. When was the first atomic bomb dropped
and where?
9. Which of the following was not a part of the (a) August 6, 1947; Berlin
“Allied Powers”? (b) August 6, 1945; Hiroshima
(a) France (c) August 8, 1945; Nagasaki
(b) USA (d) August 8, 1947, New Mexico
(c) Germany Ans : COMP 2001
(d) Britain
Thus (b) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2006

Thus (c) is correct option. 15. Which of the following is NOT a feature of
Cold War?
10. War conducted by Germany with great speed (a) No open armed conflict
and force is known as (b) Peace time diplomacy
(a) Kamph (c) Trade agreements
(b) Blitzkrieg (d) Arms race
(c) Kamikaze Ans : MAIN 2019
(d) Eintracht
Thus (c) is correct option.
Ans : MAIN 2003

Thus (b) is correct option.

11. Arrange the various conferences in ONE MARK QUESTIONS

chronological order.
(i) Potsdam
(ii) Yaltra 16. What is capitalism ?
(iii)San Francisco Ans : COMP 2023
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) A type of government under which means
(b) (iii), (ii) and (i) of production are controlled by private
(c) (ii), (i) and (iii) individuals.
(d) (ii), (i) and (iii)
Ans : COMP 2010
17. Name any two original member countries of
NATO.
Thus (d) is correct option.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 211
Ans : MAIN 2003
25. What is communism ?
Belgium, Canada, Denmark and France. Ans : SQP 2022

18. Name four main countries included in the A type of government under which means of
Allied Power. production are controlled by the state or the
Ans : COMP 2006
government, for example USSR.

The four countries included in the Allied 26. What is the full form of NATO and SEATO?
Power were Britain, France, America and Ans : COMP 2003
Russia.
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
19. What was the issue between Germany and SEATO – South-East Asia Treaty
Poland that was a cause of World War II ? Organization.
Ans : SQP 2011,2012
27. Name any two World Leaders who played a
Hitler wanted to permit him to have the significant role in ending Cold War.
city of Dan zing as he wanted to construct a Ans : SQP 2007,2009
motor road.
(i) Mikhail Gorbachev
20. Name any two original alliances which came (ii) George Bush
into being as a consequence of Cold War.
28. Name any two countries which became
Ans : MAIN 2004,2010
independent after the Second World War.
(i) NATO Ans : MAIN 2000
(ii) SEATO
Many countries like India, Myanmar and Sri
21. State any two effects of the Cold War. Lanka became independent after World War.
Ans : COMP 1999
29. Name the International Organization that
(i) The Korean War was formed after World War II.
(ii) The armament race Ans : SQP 2024

22. Name the countries that formed the Axis The United Nations Organization (UNO)
Bloc, during World War II. was formed after World War II.
Ans : SQP 2018
30. What was the main principle for which the
(i) Germany Second World War was fought ?
(ii) Italy Ans : MAIN 2005
(iii)Japan.
The main principle for which the Second
23. Name the Allied Nations. World War was fought was to make the world
Ans : COMP 2017,2022
safe for democracy.

(i) Britain 31. What is meant by the Policy of Appeasement ?

(ii) France Ans : COMP 2004
(iii)Soviet Union.
Appeasement refers to the policy of conciliating
24. Mention any two characteristics of the Cold an Aggressive power at the expense of some
War. other country. It meant accepting the hostile
Ans : MAIN 2003,2008,20011
demands of an Aggressive Nation to gain
peace.
(i) A bitter state of tension and hostility.
(ii) Absence of armed struggle.
CH 10 : THE SECOND WORLD WAR
(b) Expansionist policies of Axis Powers (ii) Britain and France adopted a policy
: Germany, Italy and Japan pursued of appeasement towards Germany,
aggressive expansion. Hitler’s invasion neglecting to enforce the terms of the
of Poland in 1939 and Japan’s Treaty of Versailles, which allowed Hitler
ambitions in Asia escalated tensions, to openly defy it. When Hitler attacked
leading to war. and annexed Austria, neither Britain
(c) Failure of the League of Nations nor France intervened. On September
: The League of Nations failed to 28, 1938, the leaders of Germany, Italy,
prevent aggression and enforce Britain and France met in Munich and
collective security, allowing the rise of agreed to cede Sudetenland to Germany.
militarism in Germany and Japan. The Czechs were pressured into accepting
(d) Appeasement policy : The British the Munich Pact in the name of world
and French appeasement of Hitler’s peace, but in reality, this decision was
territorial expansion (like Austria and aimed at appeasing Hitler at the expense
the Sudetenland) encouraged further of Czechoslovakia.
aggression, eventually triggering the (iii)The League of Nations, established after
war. World War I to preserve peace, proved
ineffective in stopping aggression due to
72. With reference to Britain and France its lack of enforcement authority and the
declaring war on Germany on 3rd September, absence of key global powers, including
1939, discuss the following : the United States. It failed to respond
(i) Rise of Nazism in Germany. decisively when nations like Japan, Italy
(ii) Policy of appeasement towards Hitler. and Germany violated international
(iii)The failure of the League of Nations. agreements, such as Germany’s re-
Ans : MAIN 2010,2011, militarization of the Rhineland and Italy’s
(i) (a) Political Instability in Germany invasion of Ethiopia. This undermined its
: After World War I, Germany credibility and allowed aggressor nations
faced economic crises, unrest, to act unchecked, ultimately contributing
unemployment and inflation. The to the outbreak of World War II.
Weimar Republic, established in 73. With reference to the causes of the Second
1919, failed to address these issues, World War, discuss :
leading to further political instability. (i) Armament race
(b) Humiliating Treaty of Versailles : The (ii) Rival group formation.
Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh (iii)US aloofness.
penalties on Germany, including (iv) The immediate cause.
territorial losses, war reparations and
disbanding its military. The treaty Ans : MAIN 2018

was seen as a national humiliation and (i) In the years leading up to the Second
many Germans resented the Weimar World War, many nations, particularly
Republic for accepting its terms. Germany, Italy and Japan, aggressively
(c) Economic Disaster : Germany’s built up their military capabilities. This
economy suffered severely from arms of tension and fear, with nations
unemployment, inflation and the feeling compelled to strengthen their
global depression, worsened by military in response to the growing power
heavy war reparations. Hitler gained of others. The rearmament of Germany,
popularity by promising economic in violation of the Treaty of Versailles,
relief to the struggling population. was a key factor that destabilized Europe
and fueled the onset of war.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 213
42. Name the two rival blocs that fought against Two countries that became independent after
each other during World War II and state its the Second World War are India (1947) and
signatory countries. Indonesia (1949).
Ans : MAIN 2019
47. Give one reason for the origin of the Cold
The two rival blocs during World War II War.
were the Allied Powers (United States, Soviet Ans : MAIN 2022
Union, United Kingdom, China, France) and
the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan). One key reason for the origin of the Cold
These blocs fought against each other War was the ideological conflict between the
throughout the war. United States, which promoted capitalism
and democracy and the Soviet Union,
43. State two reasons why Britain and France which sought to expand communism. This
followed a policy of appeasement towards fundamental disagreement over political and
Germany in the 1930’s. economic systems created deep mistrust and
Ans : SQP 2007
rivalry between the two superpowers after
World War II.
(i) They believed dictators had valid
grievances and addressing them would 48. How was the Treaty of Versailles responsible
prevent further aggression. for the Second World War?
(ii) The Western powers also sought to limit Ans : COMP 2005
the spread of communism.
(i) The Treaty of Versailles imposed
44. What is meant by ‘Policy of Containment’ ? harsh and punitive terms on Germany,
Ans : COMP 2023,2003
including the loss of territory, colonies
and military power, as well as enormous
The Truman Doctrine, also referred to as war reparations, which left Germans
the Policy of Containment, involved the U.S. feeling humiliated and resentful.
providing economic and military support to (ii) The resentment caused by the treaty
nations at risk of falling under communist fueled the rise of Nazism, with Hitler
influence. Its aim was to help countries facing and the Nazi Party seeking to overturn
communist threats and prevent the spread of the treaty’s terms and pursue aggressive
communism. expansion, contributing to the outbreak
45. Give two reasons that prompted the of World War II.
armament race before the Second World War 49. What made Japan surrender to the Allies in
broke out. August 1945 ?
Ans : COMP 2004 Ans : MAIN 2016

(i) Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Japan had conquered Thailand, Malaya,
Versailles: Germany began rearming, Burma and the Philippines and continued
defying the treaty, which led other nations to fight against the U.S. in the Pacific.
to follow suit. Despite numerous warnings, Japan refused
(ii) Failure of the League of Nations: Its to surrender. To demonstrate its dominance,
inability to prevent aggression allowed the United States dropped an atomic bomb
countries like Germany, Italy and Japan on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, followed by
to expand their militaries unchecked. another on Nagasaki on August 9. In a matter
of seconds, 80,000 people were killed and
46. Name any two countries which became 70,000 were severely injured. Realizing they
independent after the Second World War. had no chance of winning, Japan officially
Ans : MAIN 2017 surrendered on August 15, 1945.
CH 10 : THE SECOND WORLD WAR
32. Name the countries which followed the Policy TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
of Appeasement and the countries towards
whom they adopted this Policy.
38. Mention any two common ideologies of
Ans : MAIN 2011
Fascism and Nazism.
Britain and France followed the policy of
Ans : MAIN 2024
appeasement towards dictatorial countries
like Germany and Italy. Two common ideologies of Fascism and
Nazism are :
33. Mention the dead and number of wounded (i) Extreme nationalism : Both believed
soldiers in the Second World War. in the superiority of their nation and
Ans : SQP 2007 territorial expansion.
In the Second World War, about 25 million (ii) Totalitarianism : They supported a
soldiers were killed and about 35 million were dictatorship with complete control and
wounded. suppression of opposition.

34. Name the pact which was concluded by Russia 39. Why did Britain and France become second
to meet the challenge posed by American rate powers after the Second World War ?
sponsored NATO. Ans : COMP 2018

Ans : SQP 2003,2004

Britain and France became second-rate
Warsaw Pact. powers after World War II due to the severe
economic and infra structural damage they
35. Name the two power blocs that emerged after suffered. The rise of the United States and the
the Second World War. Soviet Union as superpowers shifted global
Ans : COMP 2017 influence, while the loss of their colonial
The two power blocs that emerged after the empires further weakened their international
Second World War were the American Bloc standing.
and the Soviet Bloc
40. What was Truman Doctrine ?
36. What is meant by calling the world as Bi- Ans : SQP 1997,2012
polar after the Second World War ? On March 12, 1946 President Truman
Ans : MAIN 2010 announced in the U.S. Congress that America
The world was called Bi-polar as it was grouped should provide moral and financial support
into Capitalist nations (or Democratic Bloc) to countries whose political integrity was
headed by the USA and Socialist nations (or threatened by communism. This came to be
Communist Bloc) headed by the USSR. known as the Truman Doctrine.

37. What is Cold War ? 41. Name the two cities of Japan which were
bombed by America in the year 1945.
Ans : COMP 2009,2013
Ans : MAIN 2024
It is situation where there is no armed
struggle, but the rivals continue to maintain The two cities of Japan that were bombed
their peace time diplomatic relations along by America in 1945 were Hiroshima and
with their hostility. Nagasaki. Hiroshima was bombed on August
It was the period of conflict, tension and 6, 1945 and Nagasaki was bombed on August
competition between the USA and the Soviet 9, 1945, with atomic bombs, leading to
Union and their respective allies from the Japan’s surrender and the end of World War
mid 1940 till 1990. II.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 215
57. Why did the United States declare war on 60. What was the Communist view about the
Japan? western style democracy ? What was the
Ans : SQP 2011
Capitalist view about Communism?

The United States declared war on Japan Ans : SQP 2015

after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December (i) Communist Ideology: According to
7, 1941. Japan launched a surprise assault on communist ideology, land, factories and
the U.S. naval base in Hawaii, inflicting heavy resources are collectively owned, with
damage on the Pacific Fleet and causing the aim of equally sharing goods among
the deaths of thousands of Americans. In the people, eliminating poverty and
response to this unprovoked attack, President class divisions. However, in practice,
Franklin D. Roosevelt requested a declaration communism often deviated from this
of war from Congress, which was granted on ideal.
December 8, 1941, officially bringing the U.S. (ii) Capitalist Criticism of Communism:
into World War II. Capitalist countries opposed communism,
seeing it as a system where individuals
58. Give two causes that led to the Cold War. in power controlled production, leading
Ans : MAIN 2000 to corruption. The average person was
(i) Emergence of Superpowers: After the left politically powerless, economically
Second World War, the USA and the restricted and unable to fully benefit
USSR emerged as the two dominant from their own labor.
global powers, each representing opposing 61. Why did America drop the atom bombs on
ideologies capitalism and communism the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ?
and seeking to expand their influence
by aligning other nations with their Ans : MAIN 2006

respective systems. The United States dropped atomic bombs

(ii) Formation of Rival Blocs: The world was on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945
divided into two rival blocs: the Capitalist to force Japan’s unconditional surrender
bloc led by the USA and the Communist and bring a swift end to World War II. This
bloc led by the USSR, marking the followed Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbour,
beginning of the Cold War. which led the U.S. to join the war. Despite
heavy losses, Japan refused to surrender and
59. Mention two important consequences of the the bombs were seen as a way to avoid a
Second World War. costly invasion and further casualties. The
Ans : SQP 2010 bombings played a critical role in the defeat
(i) Massive loss of life and property: The of the Axis Powers. The aftermath of the war
Second World War caused widespread led to the formation of the United Nations
destruction, especially in the region and set the stage for the Cold War.
between the Baltic and Black Sea, which 62. What is meant by calling the world as Bi-
became known as the “misery-belt” due polar after the Second World War ?
to the severe devastation.
(ii) End of Fascist and Nazi dictatorships: Ans : MAIN 2022

The war led to the collapse of the Fascist The world was termed bi-polar as it was
and Nazi regimes in Germany, Italy and divided into two major blocs: the Capitalist
Japan, with these countries agreeing to nations (or Democratic Bloc) led by the USA
disarm and pay war reparations. and the Socialist nations (or Communist
Bloc) led by the USSR.
CH 10 : THE SECOND WORLD WAR
50. Why did Britain and France follow the Policy Ans : SQP 2004

of Appeasement? Hitler demanded the Danzig Corridor from

Ans : SQP 2001
Poland because it provided Germany with
access to East Prussia, a territory separated
Britain and France believed that the dictators from the rest of Germany after World War I
had valid complaints stemming from the by the Treaty of Versailles. The corridor was
harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles. also strategically important for expanding
They assumed that addressing these issues German territory and reclaiming lands lost
would appease the dictators and prevent after the war, which was a key part of Hitler’s
further aggression. By adopting the Policy of goal to unite all German-speaking people and
Appeasement, they aimed to preserve world reverse the terms of the Treaty.
peace and avoid another major conflict.
55. Mention two reasons for the failure of the
51. Name any two World Leaders who played a League of Nations to prevent the Second
significant role in ending Cold War. World War.
Ans : SQP 2009
Ans : MAIN 2024
Two world leaders who played a significant (i) Lack of Enforcement Power: The League
role in ending the Cold War were Mikhail had no military force of its own and
Gorbachev, the leader of the Soviet Union relied on member nations to enforce its
and Ronald Reagan, the President of the decisions, which often led to inaction
United States. when aggressive nations like Germany,
52. How was the dissatisfaction of Italy Italy and Japan violated international
responsible for the Second World War? agreements.
(ii) Absence of Major Powers: Key nations,
Ans : MAIN 2003
including the United States, did not join
Italy joined the First World War with the League and others like Germany and
high expectations, but her requests for Japan withdrew, weakening the League’s
more territory were rejected at the peace authority and ability to maintain global
conference. After investing heavily in military peace.
and war expenses, the country was left
with significant debt. Economic conditions 56. Mention three reasons for the invasion of
worsened, with growing poverty, hunger, Poland by Hitler?
disease and unemployment. This widespread Ans : COMP 2023
dissatisfaction contributed to the underlying (i) The Treaty of Versailles split Germany
causes of the Second World War. into two parts to give Poland a land route
53. What was the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis? to the sea, while the Port of Danzig was
Why did Italy join the side of Germany and also placed under Polish control. Germany
Japan in the Second World War? sought to regain these lost territories.
(ii) Danzig had a predominantly German
Ans : COMP 2019
population and by seizing the Danzig
The Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis was a military Corridor, Germany could reestablish a
alliance created during World War II, connection with East Prussia.
involving Germany, Italy and Japan. This (iii)In August 1939, Germany signed a Non-
coalition, known as the Axis Powers, united Aggression Pact with Russia and accused
these three nations in their wartime efforts. Poland of mistreating the German
population living within its borders.
54. Why did Hitler demand the Dan zing Corridor
from Poland?
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 217
69. Name two countries each belonging to the (i) Three similarities between the ideologies
Capitalist Bloc and Communist Bloc ? of Fascism and Nazism :
Ans : MAIN 2023,2024
(a) Extreme nationalism : Both Fascism
(in Italy) and Nazism (in Germany)
Two countries from the Capitalist Bloc: promoted an aggressive form of
(i) United States nationalism, advocating for the
(ii) United Kingdom superiority of their respective nations
Two countries from the Communist Bloc: and the expansion of their territories.
(i) Soviet Union (USSR) (b) Dictatorship : Both ideologies
(ii) China supported a totalitarian state, with
70. What do you know about the Munich Pact of all power concentrated in the hands
1939 ? Which were the five countries involved of a single leader (Mussolini in
in this Pact ? Fascism, Hitler in Nazism), rejecting
democracy and political pluralism.
Ans : COMP 2017
(c) Militarism and violence : Fascism and
The Munich Pact of 1938 (not 1939) was an Nazism glorified war and military
agreement between major European powers strength as a means to achieve their
that allowed Nazi Germany to annex the goals and both ideologies promoted
Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia violence and repression to suppress
with a significant ethnic German population, opposition and maintain control.
in an attempt to avoid war. This policy of (ii) Three consequences of the Second World
appeasement was intended to satisfy Hitler’s War :
territorial ambitions and maintain peace in (a) Formation of the United Nations
Europe, but it ultimately failed to prevent (UN) : The UN was established in
further aggression. 1945 to promote peace and prevent
The five countries involved were: future global conflicts by fostering
(i) Germany international cooperation and
(ii) United Kingdom diplomacy.
(iii)France (b) Division of Germany : After the
(iv) Italy war, Germany was divided into four
(v) Czechoslovakia (though not present at occupation zones controlled by the
the negotiations). Allied powers (the USA, UK, France
and the Soviet Union). Eventually, it led
to the formation of West Germany and
East Germany during the Cold War.
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS (c) Cold War : The ideological and
political differences between the
71. The world wars marked a turning point in USA and the Soviet Union after led
the history of the world. With reference to to the Cold War, a period of intense
this period, answer the following questions: rivalry and tension between the two
(i) Mention any three similarities between superpowers.
the ideologies of Fascism and Nazism. (iii)Four causes of the Second World War :
(ii) State the three consequences of the (a) Treaty of Versailles : The harsh terms
Second World War. imposed on Germany after World War
(iii)Mention any four causes of the Second I, including heavy reparations and
World War. territorial losses, fueled resentment
and contributed to the rise of Hitler
Ans : MAIN 2023
and the Nazi Party.
CH 10 : THE SECOND WORLD WAR
from the League of Nations, occupied 83. With the surrender of Japan, the Second
the region and established a government World War was finally over. The war had
there. Japan also launched an undeclared far-reaching consequences. Against this
war against China in the same year. background, write short notes on :
China appealed to the League for (i) Effect of World War II on Japan.
sanctions against Japan, but Britain and (ii) The division of Germany.
France, the League’s leading members, (iii)Division of the world into two Power
ignored the request. Axis, forming the Blocs.
Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis to further its Ans : SQP 2018
imperialist ambitions. In 1933, Japan
withdrew from the League of Nations and (i) Effect of World War II on Japan :
began occupying British and American (a) Unlike Germany, Japan was not
properties in China. Britain and France divided into zones to be governed by
pursued a policy of appeasement, hoping the victorious powers.
to use Japan to weaken China. Under (b) The American Army administered
these conditions, war became inevitable. Japan until 1952, after which the
(ii) The USA, Britain and France upheld Japanese regained full control of their
liberal democracy, characterized by own governance.
periodic elections, civil liberties, freedom (c) Emperor Horatio remained on the
of speech and protection from arbitrary throne as a constitutional monarch,
arrest. In contrast, the political systems while the Japanese Parliament
in Italy and Germany were dominated retained some of its legislative
by single-party rule. Hitler suppressed authority.
all opposition, establishing the Nazi (ii) The Division of Germany : After the war,
Party as the only legal party in Germany, Germany was divided into four occupation
while Mussolini in Italy asserted that zones controlled by the United States,
compromise between democracy and the Soviet Union, Britain and France.
fascism was impossible. Both Axis powers This division soon became permanent,
- Italy and Germany - had expansionist splitting the country into East Germany
ambitions, making a clash between the (a Soviet-controlled communist state)
democratic and authoritarian camps and West Germany (a democratic state
inevitable. These stark ideological allied with the West). Berlin, located in
differences contributed significantly to East Germany, was also divided, leading
the tensions that led to World War II. to the construction of the Berlin Wall
(iii)By 1939, Germany had already annexed in 196 (i) This division symbolized the
Austria and Czechoslovakia. Under the ideological conflict between communism
Treaty of Versailles, Germany was divided and capitalism during the Cold War.
into two parts to provide a land route to (iii)Division of the World into two Power Blocs
Poland and gave the port of Danzig to : In the aftermath of World War II, the
Poland. This division was deeply resented world split into two opposing power blocs.
by Germany, which demanded the return The United States led the Western bloc,
of these territories. Without waiting for championing capitalism and democracy,
a response, Germany invaded Poland on while the Soviet Union led the Eastern
September 1, 1939. Britain demanded bloc, promoting communism. This
that Germany withdraw, but when division sparked the Cold War, marked
Hitler refused, Britain declared war on by political, military and ideological
Germany on September 3, 1939, marking rivalry between the capitalist West and
the official start of World War II. communist East. NATO was established
to unite the Western powers, while the
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 219
(ii) European nations grew suspicious of the Saar, Rhineland and Ruhr, along
Hitler’s intentions and formed alliances with portions of her foreign colonies.
for their security. As a result, before Additionally, Germany was prohibited
the outbreak of the Second World War, from rearming, with her military
Europe was divided into opposing camps. restricted to a limit of 100,000 soldiers.
The Axis Powers - Germany, Italy and The Germans considered these terms
Japan - pursued aggressive territorial deeply degrading.
expansion, while the Allied Powers, led (ii) The rulers of Germany, Italy and Japan
by Britain, France and later the United embraced aggressive nationalism, seeking
States and Soviet Union, formed a counter to acquire colonies to satisfy both
force. nationalist ambitions and economic
(iii)Following the First World War, the interests. Italy annexed Ethiopia and
USA remained detached from European Albania, while Japan took control of
politics, opting not to join the League Manchuria and later attacked China in
of Nations. This left England unable to 1937, capturing many cities. Germany
counter French hostility towards Germany annexed neighboring states like Austria
on its own. Consequently, American and Czechoslovakia and Soviet Russia
isolationism and lack of involvement expanded into Eastern Europe and
enabled the military regimes in Germany Central Asia. The League of Nations was
and Italy to pursue aggressive and militant ineffective in preventing these aggressive
policies without significant opposition. territorial expansions.
(iv) The immediate trigger for the Second (iii)The Cold War refers to a period of intense
World War was Germany’s aggressive political tension without direct conflict,
invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. where the threat of war constantly
A month earlier, in August 1939, Germany loomed. It was primarily a propaganda
had signed a Non-Aggression Pact with war that lasted from the end of World
Russia. Following the invasion, Britain War II until 1990. The seeds of the Cold
demanded that Germany withdraw from War were planted during the Second
Poland, but Hitler refused. As a result, World War, when Stalin imposed socialist
on September 3, 1939, Britain and France dictatorships on Eastern European
declared war on Germany, marking the countries like Poland, Romania and East
beginning of the Second World War. Germany, causing distrust among the
Western Allies, led by the United States.
74. Give an account of the reasons on which the This resulted in the division of the world
Second World War broke out and the effect into two hostile blocs, with tensions
of the following: leading to the formation of military
(i) Unjust Treaty of Versailles. alliances like NATO, SEATO and the
(ii) Aggressive Nationalism and Warsaw Pact.
Expansionism.
(iii)The cold war and group rivalries. 75. With reference to the consequences of the
Ans : SQP 2011
Second World War, discuss the following :
(i) Emergence of new Super Powers and
(i) The victors of the First World War Power Blocs.
Britain, France and the USA compelled (ii) How do the consequences of the Second
Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles, World War affect our lives even today ?
which was widely regarded as unjust and (iii)Resurgence of Nationalism in Asia and
humiliating. The treaty imposed heavy Africa.
war reparations on Germany, forced her
to cede significant territories such as Ans : COMP 2019,2020
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CH 10 : THE SECOND WORLD WAR
63. Mention any two characteristics of the Cold to the outbreak of the war.
war.
66. What was the immediate cause of the Second
Ans : COMP 2011
World War? Which incident brought the
(i) Ideological Conflict: The Cold War was USA in the Second World War?
marked by a deep ideological rivalry Ans : MAIN 2012
between the United States (promoting
capitalism and democracy) and the Soviet The immediate cause of the Second World
Union (advocating communism). War was Germany’s invasion of Poland on
(ii) Proxy Wars: Instead of direct military September 1, 1939, which led Britain and
confrontation, the superpowers engaged France to declare war on Germany.
in proxy wars by supporting opposing The incident that brought the USA into the
sides in conflicts, such as the Korean War war was Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor on
and the Vietnam War, to spread their December 7, 1941, when Japanese forces
influence globally. launched a surprise strike on the U.S. naval
base in Hawaii. This prompted the U.S. to
64. What was the issue between Germany and declare war on Japan the following day.
Poland that was the cause of World War-II ?
67. What made Japan to surrender to the Allies?
Ans : SQP 2011
Ans : MAIN 2021
The primary issue between Germany and
Poland was over the Danzig Corridor and Japan surrendered to the Allies on August 14,
access to the Port of Danzig, which separated 1945, largely due to the devastation caused
East Prussia from the rest of Germany. Hitler by the atomic bombings. The bombing of
demanded the return of these territories to Hiroshima resulted in the immediate death of
Germany, but Poland refused. Germany’s around 150,000 civilians and destroyed about
invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, to three-fourths of the city’s buildings. Nagasaki
reclaim these lands, led Britain and France to also suffered heavily, with about 50,000 lives
declare war on Germany, marking the start of lost and one-third of the city destroyed.
World War II. Faced with such catastrophic destruction and
unable to endure further devastation, Japan
65. How did the rise of Fascism and Nazism announced its surrender, bringing an end to
become one of the causes of the Second World War II.
World War ?
68. What happened to Germany after her defeat
Ans : MAIN 2015
in the War ?
The rise of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Ans : MAIN 2019
Germany became key causes of the Second
World War due to their aggressive expansionist After Germany’s defeat in World War II,
policies and rejection of democratic principles. it was divided into four occupation zones
Both Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf controlled by the U.S., Soviet Union, UK and
Hitler in Germany promoted militarism, France, eventually leading to the creation
extreme nationalism and territorial conquest. of West and East Germany. Germany lost
Hitler sought to overturn the Treaty of significant territory, paid reparations and
Versailles, reclaim lost territories and expand was demilitarized. The denazification process
German territory (Lebensraum). Mussolini aimed to remove Nazi influence and top Nazi
pursued similar imperial ambitions. These leaders were prosecuted in the Nuremberg
expansionist actions, combined with their Trials for war crimes.
militarization and suppression of opposition,
destabilized Europe and directly contributed
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 221
splitting the country into East Germany (ii) The Cold War led to the creation of
(a Soviet-controlled communist state) military alliances as nations aligned with
and West Germany (a democratic state either the Western or Eastern bloc. NATO
allied with the West). Berlin, located in (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was
East Germany, was also divided, leading formed in 1949 under U.S. leadership,
to the construction of the Berlin Wall while the Warsaw Pact was established
in 196 (i) This division symbolized the in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its
ideological conflict between communism allies. Other alliances, such as SEATO
and capitalism during the Cold War. (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) and
(iii)The Cold War and Group of Rivalries : CENTO (Central Treaty Organization),
The Cold War emerged as a direct result also emerged. These alliances operated
of post-war tensions between the USA and on the principle that an attack on one
the Soviet Union, the two superpowers member would be treated as an attack on
with opposing ideologies. It led to rival all, further entrenching the global divide.
military and economic blocs : NATO, (iii)Setback to the United Nations : The Cold
formed by the USA and its allies and the War greatly reduced the effectiveness of
Warsaw Pact, created by the USSR and the United Nations. The rivalry between
its satellite states fueled regional conflicts the two blocs led to delays in granting
and led to an arms race, including the membership to certain nations. Albania,
development of nuclear weapons. Though Austria and Bulgaria were not admitted
the Cold War ended with the collapse until 1955 and the U.S. blocked China’s
of the Soviet Union in 1991, its legacy entry for a long time. These obstacles
continues to affect international relations. prevented the U.N. from achieving
truly universal and inclusive global
77. Describe the impact of the Cold War with representation during that period.
reference to the following :
(i) Mad race for armaments ; 78. Explain briefly three reasons for the
(ii) Formation of military alliances; dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles.
(iii)Setback to the effectiveness of the United Ans : COMP 2020
Nations.
(i) The victors of the First World War -
Ans : COMP 1991,2000,2003
Britain, France and the U.S.A. - compelled
(i) Mad Race for Armaments : The Cold Germany to sign a highly unjust and
War set off a fierce arms race between humiliating peace treaty.
the United States and the Soviet Union, (ii) The treaty imposed heavy war reparations
as both blocs spent enormous sums on on Germany and forced her to surrender
military build-up and amassed deadly significant territories, such as the Saar,
weapons. The Americans lost their nuclear Rhineland, Ruhr area and parts of her
monopoly when Russia detonated its first foreign colonies.
atomic bomb in 1949, leading to both (iii)Additionally, the treaty prohibited
nations being recognized as superpowers. Germany from rearming, restricting her
With the Soviet Union now a nuclear military to a limit of 100,000 soldiers,
power, both sides began stockpiling which the Germans found deeply
advanced weapons, including jet fighters, humiliating. The heavy reparations
bombers, chemical weapons and biological hindered Germany’s economic recovery
weapons. Alarmingly, these weapons were and France, driven by revenge, took
also supplied to their respective allies, control of the Saar Valley and the
further escalating global tensions and Ruhr Zone in 1923 when Germany was
increasing the potential for conflict. vulnerable.
CH 10 : THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Nazism, was a significant factor leading Japan : On August 6, 1945, the U.S.
to the Second World War. Italy, under dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima,
Mussolini, aimed to revive the glory of followed by another on Nagasaki on
the Roman Empire. In 1937, Italy joined August 9, killing 80,000 people instantly
the Anti-Comintern Pact and in 1939, and wounding 70,000. Japan surrendered
formed a ten-year alliance with Germany on August 15, 1945 and all territories
to strengthen its position. Mussolini acquired since 1895 were taken away.
established a dictatorship, opposed the General MacArthur was given control
Treaty of Versailles and demonstrated over Japan until 1952.
Italy’s imperialist ambitions by invading Italy : In July 1943, the Allies captured
Abyssinia. The League of Nations failed Sicily and advanced to Rome. Mussolini
to take decisive action against Italy, was removed and the new government
exposing its weakness. under Badoglio surrendered to the Allies.
In Germany, Hitler sought to restore (ii) The United Nations Organization (UNO)
Germany’s international prestige. He was founded on October 24, 1945, with
openly violated the military clauses of its headquarters in New York, USA,
the Treaty of Versailles and embarked to protect future generations from the
on a policy of re-armament. In 1938, devastation of war. Its primary goals are
Hitler annexed Austria and dismembered to promote peace, justice, human dignity,
Czechoslovakia. The aggressive actions brotherhood and cooperation among
of Mussolini and Hitler pushed the world nations. As the largest international
toward another World War. body, with 192 member states, the UNO
has made substantial contributions in
86. With reference to the consequences of the many areas. It is regarded as one of the
Second World War explain the following: most important legacies of World War II,
(i) Defeat of axis power. committed to the protection and service
(ii) Formation of United Nations. of humanity.
(iii)Cold War between Two Power Blocs. (iii)(a) Rise of Superpowers : After World
Ans : COMP 2005 War II, two major powers, the USA
(i) The Defeat of the Axis Powers : and the Soviet Union, emerged,
each seeking to expand its influence,
(a) Germany’s military was drastically
leading to the Cold War.
reduced, its war materials confiscated
(b) Arms Race and Military Alliances
and it was required to pay substantial
: The Cold War initiated a race for
reparations and relinquish its colonies.
armaments and led to the formation
(b) Germany was divided into two parts:
of military alliances like NATO (under
East Germany (under Soviet control)
U.S. leadership) and the Warsaw Pact
and West Germany (under Western
(led by the Soviet Union).
control).
(c) Division of the World : The world
(c) On May 7, 1945, Germany officially was divided into two blocs: the
surrendered, leaving the country Anglo - American Bloc (capitalist
broken, humiliated and devastated. nations led by the USA, including
(d) The Axis Powers - Germany, Italy Britain and France) and the Soviet
and Japan - were defeated by the end Bloc (communist nations led by the
of World War II. Soviet Union, including countries
(e) They were forced to pay heavy war like Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria and
reparations and surrender their Romania).
colonies abroad.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 223
(iii)Britain, which held significant influence of aggression, seeking to overturn the
in the League of Nations, adopted a treaty and restore Germany’s power.
timid policy and actively appeased (ii) The USA, Britain and France had
Hitler. When Hitler annexed Austria, distinct motives for imposing the Treaty
neither Britain nor France intervened. of Versailles on Germany. France, seeking
Emboldened by this inaction, Hitler went revenge for the destruction it endured
on to occupy Czechoslovakia in 1938. during the war, aimed to permanently
At this point, France also pursued a weaken Germany to prevent future
policy of appeasement towards Germany, aggression. Britain, while wanting to
aiming to maintain global peace. Both restore balance in Europe and maintain
nations were also motivated by a desire its global influence, took a less severe
to counter the spread of Communism stance than France. The USA, led by
and Russian Bolshevism, fearing that a President Woodrow Wilson, pushed for a
stronger Germany would serve as a buffer more lenient peace based on his Fourteen
against Soviet influence. As a result, Points, aiming for long-term stability and
Britain and France allowed Germany to democracy, though the final treaty did
rearm, remilitarize the Rhineland and not fully align with Wilson’s vision.
capture Austria and Czechoslovakia. (iii)Britain and France adopted the policy of
Without this policy of appeasement from appeasement towards dictatorships like
the Western powers, Fascism and Nazism Germany and Italy because they believed
might not have endured long enough to the dictators had legitimate grievances
ignite the Second World War. stemming from the harsh terms of the
Treaty of Versailles. They assumed that
81. The Treaty of Versailles was harsh and sowed addressing these grievances would prevent
the seeds for the Second World War. In this further conflict and maintain world peace.
context, briefly describe the following: As a result, they permitted Germany
(i) The grievances of Germany against the to rearm, re-militarize the Rhineland
Treaty. and annex Austria and Czechoslovakia.
(ii) The motives of the USA, Britain and Without this policy of appeasement by
France in imposing the Treaty of Versailles the Western powers, Fascism and Nazism
on Germany. would not have lasted as long or been
(iii)The Policy of appeasement adopted by able to trigger the Second World War.
Britain and France. The dissatisfaction of
Italy. 82. The League of Nations was unable to
Ans : SQP 2011
eliminate power struggles leading to another
World War. In this context describe how the
(i) The Paris Peace Settlement was driven following were connected with the Second
by a spirit of revenge and the Germans World War.
saw the Treaty of Versailles as harsh and (i) Japanese invasion of China ?
unfair. Germany was forced to cede vast (ii) Ideological differences between nations.
territories and its colonies in East Africa (iii)Hitler’s invasion of Poland.
and South-West Africa, while its military
capabilities were severely weakened. Ans : MAIN 2022

The heavy war reparations also placed a (i) Japan’s expansion policy was a significant
massive economic burden on the country. cause of the Second World War. After
This treaty instilled deep resentment in World War I, Japan’s ambitions grew
the German people, fueling the rise of and it became determined to dominate
Nazism. When Hitler and his Nazi Party the Far East. In 1931, Japan intervened
came to power, they embarked on a path in Manchuria and despite opposition
CH 10 : THE SECOND WORLD WAR
(i) Though Britain and France emerged (iii)The war led to the collapse of the colonial
victorious from the war, their global status empires of Britain, France, Portugal,
and economic strength diminished. In Germany, Italy and others. The desire
contrast, the USA became a superpower for independence grew strong among the
due to large-scale production, minimal people in Asia and Africa. Countries like
war damage and possession of the atomic India, Burma, Sri Lanka and Malaya,
bomb. Another superpower was the which were under British rule, gained
Soviet Union. their freedom. The East Indies threw
(a) USA : After using the atomic bomb off Dutch rule, while Indo-China freed
to defeat Japan, the USA emerged itself from French control and Indonesia
as a dominant military and economic also achieved independence. Similarly,
power. colonies in Africa under British, French,
(b) Soviet Union : The Soviet Union Portuguese and Dutch rule broke free
expanded its territory, incorporating from colonial domination.
parts of Poland, the Baltic states and
regions of Germany and became the 76. With the surrender of Japan, the Second
leader of the Communist Bloc. World War was finally over. The War had
Following the war, two power blocs far reaching consequences. Against this
emerged: background, write short note on :
1. The American Bloc (i) Effect of World War II on technological
2. The Soviet Bloc. advancements.
(ii) The Second World War (1939–1945) (ii) The division of Germany.
brought lasting changes that affect our (iii)The Cold War and group of rivalries.
lives today: Ans : MAIN 2006

(a) Formation of the United Nations : (i) Effect of World War II on Technological
The UN was established in 1945 to Advancements :
prevent future conflicts and maintain (a) Military Innovations : Development
global peace. It remains central of radar and jet engines transformed
to diplomacy, peacekeeping and warfare by improving aircraft
humanitarian efforts worldwide. detection and performance, laying the
(b) De colonization and Geopolitical foundation for modern aviation and
Shifts : The war weakened colonial defense systems.
powers, accelerating independence (b) Atomic Energy : The creation of the
movements in Asia and Africa. It also atomic bomb during the Manhattan
marked the rise of the USA and the Project introduced nuclear power,
USSR as superpowers, leading to the which shaped both military strategies
Cold War and shaping modern global and civilian energy production.
alliances. (c) Medicine and Computing : Mass
(c) Economic and Human Rights production of penicillin saved lives,
Frameworks : Post-war recovery while early computing technologies,
efforts, like the Marshall Plan, rebuilt developed for code breaking and
Europe and laid the foundation calculations, became the precursors
for economic integration, while the to modern computers.
Holocaust spurred the creation of (ii) The Division of Germany : After the war,
global human rights laws, including Germany was divided into four occupation
the Universal Declaration of Human zones controlled by the United States,
Rights. the Soviet Union, Britain and France.
This division soon became permanent,
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 225
Warsaw Pact served as the Eastern Nations was established on October
equivalent. This global divide resulted 24, 1945, replacing the failed League
in decades of tension, proxy wars and a of Nations. Its goals included fostering
continuous struggle for influence between international cooperation, promoting
the two superpowers. human rights and ensuring collective
security. With headquarters in New York,
84. With reference to the Second World War, the UN became a platform for diplomacy
explain the impact on the following : and peacekeeping, playing a central role
(i) The Axis powers. in addressing global challenges.
(ii) Origin of the Cold War.
(iii)The formation of the UN. 85. With regard to the causes of the Second
Ans : COMP 2019
World War, answer the following questions :
(i) What was the immediate cause that led
(i) Germany, Italy and Japan, the Axis to the Second World War ?
powers, were ultimately defeated, (ii) How was the League of Nations a weak
leading to the fall of the Fascist and and ineffective organization.
Nazi dictatorships. These nations agreed (iii)How did the rise of Fascism and Nazism,
to reduce their military forces, limit create conditions for the World War ?
armaments, pay war reparations and
relinquish their overseas colonies. One Ans : MAIN 2000

of the significant consequences of the (i) Causes of the Second World War:
Second World War was the division of (a) The unjust Treaty of Versailles and
Germany into four zones, each controlled the dissatisfaction it caused;
by the USA, Britain, France and Russia. (b) The rise of Fascism in Italy and
Eventually, the United States, Britain Nazism in Germany;
and France merged their zones to form (c) Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939,
West Germany, while communist Russia sparking the war;
established a separate government in its (d) The policy of appeasement followed
zone, resulting in the creation of East by Western powers toward totalitarian
Germany. dictators;
(ii) The Second World War laid the (e) Japan’s invasion of China in 1931,
foundation for the Cold War, as the contributing to tensions in Asia;
United States and the Soviet Union (ii) The League of Nations was weak and
emerged as superpowers with opposing ineffective, largely due to its lack of
ideologies - capitalism and communism. enforcement power and the absence
The division of Germany, particularly of major global powers like the United
Berlin, into East (communist) and West States. It was unable to stop acts of
(capitalist) zones symbolized this rivalry. aggression by countries like Italy, Japan
The Treaty of Versailles and the League and Germany. For instance, the League
of Nations’ failure had already exposed failed to act decisively when Japan
the fragility of international cooperation. invaded China or when Germany re-
After the war, growing mistrust between militarized the Rhineland. This failure
the Western and Eastern blocs led to to uphold international peace and hold
the Cold War, marked by political and aggressive nations accountable played
military tensions without direct conflict. a significant role in the lead-up to the
(iii)The destruction caused by the Second Second World War.
World War highlighted the need for a (iii)Rise of Fascism and Nazism : The rise
global organization to maintain peace of extreme nationalism in Italy and
and prevent future conflicts. The United Germany, in the form of Fascism and
CH 10 : THE SECOND WORLD WAR
79. Cold War has damaged the world more today developing deadlier weapons. The
than the world suffered during the Second Soviet Union also became a nuclear
World War. In the light of this observation, power in 1949.
explain : (c) Exploitation of Regional Conflicts :
(i) The origin of the Cold War in the Truman Both blocs used regional conflicts to
Doctrine; expand their influence, turning local
(ii) the meaning and the impact of the Cold issues into international disputes due
War. to Cold War tensions.
Ans : SQP 1996 (d) Impact on the U.N : The Cold War
(i) On March 12, 1946, President Truman weakened the U.N. security system, as
declared before the U.S. Congress military alliances acted as alternatives
that America should offer moral and or supplements to U.N. efforts. The
financial support to nations whose Cold War also played out within the
political independence was at risk due to U.N., affecting its discussions and
communism. This policy became known actions.
as the Truman Doctrine. Truman stressed
that communism posed a significant 80. State how each of the following factors were
threat to the free world. The United States the causes of the Second World War.
took on the responsibility of containing (i) The failure of the League of Nations.
communism and provided substantial (ii) The Aggressive Nationalism of Germany.
financial and military aid to Greece and (iii)The Policy of Appeasement.
Turkey, successfully preventing both Ans : MAIN 2001,2022,2023,2024

from falling under communist control. (i) The League of Nations, established after
The Soviet Union viewed this move as World War I to preserve peace, proved
clear opposition from the U.S. against its ineffective in stopping aggression due to
interests. its lack of enforcement authority and the
(ii) The Cold War was primarily a absence of key global powers, including
propaganda war, characterized by a war the United States. It failed to respond
of words exchanged through the media. decisively when nations like Japan, Italy
Countries issued statements and counter- and Germany violated international
statements, accusing and counter- agreements, such as Germany’s re-
accusing one another, fueling tensions militarization of the Rhineland and Italy’s
without engaging in direct combat. invasion of Ethiopia. This undermined its
It represented a period of heightened credibility and allowed aggressor nations
tension between nations, where conflict to act unchecked, ultimately contributing
was verbal and ideological rather than to the outbreak of World War II.
fought on the battlefield. (ii) Germany, under Adolf Hitler, pursued a
Impact of the Cold War : policy of aggressive nationalism aimed at
(a) Formation of Military Alliances : expanding its territory and overturning
Both blocs created alliances like the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler’s ambitions
NATO, SEATO, CENTO and the to unite all German-speaking people and
Warsaw Pact, where an attack on one create Lebensraum (living space) for
member was considered an attack on Germans led to the annexation of Austria
all, reinforcing collective security. and the invasion of Czechoslovakia and
(b) Armament Race : The Cold War Poland. This aggressive expansionism
intensified the arms race, with both directly provoked conflict in Europe,
blocs increasing military budgets and triggering World War II.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 227

CASE BASED QUESTION diplomacy. Gandhi believed in resolving

conflicts through dialogue and mutual
understanding, rejecting all forms of
87. Study the picture and answer the questions : violence and promoting cooperation
and compassion as the foundation for a
peaceful world. Through these methods,
nations can resolve disputes without
resorting to destructive warfare.

88. (i) Identify the leader in the picture. What

was the name given to the form of
dictatorship practiced by him ?

(i) Identify the object in the picture.

Which country was responsible for its
production?
(ii) Where was this object used for the first
time? How did it being an end to the
War?
(iii)How can a future war be avoided following
the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi ?
Ans : MAIN 2023 (ii) State any two similar ideologies of the
(i) The object in the picture is an atomic dictators.
bomb. The United States was responsible (iii)What was the immediate cause of the
for its production during World War II. Second World War ? Mention any two
(ii) This atomic bomb was first used on reasons for it.
Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945 (iv) Explain how the Japanese invasion of
and a second bomb was dropped on China became a cause for the Second
Nagasaki on August 9, 194(v)By the World War.
time the atomic bombs were dropped, Ans : MAIN 2020,2021,2022,2023,2024
Germany and Italy, two of the Axis (i) The leader in the picture is Adolf Hitler,
Powers, had already surrendered, but the dictator of Germany. The form of
Japan continued to resist. However, the dictatorship practiced by him was called
bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Nazism.
dealt a devastating blow to the Japanese (ii) (a) Totalitarian rule : Both Hitler and
government. Realizing they could no Mussolini believed in the absolute
longer endure the immense loss of lives authority of a single leader and one-
and the severe damage to their economy, party rule.
Japan promptly surrendered. This (b) Aggressive nationalism and
surrender marked the end of the Second expansionism : Both aimed to expand
World War. their territories through military
(iii)To avoid future wars, following the conquest to revive past imperial
teachings of Mahatma Gandhi would glories.
emphasize the principles of non-violence (iii)The immediate cause of the Second World
(Ahimsa), peaceful resistance and War was Germany’s invasion of Poland
CH 10 : THE SECOND WORLD WAR
on September 1, 1939. Two reasons for era. Their leadership led to the signing of the
this : Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF)
(a) Germany’s dissatisfaction with the Treaty in 1987, which was a major step in
Treaty of Versailles, which imposed reducing nuclear arms. This treaty marked
harsh penalties on the country the first time the superpowers agreed to
(b) Hitler’s expansionist policies, eliminate an entire class of nuclear weapons
including the annexation of Austria and paved the way for the easing of tensions
and Czechoslovakia, emboldened between the United States and the Soviet
by the Western powers’ policy of Union, contributing to the eventual end of
appeasement. the Cold War.
(iv) Japanese invasion of China :
(a) Japan attacked China in 1931 and
www.nodia.in
annexed Manchuria.
(b) China appealed to the League
of Nations to declare sanctions
against Japan, but the members of
League of Nations followed policy of
appeasement.
(c) In 1933, Japan left the League of
Nations and started occupying the
British and American properties in
China.
(d) The Japanese were determined to
dominate the Far East. America
warned Japan of the dire consequences
but Japan ignored.

89. Identify the persons given in the picture.

Mention their contribution in the promotion
of world peace.

Ans : MAIN 2023,2024, 2020,2021

Mikhail Gorbachev and President Regan of

United States of America.
Contribution : Ronald Reagan and Mikhail
Gorbachev played significant roles in
promoting world peace during the Cold War
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 229

CHAPTER 11
THE UNITED NATION

SUMMARY 193 member states, each of which has one

vote. It is a platform for all member states
to discuss international issues, regardless of
1. OBJECTIVES OF THE UNITED NATIONS (UN) their size or political influence.
The General Assembly discusses a wide
The United Nations was founded on October
range of international issues, including
24, 1945, in the aftermath of World War II,
peace, security, human rights and sustainable
with the primary aim of preventing future
development. It makes recommendations to
global conflicts. The main objectives of the
states on matters within the scope of the UN
UN are:
Charter, passes resolutions (non-binding),
(i) Maintaining international peace and
approves the UN budget and oversees the
security by preventing conflicts and
appointment of key UN officials. It also plays
resolving disputes between nations
a role in admitting new member states and
through peaceful means.
electing members to various UN bodies.
(ii) Promoting human rights and fundamental
freedoms for all individuals, regardless of 3. SECURITY COUNCIL
race, gender, language, or religion.
3.1 Composition
(iii)Fostering international cooperation in
solving global problems, including those The Security Council consists of 15 members.
related to economic, social, cultural and Five of these are permanent members -
humanitarian issues. United States, United Kingdom, Russia,
China and France - each holding veto power.
(iv) Encouraging social and economic The remaining 10 non-permanent members
development and improving the living are elected by the General Assembly for two-
standards of people worldwide. year terms.
(v) Ensuring that international law is
3.2 Functions
respected and adhered to in resolving
disputes between countries. The Security Council is responsible for
The UN plays a key role in conflict resolution, maintaining international peace and security.
peacekeeping and providing humanitarian aid It can take decisive actions to prevent
during crises, all aimed at creating a more conflicts, including imposing sanctions,
stable and secure world. authorizing the use of force and deploying
peacekeeping missions. The Council also
2. COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS OF KEY UN facilitates negotiations to settle disputes and
ORGANS recommends solutions. Its resolutions are
legally binding and it has the authority to
2.1 General Assembly intervene in situations that threaten global
The General Assembly is the main deliberative security.
body of the United Nations and includes all
CH 11 : THE UNITED NATION
4. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ) sites. UNESCO also promotes freedom of
(i) Composition : The ICJ is made up of 15 expression, media literacy and the protection
judges, elected by the General Assembly of cultural diversity.
and Security Council for nine-year terms. The United Nations, established to
Judges represent different legal systems prevent future wars and foster global
of the world. cooperation, remains one of the most
(ii) Functions : The ICJ serves as the important international organizations. Its
principal judicial organ of the United key bodies - the General Assembly, the
Nations. It settles legal disputes between Security Council and the International
member states and provides advisory Court of Justice - work together to uphold
opinions on legal questions referred to it peace and security, promote human rights
by UN bodies and specialized agencies. and ensure the rule of law. Through its
It works to uphold international law and specialized agencies such as UNICEF, WHO
is essential in addressing border disputes, and UNESCO, the UN plays a vital role in
treaty violations and other international addressing global challenges such as child
legal matters. welfare, public health, education and cultural
preservation. Over the past decades, the UN
5. MAJOR AGENCIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND has contributed significantly to peacekeeping
THEIR FUNCTIONS efforts, humanitarian aid and the overall
well-being of humanity, making it one of the
5.1 UNICEF greatest legacies of World War II.
UNICEF is dedicated to the welfare of
children around the world, particularly in
developing nations. It focuses on providing MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
access to healthcare, education, clean water,
nutrition and emergency relief. UNICEF also
advocates for children’s rights and works to 1. Which of the following is NOT part of the
protect them from violence, exploitation and new objectives set by the UN?
abuse. (a) Disarmament
(b) Desalinization
5.2 WHO
(c) Disintegration
WHO is responsible for international public (d) Development
health. Its main objectives include combating Ans : MAIN 2005
global diseases (such as malaria, tuberculosis
and HIV/AIDS), improving health systems Thus (c) is correct option.
and responding to public health emergencies 2. Which of the following is NOT a principle of
like pandemics. WHO also promotes research the United Nations?
and development in healthcare, ensures (a) To respect the sovereign equality of all its
access to essential medicines and encourages members
healthy living and prevention of diseases. (b) All members should settle their
5.3 UNESCO international disputes by peaceful means
(c) The UN shall intervene in the domestic
UNESCO focuses on promoting education,
(internal) affairs of the state
scientific advancement and cultural
(d) None of the above
preservation worldwide. It works to ensure
quality education for all, particularly in Ans : SQP 2019

developing countries, while fostering scientific Thus (c) is correct option.

cooperation and preserving cultural heritage
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 231
3. When did the United Nations formally come Thus (b) is correct option.
into existence?
(a) October 26, 1945 8. The International Court of Justice has
(b) October 26, 1947 __________ judges.
(c) October 24, 1945 (a) 5 (b) 10
(d) October 24, 1947 (c) 12 (d) 15

Ans : SQP 2012

Ans : MAIN 2023

Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.

4. The purpose of the United Nations was 9. Where is the International Court of Justice
defined in located?
(a) Article II of the UN Charter (a) New York (The USA)
(b) Article III of the UN Charter (b) Moscow (Russia)
(c) Article I of the UN Charter (c) Paris (France)
(d) Article IV of the UN Charter (d) The Hague (Netherland)

Ans : COMP 2011

Ans : COMP 2003

Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.

5. Which of the following NOT a purpose of the 10. Which is the last country to be admitted in
United Nations? the UN?
(a) To develop friendly relations among (a) South Sudan (b) France
nations (c) Russia (d) USA
(b) To achieve national cooperation in solving Ans : MAIN 2000

problems Thus (a) is correct option.

(c) To maintain international peace and
security 11. How many Principal organs are there in the
(d) To be a centre for harmonizing the actions UN?
of nations (a) Four (b) Six
Ans : SQP 2013
(c) Eight (d) Ten
Ans : MAIN 2001
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
6. Which of the following was NOT a reason for
the establishment of the United Nations? 12. Which Principal organ is the executive body
(a) Disastrous World Wars of the UN?
(b) Division of the World into Three Blocks (a) The General Assembly
(c) Stockpiling of Destructive weapons (b) The Trusters hip Council
(d) Fear of the third World War (c) The International Court of Justice
Ans : MAIN 2012
(d) The Security Council
Ans : COMP 2007
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (d) is correct option.
7. Who represented India at the San Francisco
Conference? 13. Which is the only organ of the UN not based
(a) Indira Gandhi in the USA?
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru (a) The Security Council
(c) Manmohan Singh (b) The General Assembly
(d) APJ Abdul Kalam (c) The Trusteeship Council
Ans : SQP 2008
(d) The International Court of Justice
CH 11 : THE UNITED NATION
Ans : SQP 2023
19. The main focus of UNICEF is
Thus (d) is correct option. (a) Healthcare
(b) Education
14. Which of the following describes the flag of (c) Children’s welfare
the UN? (d) Communication
(a) The star sprang led banner
(b) The Indian tricolor Ans : COMP 2008

(c) Light blue with the UN emblem in white Thus (c) is correct option.
(d) Collage of flags of all member states.
20. When is the World Health Day celebrated?
Ans : MAIN 2019
(a) April 14
Thus (c) is correct option. (b) April 17
(c) April 8
15. Which of the following is NOT true about (d) April 7
the decision of the General Assembly?
(a) It has no legal binding Ans : SQP 2009

(b) It signifies world opinion. Thus (b) is correct option.

(c) It has legal binding on members.
(d) It shows the moral authority of the world 21. Where is the headquarters of WHO located?
community. (a) New York, USA
(b) Geneva, Switzerland
Ans : SQP 2004
(c) Paris, France
Thus (c) is correct option. (d) Bern, Switzerland Snit

16. UNICEF is governed by an Executive Board Ans : SQP 2010

consisting of _____ members? Thus (b) is correct option.

(a) 34
(b) 36 22. Which of the following diseases was not a
(c) 32 part of programme to immunize children by
(d) 38 WHO?
(a) Polio
Ans : COMP 2004
(b) Tetanus
Thus (b) is correct option. (c) Whooping cough
(d) Malaria
17. Where is the Headquarters of the UNICEF
located? Ans : MAIN 2012

(a) New York, USA Thus (d) is correct option.

(b) Washington, USA
(c) Florida, USA 23. Where was the conference held for the
(d) New Jersey, USA establishment of an educational, scientific
and cultural organization?
Ans : SQP 2001
(a) Paris (b) Geneva
Thus (a) is correct option. (c) London (d) New York

18. To finance its projects UNICEF depends on Ans : MAIN 2021

(a) Voluntary contribution by governments Thus (c) is correct option.

(b) Donations by private agencies
(c) Sale of Greetings cards 24. Where is the Headquarters of UNESCO
(d) All of the above located?
(a) Bern (b) Geneva
Ans : MAIN 2007
(c) Hague (d) Paris
Thus (a) is correct option. Ans : MAIN 2022
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 233
Thus (d) is correct option. ONE MARK QUESTIONS
25. The largest sector of UNESCO’s activity is
in the field of: 30. When did the United Nations Organization
(a) Education (b) Science officially come into existence ?
(c) Culture (d) Health
Ans : COMP 2024
Ans : SQP 2015
24 October, 1945.
th

Thus (a) is correct option.

31. Name the five permanent members of the
26. Which of the following is NOT a function of Security Council.
UNESCO?
Ans : SQP 2024
(a) Scientific Activities
(b) Communication China, Russia, USA, Great Britain and
(c) Preservation of Cultural Heritage France.
(d) Research of Mythology
32. Name the principal judicial organ of the
Ans : COMP 2005 United Nations.
Thus (d) is correct option. Ans : COMP 2024

27. In a remote village in Rwanda the infant International Court of Justice.

mortality rate is one in every ten live births.
33. Where is the permanent head-quarters of the
Which agency of the UN could help this
international Court of Justice located ?
village?
(a) UNICEF (b) WHO Ans : MAIN 2024

(c) UNESCO (d) None of the above The Hague (Holland).

Ans : MAIN 2009
34. Who appoints the Secretary General of the
Thus (b) is correct option. UNO ?
28. Which of the following is NOT a World Ans : COMP 2010

Heritage Site? General Assembly.

(a) The Taj Mahal
(b) Ajanta Caves 35. Veto Power is enjoyed by the five permanent
(c) Delhi Public Library members of the United Nations. What is this
(d) Agra Fort power?
Ans : MAIN 2000
Ans : SQP 1990,2001,2019

Thus (c) is correct option. A negative vote by a permanent member of a

Security Council is called a veto-power.
29. Your school is organizing a handicrafts fair.
You have gone to a village to seek craftsman 36. Write the full form of the following :
to participate in the fair. You realize that (i) UNICEF
the village is a facing a total lack of potable (ii) WHO
drinking water. Besides the local government (iii)UNESCO
who else could help you? Ans : MAIN 2001,2010,2016,2018,2020
(a) WHO (b) UNESCO (i) UNICEF : United Nations International
(c) UNICEF (d) Your school Children’s Emergency Fund.
Ans : SQP 2010 (ii) WHO : World Health Organization.
Thus (c) is correct option. (iii)UNESCO : United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization.
CH 11 : THE UNITED NATION
59. Mention any two functions of the UNESCO 63. State the most important reason for the
in the field of culture and communication. formation of the UN. Which day is celebrated
Ans : SQP 1993
as the UN Day every year?

(i) Protecting World Heritage Sites : Ans : MAIN 2013

Identifies and preserves significant The most Important Reason for establishing
cultural and natural landmarks. the United Nations was to prevent the
(ii) Mass Communication Projects : Develops occurrence of future world wars by providing
and manages initiatives in mass media, a platform for dialogue, fostering cooperation
including establishing radio networks and among nations and implementing collective
enhancing television facilities. security measures.
UN Day Celebration : Every year, October
60. Mention any two functions of WHO. 24 is celebrated as United Nations Day,
Ans : COMP 2010 marking the anniversary of the UN’s official
(i) It establishes global standards for food, establishment in 1945.
biological and pharmaceutical products. 64. Where are the headquarters of the UN? Who
(ii) It works towards improving nutrition, can become the member of the UN?
housing, sanitation, working conditions
and other elements of environmental Ans : COMP 2020

hygiene. The United Nations is headquartered in New

York City, USA, with its European office
61. Where are the headquarters of UNICEF? located in Geneva. Membership is available to
Name two preventable diseases against which all peace-loving nations that agree to uphold
UNICEF arginases its programmes. the obligations outlined in the UN Charter.
Ans : MAIN 2022
65. Who appoints the Secretary-General of the
The headquarters of UNICEF are located UN? Who is the present Secretary-General
in New York City, USA. Two preventable of the UN?
diseases that UNICEF organizes its programs
against are: Ans : MAIN 2020

(i) Malaria The Secretary-General of the United Nations

(ii) Tuberculosis is appointed by the General Assembly based
on the recommendation of the Security
62. When was the name “The United Nations” Council. As of October 2023, the Secretary-
used for the first time? Where was the UN General of the United Nations is António
established? Guterres.
Ans : SQP 2011
66. Name the principal organs of the United
(i) First Use of “The United Nations” : Nations.
The name “The United Nations” was
first used on January 1, 1942 in the Ans : SQP 2017

Declaration signed by President Franklin The principal organs of the United Nations
D. Roosevelt and other Allied leaders are:
during World War II. (i) General Assembly
(ii) Establishment of the UN : The United (ii) Security Council
Nations was officially established in San (iii)Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
Francisco, USA, on October 24, 1945 (iv) Secretariat
when the UN Charter was signed. (v) International Court of Justice (ICJ)
(vi) Trusteeship Council (currently inactive)
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 235
52. Where are the headquarters of UNICEF? (i) Non-Intervention in Domestic Affairs : The
Name two preventable diseases against which United Nations respects the sovereignty
UNICEF organizes its programmes. of each member state by refraining from
Ans : MAIN 2023
interfering in their internal matters.
(ii) Sovereign Equality : All member states
The Headquarters of the UNICEF are located have equal rights and responsibilities
in New York [USA]. within the UN.
Diarrhoeal diseases and iodine deficiency
disorder. 56. Name any four organs of the UNO.
Ans : COMP 2024

(i) General Assembly – Discusses and makes

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS decisions on international issues.
(ii) Security Council – Maintains global peace
and security.
53. Mention any two objectives of the United (iii)International Court of Justice (ICJ) –
Nations. Resolves legal disputes between states
or (iv) Secretariat – Handles the day-to-day
State the most important reason for the administrative tasks of the UN.
formation of the UNO.
Ans : MAIN 2024
57. Why did world leaders decide to set up a
world organization to maintain peace?
(i) Maintaining international peace and
Ans : SQP 2024
security by preventing conflicts and
promoting peaceful resolution of disputes After enduring the devastating effects of two
between nations. World Wars within 25 years, world leaders
(ii) Promoting human rights and fundamental recognized the need to create an organization
freedoms for all individuals, regardless of more robust than the League of Nations.
race, gender, language, or religion. They convened numerous conferences to
discuss the structure and feasibility of such
54. Give two main functions of the UN General an entity. Their collective efforts culminated
Assembly. on October 24, 1945, in San Francisco, with
Ans : COMP 2024 the establishment of the United Nations
(i) Deliberation and Decision-Making : Serves Organization.
as a forum where all member states can 58. State any two functions of the Security
discuss and collaborate on international Council.
issues, making recommendations on
Ans : MAIN 2009
peace, security, development and human
rights. (i) The Security Council is responsible for
(ii) Budgetary and Administrative Oversight examining any disputes or situations that
: Approves the United Nations budget, may cause international tensions and
allocates funding to various programs and for proposing methods to resolve these
agencies and oversees the administrative conflicts or establish settlement terms.
functions of the UN to ensure effective (ii) The Security Council recommends the
operation. appointment of the Secretary-General to
the General Assembly and collaborates
55. Write any two principles of the United with the Assembly to elect judges for the
Nations. International Court of Justice.
Ans : SQP 2024
CH 11 : THE UNITED NATION
37. Where are the headquarters of the WHO ? 45. Where is the permanent session of the
Ans : MAIN 2021
International Court of Justice held ?
or
In Switzerland, at Geneva. Where is the permanent head-quarters of the
38. WHO is a specialised UN agency devoted to International Court of Justice located ?
a specific cause ? What is this cause ? Ans : COMP 2004

Ans : SQP 2000 The Hague (Holland).

Health for all by the year 2000. 46. Veto Power is enjoyed by the five permanent
39. Name the agency that UN set up to deliver members of the United Nations. What is this
relief to children and mothers after World power ?
War II. Ans : MAIN 1990,2001,2019

Ans : COMP 2015 A negative vote by a permanent member of a

UNICEF (United Nations International Security Council is called a veto power.
Children’s Emergency Fund). 47. Name the judicial organ of the United
40. Give the expanded form of the UNESCO. Nations.
Ans : SQP 2000
Ans : SQP 2015

United Nations Educational, Scientific and The International Court of the Justice is
Cultural Organization. the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations.
41. State one way in which the UNICEF raises
funds. 48. When was WHO established? Which day is
celebrated as the World Health Day every
Ans : MAIN 2004
year?
Contribution of money by voluntary Ans : MAIN 2023,2024
organizations, governments and persons
WHO was established on 7 April, 1948. This
th

42. Which agency of the UN looks after the day is observed annually as World Health
interest of the children in the world ? What Day.
was the original purpose of setting up this
agency ? 49. Where are the headquarters of WHO located ?
Ans : SQP 2005
Ans : SQP 2020

UNICEF. To help the emergency needs of The headquarters of WHO are located at
children in post war Europe. Geneva Switzerland.

43. Who appoints the Secretary General of the 50. How does UNICEF raise its funds?
UNO ? Ans : COMP 2024

Ans : MAIN 2012 The projects of UNICEF are financed by

General Assembly. voluntary contributions from governments,
persons and organization. The sale of
44. What methods does WHO adopt to fulfil its greeting cards is also an important source of
objectives? UNICEF’s income.
Ans : MAIN 2022
51. When was UNICEF established?
It organizes conferences, seminars and Ans : MAIN 2022
training for health care personnel from
different countries to fulfill its objectives. The UNICEF was established in 1946.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 237
67. What are the functions of the General the P5, are:
Assembly? (i) China
Ans : COMP 2005
(ii) France
(iii)Russia
(i) Deliberative Functions : Discusses (iv) United Kingdom
issues related to peace and security (v) United States
and recommends actions to promote
international cooperation in political, 70. What is meant by ‘Veto Power’ ?
economic, social, cultural, educational Ans : SQP 2003
and health areas.
(ii) Financial Functions : Reviews and Each member of the Security Council is
approves the United Nations’ budget entitled to one vote. To approve procedural
and determines how expenses are shared decisions, at least nine votes are necessary
among member states. and all five permanent members must agree.
(iii)Electoral Functions : Elects non- A negative vote from any permanent member,
permanent Security Council members, called a veto, prevents the Council from
Economic and Social Council members, taking action. However, choosing to abstain
Trusteeship Council members, appoints from voting does not count as a negative vote
the Secretary-General based on Security or a veto.
Council recommendations and jointly 71. Where is the permanent headquarter’s of
elects International Court of Justice International Court of Justice located ?
members with the Security Council. What is the composition of the International
(iv) Amending the UN Charter : Has the Court of Justice?
authority to propose amendments to the
Ans : MAIN 2011
UN Charter, which require a two-thirds
majority in the Assembly and ratification The International Court of Justice is
by two-thirds of member states, including permanently headquartered at the Peace
all permanent Security Council members. Palace in The Hague, Netherlands.
Composition of the International Court of
68. What can the General Assembly do if the Justice:
Security Council fails to act in a case where (i) Number of Judges : The ICJ is composed
there appears to be a threat to peace? of 15 judges.
Ans : COMP 2010 (ii) Term Length : Each judge serves a nine-
If the Security Council is unable to act because year term and may be re-elected.
its permanent members do not agree and (iii)Election Process : Judges are elected
there is a threat to peace, a breach of peace, by both the United Nations General
or an act of aggression, the General Assembly Assembly and the Security Council.
can step in. In such cases, the Assembly is (iv) Representation : The composition
authorized to promptly address the issue and ensures representation from the major
make recommendations to member states for legal systems and different geographic
collective actions, which may include the use regions of the world, promoting diversity.
of armed force. (v) Independence : Judges serve in their
individual capacities and do not represent
69. Name the permanent members of the Security their home countries, maintaining
Council? impartiality and independence in their
Ans : MAIN 2001
judgments.

The five permanent members of the United

Nations Security Council, often referred to as
CH 11 : THE UNITED NATION
(c) Providing technical assistance : (ii) Three functions of the General Assembly:
WHO provides support to countries (a) Deliberating on international issues :
by offering expertise, training and The General Assembly discusses and
funding to improve their health makes recommendations on a wide
systems, especially in low-income range of international matters, such
regions. as peace, security and development.
(iii)Two founders of the Non-Aligned (b) Budget approval : It approves the
Movement (NAM) are Jawaharlal Nehru UN’s budget and decides the financial
(India) and Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia). contributions of member states.
Objectives of Non-Aligned Movement : (c) Electing members : It elects non-
(a) Promote world peace : NAM sought permanent members to the Security
to maintain neutrality by not aligning Council and appoints the Secretary-
with any of the major power blocs, General based on the Security
such as the USA or the Soviet Union, Council’s recommendation.
during the Cold War. Its objective was (iii)Full form of UNESCO : United Nations
to foster peaceful coexistence among Educational, Scientific and Cultural
nations and encourage diplomatic Organization. Three functions of
solutions to global conflicts without UNESCO :
becoming entangled in the rivalry (a) Promoting education : UNESCO
between superpowers. works to ensure access to quality
(b) Support for de colonization : The education for all and promotes lifelong
movement played a significant role learning.
in supporting the independence of (b) Protecting cultural heritage : It helps
colonized nations. NAM encouraged protect and preserve the world’s
and backed national liberation cultural heritage, including historical
movements in regions like Asia, Africa sites and monuments.
and Latin America, advocating for the (c) Promoting scientific research :
rights of people to self-determination UNESCO encourages scientific
and the end of colonial rule. collaboration and supports sustainable
development and climate change.
85. The United Nations Organization aims to
maintain international peace. With reference 86. With reference to the formation of the UNO
to its organs and agencies, answer the explain:
following : (i) Objectives of the UNO.
(i) What is the composition of the Security (ii) Purpose of its formation.
Council? What is the term of the (iii)Guiding principles of the UNO.
nonpermanent members? Ans : MAIN 2009,2012,2015
(ii) Mention any three functions of the
General Assembly. (i) Objectives of the UNO :
(iii)Give the full form of UNESCO. Mention (a) Maintaining international peace and
any three of its functions. security by preventing conflicts and
resolving disputes peacefully.
Ans : MAIN 2023
(b) Promoting human rights and fostering
(i) The Security Council, consisting of 15 respect for fundamental freedoms for
members, includes 5 permanent members all individuals.
(the USA, the UK, Russia, China and (c) Encouraging international cooperation
France) and 10 non-permanent members, in solving global problems such
who are elected by the General Assembly as economic, social, cultural and
for a two-year term. humanitarian issues.
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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 239
80. Give one function of UNESCO in the field of THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
education.
Ans : COMP 2012
84. Both the United Nations Organization and
UNESCO aims to promote education for the Non-Aligned Movement aim to achieve
both children and adults, providing financial international peace and security. In this
assistance to support the education of context, answer the following:
disabled children. (i) Mention any three functions of the
Security Council.
81. Give the full form of these agencies of the
(ii) Mention any three functions of the World
UN: WHO and UNICEF. In which type of
Health Organization.
countries do the above agencies of UN work?
(iii)Name any two founders of the Non-
Ans : COMP 2017
Aligned Movement. Mention any two of
WHO : World Health Organization its objectives.
UNICEF : United Nations International Ans : MAIN 2024
Children’s Emergency Fund
(i) Three functions of the Security Council :
Both agencies focus primarily on developing
(a) Maintaining international peace
countries, addressing health and child welfare
and security : The Security Council
challenges, though WHO also operates
investigates disputes or situations
globally.
that may lead to conflict and works
82. Mention some achievements of WHO? to resolve them through diplomatic
Ans : SQP 2011
means, sanctions, or other peaceful
measures.
The achievement of WHO are : (b) Authorization of military action :
(i) Smallpox has been completely eradicated. It can authorize the use of force by
(ii) Eighty-four percent of infants born in member states to maintain or restore
1990 were vaccinated against polio. international peace when peaceful
(iii)Leprosy management has improved and measures are inadequate.
the guinea worm is nearly eradicated. (c) Imposing sanctions : The Security
(iv) Cholera and plague epidemics are now Council can impose sanctions on
rare. countries or entities that violate
(v) India’s infant mortality rate dropped international law or threaten global
from 107 in the 1980 to 79 per 1000 in peace, such as economic sanctions,
the 1990. arms embargoes, or travel bans.
83. Describe two ways by which UNESCO aims (ii) Three functions of the World Health
to promote culture. Organization :
(a) Disease prevention and control :
Ans : MAIN 2016
The WHO plays a crucial role in
(i) Preserving cultural heritage : UNESCO coordinating international efforts
identifies and protects World Heritage to control outbreaks of diseases
Sites, safeguarding important cultural like malaria, HIV/AIDS and, more
landmarks and traditions for future recently, COVID-19.
generations. (b) Setting global health standards
(ii) Encouraging cultural diversity : UNESCO : WHO establishes norms and
supports programs that foster respect for standards for health practices and
cultural differences, promoting creativity, medical products, ensuring that
artistic expression and intercultural countries follow global guidelines to
dialogue globally. maintain and improve public health.
CH 11 : THE UNITED NATION
(a) Deliberative Functions : The General same country, ensuring geographic and
Assembly is empowered to discuss legal diversity. The judges must represent
any issues related to peace and the main legal systems of the world.
security. It has the authority to issue The ICJ’s President and Vice-President
recommendations aimed at fostering are elected by the judges from among
international cooperation in political, themselves for three-year terms and the
economic, social, cultural, educational court has the power to appoint its own
and health-related areas. Registrar.
(b) Financial Functions : The General (ii) The Court exercises Compulsory
Assembly is responsible for reviewing Jurisdiction in two primary ways. First,
and approving the United Nations’ many treaties specify that any disputes
budget. The financial obligations arising under them must be referred to
of the UN are distributed among the Court for resolution. Second, the
member states based on allocations Court’s jurisdiction covers:
determined by the Assembly. (a) Disputes involving the interpretation
(c) Electoral Functions : The Assembly of International Law.
elects non-permanent members of (b) Cases related to compensation for
the Security Council, members of the breaches of International Obligations
Economic and Social Council and (iii)The Court’s jurisdiction extends to all
elective members of the Trusteeship cases submitted by the parties involved.
Council. Additionally, it appoints A dispute can be referred to the Court
the Secretary-General following by one party alone. If the opposing
recommendations from the Security party chooses to defend itself in the case,
Council. Together with the Security the Court views this as consent to its
Council, the General Assembly also jurisdiction.
elects members of the International
Court of Justice. 101. The Security Council is the most important
(d) Amending the UN Charter : The and effective organ of the UN. In this context
General Assembly has the authority describe.
to amend the UN Charter. To pass (i) Composition of the Security Council
an amendment, a resolution must (ii) Veto power.
receive a two-thirds majority vote (iii)Four of its functions.
in the Assembly and be ratified by Ans : MAIN 2024

two-thirds of the member states, (i) The Security Council, often called the
including all permanent members of “Executive Wing” of the UN, is made
the Security Council. up of 15 members. Five of these are
100. With reference to the International Court of permanent members: China, France,
Justice, explain the following : Russia, the United Kingdom and the
(i) Its Composition. United States. The remaining 10 non-
(ii) Its Compulsory Jurisdiction. permanent members are elected by the
(iii)Its Advisory Jurisdiction. General Assembly with a two-thirds
majority for a two-year term. Once a
Ans : SQP 2006
member’s term expires, they are not
(i) The International Court of Justice (ICJ) eligible for immediate re-election from
consists of 15 judges who are elected for Latin America and the Caribbean
nine-year terms by the United Nations (ii) Decisions on routine matters require at
General Assembly and the Security least nine out of the fifteen members to
Council. No two judges can be from the vote in favor of a resolution. For more
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 241
(ii) Purpose of its formation : (ii) Functions of general assembly :
(a) International Peace : One of the (a) Financial Functions : The General
primary purposes of establishing the Assembly reviews and approves
UNO is to maintain global peace by the UN budget and determines the
taking effective actions to eliminate contributions of member states based
threats to peace. on their financial capacity.
(b) Friendly Relations : Another key (b) Electoral Functions : It elects non-
purpose is to foster friendly relations permanent members of the Security
among nations, grounded in the Council, members of the Trusteeship
principles of equal rights and self- Council and Economic and Social
determination for all people. Council and appoints judges to the
(c) International Cooperation : The International Court of Justice, as well
UNO aims to promote cooperation as the UN Secretary-General.
among countries to address global (c) Supervisory Functions : It oversees
issues related to economics, society, the activities of other UN organs
culture and humanitarian concerns. and agencies and can make necessary
(d) Social Equality : It seeks to promote adjustments to their functioning.
respect for human rights and (d) Other Functions : The General
fundamental freedoms for everyone, Assembly promotes international
without discrimination based on race, cooperation, human rights and
gender, language, or religion. fundamental freedoms and can
(iii)Guiding principles of the UNO : address issues under the Uniting
(a) The UNO is based on the principle of for Peace Resolution if the Security
sovereign equality for all its members. Council fails to act.
(b) All members are required to resolve
international disputes peacefully 88. The Security Council is the most important
without jeopardizing global peace organ of the UNO which looks after the
and security. security and peace of the world. In this
(c) All members must provide full context, describe the following:
cooperation to the UNO in its (i) Its composition.
operations. (ii) Its decision making procedure.
(d) The organization should ensure that (iii)Its functions.
non-member states also adhere to Ans : MAIN 1990,1991,2004,2009,2013,2019

these principles. (i) The Security Council is composed of 15

87. The General Assembly is considered as the members:
Parliament of the UNO. In this context, (a) 5 permanent members : The United
answer the following questions : States, the United Kingdom, Russia,
(i) Its composition. China and France.
(ii) Its functions. (b) 10 non-permanent members elected
by the General Assembly for two-year
Ans : SQP 1991,2018,2000,2004,2019
terms. Each member has one vote.
(i) The General Assembly is composed of all (ii) Every member of the Security Council
member states of the United Nations. Each has one vote. Ordinary issues are resolved
member state has one vote, regardless of by a majority of 9 out of 15 votes. For
its size or power. Every country, large significant matters, 9 votes are needed,
or small, is equally represented in the including the approval of all 5 permanent
Assembly. members. The permanent members have
the right to use veto power, allowing any
CH 11 : THE UNITED NATION
72. What is the importance of the International by the General Assembly with a two-thirds
Court of Justice? majority for two-year terms. Members
Ans : MAIN 2010,2024
who are stepping down are not eligible for
immediate re-election.
“The International Court of Justice settles
legal disputes between member states only 76. Give any two functions of the UNICEF.
when two or more parties submit their cases Ans : COMP 2020
for judgment. Additionally, the ICJ provides
advisory opinions to any United Nations Two functions of UNICEF are:
organs that request them, though these (i) Providing healthcare and vaccinations to
recommendations are optional and may be children in need.
accepted at their discretion.” (ii) Ensuring access to education and safe
learning environments for children
73. Which agency of the UN looks after the worldwide.
interest of the children in the world ? What
was the original purpose of setting up this 77. What is the role of UNICEF in mod ern
agency ? times?

Ans : SQP 2019

Ans : MAIN 2024

The United Nations International Children’s UNICEF plays a crucial role in advancing
Emergency Fund (UNICEF) looks after the education and science, as well as preserving
interests of children worldwide. cultural heritage. In modern times, it has
Purpose : UNICEF was originally established become an increasingly important agency
in 1946 to provide emergency food and contributing to global peace and security.
healthcare to children in countries devastated 78. What has been the objective of WHO?
by World War II. Over time, its mission
Ans : COMP 2015
expanded to focus on long-term development
and well-being of children, including areas The objective of the World Health
like education, health and protection from Organization (WHO) is to promote the
exploitation. highest possible level of health for all people.
This includes:
74. Describe any two of the functions of UNESCO (i) Preventing and controlling diseases,
in the field of scientific development. particularly infectious diseases.
Ans : COMP 2016 (ii) Improving health systems globally
(i) UNESCO encourages fundamental through research, policy and guidance.
research in areas such as geology, (iii)Ensuring access to essential healthcare
mathematics, physics and oceanography. and promoting healthy lifestyles.
(ii) It ensures that the benefits of science reach 79. Why was UNESCO established? Where are
all nations by sharing information through its headquarters ?
bulletins, journals and exhibitions.
Ans : SQP 2022

75. How is the Security Council constituted? UNESCO was established in 1946 to
Ans : SQP 2018 promote international collaboration in the
The Security Council, often called the fields of education, science, culture and
UN’s “Executive Wing,” is made up of 15 communication, with the goal of fostering
members. This includes five permanent peace and mutual understanding.
members: China, France, Russia, the United Its headquarters are in Paris, France.
Kingdom and the United States. The other
ten non-permanent members are elected
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 243
cooperation, human rights and 91. With reference to the organs of the United
fundamental freedoms and can Nations Organization, answer the following
address issues under the Uniting questions :
for Peace Resolution if the Security (i) What is the composition of the Security
Council fails to act. Council ?
(ii) Three important functions of the (ii) Explain briefly any one important peace-
UNESCO : keeping operation of the UN Security
(a) Providing study grants to teachers Council.
for research on teaching methods, (iii)Mention any four functions of the General
theories and evaluation. Assembly.
(b) Offering expert assistance in Ans : MAIN 2004

constructing school buildings, (i) The Security Council is composed of 15

designing curricula and developing members:
textbooks. (a) 5 permanent members : The United
(c) Giving financial support for the States, the United Kingdom, Russia,
education of disabled children, girls China and France.
and women. (b) 10 non-permanent members elected
(d) Promoting universal primary by the General Assembly for two-year
education for all children globally. terms. Each member has one vote.
(iii)The functions of the Security Council are: (ii) The Korean War (1950–1953) was one
(a) To recommend the admission of new of the earliest and most significant
members to the UN. peacekeeping operations of the UN
(b) To elect judges to the International Security Council. After North Korea
Court of Justice. invaded South Korea in June 1950,
(c) To recommend the appointment of the Security Council demanded the
the Secretary-General to the General withdrawal of North Korean forces,
Assembly. which was ignored. In response, the UN
(d) To uphold international peace and authorized a unified military command
security. under the leadership of the United States
(e) To investigate disputes or situations to intervene and push back North Korean
that could lead to conflict. troops. The conflict ended with an
(f) To suggest methods for resolving armistice agreement in July 1953, though
disputes. the peninsula remained divided. Efforts
(g) To develop plans for regulating for reconciliation, supported by the UN,
armaments. led to a significant agreement in June
(h) To assess threats to peace or acts of 2000 aimed at the eventual reunification
aggression and recommend actions in of Korea.
response. (iii)Functions of general assembly :
(i) To urge members to impose economic (a) Financial Functions : The General
sanctions and other measures to Assembly reviews and approves
prevent aggression. the UN budget and determines the
(j) To authorize military action against contributions of member states based
aggressors. on their financial capacity.
(k) To carry out the trusteeship functions
(b) Electoral Functions : It elects non-
of the United Nations.
permanent members of the Security
Council, members of the Trusteeship
Council and Economic and Social
CH 11 : THE UNITED NATION
Council and appoints judges to the UNESCO promotes the development of
International Court of Justice, as well science and technology through several key
as the UN Secretary-General. initiatives:
(c) Supervisory Functions : It oversees (i) International Collaboration : It fosters
the activities of other UN organs global cooperation by connecting
and agencies and can make necessary scientists and institutions to address
adjustments to their functioning. challenges like climate change and
(d) Other Functions : The General sustainable development.
Assembly promotes international (ii) Scientific Education : UNESCO supports
cooperation, human rights and STEM education, providing resources
fundamental freedoms and can and training, especially in developing
address issues under the Uniting countries, to enhance scientific knowledge.
for Peace Resolution if the Security (iii)Research Support : It funds and promotes
Council fails to act. research in areas such as biology, physics
and environmental science through
92. Where are the headquarters of the UN located programs like the International Basic
? Who can become its member ? Sciences Programme (IBSP).
Ans : COMP 2012 (iv) Sustainable Technology : UNESCO
The headquarters of the United Nations encourages the development of
(UN) are located in New York City, in the technologies for renewable energy and
United States. This location serves as the environmental protection to improve
central meeting place for the organization’s global living standards.
key organs, including the General Assembly 94. What are the main functions of the
and the Security Council, where major UNICEF ?
international discussions, negotiations and
decisions are made. Ans : MAIN 2006,2009,2015,2018

(i) Accept the obligations of the UN Charter The main functions of UNICEF are:
: A country must agree to follow the (i) Child Health and Nutrition : Providing
principles of the UN Charter, including healthcare, immunization and nutritional
respect for sovereignty, promoting peace, support to reduce child mortality and
protecting human rights and fostering improve overall child well-being.
international cooperation. (ii) Education : Ensuring access to quality
(ii) Be peace-loving : The country must show a education for all children, especially girls
commitment to maintaining international and marginalized groups, by supporting
peace, resolving conflicts peacefully and schools and educational programs.
avoiding aggression against other nations. (iii)Child Protection : Safeguarding children
(iii)Be recommended by the Security Council from violence, exploitation and abuse
and approved by a two-thirds majority of and advocating for policies that protect
the General Assembly : The application children’s rights.
must be approved by at least 9 of the (iv) Emergency Relief : Delivering aid during
15 members of the Security Council, humanitarian crises, including natural
including all five permanent members and disasters and conflicts, to protect and
then endorsed by a two-thirds majority of support children and their families.
the General Assembly. (v) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
: Improving access to clean water,
93. Explain the role of UNESCO in the sanitation and hygiene to prevent disease
development of Science and Technology. and promote healthy living conditions for
Ans : COMP 2013 children.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 245
95. What are the major functions of WHO ? 96. The opening words of the UNESCO
Ans : MAIN 2016,2018,2020,2010
constitution states that “Since war begins in
the minds of men, it is the minds of men
The World Health Organization (WHO) defence of peace must be constructed.”
performs several key functions that contribute With reference to this, answer the following
to global health: questions.
(i) Global Health Leadership : WHO (i) What were the objectives of setting up of
provides leadership on critical health UNESCO ?
issues, shaping the global health agenda (ii) State the functions of the UNESCO
and identifying priorities to address in the field of Education and Scientific
pressing challenges in public health. activities.
(ii) Disease Control and Prevention : Ans : SQP 2002
WHO coordinates international efforts
to combat communicable diseases like (i) Objectives of Setting up UNESCO : The
HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and United Nations Educational, Scientific
COVID-19 through prevention, treatment and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
and eradication initiatives. It also works was established in 1945 with the primary
on non-communicable diseases, aiming to objective of promoting international
reduce the global burden of conditions peace and security through education,
like heart disease and diabetes. science, culture and communication. Its
goals include:
(iii)Strengthening Health Systems : WHO
(a) Building peace by fostering
helps countries build and improve their
collaboration among nations.
healthcare systems, ensuring access to
(b) Promoting universal access to
essential medicines, vaccines and quality
education and eradicating illiteracy.
healthcare services, particularly in under
(c) Advancing scientific knowledge
served and low-income regions.
and innovation to address global
(iv) Health Research and Data Collection : challenges.
WHO conducts research and collects (d) Preserving cultural heritage and
health data to inform policy-making encouraging cultural diversity.
and strategies. By promoting evidence- (e) Supporting freedom of expression and
based decisions, it helps governments and access to information.
organizations implement effective health (ii) (a) In Education Activities :
interventions. 1. Promotes universal primary
(v) Setting International Health Standards education, gender equality and
: WHO establishes international lifelong learning.
regulations and standards for health, 2. Develops global initiatives like
including guidelines for food safety, Education for All (EFA) and
medicines, vaccines and public health Sustainable Development Goal 4
protocols, ensuring consistency and safety (SDG 4), focusing on quality and
across borders. inclusive education.
(vi) Emergency Response : In times of 3. Provides technical assistance for
crises, WHO leads the global response to developing educational systems and
health emergencies, including epidemics, curricula.
pandemics, natural disasters and 4. Encourages cultural and historical
humanitarian crises, providing critical understanding through education
assistance and resources. programs.
CH 11 : THE UNITED NATION
(ii) (b) In Scientific Activities : with international laws.
1. Facilitates international cooperation (c) Peacekeeping Missions : The Security
in scientific research and innovation. Council authorizes peacekeeping
2. Supports programs in environmental operations by deploying UN forces
conservation, climate change and to conflict zones to maintain peace,
natural resource management. monitor cease fires and protect
3. Establishes scientific networks civilians.
and initiatives, such as the (d) Military Action : In extreme cases,
Intergovernmental Oceanographic the Council can approve the use of
Commission (IOC) and Man and the military force to restore peace and
Biosphere Program (MAB). security when diplomatic efforts and
4. Promotes the application of science sanctions fail.
and technology for sustainable (iii)(a) UNESCO supports fundamental
development. research in fields such as geology,
mathematics, physics and
97. The United Nations Organization was oceanography.
established to maintain peace and promote (b) It ensures that the benefits of
social progress and better standards of life science reach all nations by sharing
in larger freedom. With reference to this, information through bulletins,
explain the following : journals and exhibitions. The official
(i) The composition of the Security Council. monthly magazine is called “Courier”.
(ii) The functions of the Security Council (c) UNESCO promotes the study of
related to maintaining World Peace. social sciences, with a focus on
(iii)The role of UNESCO in the development understanding the causes of violence,
of Science and Technology. conflict and human rights violations.
Ans : COMP 2005,2008,2010
98. With reference to the functioning of the
(i) The Security Council, often called the United Nations, briefly state the following :
“Executive Wing” of the UN, is made (i) State the objectives of the UN.
up of 15 members. Five of these are (ii) Mention the principles of the UN for its
permanent members : China, France, members.
Russia, the United Kingdom and the (iii)State any four functions of the UN.
United States. The remaining 10 non-
permanent members are elected by the Ans : MAIN 2021,2022,2023,2024

General Assembly with a two-thirds (i) The objectives of the UN are as follows :
majority for a two-year term. Once a (a) Maintaining International Peace and
member’s term expires, they are not Security : The UN’s primary purpose
eligible for immediate re-election. is to ensure global peace and prevent
(ii) Functions of Security Council related to conflicts through diplomatic means.
maintaining World Peace are : (b) Developing Friendly Relations :
(a) Conflict Resolution : The Security The UN works to foster positive
Council is responsible for addressing relationships among nations,
international disputes and conflicts, encouraging cooperation and peaceful
recommending peaceful solutions and coexistence.
calling for Cease-fire when necessary. (c) International Cooperation : The UN
(b) Sanctions : It can impose economic or aims to address global economic,
diplomatic sanctions on countries or social, cultural and humanitarian
groups that threaten global peace and challenges by promoting international
security, pressuring them to comply cooperation.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 247
(d) Promoting Human Rights and (c) Protecting human rights : Advocating
Dignity : The UN advocates for for and monitoring the protection of
respect for human rights, the dignity human rights around the world.
of individuals and adherence to (d) Promoting sustainable development:
international law and treaties. Assisting countries in achieving
(e) Harmonizing Global Actions : The social and economic development
UN serves as a platform for nations goals, particularly through education,
to coordinate their efforts towards health and environmental protection
achieving common goals, such as programs.
peace, progress and improved living
standards. 99. With reference to the General Assembly,
(ii) Principles of the UN for its members : explain the following;
(a) Acceptance of UN decisions : All (i) Composition of the General Assembly.
member nations must uphold and (ii) Its role in the promotion of international
comply with the resolutions and cooperation.
decisions of the United Nations. (iii)Any four of its functions.
(b) Avoiding the use of force or threats Ans : MAIN 2020

of war : Nations are required to settle (i) The General Assembly functions as the
disputes without resorting to violence United Nations’ primary deliberative
or threats of conflict. body, including all member states of the
(c) Fulfillment of obligations : Member UN. Each country may send up to five
nations must adhere to the delegates, but each state possesses only
responsibilities outlined in the UN one vote. Annually, the General Assembly
Charter. holds its regular sessions from the third
(d) Sovereign equality : All member Tuesday in September through mid-
states are considered equal under December. Additionally, member states
international law, regardless of their can request special sessions to address
size or power. urgent issues. Critical decisions, such
(e) Non-interference : The UN does not as admitting new members, budgetary
interfere in the domestic affairs of its allocations and making recommendations
member countries. on peace and security, require a two-
(f) Peaceful resolution of disputes : thirds majority vote. For all other
Conflicts between nations must be matters, decisions are made based on a
resolved through diplomatic and simple majority.
peaceful means. (ii) If the Security Council is unable to
(g) Non-member states : The UN respond due to a lack of agreement among
requires non-member states to also its permanent members in situations
respect its principles to help maintain involving threats to peace, breaches of
international peace and security. peace, or acts of aggression, the General
(iii)Functions of the UN : Assembly can take action. The Assembly
(a) Peacekeeping operations : Deploying is authorized to promptly address the
peacekeepers to conflict zones to issue and offer recommendations to
maintain peace and security. member states for collective measures,
(b) Humanitarian assistance : Providing which may include the use of armed force.
aid during natural disasters, conflicts (iii)The Assembly’s functions can be
and other emergencies. categorized into the following areas:
CH 11 : THE UNITED NATION
one of them to block a decision, even if (ii) The ICJ has the authority to settle
the majority supports it. legal disputes between member states
(iii)The functions of the Security Council are: and provide advisory opinions on legal
(a) To recommend the admission of new questions referred to it by UN organs and
members to the UN. specialized agencies.
(b) To elect judges to the International Three functions of the International
Court of Justice. Court of Justice:
(c) To recommend the appointment of (a) Settling legal disputes between
the Secretary-General to the General member states in accordance with
Assembly. international law.
(d) To uphold international peace and (b) Providing advisory opinions on legal
security. matters when requested by UN bodies
(e) To investigate disputes or situations or specialized agencies.
that could lead to conflict. (c) Interpreting treaties and determining
(f) To suggest methods for resolving the legal consequences of breaches of
disputes. international obligations.
(g) To develop plans for regulating
armaments. 90. The world has seen the damages caused by
(h) To assess threats to peace or acts of the two World Wars. The aim of the United
aggression and recommend actions in Nations Organization is to save the succeeding
response. generations from the scourge of another war.
(i) To urge members to impose economic With reference to this,
sanctions and other measures to (i) Explain any three functions of the General
prevent aggression. Assembly.
(j) To authorize military action against (ii) Mention three important functions of the
aggressors. UNESCO.
(k) To carry out the trusteeship functions (iii)Discuss the role of the Security Council
of the United Nations. in maintaining world peace.
Ans : SQP 2016,2006
89. The International Court of Justice is the
principal judicial organ of the United (i) Three functions of the General Assembly:
Nations. In this context, answer the following (a) Financial Functions : The General
questions : Assembly reviews and approves
(i) Explain the composition of the the UN budget and determines the
International Court of Justice. contributions of member states based
(ii) Powers and functions. on their financial capacity.
(b) Electoral Functions : It elects non-
Ans : MAIN 2008,2012,2016,2020
permanent members of the Security
(i) The International Court of Justice (ICJ) Council, members of the Trusteeship
consists of 15 judges, each serving a nine- Council and Economic and Social
year term, elected by a majority vote in Council and appoints judges to the
both the Security Council and the General International Court of Justice, as well
Assembly. To maintain continuity, one- as the UN Secretary-General.
third of the judges, or five, are elected (c) Supervisory Functions : It oversees
every three years. The court selects its the activities of other UN organs
President and Vice President for a three- and agencies and can make necessary
year term and has the power to appoint adjustments to their functioning.
its Registrar. (d) Other Functions : The General
Assembly promotes international
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 249
significant issues, a decision necessitates its mission expanded to focus on long-term
nine votes, including the agreement of welfare, including improving children’s
all five permanent members. A negative health, education and protection globally.
vote cast by any permanent member is (ii) The important functions of UNICEF are
referred to as a veto, effectively preventing (a) Nutritional Assistance : UNICEF
the Council from taking action on that provides protective food such as milk,
matter. Conversely, if a permanent meat, fish and fats to children and
member abstains from voting, it does not addresses the needs of women and
constitute a veto. The nations that hold pregnant mothers.
veto power are China, France, Russia, the (b) Training Support: It funds the
United Kingdom and the United States. training of health workers, sanitation
(iii)Functions of security council : workers, nutritionists and other
(a) Conflict Resolution : The Security community-based professionals.
Council is responsible for addressing (c) Immunization Programs : UNICEF’s
international disputes and conflicts, Universal Child Immunization
recommending peaceful solutions and initiative has vaccinated nearly 80%
calling for cease fires when necessary. of the world’s children against diseases
(b) Sanctions : It can impose economic or like measles, diphtheria, tetanus,
diplomatic sanctions on countries or tuberculosis, polio and whooping
groups that threaten global peace and cough by 1990.
security, pressuring them to comply (d) Support for Social Programs
with international laws. : UNICEF extends support to
(c) Peacekeeping Missions : The Security programs aimed at suppressing human
Council authorizes peacekeeping trafficking, particularly involving
operations by deploying UN forces women and children and preventing
to conflict zones to maintain peace, crimes committed by children.
monitor cease fires and protect (e) Disaster Relief : It provides immediate
civilians. assistance to children and women
(d) Military Action : In extreme cases, during disasters, such as earthquakes,
the Council can approve the use of epidemics and wars.
military force to restore peace and (iii)UNICEF programmes in India :
security when diplomatic efforts and (a) School Feeding Law (2001): The
sanctions fail. Supreme Court of India passed a law
requiring all state governments to
102. With reference to UNICEF, answer the provide cooked mid-day meals in all
following questions: primary schools.
(i) What was the purpose of setting up of (b) Dular Project (2001) : The Dular
UNICEF? Project, launched in Bihar and
(ii) Briefly mention the function of UNICEF. Jharkhand with UNICEF support,
(iii)Mention some of the UNICEF programmes aims to combat malnutrition, infant
followed in India. mortality and poor maternal health.
Ans : MAIN 2005,2006,2012,2018 (c) IMNCI (2001) : India implemented the
(i) UNICEF (United Nations International Integrated Management of Neonatal
Children’s Emergency Fund) was and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) to
established in 1946 with the purpose of improve the care of newborns and
providing emergency food, healthcare and children.
relief to children and mothers in countries
devastated by World War II. Over time,
CH 11 : THE UNITED NATION
manuscripts. of force.
(e) UNESCO offers technical advice, (c) Non-interference : The UN respects
assistance, equipment and funding the sovereignty of its member states
to preserve monuments and works of and does not intervene in their
art. It has created a World Heritage internal affairs unless international
List to identify and protect significant peace and security are at risk.
monuments and sites. (ii) The headquarters of the United Nations is
located in New York City, United States.
The main deliberative organ of the UN is
CASE BASED QUESTION the General Assembly. The functions of
the United Nations are as follows:
(a) Maintaining International Peace and
106. Study the given picture and answer the
Security : To uphold global peace and
questions:
security by implementing collective
measures to prevent and eliminate
threats to peace and to suppress acts
of aggression or other violations of
peace.
(b) Fostering Friendly Relations Among
Nations : To cultivate amicable
relationships between countries based
on the respect for the principles of
equal rights and the self-determination
of peoples.
(c) Promoting International Cooperation
(i) Identify the Organization associated with : To encourage collaboration in
the emblem. Mention any three principles resolving international economic,
of this organization. social, cultural and humanitarian
(ii) Where is the headquarters of this issues, while also advocating for
organization located? Which is the main the respect of human rights and
deliberative organ of the UN ? State any fundamental freedoms.
three of its functions.
(iii)The principal judicial organ of the United
(iii)Name the principal judicial organ of this
Nations is the International Court of
organization and explain its composition.
Justice (ICJ).The court is comprised of 15
Ans : MAIN 2009
judges who are elected separately by both
(i) The emblem belongs to the United the General Assembly and the Security
Nations (UN). Council. Each judge serves a nine-year
Three principles of the United Nations: term and is eligible for re-election. A
(a) Sovereign equality of all members : quorum is established when nine judges
All member states, regardless of size are present. All decisions are made by a
or power, are considered equal in majority vote of the judges in attendance.
terms of sovereignty. The Chief Justice, elected for a three-
year term, has the authority to cast a
(b) Peaceful settlement of disputes :
deciding vote. Only one judge is elected
Member states are required to resolve
per country. The court is headquartered
their disputes through peaceful
in The Hague, Netherlands.
means, without resorting to the use
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 251
(b) Global Health Standards : It sets (ii) (a) Education :
international health guidelines and 1. UNESCO promotes education
standards, ensuring countries adopt for both children and adults,
best practices in preventing and offering financial support for the
managing outbreaks like COVID-19 education of disabled children.
or Ebola. 2. It provides expert advice on
(c) Health Research and Assistance : school construction, curriculum
WHO conducts research on diseases development and textbooks.
and provides technical assistance 3. UNESCO organizes Book Fairs
to nations to improve healthcare and festivals at national and
systems and respond to health crises international levels.
effectively. (b) Science :
(iii)(a) To assist in providing essential 1. UNESCO supports basic research
nutritious foods such as milk, meat, in fields such as Geology,
fish and fats to children. Additionally, Mathematics, Physics and
it protects and supports the interests Oceanography.
of women and expectant mothers. 2. It shares the benefits of science
(b) To allocate funding for the training of globally through bulletins,
health and sanitation workers as well journals and exhibitions, with
as nutritionists. the Courier as its official monthly
magazine.
105. With reference to UNESCO, answer the 3. UNESCO encourages the study
following questions: of social sciences to address issues
(i) What were the objectives of the formation like violence, conflict and human
of UNESCO? rights violations.
(ii) How is the development of education, (c) Cultural Interchange and Heritage
science and culture related to peace? Preservation :
(iii)What efforts have been made by UNESCO 1. UNESCO assists member states in
to preserve cultural heritage? preserving their cultural heritage
Ans : COMP 2019 and supports the translation of
(i) The United Nations Educational, rare manuscripts.
Scientific and Cultural Organization 2. It promotes artistic creation in
(UNESCO) was established in 1946 with literature and fine arts.
the following key objectives : 3. UNESCO also undertakes a
number of projects in the field of
(a) Promoting peace and security
mass - communication.
through international collaboration
(iii)Efforts made by UNESCO to preserve
in education, science, culture and
cultural heritage :
communication.
(a) UNESCO sends cultural missions
(b) Encouraging respect for human rights
to various countries to foster
and fostering mutual understanding
international contacts that help
among nations to prevent wars and
promote peace and prosperity.
conflicts.
(b) It promotes cultural development
(c) Advancing knowledge and education,
through the medium of films.
fostering intellectual cooperation
and promoting cultural diversity and (c) UNESCO encourages artistic creation
preservation. in the fields of literature and fine arts.
(d) It focuses on protecting the global
heritage of books, artworks and rare
CH 11 : THE UNITED NATION
(d) Infant Milk Substitute Act (2003): cancer, blindness, diabetes and heart
This amendment, supported by disease.
UNICEF, strengthens the 1992 law, (iii)According to the World Health Statistics
mandating exclusive breast feeding (2015) provided by WHO, the following
for the first six months and continued achievements have been made:
breast feeding with complementary (a) Immunization coverage has exceeded
feeding up to two years or beyond. 80% globally.
(b) From 2001 to 2013, there were (a)3
103. With reference to WHO, answer the following million fewer new cases of HIV
questions : reported worldwide.
(i) Where are the headquarters of WHO (c) Child mortality for children under
located? What methods does WHO adopt five has decreased from 90 deaths
to fulfil its objectives ? per 1,000 live births to 46 deaths per
(ii) Mention any three functions of WHO. 1,000 live births.
(iii)Mention any two achievements of WHO. (d) There has been a 40% reduction
Ans : MAIN 2024 in undernutrition among children
(i) The headquarters of the World Health globally.
Organization (WHO) are located in 104. The United Nation apart from its main organs
Geneva, Switzerland. To fulfill its also work through its allied agencies. In this
objectives, WHO adopts various methods context, answer the following questions :
such as: (i) Write the expanded form of UNESCO.
(a) Providing leadership on global Mention two of its functions in the fields
health matters and coordinating of education.
international responses to health (ii) Explain three vital roles that the WHO
emergencies. plays in combating diseases.
(b) Setting international health standards (iii)Mention any two functions of the
and guidelines for the prevention and UNICEF.
control of diseases.
(c) Conducting research and promoting Ans : SQP 2018

knowledge sharing to inform policies (i) UNESCO stands for United Nations
and strategies for improving public Educational, Scientific and Cultural
health. Organization.
(d) Supporting countries with technical (a) UNESCO is dedicated to advancing
expertise and resources to strengthen education for both children and
their healthcare systems. adults. It provides financial support
(ii) Functions of WHO : specifically aimed at the education of
(a) WHO supports projects, upon children with disabilities.
government request, to ensure the (b) UNESCO offers guidance and expert
provision of safe drinking water. assistance in areas such as school
(b) It works to improve nutrition, housing, construction, curriculum development
sanitation and working conditions, as and the creation of textbooks.
well as other aspects of environmental (ii) (a) Disease Eradication : WHO leads
hygiene. efforts to combat and eradicate
(c) WHO promotes and coordinates diseases such as smallpox, polio and
health research, focusing on priorities malaria through vaccination drives
such as the control of communicable and public health campaigns.
diseases, maternal and child health,
mental health and conditions like
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 253
107. Study the picture and answer the following (b) It provides funding for the training
questions : of personnel, including health and
sanitation workers, teachers and
nutritionists.
(c) UNICEF supplies technical resources,
equipment and other assistance. This
includes items ranging from paper for
textbooks, equipment and medicines
for health clinics, to pipes and pumps
for delivering clean water to villages.
(iii)(a) UNICEF keeps children safe by
providing vaccines against deadly
diseases; it also distributes mosquito
nets and promotes hygiene in
(i) Identify the organization associated with communities around the world.
the given emblem.
Where are its headquarters located? Name (b) UNICEF has improved the health of
two sources from where this organization infants globally by providing low-cost,
gets its funds. community-based services in maternal
(ii) What is the main objective of this and child health and nutrition.
organization? (c) UNICEF has helped reduce child
(iii)Mention any two achievements of this mortality worldwide by assisting the
organization. most vulnerable children everywhere.
Ans : SQP 2002
108. Study the emblem and answer the following
(i) The emblem belongs to UNICEF question :
(United Nations International Children’s
Emergency Fund).
Headquarters: Located in New York City,
United States.
Two sources of funding for UNICEF :
(a) Voluntary contributions from
governments.
(b) Donations from private individuals
and organizations, including corporate
partnerships.
(ii) The primary objective of UNICEF is to
enhance children’s welfare, particularly
in developing countries, by providing (i) Name the organization associated with
low-cost, community-based services in the above emblem.
maternal and child health, nutrition, (ii) Mention any three functions of the
immunization and related areas. organization named by you.
(a) UNICEF works to protect children (iii)Mention any two programmes of this
concerning their survival, health and organization in India.
well-being. This is achieved through Ans : COMP 2010

collaboration with individuals, civic (i) The emblem belongs to the World Health
groups, governments and the private Organization (WHO).
sector. (ii) Functions :
CH 11 : THE UNITED NATION
(a) Research Work : The World Health
Organization (WHO) promotes
and coordinates health research by
financing projects in many countries.
Its research activities encompass
areas such as nutrition, environmental
safety, mental health and the control
of specific diseases like cancer and
heart disease.
(b) Standardization of Medicines : WHO
establishes international standards
for biological and pharmaceutical
products. It also supplies essential
medicines to developing countries,
ensuring quality and accessibility.
(c) Eradication of Diseases : WHO has
played a pivotal role in controlling
many deadly diseases, including
smallpox, measles, diphtheria, polio
and tuberculosis. It works to prevent
the spread of diseases to other
countries by addressing outbreaks at
their source.
(iii)(a) The World Health Organization
(WHO) has been instrumental in
eradicating several diseases globally.
Notably, it coordinated a successful
campaign to eliminate smallpox
worldwide. WHO also launched
initiatives aiming to eradicate polio
by 2005 and continues to lead one of
the world’s largest health programs
against malaria.
(b) In collaboration with UNICEF,
WHO has implemented programs to
immunize children against six major
diseases. A significant achievement of
these efforts was on February 15, 2000,
when India and the entire South East
Asian region were officially declared
free of the Guinea worm disease.

www.nodia.in
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 255

CHAPTER 12
NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT

SUMMARY imperialism in all forms, supporting

freedom movements across the globe.
6. Economic Cooperation : Promoting
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) refers to
economic cooperation and development
a group of countries that, during the Cold
among NAM countries, as many
War, chose to remain neutral and not align
were struggling with poverty and
with any of the major power blocs (the US
underdevelopment.
or the Soviet Union). It allowed countries
7. Disarmament : Advocating for global
to maintain their sovereignty and pursue
disarmament and a reduction in the arms
their national interests without being drawn
race, particularly in the context of nuclear
into the ideological conflict between the
weapons.
superpowers.
2. PANCHSHEEL PRINCIPLES
1. OBJECTIVES OF NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
The five principles of Panchsheel were
The Non-Aligned Movement had several
originally agreed upon between India
key objectives that reflected the desire of
and China in 1954 and later became the
newly independent nations to preserve their
foundation of NAM’s foreign policy. These
autonomy and avoid being drawn into the
principles promoted mutual respect and
ideological conflict between capitalism and
peaceful coexistence:
communism.
1. Mutual Respect for Sovereignty and
1. Preserving Independence : Ensuring that Territorial Integrity : All nations should
countries could make decisions based on respect the sovereignty of other nations
their national interests rather than the and not interfere in their domestic affairs.
dictates of either superpower. 2. Non-Aggression : Countries should avoid
2. Promoting Global Peace : Striving to using force to resolve disputes and instead
reduce tensions between superpowers settle differences peacefully.
and fostering peaceful coexistence among 3. Non-Interference in Internal Affairs : No
nations. country should interfere in the internal
3. Support for Self-Determination : political, social, or economic matters of
Assisting colonized or oppressed nations another nation.
in their struggle for independence and the 4. Equality and Mutual Benefit : Relations
right to govern themselves. between nations should be based on
4. Territorial Integrity and Sovereignty equality, mutual benefit and cooperation.
: Defending the sovereignty of nations 5. Peaceful Coexistence : Nations with
against any form of external intervention different political systems and ideologies
or aggression. should coexist peacefully without
5. Opposition to Imperialism and resorting to conflict.
Colonialism : NAM countries strongly
opposed colonialism, neocolonialism and
CH 12 : NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT
3. ROLE OF JAWAHARLAL NEHRU MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister,
was one of the leading figures behind NAM.
He envisioned a neutral stance for India in 1. Identify the principle of Panchsheel.
global politics and worked towards peaceful (a) Mutual non-aggression
coexistence and non-alignment. Nehru played (b) Regulate armaments
a critical role in defining the principles of (c) Take action against aggressor
NAM and helped organize the first NAM (d) Recommend admission of members
summit in 1961. Ans : MAIN 2024

4. ARCHITECTS OF NAM Thus (a) is correct option.

The Non-Aligned Movement was conceived 2. What is the Panchsheel Agreement?

by a group of influential leaders from various (a) A trade agreement between India and
parts of the world, who were determined to China
establish a neutral path amidst the Cold War (b) A five-pronged agreement emphasizing
tensions. These leaders are often referred to peaceful coexistence
as the Architects of NAM and their efforts (c) A military pact between India and Russia
laid the groundwork for the movement: (d) A diplomatic agreement with the United
1. Jawaharlal Nehru (India) : He was a key States
proponent of non-alignment, advocating Ans : MAIN 2000
for an independent path in international
Thus (b) is correct option.
relations.
2. Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia) : As the 3. Which of the following is NOT a feature of
leader of Yugoslavia, Tito played a pivotal the Non-Aligned Movement?
role in organizing NAM and hosted the (a) It is opposed to any kind of military
first NAM conference in Belgrade. alliances like NATO, SEATO etc.
3. Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt) : Nasser (b) It is aligned to any of the power blocs
was a significant figure in Arab (c) It judges an issue on merit and upholds
nationalism and led Egypt’s efforts to the rights of all people for freedom and
remain non-aligned during the Cold War. justice
His leadership in the Suez Crisis further (d) It does not remain aloof from international
cemented Egypt’s position in NAM. problems.
4. Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) : Nkrumah
Ans : COMP 2010
was a passionate advocate for African
unity and independence. His leadership Thus (b) is correct option.
in Ghana’s decolonization process made
4. Which of the following is an objective of the
him an important figure in NAM.
Non-Aligned Movement?
5. Sukarno (Indonesia) : The first President
(a) To oppose colonialism, imperialism and
of Indonesia, Sukarno was instrumental
racial discrimination
in promoting Asian and African solidarity
(b) To advocate non-settlement of
and hosted the Bandung Conference of
international disputes
1955, which laid the foundation for NAM.
(c) To challenge the UN as an organ of world
These leaders shared a common vision of
peace
sovereignty, independence and neutrality and
(d) None of the above.
their collaboration led to the creation of a
movement that continues to influence global Ans : COMP 2024

politics today. Thus (b) is correct option.

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 257
5. Which of the following does NOT come under 10. Non-alignment means
Panchsheel? (a) Non-membership to military
(a) Mutual non-interference in internal affairs (b) Non alignment to power blocks
(b) Mutual aggression (c) Active participation international issues
(c) Equality for Mutual benefit (d) All of the above
(d) Peaceful co-existence. Ans : MAIN 2001
Ans : SQP 2012
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
11. What does the Non-Aligned Movement
6. Which of the following is NOT considered (NAM) aim to achieve?
as the ‘founding fathers’ of Non Aligned (a) Full membership in the United Nations
Movement: (b) Alignment with either the USA or the
(a) President Joseph Broze Tito of Yugoslavia USSR
(b) Prime Minister Nehru of India (c) Independence from superpower influence
(c) President Nasser of Egypt (d) Formation of military alliances
(d) President Rajendra Prasad of India. Ans : SQP 2013
Ans : MAIN 2013
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
12. Which countries are considered the founding
7. Which of these leaders was an architect of members of the Non-Aligned Movement?
the Non-Aligned Movement? (a) India, Egypt, Yugoslavia, Ghana and
(a) Joseph Stalin Indonesia
(b) Abdel Nasser (b) United States, USSR, France, China and
(c) Winston Churchill India
(d) Franklin Roosevelt (c) Egypt, Israel, France, England and China
Ans : MAIN 2023
(d) India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and
Bangladesh
Thus (b) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2008
8. Which amongst the following only attended Thus (a) is correct option.
the NAM summits as an observer but did not
join it? 13. Who was the key architect and leader of the
(a) Latin American nations Non-Aligned Movement?
(b) Sweden (a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Italy (b) Fidel Castro
(d) Germany (c) Sukarno
Ans : SQP 2008
(d) Gamal Abdel Nasser

Thus (c) is correct option. Ans : SQP 2005

Thus (a) is correct option.

9. Which of the following became the guidelines
for NAM? 14. Which of the following is one of the main
(a) Communist Manifesto objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement?
(b) The UN charter (a) To promote nuclear disarmament
(c) Panchsheel (b) To encourage global economic policies in
(d) Warsaw Pact favor of developing nations
Ans : MAIN 2006
(c) To avoid political and military alliances
with superpowers
Thus (c) is correct option. (d) All of the above
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CH 12 : NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT
33. Mention any two features of the policy of specific focus on the abolition of
Non-Alignment. nuclear weapons.
Ans : SQP 2019
(c) Termination of Racism : The Non-
Aligned Movement stands against
(i) Non-Alignment actively engages with all types of racial discrimination.
international issues rather than staying Numerous NAM summits have
detached. denounced racial segregation policies,
(ii) It opposes any form of military alliances, particularly those implemented
such as NATO and SEATO. in South Africa and other regions
34. Mention any two issues discussed at the First worldwide.
NAM Summit. (d) Disarmament : NAM supports
the reduction of armaments and
Ans : MAIN 2017
strongly opposes the possession and
(i) The issue of Chinese representation in deployment of nuclear weapons. From
the United Nations; its inception in 1961, the principle of
(ii) The Berlin crisis was another major topic non-alignment required that member
of discussion. countries refrain from joining any
military alliances.
35. Give any two factors responsible for the
(ii) Role of Pandit Nehru in NAM :
development of the policy of Non-Alignment.
(a) Asian Relations Conference, 1947 :
Ans : MAIN 2007 In March 1947, India, led by Interim
(i) The division of the world into two power Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru,
blocs and the formation of military hosted the Asian Relations Conference
alliances. in New Delhi. Nehru introduced
(ii) The arms race between the superpowers the fundamental principles of Non-
was another key factor. Alignment, declaring, “We have no
design against anybody; ours is the
great design of promoting peace and
progress all over the world.”
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS (b) Enunciation of Panchsheel, 1954 : In
1954, Nehru and Chinese Premier
Zhou Enlai articulated the Five
36. With reference to the Non-Aligned Movement
Principles of Peaceful Coexistence,
answer the following questions :
known as Panchsheel. These principles
(i) State the major objectives of NAM.
established a foundation for friendly
(ii) What role did Pandit Nehru play in NAM ?
international relations, economic
Ans : SQP 1999,2008,2012,2009,2014 development and global peace, later
(i) Major objectives of NAM : becoming a cornerstone of the Non-
(a) Elimination of Imperialism and Aligned Movement (NAM). This
Colonialism : Member nations initiative marked Nehru’s significant
of the Non-Aligned Movement contribution to international
oppose imperialism and colonial diplomacy.
domination. NAM advocates for self- (c) Nehru’s Role in the Belgrade
determination, inherent equality and Conference, 1961 : The first formal
the freedom of all countries. NAM Summit took place in Belgrade,
(b) Global Peace : A primary goal of Yugoslavia, from September 1-6,
NAM is to eradicate the root causes 1961, with participation from 25
and devastations of war, with a nations. Nehru played a pivotal role
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 259
26. Mention any four objectives of the Non- 30. Where was Non-Aligned movement formally
Aligned Movement. launched? Name three founder members of
Ans : MAIN 2019
NAM.

(i) Maintain independence and sovereignty. Ans : MAIN 2001

(ii) Promote global peace through peaceful The first Summit of Non-Aligned Nations was
coexistence. held from September 1 to 6, 1961 at Belgrade
(iii)Support de colonization and self- in former Yugoslavia.
determination. Three founder members of NAM are:
(iv) Foster economic cooperation among
(i) Jawaharlal Nehru (India)
developing nations.
(ii) Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia)
27. What is meant by Non-Alignment ? (iii)Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)
Ans : MAIN 2009,2015
31. What was Pt. Nehru’s view about Non-
Non-Alignment is a foreign policy where Alignment? What did Pt. Nehru do to curb
countries, particularly during the Cold War, the mad race for armaments?
chose not to align with either the US-led
Ans : COMP 2005
Western bloc or the Soviet-led Eastern bloc.
These nations maintained independence in Nehru believed that Non-Alignment was not
global affairs, avoiding military or political a passive stance, but a positive and dynamic
alliances with the superpowers, focusing approach to addressing global challenges. He
instead on peace and self-determination. strongly opposed the arms race and advocated
for disarmament and the elimination of
28. Who were the architects of the Non-Aligned nuclear weapon stockpiles. In line with this
Movement ? policy, India signed a treaty in 1963 to ban
or nuclear tests, reflecting Nehru’s commitment
Mention any four Chief Architects of the to reducing global militarization.
Non-Aligned Movement.
32. Briefly mention how India promoted the
Ans : COMP 1993,2009,2013,2020
cause of freedom of other countries of Asia
(i) Jawaharlal Nehru (India) and Africa.
(ii) Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia)
Ans : SQP 2003
(iii)Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)
(iv) Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) Since the establishment of the Non-Aligned
(v) Sukarno (Indonesia) Movement and its first conference in Belgrade
in 1961, India has played a pivotal role in
29. What are the basic principles of promoting world peace and advocating for
‘Panchsheel’ ? the rights of people globally. India has been a
Ans : COMP 2020 leading champion of this initiative. In January
1949, at a conference convened in New Delhi
The five basic principles of Panchsheel are:
at India’s initiative, individuals under colonial
(i) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial
rule urged the United Nations to work
integrity and sovereignty.
towards ending colonial domination in the
(ii) Non-aggression against one another.
East Indies. This effort ultimately led to the
(iii)Non-interference in each other’s internal
independence of Indonesia and strengthened
affairs.
unity across Asia. Furthermore, India has
(iv) Equality and mutual benefit in relations.
provided substantial support in addressing
(v) Peaceful coexistence between nations.
economic issues faced by developing countries
and non-aligned nations.
CH 12 : NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT
Ans : COMP 2015
21. Who coined the term ‘Non-Aligned’ ?
Thus (d) is correct option. Ans : SQP 2022

Jawaharlal Nehru coined the term ‘Non-

Aligned’.
ONE MARK QUESTIONS 22. Who signed the Panchsheel Agreement?
Ans : COMP 2011
15. Mention any two factors responsible for the
The Panchsheel Agreement was signed by the
development of the policy of Non-Alignment.
Chinese Premier Chou En-Lai and Jawaharlal
Ans : MAIN 2004 Nehru.
(i) Cold War
23. Name the European country which attended
(ii) Struggle against imperialism.
the first NAM Summit.
16. Name any two countries which participated Ans : SQP 2009
in Bandung Conference.
Cyprus.
Ans : MAIN 2009

(i) Indonesia
(ii) India.
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
17. When did the NAM officially come into
existence?
24. When did the concept of Non-Alignment
Ans : SQP 2014
emerge? Why?
NAM officially came into being in 1961 at Ans : SQP 2008,2010,2012
Belgrade.
The concept of Non-Alignment emerged
18. Name any four countries which attended the in the 1950 during the Cold War. It was
first Summit of NAM. developed as a response by newly independent
Ans : COMP 2010
countries, mainly in Asia and Africa, to avoid
aligning with either the US-led Western
(i) Egypt (ii) Cyprus (iii) India (iv) Burma. bloc or the Soviet-led Eastern bloc. These
19. Name the movement which can be known as nations aimed to preserve their sovereignty,
the precursor of the non-aligned movement. maintain independence in foreign policy and
promote global peace and cooperation, while
Ans : MAIN 2020
focusing on their own economic and social
Asian Relations Conference held in New development. Non-Alignment allowed them
Delhi March 1947. to stay neutral in global conflicts and resist
pressure from superpowers.
20. What is the Polluter Pays’ Principle?
Ans : SQP 2015 25. Mention two objectives of Non-Aligned
Movement.
India came up with the ‘Polluter Pays’
Principle in the 9th NAM Summit. India felt Ans : SQP 1994,2011

that as the economically developed world is (i) To maintain independence and sovereignty
largely responsible for the pollution of the of member nations.
environment so the onus of “cleaning up” (ii) To promote global peace through peaceful
should also be on it. coexistence and non-alignment with
power blocs.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 261
in drafting the 27-Point Declaration, principles of non-alignment.
emphasizing negotiation for peace, (b) In 1954, together with Chinese
disarmament, the end of colonialism Premier Zhou Enlai, he articulated the
and imperialism, condemnation of five principles of peaceful coexistence,
racial discrimination and the socio- widely known as Panchsheel.
economic development of Afro-Asian
nations based on mutual benefit and 38. With reference to the Non-Aligned Movement,
equality. The summit also called on answer the following questions :
superpowers to support global peace (i) Factors that led to the formation of NAM.
and invited more Afro-Asian and (ii) Relevance of NAM after the end of Cold
Latin American countries to join War.
NAM. Leaders Jawaharlal Nehru, Ans : MAIN 2009,2014

Marshall Tito and Colonel Nasser (i) Factors that led to the formation of NAM:
were instrumental in shaping the (a) Cold War Tensions : Newly
movement at Belgrade. independent Asian and African
37. With reference to the policy of Non- nations recognized that aligning
Alignment adopted by several Afro-Asian with either of the two superpower
nations, answer the following questions : blocs could threaten global peace. By
(i) Explain what is meant by Non-Alignment. staying neutral, they aimed to avoid
(ii) State the principle of the Panchsheel. the dangers of another large-scale
(iii)State two actions taken by Jawaharlal conflict.
Nehru to further the cause of Non- (b) Anti-Imperialism : Having recently
Alignment. gained independence from major
powers, these countries chose
Ans : MAIN 2018,2014,2011,2009,1997
non-alignment to preserve their
(i) Non-Alignment is a foreign policy where sovereignty and enjoy the freedoms
countries, particularly during the Cold and authority that came with their
War, chose not to align with either the newfound independence.
US-led Western bloc or the Soviet-led (c) Independent Decision-Making :
Eastern bloc. These nations maintained By not aligning with any major
independence in global affairs, avoiding bloc, newly independent nations
military or political alliances with the maintained their unique identities
superpowers, focusing instead on peace and sought to address their own
and self-determination. issues without external interference
(ii) The five basic principles of Panchsheel or influence.
are : (d) Balanced Relations with Major
(a) Mutual respect for each other’s Powers : These countries promoted
territorial integrity and sovereignty. goodwill and cooperation across Asia
(b) Non-aggression against one another. and Africa, aiming to advance mutual
(c) Non-interference in each other’s interests through friendly relations
internal affairs. with all major nations.
(d) Equality and mutual benefit in (e) Economic Development :
relations. Facing challenges like poverty
(iii)Actions taken by Jawaharlal Nehru to and underdevelopment, newly
further the cause of Non-Alignment : independent states sought financial
(a) In March 1947, he organized the Asian and technical assistance from both
Relations Conference in New Delhi, superpower blocs to support their
where he established the foundational growth and development.
CH 12 : NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT
(ii) Relevance of NAM after the end of Cold actively participates in the world affairs
War : Although the Cold War era has to promote international peace, harmony
ended and the Soviet Union has dissolved, and cooperation. It does not remain aloof
eliminating the two major blocs, the from international problems. It actively
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) remains participates in the politics among nations.
a significant force in today’s world. Non-alignment stands for action rather
(a) Independent Foreign Policy : NAM is than passivism. It is free to be friendly
a free and equal association of states with both the power blocs.
that are united by common interests (ii) Five principles of Panchsheel :
to pursue their own independent (a) Mutual Respect for Sovereignty and
foreign policies. Territorial Integrity.
(b) Largest Political Formation : NAM (b) Mutual Non-Interference in Internal
stands as the largest political Affairs
grouping globally, second only to the (c) Peaceful Coexistence
United Nations. (d) Mutual Equality and Mutual Benefit
(c) Promotion of World Peace : NAM (e) Respect for International Law and
plays a vital role in stabilizing Justice
world peace, with member countries (iii)Objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement
actively opposing the production and (NAM) :
proliferation of dangerous weapons. (a) Promote natural equality and the
(d) Relevance Amid Neo-Colonialism : freedom of all nations by opposing
With the rise of neo-colonialism, NAM imperialist and colonial practices.
has become increasingly important. (b) Advocate for global peace, uphold a
Many small and vulnerable countries ‘No War’ policy and work towards the
struggle to maintain their economic prevention of conflicts.
sovereignty due to interference from (c) Strive to end all forms of racial
international financial institutions discrimination and promote equality
such as the World Bank, IMF and among all races.
WTO. NAM provides a strong (d) Support global disarmament efforts,
support base for these nations, helping particularly opposing the possession
them preserve their independence and use of nuclear weapons.
and pursue equitable economic (e) Enhance the effectiveness of the United
development. Nations to ensure it can effectively
address international issues.
39. With reference to the Non-Aligned Movement, (f) Advocate for an equitable and just
answer the following : global economic system that ensures
(i) Explain how Non-alignment is neither fair distribution of resources and
neutrality, nor isolation nor non- opportunities.
commitment. (g) Promote international collaboration
(ii) State the five principles of Panchsheel. to safeguard the environment and
(iii)Give any four objectives of NAM. address ecological challenges.
(iv) Mention any two factors that led to the (h) Foster cultural equality by
formation of NAM. restructuring the global information
Ans : SQP 2004,2008 order to ensure fair representation of
(i) Non-Alignment is the international all cultures.
policy of a Sovereign State according to (i) Uphold and enforce human rights
which it does not align itself with any of globally, ensuring protection and
the power blocs and at the same time respect for all individuals.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 263
(iv) Main Factors Leading to the Formation (ii) Nehru was a strong advocate for global
of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) : disarmament. He spoke out against the
(a) Response to Military Alliances : nuclear arms race between the United
NAM emerged as a reaction against States and the Soviet Union and actively
the proliferation of military alliances, promoted the reduction of nuclear and
a direct outcome of the Cold War conventional weapons. He urged nations
rivalry between the USA and Russia. to prioritize peace over militarization and
(b) Preservation of National Sovereignty called for an end to stockpiling weapons
: Asian and African nations sought of mass destruction. India, under Nehru’s
to maintain their independence leadership, signed the 1963 Nuclear Test
by avoiding general alliances and Ban Treaty, which aimed to halt nuclear
military pacts, ensuring their freedom tests and reduce the proliferation of
from external influences. nuclear weapons.
(c) Economic Development Needs : (iii)Since the establishment of the Non-
Underdeveloped countries in Asia and Aligned Movement and its inaugural
Africa required technical and financial conference in Belgrade in 1961, India
assistance from both superpower has played a pivotal role in advocating
blocs, making NAM essential for their for global peace and the rights of people
economic growth and development. worldwide. India has been a leading
(d) Strengthening the United Nations : champion of this initiative. In January
NAM was also driven by a collective 1949, during a conference organized in
desire to empower the United Nations. New Delhi at India’s behest, individuals
Afro-Asian nations believed that under colonial rule called on the United
staying non-aligned would bolster the Nations to work towards ending colonial
UN’s effectiveness and contribute to domination in the East Indies. This
global governance. initiative ultimately led to Indonesia’s
independence and strengthened unity
40. State the role of Jawaharlal Nehru under the across Asia. Furthermore, India has been
following heads: instrumental in supporting economic
(i) Vision in starting the NAM. issues faced by developing and non-
(ii) Curbing the mad race for armaments ? aligned nations.
(iii)As the spokesman for the newly
independent countries of Asia and Africa. 41. With reference to the Non-Aligned Movement,
Ans : MAIN 2020,2022,2024
explain the following :
(i) The meaning of Non-Aligned Movement.
(i) Jawaharlal Nehru’s vision for starting the (ii) The objectives.
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was to (iii)The role of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru in
create an independent path for countries, the movement.
particularly those recently liberated
from colonial rule, to avoid aligning Ans : MAIN 2001

with the superpowers of the Cold War. (i) The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
He believed in a world where nations refers to a coalition of countries, primarily
could maintain their sovereignty without from the developing world, that chose
becoming pawns in the power struggle to remain neutral during the Cold War.
between the Western and Eastern blocs. These nations did not align with either of
Nehru promoted peaceful coexistence, the two major power blocs - the Western
self-determination and the ability for bloc led by the United States or the
nations to decide their own foreign Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union.
policies without external pressure. Instead, they focused on maintaining their
CH 12 : NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT

CASE BASED QUESTION (d) Support global disarmament efforts,

particularly opposing the possession
and use of nuclear weapons.
44. Study the picture and answer the following (e) Enhance the effectiveness of the
questions : United Nations to ensure it can
effectively address international
issues.
(f) Advocate for an equitable and just
global economic system that ensures
fair distribution of resources and
opportunities.
(g) Promote international collaboration
to safeguard the environment and
address ecological challenges.
(h) Foster cultural equality by
restructuring the global information
order to ensure fair representation of
all cultures.
(i) Identify the persons in the picture. Name (i) Uphold and enforce human rights
the organization with which these persons globally, ensuring protection and
were associated. respect for all individuals.
(ii) Where was this organization formed (iii)Yes, the Non-Aligned Movement has been
? State any three objectives of this able to achieve some of its objectives:
organization. (a) Preservation of Sovereignty : NAM
(iii)Has this organization been able to achieve played a significant role in safeguarding
its objectives ? Give reasons for your the sovereignty of member nations
answer. by advocating for non-interference
Ans : MAIN 2003 in internal affairs and opposing
(i) The people in the picture are Josip Broz colonialism and imperialism.
Tito (Yugoslavia), Gamal Abdel Nasser (b) Voice for the Global South : It
(Egypt) and Jawaharlal Nehru (India). provided a platform for developing
These leaders were associated with the countries to voice their concerns and
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), which stand united in global forums like the
they helped to establish. United Nations.
(ii) This organization, the Non-Aligned (c) Disarmament and Peace : NAM
Movement, was formally founded in has consistently advocated for
Belgrade, Yugoslavia, during the First nuclear disarmament and peaceful
Non-Aligned Summit in 1961. coexistence, influencing international
Objectives of UN : discussions on arms control.
(a) Promote natural equality and the (d) Economic Cooperation : NAM
freedom of all nations by opposing emphasized South-South cooperation
imperialist and colonial practices. and pushed for a New International
(b) Advocate for global peace, uphold a Economic Order to reduce dependence
‘No War’ policy and work towards the on developed nations.
prevention of conflicts. (e) Decolonization : NAM supported
(c) Strive to end all forms of racial decolonization efforts in Asia, Africa
discrimination and promote equality and Latin America, contributing to
among all races. the independence of several nations.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 265
(iii)The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) (d) Supporting Decolonization and
emerged primarily in response to the Sovereignty : Assisted newly
dominance of bloc politics during the Cold independent countries in asserting
War. However, its foundation was driven their sovereignty and resisting neo-
by the aspirations of Third World and colonial influences.
developing countries to safeguard world (e) Advancing Economic Cooperation :
peace, independence, unity and harmony. Facilitated economic collaboration
NAM has evolved into the largest peace among member states, promoting
movement globally. Though occasionally mutual development and reducing
referred to as a “third bloc,” NAM is true dependency on major powers.
to its name, functioning as a movement
rather than a formal organization. Its (ii) Role of NAM in seeking economic
primary focus remains promoting peace justice : The Non-Aligned Movement
and advocating for the interests of the (NAM) has been a strong advocate for
Global South. a New International Economic Order
(NIEO), emphasizing enhanced economic
43. With reference to the achievements and cooperation and fairness among nations.
future of NAM, state the following : A significant achievement of NAM’s
(i) The achievements of NAM for the efforts was the establishment of the first
developing countries of the world. United Nations Conference on Trade and
(ii) Role of NAM in seeking economic justice. Development (UNCTAD) in 1964, which
(iii)With the end of Cold War, NAM has lost was largely driven by the initiatives of
its relevance. Explain. non-aligned countries. This conference
Ans : COMP 2007
aimed to address economic disparities
and promote equitable development on a
(i) Asian and African nations have been global scale.
regular participants in NAM summits,
(iii)Although NAM has significantly
with several Latin American countries
diminished in political influence,
joining the movement and European
it remains a valuable platform for
nations like Austria, Finland and
advocating economic justice. However,
Sweden attending as observers. NAM
the movement has struggled to intervene
has accomplished numerous significant
effectively in conflicts involving its own
achievements, including:
member states. For instance, NAM was
(a) Easing Cold War Tensions : Played unable to address the prolonged Iran-Iraq
a pivotal role in reducing tensions war, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
between the two superpower blocs, in 1979, or the US-led invasion of Iraq in
contributing to the eventual end of 2003. These situations highlight NAM’s
the Cold War. limited ability to manage internal disputes
(b) Opposing the Arms Race : Actively among its members, despite its ongoing
resisted the superpowers’ arms race commitment to economic advocacy.
during the Cold War, advocating for
disarmament and the reduction of
military expenditures.
(c) Promoting Peace and Stability :
Fostered a platform for dialogue
and cooperation among developing
nations, enhancing global peace and
security.
CH 12 : NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT
independence, pursuing their national cooperation and global peace, advocating
interests and promoting global peace for disarmament as the essential means to
and cooperation. NAM allowed these maintain international harmony.
countries to avoid becoming involved in
ideological or military conflicts between 42. With reference to the role played by NAM in
the superpowers. the world affairs, state the following :
(ii) Objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement (i) Its efforts to put an end to apartheid in
(NAM) : South Africa.
(a) Promote natural equality and the (ii) Its significance in promoting international
freedom of all nations by opposing peace.
imperialist and colonial practices. (iii)Its role as a leader of the third world.
(b) Advocate for global peace, uphold a Ans : SQP 2021

‘No War’ policy and work towards the (i) In various regions around the world,
prevention of conflicts. systemic mistreatment of people persisted,
(c) Strive to end all forms of racial with South Africa being a prominent
discrimination and promote equality example. A small white minority
among all races. government in South Africa perpetrated
(d) Support global disarmament efforts, numerous atrocities against the black
particularly opposing the possession majority. India strongly condemned
and use of nuclear weapons. these inhumane practices and severed
(e) Enhance the effectiveness of the diplomatic relations with the South
United Nations to ensure it can African government. Through India’s
effectively address international persistent advocacy, South Africa faced
issues. international isolation, which ultimately
(f) Advocate for an equitable and just pressured the nation to abandon its
global economic system that ensures policies of racial discrimination in 1994.
fair distribution of resources and (ii) The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) plays
opportunities. a crucial role in fostering global unity by
(g) Promote international collaboration opposing divisive power politics, economic
to safeguard the environment and exploitation and racial discrimination. In
address ecological challenges. today’s world, where various regressive
(h) Foster cultural equality by restructuring forces threaten the harmony of humanity,
the global information order to ensure NAM actively works to counter these
fair representation of all cultures. destructive trends. It promotes respect
(i) Uphold and enforce human rights for national sovereignty and territorial
globally, ensuring protection and integrity, advocates for non-interference
respect for all individuals. in internal affairs and encourages
(iii)Jawaharlal Nehru was a key leader in the peaceful resolution of disputes
shaping the direction of the Non-Aligned without the use or threat of force.
Movement. In March 1947, before India Additionally, NAM strives to ensure
gained independence, he organized the that all people enjoy freedom and its
Asian Relations Conference in New benefits. By upholding these principles,
Delhi, promoting regional cooperation. the Non-Aligned Movement significantly
Nehru also introduced the Five Principles contributes to maintaining international
of Peaceful Coexistence, known as peace and building a cohesive, respectful
Panchsheel, which became fundamental to global community.
NAM’s philosophy. Under his leadership,
India adopted a policy of friendship,
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 267
45. With reference to the pictures given, answer to foster economic cooperation and
the following questions. ensure justice and equity among
nations.
(d) Opposing Injustice and Terrorism
: Stood against terrorism, called for
the expansion of the United Nations
Security Council and condemned
injustices like the Suez Crisis, Israel’s
aggressive policies and the US-led
(i) Identify the three personalities. invasion of Iraq.
(ii) What was the outcome of the ideas www.nodia.in
propounded by these leaders at Bandung
Conference?
(iii)Mention the major achievements of the
organization with which these three
personalities were associated.
Ans : MAIN 2011

(i) The three personalities in the picture are:

(a) Jawaharlal Nehru (India)
(b) Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)
(c) Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia)
(ii) The Bandung Conference of 1955, where
these leaders played an influential role,
led to the strengthening of unity among
Asian and African nations. The conference
laid the foundation for the Non-Aligned
Movement (NAM) by promoting the ideas
of anti-colonialism, peaceful coexistence
and non-alignment in the face of Cold
War power blocs.
(iii)Major achievements of NAM are as
follows :
(a) Facilitating the End of the Cold
War : NAM played a crucial role in
easing tensions between the major
superpower blocs, contributing
significantly to the resolution of the
Cold War.
(b) Addressing Key Global Issues :
Focused on important matters such as
disarmament, the apartheid regime in
South Africa, the Palestinian conflict
and the Iran-Iraq war.
(c) Promoting a New International
Economic Order (NIEO) : Advocated
for the establishment of the NIEO
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE

CHAPTER 13
THE UNION LEGISLATURE

2.4 Parliamentary Procedures

SUMMARY
1. Sessions : Parliament must meet at least
twice a year, and the gap between two
1. MEANING OF THE FEDERAL SETUP IN INDIA sessions cannot exceed six months.
India adopts a federal system of government 2. Quorum : Minimum of one-tenth of the
where powers are divided between the central total members required to conduct a
government and the state governments. The meeting.
Union Legislature, known as the Parliament 3. Question Hour : Time allocated for
of India, embodies this federal structure and members to question ministers about
consists of two houses: the Lok Sabha (House their departments.
of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council 4. Adjournment : Suspension of proceedings,
of States). which could be for a short time or the
day.
2. LOK SABHA 5. No-Confidence Motion : A motion moved
by the opposition expressing that the
2.1 Term government no longer has the confidence
The Lok Sabha is elected for a term of five of the House.
years. However, it can be dissolved earlier
by the President on the advice of the Prime 3. SPEAKER
Minister.
3.1 Election
2.2 Composition Elected by the members of the Lok Sabha
1. Maximum strength of 552 members: from among themselves.
2. Up to 530 members represent the states.
3.2 Functions
3. Up to 20 members represent the union
territories. 1. Presides over the meetings of the Lok
4. 2 members from the Anglo-Indian Sabha.
community can be nominated by the 2. Maintains order and decorum in the
President if he/she believes the community House.
is not adequately represented (note: this 3. Decides on points of order.
provision was abolished by the 104th 4. Has a casting vote in case of a tie.
Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019). 5. Determines whether a bill is a Money Bill.

2.3 Qualifications for Membership 4. RAJYA SABHA

1. Must be a citizen of India.
4.1 Composition
2. At least 25 years of age.
3. Mentally sound and not bankrupt. 1. Maximum strength of 250 members:
4. Should not hold any office of profit under 2. 238 represent the states and union
the government. territories.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 269
3. 12 are nominated by the President for 2. The Money Bill can only be introduced in
their expertise in fields like literature, the Lok Sabha.
science, art, and social service.
5.3 Judicial Powers
4.2 Qualifications for Membership Has the authority to impeach the President,
1. Must be a citizen of India. Vice-President, and judges of the Supreme
2. At least 30 years of age. Court and High Courts for violation of the
3. Mentally sound and not bankrupt. Constitution.
4. Should not hold any office of profit under
5.4 Electoral Powers
the government.
Participates in the election of the President
4.3 Election and Vice-President of India.
1. Members representing states are elected
5.5 Amendment of the Constitution
by the elected members of the State
Legislative Assemblies through a system Can amend the Constitution under Article
of proportional representation by means 368, with different levels of majority required
of a single transferable vote. depending on the nature of the amendment.
2. Members representing union territories
5.6 Control over Executive
are chosen in a manner prescribed by
Parliament. 1. Exercises control through questions,
motions, debates, and the no-confidence
4.4 Term motion.
1. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body 2. Ensures the accountability of the Council
and is not subject to dissolution. of Ministers to the Parliament.
2. One-third of its members retire every two
6. EXCLUSIVE POWERS OF THE TWO HOUSES
years, and elections are held to fill these
positions.
6.1 Lok Sabha
4.5 Presiding Officer 1. Money Bills can only originate in the Lok
1. The Vice-President of India serves as the Sabha.
ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. 2. The Council of Ministers is responsible
2. In the Vice-President’s absence, the only to the Lok Sabha.
Deputy Chairman, elected from among 3. Can pass a no-confidence motion leading
the members, presides over the sessions. to the resignation of the entire Council of
Ministers.
5. POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE UNION
PARLIAMENT 6.2 Rajya Sabha
1. Can authorize Parliament to make laws
5.1 Legislative Powers on subjects in the State List if it’s in the
1. Can make laws on subjects in the Union national interest (Article 249).
List and Concurrent List. 2. Has special powers to create new All-
2. Can legislate on State List subjects under India Services common to both the Union
certain circumstances (e.g., during a and the states.
national emergency).
5.2 Financial Powers
1. Controls the nation’s finances; all
proposals for taxation and expenditure
must be approved by Parliament.
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION 5. India has a federal system of government

with a strong.........
(a) Federation of States
1. The strength of the house is 550. On a (b) Supreme Court
particular day 50 members are present. (c) Parliament
The speaker decides to adjourn the house. (d) Unitary bias
Identify the MOST LIKELY reason for the
Ans : COMP 2010
adjournment.
(i) Disorder in the house Thus (d) is correct option.
(ii) Lack of quorum
6. A single Constitution is a feature of............
(iii)Breach of privilege
form of government.
(iv) Contempt of the House
(a) Monarchial
Ans : MAIN 2024 (b) Federal
Thus (b) is correct option. (c) Unitary
(d) None of the above
2. The salaries and allowances of the ministers
Ans : SQP 2015
are decided by the:
(a) Parliament Thus (b) is correct option.
(b) Finance Minister
7. State governments are neither the agents of
(c) President
the Central government nor do they draw
(d) Prime Minister
their authority from it. The.......has an
Ans : MAIN 2024 overiding position.
Thus (a) is correct option. (a) Central government
(b) State government
3. An ordinance has to be approved by the (c) President
Parliament within __________ weeks. (d) Prime Minister
(a) Two
Ans : MAIN 2019
(b) Three
(c) Six Thus (a) is correct option.
(d) Eight
8. The Central and the State Governments
Ans : MAIN 2023 draw their authority from
Thus (c) is correct option. (a) The Constitution of India
(b) The people of India
4. A major natural calamity has taken place and (c) The Supreme Court
the opposition wants the house to lay aside (d) The Judiciary
all other business and take up this matter of
Ans : COMP 2000
urgent importance.
Which motion should the house move to Thus (a) is correct option.
allow this?
9. The Constitution of India provides for a......
(a) Adjournment Motion
their government.
(b) No-confidence Motion
(a) Single
(c) Confidence Motion
(b) Two
(d) Censure Motion
(c) Three
Ans : MAIN 2023 (d) Four
Thus (a) is correct option. Ans : MAIN 2005

Thus (c) is correct option.

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 271
10. How are the members of the Lok Sabha Ans : COMP 2021

elected? Thus (c) is correct option.

(a) Directly elected by the people on the
basis of universal adult franchise. 15. Which of the following statements is/are
(b) Indirectly by the representatives of the incorrect regarding the Lok Sabha?
people on the basis of single transferable (a) The members of the Lok Sabha are
vote. directly elected by the people.
(c) Directly by all citizens of the country. (b) The Lok Sabha acts as the voice of the
(d) Indirectly by members of State nation.
Legislatures. (c) The Lok Sabha represents the States of
Indian Union
Ans : MAIN 2015
(d) The Lok Sabha keeps a check on the
Thus (a) is correct option. finances of the nation.

11. The strength of a House is 510. What would Ans : SQP 2005

be the Quorum of the House? Thus (c) is correct option.

(a) 200
(b) 112 16. When does the President of India address a
(c) 110 joint session of Parliament?
(d) 51 (i) When there is a deadlock beteen the two
Houses of Parliament over an ordinary
Ans : MAIN 2008
Bill.
Thus (d) is correct option. (ii) At the beginning of the first session after
each general election when the lower
12. Complete the following analogy. House meets.
Lok Sabha :.....?.....: : Rajya Sabha : Council (iii)At the beginning of first session of each
of States. year.
(a) Union of States (a) (i) and (ii)
(b) House of the People (b) (i) and (iii)
(c) Representation of the People (c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) Council of the People (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Ans : COMP 2010
Ans : MAIN 2016
Thus (d) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.
13. The States are represented in the Rajya 17. The unitary or non-federal features include
Sabha on the basis of their............ which of the following?
(a) GDP (i) The Constitution has provided for a
(b) Taxes strong centre by giving more powers to
(c) Population the Central Government in the form of
(d) Area more items in the Union List than in the
Ans : COMP 2017 State List.
Thus (c) is correct option. (ii) There is a single common and unified
Constitution for the Centre and the
14. If the strength of a House is 230, what is the States.
Quorum of the House? (iii)The States are neither agents of the
(a) 46 Centre nor do they draw power from it.
(b) 32 (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) 23 (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(d) 20 Ans : SQP 2010
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
63. Name the two Houses of the Indian Ans : COMP 2010

Parliament. The Vice-President.

Ans : COMP 2000
71. By whom and on whose advice can the Lok
Parliament consists of two houses viz., Lok Sabha be dissolved?
Sabha and Rajya Sabha formerly known as Ans : SQP 2014
House of people and the Council of States.
Lok Sabha may be dissolved by the President
64. Who determines the salaries and allowances before the expiry of its terms on the advice of
of the Members of Parliament ? the Prime Minister.
Ans : SQP 2005
72. How many members can the President
The salaries and allowances of MPs and nominate in the Lok Sabha?
Ministers are determined by Parliament. Ans : MAIN 2017

65. What is the maximum strength of members The President may nominate 2 members to
of the Lok Sabha? the Lok Sabha.
Ans : MAIN 2010

The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha,

provided by the Constitution is 552. TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
66. Who is empowered to summon and to dissolve
the Lok sabha? 73. Read the given news carefully and answer the
Ans : COMP 2016 question that follows:
Govt’s power to promulgate, repromulgate
The President of India can summon and
Ordinances — why and how ]
dissolve the Lok Sabha before the Scheduled
An Ordinance “shall have the same force
time.
and effect as an Act of Parliament”. But the
67. If the strength of a House is 230, what would government is required to bring an Ordinance
be the quorum? before Parliament for ratification — and
failure to do so will lead to its lapsing “at the
Ans : SQP 2011
expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of
The quorum would be 10 percent of the total Parliament”.
strength of the house i.e. 23. The Indian Express – May 25, 2023
Mention any two points regarding an
68. What happens when the quorum of a House
ordinance that can be deduced from the
is not met ?
above news.
Ans : MAIN 2015
Ans : SQP 2019
The Speaker may adjourn the House or
(i) An ordinance has the same force and
suspend the meeting until there is a requisite
effect as an Act of Parliament, meaning it
quorum.
functions as a law until it is either ratified
69. Who presides over the Rajya Sabha ? or lapses.
(ii) An ordinance must be presented before
Ans : COMP 2010
Parliament for ratification within six
The Vice - President of India presides over weeks of Parliament’s reassembly, failing
the Rajya Sabha. which it will lapse.
70. Who is the ex-officio chairperson of the Rajya 74. Name the three components of the Indian
Sabha ? Parliament.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 273
27. Who decides whether a bill is a Money Bill Ans : MAIN 2019

or not? Thus (b) is correct option.

(a) President
(b) Prime Minister 31. What is the tenure of the elected members of
(c) Speaker of the Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha?
(d) Finance Minister (a) 2 years (b) 4 Years
(c) 6 Years (d) 8 Years
Ans : MAIN 2015
Ans : COMP 2000
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option.
28. Complete the following analogy.
Speaker of Lok Sabha; Deputy Speaker of 32. Which of the following is NOT true about
Lok Sabha : :.......?.......: Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?
Rajya Sabha. (a) It is a permanent body.
(a) President of India (b) Its members are directly elected by the
(b) Vice-President of India people.
(c) Prime Minister of India (c) It cannot be dissolved
(d) None of the above (d) One-third of its member retire after every
two years
Ans : COMP 2010
Ans : COMP 2010
Thus (d) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
29. Which of the following is incorrect about the
33.
Speaker of the Lok Sabha?
(a) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is elected Lok Sabha Adult citizens of India
for a term of 5 years from among its own
Rajya Sabha ?
members in the Lok Sabha soon after the
newly elected House meets for the first (a) Elected Members of Legislative Assemblies
time. (b) Elected Members of State Legislatures
(b) He can seek re - election any number of (c) Elected Members of Lok Sabha
times, if he is elected as the member of
(d) Elected Members of Panchayats
the Lok Sabha
(c) When the House is dissolved the Speaker Ans : MAIN 2015

does not vacate his office and remains in Thus (b) is correct option.
office till a new Speaker is elected by the
new Lok Sabha 34. How are the Rajya Sabha members elected?
(d) When the Lok Sabha is dissolved the (a) By the elected members of the State
Speaker vacates his office and seeks Legislative Assembly by means of
reelection. proportional representation.
Ans : SQP 2013
(b) By the adult citizens of India by a single
transferable vote.
Thus (d) is correct option.
(c) By the elected members of the Lok Sabha
30. What happens in the case of conflict between by means of proportional representation.
laws on subjects in the Concurrent List? (d) By members of an electoral college by
(a) The State Law prevails means of proportional representation.
(b) The Union Law prevails Ans : SQP 2001
(c) A Bill is introduced in Parliament.
(d) The President decides which Law will Thus (a) is correct option.
prevail.
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
Thus (d) is correct option. Ans : COMP 2004

Thus (a) is correct option.

18. The Lok Sabha may be adjourned in which of
the following cases? 23. Who is empowered to summon and to dissolve
(i) After the day’s business is over. the Lok Sabha?
(ii) For want of Quorum (a) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
(iii)In case of a natural calamity (b) The President of India
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) The Prime Minister and the Council of
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii) Ministers
Ans : MAIN 2006
(d) The Chief Justice of India

Thus (b) is correct option. Ans : MAIN 2011

Thus (b) is correct option.

19. The term of the Lok Sabha can be extended
during emergency by............... 24. How are the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker
(a) One year at a time. of the Lok Sabha elected?
(b) Six months at a time. (a) By the People during general electrons.
(c) Three months at a time. (b) By the members of the Lok Sabha from
(d) One month at a time. amongst themselves
Ans : SQP 2014 (c) By the members of the Rajya Sabha.
Thus (a) is correct option. (d) By the members of the State Legislature.
Ans : COMP 2013
20. Who moves the No-Confidence Motion in
Parliament? Thus (b) is correct option.
(a) The Ruling Party in the Lok Sabha
(b) The Opposition Parties in the Lok Sabha 25. What happens if the Lok Sabha and the
(c) The Standing Committee of the Lok Rajya Sabha fail to agree on an ordinary Bill?
Sabha (a) The Bill is sent back to the Houses of
(d) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha Parliament for reconsideration.
Ans : SQP 2002
(b) The matter is decided by the joint-sitting
of the two Houses of Parliament.
Thus (b) is correct option.
(c) The Bill is sent back to the Lok Sabha for
21. Which of the following is NOT a type of reconsideration.
questions addressed to the Chair of the (d) The Bill is sent back to the Rajya Sabha
House? for reconsideration.
(a) Starred Questions Ans : COMP 2019
(b) Emergency Questions
Thus (b) is correct option.
(c) Unstarred Questions
(d) Short Notice Questions 26. Who presides over the joint sitting of both
Ans : MAIN 2015 the Houses of the Parliament?
Thus (b) is correct option. (a) The President of India
(b) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
22. Who determines the salaries and allowances (c) The Vice-President
of the Members of Parliament? (d) The Prime Minister of India
(a) The Parliament
(b) The President Ans : SQP 2012

(c) The Prime Minister Thus (b) is correct option.

(d) The Lok Sabha
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 275
48. How are the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker Ans : COMP 2013

of the Lok Sabha elected ? Union and State.

Ans : COMP 2015, 2020
56. What is meant by term Session?
The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Ans : SQP 2018, 2020
Lok Sabha are elected by the members from
amongst themselves. It is the time period during which the House
meets, to conduct its business.
49. What is the constitutional provision with
regard to the representation of the Anglo- 57. What is Question Hour?
Indian Community in the Lok Sabha? Ans : MAIN 2007

Ans : MAIN 2000 The first hour on every working day of

The President of India can nominate two the House is reserved for questions unless
members of the community if it has not been otherwise decided by the Speaker.
adequately represented. 58. When can the Vice-President cast a vote in
50. Who presides over the joint sessions of the the Rajya Sabha?
Parliament ? Ans : COMP 2013

Ans : SQP 1990 Generally the Vice-President does not

The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over participate in voting. He participates only in
the joint sessions of the Parliament. case of tie.

51. Who is the Presiding Officer or the Chairman 59. Mention the body or bodies that have been
of the Lok Sabha called? granted exclusive powers to make laws on
subject in the Concurrent List.
Ans : COMP 2019
Ans : MAIN 1982
The Speaker is the presiding officer of the
Lok Sabha. (i) Union Parliament
(ii) State Legislatures.
52. Who decides whether a bill is a money bill
or not? 60. Mention one privilege of a member of
Parliament.
Ans : MAIN 2017
Ans : SQP 2005
The Speaker decides whether a particular
Bill is Money Bill or not. The members of the Parliament have the
freedom to give their views within as well as
53. Whom does the President summon to form outside the Parliament.
a government after the election to the Lok
Sabha? 61. Name the two Houses of the Indian (Union)
Parliament.
Ans : SQP 1983
Ans : COMP 2015,2020
The leader of the majority party.
(i) The Lok Sabha
54. Which House of the Union Legislature had (ii) The Rajya Sabha
absolute power on Money Bills?
62. What is the maximum gap allowed between
Ans : MAIN 1986
two parliamentary sessions ?
Lok Sabha Ans : SQP 2007

55. Name the two types of authority in a federal Maximum six months.
set up in India.
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CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
Ans : COMP 1981
100. State the minimum of times the Lok Sabha
(i) Lok Sabha: The bill must be passed by must meet in a year.
the Lok Sabha. Ans : SQP 2014, 2018
(ii) Rajya Sabha : The bill must also be
passed by the Rajya Sabha (except for (i) Budget Session : Usually held from
Money Bills). February to May, where the annual
(iii)President of India : The bill requires the budget is presented.
President’s assent to become law. (ii) Monsoon Session : Typically conducted
from July to September.
97. How many persons may the President of India (iii)Winter Session : Generally takes place
nominate as members of the Rajya Sabha from November to December.
and what qualifications, if any, should they While the Constitution mandates a
possess for nomination to the Rajya Sabha? minimum of two sessions annually, in
Ans : MAIN 2010
practice, the Lok Sabha usually convenes
three times a year to address various
The President of India may nominate legislative and governmental matters.
12 members to the Rajya Sabha. These
nominated members should have special 101. State any three exclusive powers of the Lok
knowledge or practical experience in fields Sabha that is not enjoyed by the other House.
such as literature, science, art, or social service. Ans : MAIN 2020
This provision ensures that individuals with
distinguished contributions to society are (i) Control Over Money Bills : Only the Lok
represented in the legislative process. Sabha can pass Money Bills, and the
Rajya Sabha has limited say.
98. Mr. Gurudev was nominated by the President (ii) Vote of No-Confidence : Only the Lok
to the Rajya Sabha. Mention any one Sabha can remove the government by
criterion on which the President would have passing a no-confidence motion.
nominated him. (iii)In the event of a deadlock between the
Ans : COMP 2010
two houses, the Lok Sabha’s decision
prevails because of its greater numerical
Mr. Gurudev would have been nominated by strength.
the President to the Rajya Sabha based on his
special knowledge or practical experience in 102. Explain two conditions under which a member
one of the following fields: literature, science, of Parliament can be disqualified under the
art, or social service. This criterion ensures Anti- Defection Law.
that experts in various fields contribute to Ans : COMP 2016
the legislative process.
(i) If a member voluntarily resigns from their
99. The existence of Union Territories is political party or votes (or abstains from
a departure from the federal form of voting) in the House against the party’s
Government. Give reasons. directives, they will be disqualified.
Ans : COMP 2000
(ii) An independent Member of Parliament
or State Legislature will be disqualified
Another characteristic that underscores the if they join any political party after their
unitary nature of the Indian Constitution election.
is the presence of administrative divisions
known as Union Territories. These territories 103. A bicameral legislature strengthens which
are administered directly by the Central form of government? Give a reason to support
Government and do not possess any your answer.
independent powers or autonomy. Ans : MAIN 2002
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 277
Ans : COMP 1987, 2011
79. How many members can the President
The three components of the Indian nominate to the Lok Sabha ? What is the
Parliament are: criteria for the nomination ?
(i) The President of India Ans : SQP 2009, 2012, 2015
(ii) Lok Sabha (House of the People)
(iii)Rajya Sabha (Council of States) As per the 104th Constitutional Amendment
Act, 2019, the President cannot nominate any
75. How are the Rajya Sabha members elected ? members to the Lok Sabha. Previously, the
Ans : COMP 1986, 2007
President could nominate up to two members
of the Anglo-Indian community if they were
The Rajya Sabha members from each state underrepresented. The criteria for nomination
are elected by the elected members of the was to ensure adequate representation of the
State Legislative Assembly (the Lower Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha.
House). This election is conducted using a Now, all members are directly elected by the
proportional representation system known as citizens of India.
the Single Transferable Voting System.
80. How are the members of the Lok Sabha
76. What is the term of the Rajya Sabha ? Can elected ?
it be dissolved ?
Ans : COMP 2010,2012
Ans : MAIN 2019,2020
Members of the Lok Sabha are elected directly
The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and by voters in 543 constituencies using the
cannot be dissolved. Its members serve a term first-past-the-post (FPTP) system. During
of six years, with one-third of the members general elections held every five years, each
retiring every two years. This system ensures constituency elects one Member of Parliament
continuity in the functioning of the Rajya (MP) by selecting the candidate with the
Sabha, as it is always in session with staggered most votes. The party or coalition that wins a
terms for its members. majority of seats forms the government, and
77. Who presides over the Rajya Sabha meetings its leader becomes the Prime Minister. This
? Who elects the Deputy Chairman ? system ensures direct representation of the
people in India’s lower house of Parliament.
Ans : COMP 1985

The Rajya Sabha meetings are presided over 81. Mention three important powers and
by the Vice-President of India, who is the ex- functions of the Lok Sabha Speaker.
officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Ans : MAIN 2009
The Deputy Chairman is elected by the
(i) Maintaining Order : The Speaker presides
members of the Rajya Sabha from among
over the sessions of the Lok Sabha and
themselves.
ensures that debates and discussions are
78. Discuss the composition of the Lok Sabha. conducted in an orderly manner.
Ans : MAIN 2012 (ii) Decision on Bills : The Speaker decides
whether a bill is a money bill or not, and
The Lok Sabha is India’s lower house of
their decision on this matter is final.
Parliament with up to 552 members: up to
530 from states and up to 20 from Union (iii)Casting Vote : In case of a tie during
Territories, all directly elected by citizens. voting, the Speaker has the casting vote
Seats are allocated based on population. The to break the deadlock.
President’s power to nominate two Anglo-
Indian members was removed by the 104th 82. What is Quorum?
Amendment Act, 2019. Ans : SQP 2015
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
35. Complete the following analogy with respect The Rajya Sabha consists of 238 elected and
to members of the Rajya Sabha. 12 nominated members.
Elected : 238 : : Nominated : ....?....
(a) 20 (b) 15 40. Who is the ex-officio chairperson of the Rajya
(c) 12 (d) 10 Sabha ?

Ans : MAIN 2005

Ans : SQP 2006

Thus (c) is correct option. Vice-President.

36. Your father is a renowned scientist. He has 41. Who presides over the meetings of the Rajya
neither contested nor won any election to the Sabha in the absence of the Vice-President ?
Rajya Sabha. But he has recently become Ans : MAIN 1989,2016

a member of the Rajya Sabha. How is this Deputy Chairman.

possible?
(a) He is appointed by the Chief Justice of 42. What is the quorum of the Rajya Sabha and
India the Lok Sabha ?
(b) He is nominated by the President Ans : COMP 2005
(c) He is appointed by the Prime Minister
The quorum of the Rajya Sabha and the Lok
(d) He is nominated by the State Governor.
Sabha is of one tenth of its total members.
Ans : COMP 2018
43. What is the normal term of the Lok Sabha ?
Thus (b) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2000,2012,2016
37. Suppose you are a member of the Opposition
Five years.
Party in the Lok Sabha. You want to express
lack of confidence in the ruling government. 44. What is the strength of the Rajya Sabha for
Which motion will you move in the Parliament elected and nominated members ?
to do so?
Ans : COMP 2009
(a) Adjournment Motion
(b) No-confidence Motion The Rajya Sabha consists of 238 elected and
(c) Quorum 12 nominated members.
(d) Impeachment
45. What is a constituency ?
Ans : SQP 2011
Ans : MAIN 2008
Thus (b) is correct option.
It is a well-defined territorial area which is
called upon to elect a member to represent
it in the Lok Sabha or Legislative Assembly.
ONE MARK QUESTIONS 46. What is the maximum period that shall not
intervene between the two sessions of the
38. Name the two Houses of the Indian (Union) Parliament ?
Parliament. Ans : SQP 2007, 2018

Ans : MAIN 2024 Six months.

(i) The Lok Sabha 47. Name the Bill that cannot originate in the
(ii) The Rajya Sabha Rajya Sabha.
39. What is the strength of the Rajya Sabha for Ans : MAIN 2006, 2018
elected and nominated members ? Money Bill.
Ans : COMP 2024
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 279
90. An adult Indian citizen holding an office of 93. How has the power of the president to declare
profit under the State Government wishes to an emergency been subject to the control of
contest for election to the Lok Sabha. Is he/ Parliament?
she eligible ? Give a reason to justify your Ans : MAIN 1981
answer.
The President’s power to declare an
Ans : MAIN 2006
emergency must be approved by Parliament
No, the adult Indian citizen holding an office within one month. It can only be extended
of profit under the State Government is not with parliamentary approval every six
eligible to contest for election to the Lok months. The Lok Sabha can also revoke the
Sabha. This is because holding an office of emergency by a majority vote if demanded
profit under the government would create a by members.
conflict of interest, as it may influence their
actions as a Member of Parliament. The 94. Give two examples to show that the power
Constitution disqualifies individuals holding of the Rajya Sabha is limited in regard to
such positions from contesting to maintain Money Bills.
the integrity of the parliamentary process. Ans : COMP 1984

91. What are the advantages of the Lok Sabha? (i) Cannot Reject or Amend : The Rajya
Sabha cannot reject or amend a Money
Ans : SQP 2008
Bill; it can only make recommendations,
(i) Greater Representation : It is directly which the Lok Sabha is free to accept or
elected by the people, making it more ignore.
representative of the public’s will. This
(ii) Time Limit : The Rajya Sabha must
gives the Lok Sabha more democratic
return a Money Bill within 14 days, failing
legitimacy.
which it is deemed passed in the form
(ii) Power to Remove the Government :
approved by the Lok Sabha, regardless of
The Lok Sabha can pass a vote of no-
any recommendations.
confidence, leading to the resignation of
the Council of Ministers, including the 95. Name the three levels of government in a
Prime Minister, whereas the Rajya Sabha federal set up in India. Why is a federal set-
cannot. up important in India ?
92. (i) Mention any one matter where the Rajya Ans : SQP 2019

Sabha enjoy equal powers with the Lok Three levels of government in a federal
Sabha? setup in india are union government, state
(ii) Elections in India are held by the secret government and local governments.
ballot. Give reason. Importance of a Federal Setup in India:
Ans : SQP 2010, 2016 (i) India’s federal system ensures that its
(i) Equal Powers : The Rajya Sabha enjoys 28 states and 8 union territories cannot
equal powers with the Lok Sabha in the secede, maintaining the nation’s unity
passage of Ordinary Bills (non-Money and integrity.
Bills). Both Houses must approve the bill (ii) It accommodates India’s diverse
for it to become law. population, preventing separatist forces
(ii) Reason for Secret Ballot : Elections in from fragmenting the country, and is thus
India are held by secret ballot to ensure essential for national cohesion.
voter privacy, allowing citizens to vote 96. Name the agencies whose sanction is
freely without fear of intimidation, necessary before a bill becomes a law in the
coercion, or undue influence. Union Legislature.
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
Quorum refers to the minimum number of Residuary powers refer to matters not
members required to be present in a legislative specified in the division of powers. The
body, like the Lok Sabha, for it to conduct its authority to legislate on these residuary
proceedings. In the Lok Sabha, the quorum issues rests solely with the Parliament.
is one-tenth of the total number of members,
meaning at least 55 members must be present 87. Mention the two main circumstances in
for the house to function. If the quorum is which the Parliament can legislate on State
not met, the session is either adjourned or Subject.
paused until enough members are present. Ans : COMP 2011, 2019

83. Mention the occasion on which the President The Parliament can legislate on State subjects
addresses a joint session of Parliament? in two cases:
(i) During a National Emergency under
Ans : MAIN 2010
Article (iii) 5 (ii)
When a deadlock occurs between the two (ii) When the Rajya Sabha passes a
Houses over an Ordinary Bill, the President resolution under Article 249, allowing it
calls for a joint sitting of both Houses. in the national interest with a two-thirds
84. Name the three Lists which distribute the majority.
subjects of legislation between the Union and 88. In what three ways does the Parliament
the States. exercise control over the Executive (i.e. the
Ans : COMP 1986, 1991 government in power)?
(i) Union List : Contains subjects on which Ans : SQP 2009, 1994
only the Parliament can legislate.
(i) Question Hour : Between 11 a.m. and
(ii) State List : Contains subjects on which
12 noon, the House requests information
only State Legislatures can legislate.
from the government regarding its policies
(iii)Concurrent List : Contains subjects on
and performance.
which both the Parliament and State
Legislatures can legislate. (ii) Adjournment Motions : An adjournment
motion pauses the House’s regular
85. How is the deadlock removed between the activities.
two Houses to pass the Ordinary Bill ? (iii)Monetary Controls : The Public Accounts
Ans : MAIN 1993, 2000 Committee monitors public expenditure
to ensure it aligns with Parliament’s
The deadlock between the two Houses of
decisions.
Parliament on an Ordinary Bill is resolved
through a joint sitting of both Houses. If one 89. What is the consequence of the Money Bill,
House passes the bill and the other House which is passed by the Lok Sabha, but not
rejects it or doesn’t take any action for six passed by the Rajya Sabha ?
months, the President can summon a joint
Ans : COMP 1987
sitting. In this session, members of both
Houses debate and vote together, and the If the Rajya Sabha doesn’t pass a Money
bill is passed if a simple majority approves it. Bill within 14 days, it is deemed passed in
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the form approved by the Lok Sabha. The
the joint sitting. Rajya Sabha can only recommend changes,
which the Lok Sabha may accept or reject.
86. What are Residuary powers ? To whom does Ultimately, the Lok Sabha has the final say
the Residuary powers, to make law, belong? on Money Bills.
Ans : MAIN 2016
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 281
A bicameral legislature strengthens a federal 107. How are the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker
form of government. of the Lok Sabha elected ? Who presides over
Reason: It ensures balanced representation the meetings of the Lok Sabha?
by having one house represent the population Ans : SQP 2011
(e.g., Lok Sabha) and the other represent the
states or regions (e.g., Rajya Sabha). This The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Lok
structure allows for both national interests Sabha are elected by the members of the Lok
and regional concerns to be addressed, Sabha from among themselves. The election
promoting a stable and equitable distribution is usually conducted after the general election
of power between the central and state or when a vacancy occurs, and both positions
governments. are filled through a majority vote in the
House.
104. Name the Law making body of Union The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over
Government. Name the main constituents of the meetings of the House. In the absence
the Indian Parliament. of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker presides
Ans : SQP 2007 over the proceedings. If both are unavailable,
The law-making body of the Union a member from the panel of chairpersons
Government is the Parliament of India. presides over the session.
The main constituents of the Indian 108. Name the session of the Lok Sabha. What
Parliament are: is the maximum gap allowed between two
(i) Lok Sabha (House of the People) parliamentary sessions?
(ii) Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
Ans : MAIN 2013
(iii)President of India
The three main sessions of the Lok Sabha
105. How are the members of the Lok Sabha
are:
elected? Who determines the salaries and
(i) Budget Session (February to May)
allowances of the Members of Parliament?
(ii) Monsoon Session (July to September)
Ans : MAIN 2010
(iii)Winter Session (November to December)
Members of the Lok Sabha are directly
The maximum gap allowed between two
elected by the people through Universal
parliamentary sessions is six months, meaning
Adult Franchise, meaning all citizens
Parliament must meet at least twice a year.
aged 18 and above have the right to vote,
unless disqualified by law. The salaries and 109. Mention any two circumstances under which
allowances of MPs and Ministers are set by the seat of a member of the Parliament
Parliament. becomes vacant.
106. What is the quorum to hold the meetings Ans : MAIN 2015

of the Lok Sabha? What happens when the (i) Resignation: If a member submits their
quorum of a House is not met? resignation in writing to the Speaker of
Ans : COMP 2015 the Lok Sabha or the Chairman of the
The quorum required to hold meetings of the Rajya Sabha, and it is accepted.
Lok Sabha is one-tenth of the total number (ii) Absence Without Permission : If a
of members of the House. member is absent from all meetings of
If the quorum is not met, the Speaker of the the House for a period of 60 days without
Lok Sabha either adjourns the meeting or obtaining permission from the House,
suspends the proceedings until the required their seat can be declared vacant.
number of members is present.
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
(d) Control Over Debate : The Speaker 126. Keeping in view the composition of the Lok
decides who may speak during Sabha, answer the following :
debates and ensures that discussions (i) Qualifications of a member of the Lok Sabha.
remain relevant and within the rules. (ii) Disqualifications of a member of the Lok
(b) Administrative power : Sabha.
(a) The Speaker is the administrative (iii)Term of the Lok Sabha. Can it be
head of the Lok Sabha Secretariat, reduced?
overseeing its functioning and (iv) Annual schedule of the Parliamentary
personnel management. session.
(b) The Speaker allocates work to (v) The composition of the Lok Sabha.
various offices within the Parliament, Ans : MAIN 2012,2014.2018
ensuring smooth functioning.
(c) The Speaker is responsible for the (i) To be eligible for membership in the Lok
security of the Lok Sabha, ensuring Sabha, a person must satisfy the following
the safety of members and the qualifications:
premises. (a) Citizenship : The individual must be
(iii)Regulation of Parliamentary procedure : a citizen of India. Age : The minimum
(a) Presiding Over Sessions : The age for contesting elections to the Lok
Speaker presides over the sessions of Sabha is 25 years.
the Lok Sabha, ensuring adherence to (b) Voter Registration : The person
procedures and maintaining the flow should be registered as a voter in any
of discussions. parliamentary constituency.
(b) Granting Speaking Time : Members (c) Other Requirements : The
must seek the Speaker’s permission candidate must meet any additional
to speak, and the Speaker determines qualifications as prescribed under law,
the order and time allocated to each. such as not being of unsound mind
(c) Ruling on Points of Order : The or disqualified under laws related to
Speaker decides on points of order, electoral offenses, corruption, etc.
ensuring parliamentary rules are (ii) A person may be disqualified from being
followed during debates. a member of the Lok Sabha under the
(d) Casting Vote : In the event of a tie, following conditions :
the Speaker exercises a casting vote (a) Holding an Office of Profit : If the
to resolve the matter. person holds an office of profit under
(iv) Mention any four powers of the Speaker the government of India or any state,
during the Session of the Parliament. other than those exempted by law.
(a) The Speaker serves as the ex-officio (a) Unsound Mind : If declared of
Chairperson of the Rules Committee unsound mind by a competent court.
and the Business Advisory Committee (b) Insolvency : If the person is declared
of the House. insolvent (bankrupt).
(b) The Speaker appoints the (c) Criminal Conviction : If convicted
Chairpersons of all House committees for an offense and sentenced to
and provides them with directions imprisonment of two years or more,
regarding their work. unless pardoned or the conviction is
(c) The Speaker determines whether a stayed by a higher court.
particular document is confidential (d) Defection : Under the Tenth Schedule
and decides if it should be presented (anti-defection law), if the member
before a committee. voluntarily gives up the membership
of their political party or disobeys the
party’s directions during a vote.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 283
117. Which bodies have the right to legislate stating that it is necessary for Parliament
on subjects in the Concurrent list? What to legislate on a matter in the State List in
happens in the case of conflict between such the national interest. This resolution must
laws? be passed by a two-thirds majority of the
Ans : MAIN 2019
members present and voting.

Both the Union Parliament and the State 121. Mention any one provision of the Constitution
Legislatures have the right to legislate on which clearly establishes the supremacy of
subjects in the Concurrent List. the Lok Sabha with regard to money bills.
In case of a conflict between Union and State What happens when a Money Bill. is not
laws on the same subject, the Union law returned by the Rajya Sabha in 14 days?
prevails. However, if a state law has received Ans : COMP 2017
the President’s assent, it can prevail in
that particular state, unless the Parliament One provision of the Constitution that
subsequently passes a law on the same establishes the supremacy of the Lok
subject, overriding the state law. Sabha regarding Money Bills is Article 109,
which states that Money Bills can only be
118. If the President does not give his assent to a introduced in the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya
Bill, what happens ? Sabha cannot amend or reject them.
Ans : SQP 2021
If a Money Bill is not returned by the Rajya
Sabha within 14 days, it is deemed to have
If the President of India does not give his been passed by both Houses in the form it
assent to a bill, the following can happen: was originally passed by the Lok Sabha.
(i) Withholding Assent : The President can
refuse to sign the bill, effectively vetoing
it. The bill then does not become law.
(ii) Returning the Bill : The President may THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
also return the bill (if it is not a Money
Bill) to Parliament for reconsideration
with suggestions. If both Houses pass the 122. The Union Parliament is the supreme
bill again, with or without amendments, legislative body in the country. With
the President is required to give assent. reference to the Indian Parliament answer
the following questions:
119. What is an Adjournment Motion ? (i) The Rajya Sabha is called a Permanent
Ans : COMP 2023 House. Explain this statement.
(ii) Explain the composition of the Rajya
An Adjournment Motion is a proposal to set
Sabha.
aside all other business to address a “definite
(iii)Mention any two exclusive powers of the
matter of urgent importance.” Such motions
Lok Sabha and two powers exclusive to
are typically permitted on issues like incidents
the Rajya Sabha.
involving multiple deaths, a bold robbery,
natural disasters such as devastating floods Ans : MAIN 2024

or tornadoes, or communal unrest. (i) The Rajya Sabha is called a Permanent

House because it is not subject to
120. Mention any one circumstance when the
dissolution. Unlike the Lok Sabha, which
Parliament can make laws on a state subject.
is dissolved every five years or earlier,
Ans : SQP 2000 the Rajya Sabha is a continuous body.
One circumstance when Parliament can make However, one-third of its members retire
laws on a state subject is when the Rajya every two years, and new members are
Sabha passes a resolution under Article 249, elected to fill the vacancies, ensuring that
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
110. State two occasions on which the President of Ans : MAIN 2017

India addresses a joint session of Parliament. The Vice President of India presides over the
Ans : COMP 2014
Rajya Sabha as its ex-officio Chairman.
The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is
The Speaker presides over a joint sitting of elected by the members of the Rajya Sabha
both Houses of Parliament in the following from among themselves.
situations :
(i) When there is a disagreement between 114. Who is the ex-officio chairperson of the Rajya
the two Houses over a bill. Sabha ? Mention one of his/her duties other
(ii) If more than 6 months have passed than being the chairperson of the Upper
without the bill being approved by the house.
other House. Ans : MAIN 2017

111. Name the body which elects the Rajya Sabha The Vice President of India is the ex-officio
Members. Mention any two matters where chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.
the Rajya Sabha enjoys equal powers with One of their duties, apart from being the
the Lok Sabha. chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, is to act as
Ans : COMP 2010
the second-highest constitutional officer in
India, succeeding the President in the event
The members of the Rajya Sabha are of their death, resignation, or removal.
elected by the elected members of the State
Legislative Assemblies and by the members 115. Name the lists which distribute the Subjects
of the Electoral College for Union Territories. of legislation between the Union and the
Two matters where the Rajya Sabha enjoys States. Mention any one circumstance when
equal powers with the Lok Sabha are: the Parliament can make laws on a state
(i) Passing Ordinary Bills : Both Houses subject.
must pass ordinary bills for them to Ans : COMP 2011
become law.
(ii) Amending the Constitution : Both The lists that distribute the subjects of
the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha must legislation between the Union and the States
approve any constitutional amendments are Union List, State List, Concurrent List.
with a two-thirds majority. One circumstance when Parliament can make
laws on a state subject is during a national
112. What do we mean when we say that the emergency, declared under Article 352, when
Rajya Sabha is a permanent body ? What is Parliament can legislate on matters in the
the term of office of a Rajya Sabha member ? State List for the entire country or a part
Ans : SQP 2015
of it.

When we say the Rajya Sabha is a permanent 116. Mention any one matter where the Rajya
body, it means that it is never fully dissolved, Sabha enjoys equal powers with the Lok
unlike the Lok Sabha. Instead, one-third of Sabha.
its members retire every two years, ensuring Ans : MAIN 2022
continuity in the functioning of the House.
The term of office for a Rajya Sabha member The Rajya Sabha enjoys equal powers with
is six years, with elections held biennially to the Lok Sabha in the matter of amending
fill the seats of retiring members. the Constitution. Both Houses must pass any
Constitutional Amendment Bill with a two-
113. Who presides over the Rajya Sabha? Who thirds majority for the amendment to take
elects the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya effect.
Sabha?
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 285
(i) The Rajya Sabha, as one of the two houses (iv) Judicial Powers :
of Parliament, has important legislative (a) Impeachment of the President : The
powers, although they are secondary to Rajya Sabha has the authority to
the Lok Sabha in certain cases: impeach the President on charges of
(a) Ordinary Bills : It can introduce and violating the Constitution.
pass ordinary bills. However, if the Lok (b) Removal of Judges : It can pass a
Sabha rejects or does not agree to the special address recommending the
amendments made by the Rajya Sabha, removal of a judge from the Supreme
a joint sitting of both Houses may be Court or High Courts.
convened to resolve the disagreement.
(c) Charges Against the Vice-President
(b) Constitutional Amendments :
: Any charges against the Vice-
The Rajya Sabha has equal power
President can be initiated only in the
with the Lok Sabha in amending
Rajya Sabha.
the Constitution. A constitutional
amendment bill must be passed by (d) Removal of High Officials : In
both Houses. conjunction with the Lok Sabha, the
(c) Creation or Abolition of All India Rajya Sabha can pass resolutions to
Services : The Rajya Sabha can pass a remove high-ranking officials such as
resolution with a two-thirds majority the Attorney General of India, the
to create or abolish All India Services. Comptroller and Auditor General,
(ii) The financial powers of the Rajya Sabha and the Chief Election Commissioner.
are limited compared to the Lok Sabha: Upon the passage of such a resolution,
(a) Money Bills : The Rajya Sabha cannot the President has the power to remove
introduce or amend money bills. these officers from their positions.
Money bills can only be introduced 125. What are the powers and functions of the
in the Lok Sabha, and once passed, Speaker with reference to the following:
they are sent to the Rajya Sabha for (i) Disciplinary powers
recommendations. However, the Rajya (ii) Administrative powers
Sabha must return the bill within 14 (iii)Regulation of Parliamentary procedure
days, and the Lok Sabha may accept (iv) Supervisory control over committees of
or reject the recommendations. the Parliament.
(b) Budget : The Rajya Sabha does not
Ans : COMP 2001,2005,2009,2016,2020
have the power to vote on the budget.
It can discuss the budget but cannot (i) Disciplinary power :
make decisions regarding money bills. (a) Maintaining Order : The Speaker
(iii)Administrative or Executive powers of ensures that the proceedings of the
the Rajya Sabha : House are conducted in an orderly
(a) Council of Ministers : While the Prime manner, maintaining decorum at all
Minister and Council of Ministers times.
are primarily accountable to the Lok (b) Suspension or Expulsion : The
Sabha, they can also be questioned Speaker has the authority to suspend
and discussed in the Rajya Sabha. or expel members for violating
(b) Removal of Ministers : The Rajya parliamentary rules or engaging in
Sabha can discuss issues related disruptive behavior.
to the government’s policies and (c) Censure and Warnings : The Speaker
decisions but cannot pass a motion can censure members for misconduct
of no-confidence, which can only be and issue warnings to those who
done in the Lok Sabha. violate the House’s code of conduct.
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
the Rajya Sabha remains functional at all (b) Age : He must be at least 25 years
times. old.
(ii) The Rajya Sabha consists of a (c) Voter in an Indian constituency : He
maximum of 250 members. Of these, must be a registered voter in any
2 (iii) 8 members are elected by the constituency in India.
elected members of State Legislative (ii) Three legislative powers of the Union
Assemblies and Union Territories, using Parliament:
a proportional representation system (a) Making Laws : The Parliament has
through a single transferable vote. the power to frame laws on subjects
The remaining 12 members are in the Union List and
nominated by the President of India for (b) Concurrent List. Amending the
their expertise in fields such as literature, Constitution : The Parliament has
science, art, and social service. the power to amend the Constitution
(iii)Two exclusive powers of the Lok Sabha : of India.
(a) Money Bills : Only the Lok Sabha
(c) Controlling the Budget : The
can introduce and pass Money Bills.
Parliament approves the Union
(b) No-Confidence Motion : Only
Budget and ensures that government
the Lok Sabha can pass a No-
spending is within the approved
Confidence Motion, which can lead
limits.
to the government’s resignation.Two
(iii)Four ways in which the Parliament
exclusive powers of the Rajya Sabha:
controls the Executive:
(c) Creation of All-India Services : Rajya
Sabha can pass a resolution to create (a) Question Hour : Members of
All-India Services. Parliament can ask questions to the
(d) Legislation on State List : Rajya ministers to hold the government
Sabha can allow Parliament to accountable.
legislate on State List matters in the (b) Vote of No Confidence : The
national interest. Parliament can remove the
government by passing a vote of no
123. The Union Legislature comprises the President confidence.
and the two houses of the Parliament. With (c) Budget Approval : The Executive
reference to the Parliament, answer the cannot spend money without the
following questions: approval of the Parliament, which
(i) Mr. Raj wants to be a member of the Lok scrutinizes and passes the budget.
Sabha. Mention any three qualifications
(d) Debates and Discussions : The
required to contest elections for the Lok
Parliament conducts debates and
Sabha.
discussions on policies and actions of
(ii) Mention any three legislative powers of
the Executive, ensuring transparency
the Union Parliament.
and accountability.
(iii)The Parliament controls the Executive.
Mention any four ways in which it 124. Keeping in view the powers of the Rajya
exercises its control. Sabha, answer the following :
Ans : MAIN 2023 (i) Legislative powers of the Rajya Sabha.
(ii) Financial powers of the Rajya Sabha.
(i) Qualifications required for Mr. Raj to
(iii)Administrative or Executive powers of
contest elections for the Lok Sabha:
the Rajya Sabha.
(a) Citizenship : He must be a citizen of
(iv) Judicial Powers
India.
Ans : SQP 2000,2011,2015
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 287
(iii)Normal Term : The normal term of the 127. How is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha elected?
Lok Sabha is five years from the date of Ans : SQP 2016
its first sitting.
(a) Reduction of Term : Yes, the term (i) In the Lok Sabha, both presiding officers
can be reduced if the Lok Sabha is the Speaker and the Deputy Speakerare
dissolved earlier by the President of elected from among its members by a
India upon the advice of the Prime simple majority of those present and
Minister. This may happen due to the voting in the House.
government’s inability to maintain a (ii) No specific qualifications are prescribed
majority or other political reasons. for being elected as the Speaker; the
(b) Extension : During a national Constitution only requires that the
emergency, the term of the Lok Sabha Speaker be a member of the House.
can be extended by a period of one (iii)The Speaker is most often elected
year at a time, but not beyond six unanimously, with a formal election
months after the emergency ends. occurring only if the parties disagree on a
(iv) The Indian Parliament meets in three candidate.
main sessions each year: (iv) Once a candidate is agreed upon, their
(a) Budget Session : Held from February name is typically proposed by the Prime
to May. This is the most important Minister or the Minister of Parliamentary
session as the budget is presented and Affairs.
discussed. 128. With reference to the judicial powers of the
(b) Monsoon Session : Held from July Parliament, discuss the following:
to September. It typically deals with (i) Impeachment of President.
important legislative matters. (ii) Impeachment of Chief Justice/Judges of
(c) Winter Session : Held from November the Supreme Court.
to December. This session is generally
Ans : COMP 2008
shorter but handles important
legislation and policy debates. (i) Parliament has the authority to remove
A special session may also be convened at the President from office through a process
any time by the President based on the called impeachment. If the President is
advice of the Council of Ministers. accused of violating the Constitution
(v) The Lok Sabha consists of representatives or committing grave misconduct, either
elected directly by the people based on House of Parliament can frame charges
universal adult suffrage. The Constitution against them. Should a resolution to this
envisions a maximum strength of 552 effect be passed by a two-thirds majority
members: up to 5 (iii) 0 representatives of the total membership of that House
from the States and up to 20 from and by a majority of the members present
the Union Territories. Previously, the and voting, the House will investigate
President could nominate up to two the charges. If the other House also finds
members of the Anglo-Indian community the President guilty upon investigation,
if he believed they were not adequately the President can be impeached and
represented in the House; however, this subsequently removed from office.
provision was discontinued by the 104th (ii) The Parliament can remove the Chief
Constitutional Amendment Act in 2019. Justice or Judges of the Supreme
The total number of elected members is Court for violating the provisions of
distributed among the States roughly in the Constitution, following the same
proportion to their population. procedure used for the impeachment of
the President of India.
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
(d) Consent of Multiple States : When two (c) Electoral Roll : The candidate must
or more states request Parliament to be registered as a voter in any
legislate on a State List subject, the law parliamentary constituency of India.
applies only to those consenting states. (iii)Two reasons to justify how the Lok Sabha
(v) International Commitments : is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha:
Parliament can make laws on State (a) Control Over Money Bills : The Lok
List subjects to fulfill international Sabha has exclusive control over
obligations and agreements. Money Bills. A Money Bill can only
142. With reference to the composition of the Lok be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and
Sabha answer the following questions. while the Rajya Sabha can suggest
(i) What is the maximum strength fixed by amendments, it cannot reject or
the constitution? What is the term of the amend the bill. The Lok Sabha has
House? By whom and on whose advice the final say.
can the Lok Sabha be dissolved? (b) Vote of No-Confidence : The Council
(ii) State any three qualifications needed to of Ministers is collectively responsible
contest for the Lok Sabha seat? to the Lok Sabha, not the Rajya
(iii)Give two reasons to justify how the Lok Sabha. If the Lok Sabha passes a No-
Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Confidence Motion, the government
Sabha. must resign, which gives the Lok
Sabha more authority over the
Ans : MAIN 2011
executive branch.
(i) (a) Maximum Strength : The maximum
strength of the Lok Sabha, as fixed 143. The Union Legislature is a controlling body
by the Constitution, is 552 members, of the Union Executive. In this context,
which includes 530 members describe how it uses the following procedures.
representing the states, 20 members (i) Question Hour
representing the Union Territories, (ii) No-Confidence Motion
and 2 members nominated by the Ans : MAIN 2012
President from the Anglo-Indian
community (a provision now abolished (i) Question Hour (Interpellation) : Members
by the 104th Amendment). of Parliament have the right to ask
(b) Term of the House : The normal questions about the Union Government’s
term of the Lok Sabha is 5 years, policies during the Question Hour,
after which general elections are held which is scheduled at the start of each
to reconstitute the House. However, parliamentary session. These questions
the term can be extended during a may be followed by supplementary
national emergency. questions for more details. This practice,
(c) Dissolution of Lok Sabha : The known as interpellation, allows MPs to
President of India can dissolve the criticize the government’s policies and
Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime expose inefficiencies. The criticism often
Minister and the Council of Ministers receives media coverage, pushing the
before the completion of its term. government to act responsibly and avoid
(ii) Three Qualifications to Contest for a Lok negative publicity.
Sabha Seat: (ii) No-Confidence Motion : The Union
(a) Citizenship : The candidate must be Council of Ministers remains in office
a citizen of India. as long as it has the confidence of the
(b) Minimum Age : The candidate must Lok Sabha. If a No-Confidence Motion
be at least 25 years of age. is passed, the Council must resign. This
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 289
(c) Approval of Expenditure : The (i) Question Hour : Every member of the
government cannot spend money House has the right to question the
unless it has been sanctioned by the government on matters of public interest.
Parliament. This includes approval These questions are directed to the
of grants, supplementary grants, and Chair, and if accepted, the government
appropriation bills. is required to provide responses. The first
(d) Financial Oversight : Through tools hour of each working day in the House
like the Public Accounts Committee is designated for this purpose, unless the
and the Comptroller and Auditor Speaker decides otherwise.
General’s (CAG) reports, Parliament (ii) Adjournment Motion : An Adjournment
ensures proper use of public funds. Motion calls for the House to suspend all
(ii) Parliament can legislate on State List other business and focus on a “matter of
subjects under these circumstances: urgent public importance.” As it disrupts
(a) During a Proclamation of Emergency. the normal proceedings, the Speaker
applies strict criteria to determine its
(b) When the Rajya Sabha passes a
admissibility. These guiding principles
resolution by a two-thirds majority
are :
declaring a State List subject of
national importance. (a) The matter raised must be specific,
(c) If two or more State Legislatures (b) The urgency must be significant
request Parliament to make laws on a enough to warrant discussion on the
State List subject. same day, and
(iii)(a) Union List : Parliament has exclusive (c) The issue should be of public
authority to legislate on subjects importance.
in the Union List, which includes (iii)No-Confidence Motion : The Council of
matters of national importance like Ministers is collectively accountable to
defense, foreign affairs, atomic energy, the Lok Sabha and remains in office as
railways, and telecommunications. No long as it enjoys the majority’s support.
state legislature can make laws on A No-Confidence Motion, moved by
these subjects. the Opposition, requires the backing of
(b) Concurrent List : On matters in the at least 50 members to be considered.
Concurrent List, both Parliament Once leave is granted, the motion must
and state legislatures can make laws. be discussed within 10 days. After the
However, if there is a conflict between debate, the Speaker calls for a vote. If
Union and state laws on the same the motion is passed, the Government is
subject, the Union law prevails, unless obliged to resign.
the state law has received presidential (iv) Universal Adult Franchise refers to the
assent. The Concurrent List includes right of all adult citizens of India, aged
subjects like criminal law, marriage, 18 years or above, to vote without any
bankruptcy, and education. discrimination based on caste, creed,
color, gender, or education.
131. Explain the terms : (v) Reservation of Seats : The Constitution
(i) Question Hour provides for the reservation of seats in the
(ii) Adjournment Motion Lok Sabha for Scheduled Castes (SCs)
(iii)No-Confidence Motion and Scheduled Tribes (STs). The number
(iv) Universal Adult Franchise of reserved seats is proportional to the
(v) Reservation of Seats. population of SCs and STs in each state
Ans : SQP 2019 relative to its total population. In these
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
129. Indian Parliament can control the Executive, Three Ways in Which the Lok Sabha
if necessary. In this context explain : Exercises Control Over the Council of
(i) Adjournment Motion. Ministers:
(ii) No-Confidence Motion. (a) No-Confidence Motion : The Lok
(iii)The Question Hour (Interpellation) Sabha can remove the government by
Ans : MAIN 2005, 2010
passing a no-confidence motion if it
believes the Council of Ministers has
(i) Adjournment Motion : Parliament lost the support of the majority.
can criticize the Executive through (b) Question Hour : Through questioning
adjournment motions on serious and ministers, the Lok Sabha ensures
urgent matters such as police firing on transparency and holds the
peaceful protests, railway accidents, major government accountable for its
crimes, atrocities against vulnerable actions.
sections of society, or natural disasters (c) Debates and Discussions : The Lok
like devastating floods or earthquakes. Sabha holds regular debates and
The primary purpose of an adjournment discussions on policies, budgets, and
motion is to highlight the government’s bills, allowing members to criticize
inefficiency in handling a particular and assess the government’s actions
situation, its failure to take preventive and decisions.
action, and to draw attention to matters
of public importance requiring suitable 130. In the context of the Union Parliament,
action. If the subject is of significant answer the following questions :
national importance, the government (i) Describe the financial powers of the
may agree to admit the motion. In that Union Parliament.
case, the scheduled agenda is suspended, (ii) Mention three instances when the
and members devote time to discussing Parliament can make laws on the subjects
the topic of the adjournment motion. entered in the State List.
(ii) No-Confidence Motion : Parliament (iii)Explain the powers of the Union
exercises control over the Union Council Parliament in respect of matters in the
of Ministers by holding them collectively Union List and Concurrent List.
responsible to it, as stipulated by the Ans : COMP 2006
Constitution. Union Ministers remain in
office as long as they enjoy the confidence of (i) Financial powers of the Union Parliament:
the majority in the Lok Sabha. If they lose (a) Passing the Budget : The Union
this confidence and a vote of no-confidence Parliament has the exclusive power
is passed against them, they are required to to approve the Union Budget,
resign. A lack of confidence in the Cabinet which includes the annual financial
can also be demonstrated by rejecting a bill statement of estimated receipts and
introduced by a Minister or by passing a expenditures. No money can be
symbolic reduction in a Minister’s salary. withdrawn from the Consolidated
(iii)The first hour of every sitting in Fund of India without Parliament’s
the Lok Sabha is reserved for asking approval.
questions, where members can (b) Levying Taxes : Only the Union
ask ministers about government Parliament has the authority to
policies, actions, and performance. impose or alter taxes as per the
This allows members of the Lok Sabha to provisions of the Constitution. It can
scrutinize the government’s functioning pass laws on taxes like income tax,
and hold ministers accountable for their customs duties, and excise duties.
actions and decisions.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 291
134. Explain any three Legislative powers of the 135. State any two Financial and any two
Union Parliament. Legislative powers of the Indian Parliament.
Ans : MAIN 2020 Ans : SQP 2019

(i) Union and Concurrent Subjects (i) Two Financial Powers of the Indian
(a) Union List: Parliament can legislate Parliament:
on 97 subjects in the Union List, (a) Control Over National Finances : The
which include areas like defense, Parliament has the exclusive power
foreign affairs, and atomic energy. to approve the Union Budget, which
(b) Concurrent List: Parliament can includes government expenditures
also legislate on 47 subjects in the and revenues. No money can be
Concurrent List, such as criminal withdrawn from the Consolidated
law and education. Both Parliament Fund of India without the approval of
and State Legislatures can make laws Parliament.
on these subjects, but Parliament’s (b) Imposition of Taxes : Parliament
laws take precedence over state laws, has the authority to impose, alter,
establishing its superiority. or abolish taxes. Any bill related to
(ii) Residuary Powers : Parliament holds the taxation or government spending must
authority to legislate on any residuary be approved by Parliament, ensuring
subjects not mentioned in the Union, its control over public finances.
State, or Concurrent Lists. This ensures (ii) Two Legislative Powers of the Indian
that any new or unforeseen matters can Parliament:
be addressed by the central legislature (a) Making Laws on Union and
(iii)State List : Parliament can legislate on Concurrent Lists : Parliament can
the 66 subjects in the State List under legislate on subjects listed in the
specific conditions: Union List (such as defense, foreign
(a) During a National Emergency: Under affairs, and banking) and also on
Article 250, Parliament can make subjects in the Concurrent List
laws on State List subjects for the (such as education and marriage), in
duration of an emergency. which both the Parliament and state
(b) Rajya Sabha Resolution: If the Rajya legislatures have the power to make
Sabha passes a resolution by a two- laws.
thirds majority declaring a State (b) Amending the Constitution :
List subject as nationally important Parliament has the power to amend
(Article 249). the Constitution under Article 368.
(c) State Legislature Consent: When two This requires a two-thirds majority in
or more State Legislatures request both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya
Parliament to legislate on a State List Sabha for most amendments.
subject.
(d) Conflict with International 136. India has opted for a federal system of
Commitments: If a state’s actions government with a strong unitary bias. In
conflict with the central government’s this context answer the following questions :
international obligations. (i) List any three federal features of
(e) Breakdown of Constitutional Government in India.
Machinery: During the failure of (ii) List any two conditions when the
constitutional governance in a state Parliament can make laws on Subjects in
(President’s Rule under Article 356). the State List.
(iii)Write short notes on any two unitary
features of the Government in India.
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
the Speaker has extensive powers to bill, a joint sitting may be called by the
maintain discipline within the House. President of India under Article 108. The
In the Table of Precedence, the Speaker deadlock happens if the Rajya Sabha
ranks above all Cabinet Ministers except rejects the bill, suggests amendments
the Prime Minister. When exercising that the Lok Sabha disagrees with, or
their powers and functions, the Speaker fails to act within six months. During
is accountable solely to the House and the joint sitting, members of both Houses
not to any other authority. Additionally, vote together, and the bill is passed if it
no court of law can examine the merits of receives a simple majority of members
the Speaker’s rulings. present and voting.
(iii)
139. With reference to the differences in the
powers of two Houses answer the following Aspect Money Bill Non-Money Bill

questions : Definition Deals solely with Covers all other

financial matters subjects.
(i) Compare and contrast the elections to (Article 110).
both the Houses.
Introduction Only in Lok In Lok Sabha or Rajya
(ii) What is the procedure that should be Sabha. Sabha.
followed if there is a deadlock between Rajya Can suggest Can amend, reject, or
the two Houses of the Parliament on a Sabha’s Role amendments pass.
non-money bill ? within 14 days.

(iii)What is the difference between a money President’s Must assent; Can assent or return for
Assent cannot return the reconsideration.
bill and a non-money bill ? bill.
Ans : SQP 2017 Legislative Lok Sabha Equal power in both
Power supremacy. Houses.
(i)
Feature Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha 140. With reference to the Union Parliament,
Election Method Direct election Indirect election by answer the following questions :
by the people State Legislatures (i) Which House is considered to be more
Term 5 years 6 years (1/3rd powerful – the Lok Sabha or the Rajya
retires every 2 years)
Sabha ? State two reasons to justify your
Dissolution Can be dissolved Permanent body
answer.
Representation Represents the Represents the (ii) How is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha
people states and UTs
elected ? Mention two functions of
Strength 552 members 250 members (max)
(max)
the Speaker during the session of the
Parliament.
Voter Eligibility Citizens (18+) Elected State
Legislators (iii)Mention four ways in which the Lok
Sabha exercise control over the Council
Method of Election :
of Ministers.
1. Lok Sabha : Members are directly elected
by the people of India through general Ans : COMP 2011

elections based on universal adult (i) The Lok Sabha is considered to be more
suffrage. powerful than the Rajya Sabha.
2. Rajya Sabha : Members are elected Two reasons to justify this are:
indirectly by the elected members of State (a) Control Over Money Bills : Money
Legislative Assemblies through a system Bills can only be introduced in the
of proportional representation using the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can only
single transferable vote. suggest changes, but it cannot reject
(ii) If a deadlock occurs between the Lok or amend Money Bills, and the Lok
Sabha and Rajya Sabha on a non-money Sabha has the final authority on them.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 293
Parliament has the right to debate 138. With reference to the powers and functions
these items, it does not have the of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha state the
authority to vote on them. This following:
ensures that essential expenditures (i) Any three functions to regulate
are managed without obstruction, proceedings of the House.
while still allowing for parliamentary (ii) Any three administrative functions
oversight through discussion. (iii)The Speaker of the Lok Sabha occupies
(c) Salary and Allowances of Ministers a position of great authority and
and Judges : Parliament holds the responsibility. Give reasons to support
privilege to determine the salaries this statement.
and allowances of its own members. Ans : COMP 2015
Additionally, it is responsible
for setting the compensation for (i) Three functions to regulate proceedings
Ministers, as well as the Chief Justices of the House :
and Judges of the Supreme Court (a) Maintaining Order and Decorum
and High Courts. This ensures that : The Speaker is responsible for
remuneration for key public officials maintaining order and decorum in the
is decided through a democratic and House during debates and discussions,
transparent process. ensuring that members adhere to the
(iii)Administrative or Executive Powers : rules of conduct.
(a) Question Hour : One hour each (b) Deciding Who May Speak : The
day when Parliament is in session Speaker decides who may speak
is dedicated to members asking during discussions and allocates time
questions to the Government. to different members, ensuring that
Members can inquire about state debates proceed smoothly and fairly.
administration, and ministers are (c) Casting Vote : In case of a tie during
required to provide answers, ensuring a vote, the Speaker exercises their
government accountability. casting vote to break the deadlock.
(b) Vote of No-Confidence : A motion However, the Speaker only votes when
that challenges the Government’s necessary to maintain impartiality.
adherence to the Constitution. If (ii) Administrative Functions
passed, it forces the entire Ministry (a) The Speaker acts as the primary
to resign, effectively removing the representative of the House and is
Government from office. responsible for communicating the
(c) Monetary Controls : Parliament House’s matters to the President. In
oversees the Government’s financial this role, the Speaker serves as the
decisions. It can approve, reduce, or intermediary between the President
reject the annual or supplementary and the House.
budgets and adjust ministers’ salaries, (b) The Speaker is responsible for
ensuring fiscal responsibility and receiving all petitions and documents
control. that are addressed to the House.
(d) Other Motions of Confidence : (c) The Speaker conveys the House’s
Includes motions like adjournment decisions to the relevant authorities
motions and rejection of Government and ensures that these decisions are
bills. These motions can undermine implemented accordingly.
the Government’s stability and, if (iii)The Speaker is the presiding officer of the
passed, can lead to a loss of confidence Lok Sabha, responsible for conducting
similar to a no-confidence vote. the House’s business. Holding a position
of significant authority and responsibility,
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CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
reserved constituencies, only individuals (i) Co-Equal Powers of the Two Houses of
belonging to these castes and tribes Parliament The Lok Sabha (House of the
are eligible to contest elections. This People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of
provision was implemented to ensure fair States) share co-equal powers in several
representation for marginalized sections key areas. Here are three examples:
of society. Without such reservations, (a) Ordinary Legislation : Both Houses of
these communities might find it difficult Parliament participate in the process
to compete with candidates from more of making and passing Ordinary Bills.
privileged backgrounds. For a bill to become law, it must be
approved by both the Lok Sabha and
132. Discuss the procedure to be followed by the
the Rajya Sabha.
Union Parliament in passing a Money Bill.
(b) Constitutional Amendments : Both
Ans : MAIN 2009
Houses hold equal authority when
Bills dealing with taxation, borrowing, and amending the Constitution. Any
the management of the Consolidated or amendment must be passed by a
Contingency Funds of India are classified two-thirds majority in both the Lok
as Money Bills. Any bill that does not fall Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
into this category is an Ordinary Bill. A (c) Approval of Presidential
Public Bill addresses matters that apply Proclamations : During a national
to the general public, while a Private Bill emergency, President’s Rule, or
pertains to specific individuals, corporations, financial emergency, proclamations
or institutions, such as the Orphanages and issued by the President must
Charitable Homes Bill. be approved by both Houses of
Parliament.
(i) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha decides
whether a bill is a Money Bill or an (ii) Nominated Members in the Lok Sabha
Ordinary Bill. and Rajya Sabha
(a) Lok Sabha : The President may
(ii) A Money Bill requires the President’s
nominate up to 2 members from
recommendation and can only be
the Anglo-Indian community to
introduced in the Lok Sabha.
the Lok Sabha if the community is
(iii)Once passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent underrepresented. However, this
to the Rajya Sabha, which cannot reject provision was abolished in 2019
the bill but may offer suggestions within through the 104th Constitutional
14 days. Amendment.
(iv) The Lok Sabha is not bound to accept (b) Rajya Sabha : The President can
the Rajya Sabha’s recommendations and nominate 12 members to the Rajya
holds the final authority on Money Bills. Sabha. These members are chosen
for their expertise or distinguished
133. With reference to the two Houses of the contributions in fields like literature,
Parliament answer the following questions. science, art, and social service.
(i) The two Houses of the Parliament enjoy Reason for Nominations : The nomination
co-equal powers in many spheres – explain of members ensures that individuals with
it by giving any three examples. specialized knowledge or underrepresented
(ii) How many members may be nominated communities can contribute to the
to the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha? legislative process, bringing diverse
Give reason. perspectives to Parliament.
Ans : COMP 2012 ,2018
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 295
(b) Vote of No-Confidence : The Council 141. The Union Parliament is the law-making
of Ministers is collectively responsible body at the Central level. In this context,
to the Lok Sabha, not the Rajya briefly describe.
Sabha. A No-Confidence Motion can (i) Its power to make laws on subjects
only be passed in the Lok Sabha, and mentioned in the Union List and the
if it succeeds, the government must Concurrent List.
resign. (ii) Its Residuary Powers
(ii) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is elected (iii)Its Power to make a law on a matter in
by the members of the Lok Sabha from the State List.
among themselves through a simple Ans : SQP 2018
majority vote. After a general election or
whenever the position of Speaker becomes (i) Parliament acts as the primary law-making
vacant, members nominate candidates body at the central level, responsible for
and vote to elect the Speaker. enacting, amending, and repealing laws
Two functions of the Speaker during a on all 97 subjects in the Union List. For
session of Parliament: the 47 subjects in the Concurrent List,
(a) Maintaining Order : The Speaker both Parliament and State Legislatures
ensures that the proceedings in the can legislate. However, in cases of conflict
House are conducted in an orderly between a State law and a Central law
manner and that the rules of the on a Concurrent List subject, the Central
House are followed. Conducting law takes precedence.
Debates: (ii) Parliament holds residuary powers,
(b) The Speaker manages discussions, allowing it to legislate on matters
decides who may speak, and ensures not specified in the Union, State, or
a fair distribution of time for all Concurrent Lists. These powers apply to
members during debates. new or unforeseen areas, like cybersecurity
(iii)The four ways in which Lok Sabha and space exploration, which were not
exercises control over Council of Ministers foreseen when the Constitution was
are : drafted.
(a) Control Over Government : The Lok (iii)Parliament can legislate on the 66 subjects
Sabha can remove the ruling ministry in the State List under the following
by passing a vote of no-confidence. circumstances:
(b) Right of Interpretation : Members (a) National Emergency : During a
can ask questions to Ministers, national emergency, Parliament
allowing the Lok Sabha to criticize gains the power to make laws on any
and highlight flaws in government subject in the State List.
policies. (b) Breakdown of Constitutional
(c) Adjournment Motions : These motions Machinery : If the constitutional
are introduced on serious issues to governance of a state fails, Parliament
highlight government inefficiency in assumes legislative authority for that
managing specific situations. state, including passing its budget.
(d) Other Motions of Censure : Includes (c) Rajya Sabha Resolution : If the
motions to censure Ministers, Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a
reject Government Bills, and pass two-thirds majority declaring a State
private members’ bills against the List subject as nationally important,
Government’s wishes. Parliament may legislate on that
subject.
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
Ans : COMP 2021
137. With reference to the powers of the Union
(i) Three federal features of Government in Parliament, state the following :
India : (i) Three of its Legislative Powers.
(a) Division of Powers: The Indian (ii) Three of its Financial Powers.
Constitution clearly divides (iii)Four of its Administrative or Executive
powers between the Union and Powers.
State Governments through three Ans : SQP 2020
lists - Union List, State List, and
Concurrent List - outlined in the (i) Legislative Powers :
Seventh Schedule. (a) Parliament as the Central Lawmaking
(b) Bicameral Legislature: India has Body : Parliament serves as the
a bicameral legislature with the primary legislative authority at the
Rajya Sabha representing the states, central level. It is responsible for
ensuring a federal structure by giving creating new laws, as well as amending
states a say in the legislative process or repealing existing ones, for all 97
at the national level. subjects listed in the Union List and
(c) Independent Judiciary: The Supreme for any residuary subjects not covered
Court serves as the guardian of the by any of the three legislative lists.
Constitution and ensures the division (b) Concurrent List Legislation : For
of powers between the Union and State the 47 subjects in the Concurrent
Governments is maintained, acting as List, both Parliament and the State
an impartial arbiter in disputes. Legislatures have the authority
(ii) The Parliament can legislate even on to enact laws. However, in cases
subjects included in the State List : where a State Law conflicts with a
(a) During a Proclamation of Emergency Central Law, the Central Law takes
: When a national emergency is in precedence and overrides the state
effect, Parliament can legislate on legislation.
subjects in the State List. (c) Constitutional Amendment Powers
(b) Rajya Sabha Resolution : If the Rajya : The Union Parliament holds
Sabha passes a resolution by a two- the exclusive power to amend
thirds majority declaring that a State the Constitution. While some
List subject has assumed national amendments require ratification by
importance, Parliament can make a majority of the States, no State
laws on that subject. Legislature has the authority to
(iii)(a) Single Constitution : India has a initiate constitutional amendments.
single Constitution for both the Union (ii) Financial Powers :
and the states, unlike some federal (a) Annual Budget : The Union Minister
systems where states have their own for Finance presents the Annual
constitutions. This ensures uniformity Budget to Parliament, outlining
in governance across the country. the expected sources of income and
(b) Residuary Powers : Unlike many planned expenditures for the upcoming
federal systems where residuary year. This presentation is made with
powers are vested in the states, in the prior approval of the President.
India, residuary powers (powers Parliament has the authority to
over subjects not listed in any of the approve, reduce, or reject the Budget
three lists) are vested in the Union in its entirety through voting.
Government, giving it additional (b) Consolidated Fund of India : Certain
authority over unlisted subjects. budgetary items are charged to the
Consolidated Fund of India. While
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 297
motion reflects the Parliament’s control CASE BASED QUESTION
over the executive, as a loss of confidence,
rejection of a bill, or passing a symbolic
cut in a Minister’s salary can lead to the 145. This picture is a symbol of our democratic
government’s fall. rule, in this context, answer the following :

144. With reference to the composition of the

Rajya Sabha answer the following questions:
(i) What is the manner of election of its
members?
(ii) What are the qualifications of the
members of the Rajya Sabha?
(iii)What type of members are nominated by
the President to the Rajya Sabha ?
Ans : MAIN 2012 (i) How does the Parliament symbolise
that the people of India make laws for
(i) Members of the Rajya Sabha are
themselves?
indirectly elected by the elected members
(ii) Suppose you want to be a Member of the
of the State Legislative Assemblies and
Lok Sabha and your name is enrolled in
the Union Territories using a system of
the electoral roll in another State and you
proportional representation by means of
wish to contest the election from the State
a single transferable vote. The number of
where you are residing now. Can you still
seats allocated to each state is based on
contest the elections for the Lok Sabha?
its population.
What other qualifications you need to
(ii) In order to be chosen as the Member of have to contest the elections? Can you
the Rajya Sabha, a person must fulfil the become a member of the Upper House?
following qualifications : (iii)When you grow up, you will have a
(a) The person must be a citizen of India. chance to be an MP. Would you like to
(b) The person must be at least 30 years be an MP in the Lok Sabha or the Rajya
of age. Sabha? Why?
(c) The person must meet other Ans : COMP 2015
qualifications as prescribed by law,
(i) The Parliament of India embodies the
such as not holding any office of profit
democratic principle that the people
under the government.
govern themselves. The Lok Sabha is
(d) Under the Representation of the directly elected by the citizens, meaning
People Act, candidates for the Rajya representatives chosen by the people
Sabha must reside in the state or draft, debate, and pass laws on their
Union Territory from which they are behalf. This reflects that the ultimate
contesting the election. power to make laws resides with the
(iii)The President of India nominates 12 people, exercised through their elected
members to the Rajya Sabha. These representatives.
members are chosen for their expertise (ii) Yes, you can contest Lok Sabha elections
and contributions in fields such as from a different state where you currently
literature, science, art, and social service. reside, even if your name is on the
electoral roll in another state. You are
allowed to contest from any parliamentary
constituency across India as long as you
meet the required qualifications.
CH 13 : THE UNION LEGISLATURE
Other qualifications needed to contest
Lok Sabha elections:
1. Must be a citizen of India.
2. Must be at least 25 years of age.
3. Must meet any other qualifications as
prescribed by law.
4. Yes, you can become a member of the
Rajya Sabha if you are at least (iii)0
years old and meet other prescribed
qualifications. Rajya Sabha members
are elected indirectly by the elected
members of State Legislative
Assemblies.
(iii)I would prefer to be a Member of
Parliament in the Lok Sabha because:
(a) Direct Mandate : Lok Sabha MPs are
directly elected by the people, ensuring
a strong democratic connection.
(b) Greater Influence : It has significant
control over government policies and
exclusive authority over financial
matters like Money Bills.
(c) Accountability : MPs can hold the
government accountable through
tools like the no-confidence motion.
(d) Visibility : Direct interaction with
constituents allows for a more tangible
impact on their lives.

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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 299

CHAPTER 14
PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT

SUMMARY the President’s prior approval.

4. Judicial Powers : Can grant pardons,
reprieves, respites, or commutations of
1. PRESIDENT punishment.
5. Discretionary Powers : In specific
Qualifications for Election : To be eligible for
circumstances, such as appointing a
election as the President, a candidate must
Prime Minister in a hung Parliament, the
be at least 35 years old, a citizen of India,
President can act at their discretion.
and qualified to be elected as a member of
6. Emergency Powers : Declares National,
the Lok Sabha.
State, and Financial Emergencies as
1.1 Electoral College provided in the Constitution.
The President is elected by an Electoral 2. VICE-PRESIDENT
College comprising elected members of both
houses of Parliament and the elected members Qualifications for Election : The Vice-
of the Legislative Assemblies of states and President must be at least 35 years old, a
union territories. citizen of India, and eligible to be elected as
1. Indirect Election : The President is a member of the Rajya Sabha.
indirectly elected to ensure a broader Term of Office : The Vice-President serves
representation, reflecting federalism and for 5 years and can be re-elected.
preventing regional bias. Powers : The Vice-President acts as the ex-
2. Term of Office : The President serves a officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. In the
5-year term and can be re-elected. absence of the President, the Vice-President
3. Impeachment : The President can acts as the acting President.
be impeached for violation of the
Constitution, through a process initiated
in either house of Parliament.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
1.2 Powers of the President
1. Executive Powers : Appoints the Prime 1. During a hung assembly when no party gets
Minister, Council of Ministers, Governors, the majority, the President appoints the
judges of the Supreme Court, and other Prime Minister. What power is the President
key officials. exercising?
2. Legislative Powers : Summons and (a) Legislative
prorogues Parliament, can dissolve (b) Executive
the Lok Sabha, and can promulgate (c) Discretionary
ordinances when Parliament is not in (d) Judicial
session.
Ans : MAIN 2024
3. Financial Powers : Ensures no money bill
can be introduced in Parliament without Thus (c) is correct option.
CH 14 : PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
2. The ______ has the power to summon the 7. What is the security deposit of a candidate
Houses of Parliament. for Presidential Election?
(a) Speaker (a) `2500 (b) `15,000
(b) President (c) `10,000 (d) `7500
(c) Vice President Ans : SQP 2004

(d) Chief Justice of India Thus (b) is correct option.

Ans : MAIN 2023
8. The power to summon Parliament is subject
Thus (b) is correct option. to the condition that there should not be a
gap of more than_____months between
3. Who is the head of the state of the Indian
two session of each house.
Union?
(a) Four
(a) The Prime Minister
(b) Six
(b) The President
(c) Three
(c) The Chief Justice (d) Nine
(d) The Speaker
Ans : COMP 2005
Ans : MAIN 2000
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
9. No Bill can become a Law without the assent
4. Who is the Supreme commander of the and the signature of the_____.
Defence Forces of India? (a) Prime Minister
(a) The President (b) Vice-President
(b) The Defence Minister (c) Comptroller and Auditor General of
(c) The Prime Minister India.
(d) The Commanding Minister (d) President
Ans : SQP 2001 Ans : MAIN 2011

Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.

5. What is the minimum age to be elected as 10. Which amongst the following is not an
the President of India? Emergency Power of the President?
(a) Thirty years (a) National Emergency
(b) Thirty-two years (b) Financial Emergency
(c) Forty years (c) Breakdown of Constitutional Machinery
(d) Thirty-five years in a State
Ans : COMP 2003 (d) Breakout of an epidermic
Thus (d) is correct option. Ans : MAIN 2006

Thus (d) is correct option.

6. Name the President of India.
(a) Ram Nath Kovind 11. For how long can President’s rule be imposed
(b) Narendra Modi in a state?
(c) Droupadi Murmu (a) 1 month
(d) Yashwant Sinha (b) 2 months
(c) 6 months
Ans : MAIN 2010
(d) 3 months
Thus (c) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2007

Thus (c) is correct option.

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 301
12. Which article stipulates that there shall be a The President of India is elected for 5 years
Vice President of India? but he can be removed before expiry of his
(a) Article 12 term through impeachment.
(b) Article 62
(c) Article 63 18. What is the name of the body that elects the
(d) Article 65 President ? What is the role of nominated
members in it?
Ans : COMP 2012
Ans : COMP 1991,1999,2020
Thus (c) is correct option.
Electoral College is the body that elects the
13. Who administers the oath of office to the President. Nominated MPs and nominated
President of India? MLAs have no hand in electing the President.
(a) Comptroller and Auditor General of India
(b) Prime Minister of India 19. Who administers the Oath of Office to the
(c) Chief Justice of India President?
(d) Judge of the Supreme Court Ans : MAIN 1985

Ans : MAIN 2009 The Oath of Office to the President is

Thus (c) is correct option. administered by the Chief Justice of India,
in presence of the Prime Minister and his
14. What is the term of office of the President Council of Ministers.
of India?
(a) Five years 20. Mention any two executive powers of the
(b) Seven years President.
(c) Three years Ans : SQP 2007

(d) Ten years (a) To appoint and dismiss high officials.

Ans : SQP 2013 (b) To administer Union Territories.
Thus (a) is correct option. 21. Who is the ex-officio chairperson of the Rajya
Sabha?
Ans : COMP 2015

ONE MARK QUESTIONS Vice-President.

22. State the reason why the President cannot

15. State any one qualification necessary for the dissolve the Rajya Sabha.
election of the President of India.
Ans : MAIN 1982
Ans : COMP 2015
The President cannot dissolve the Rajya
He should be a citizen of India. Sabha because it is a permanent House.
16. When and how can the President of India be 23. Mr. Konar was not found eligible for the
removed from office. election as the Vice-President of India even
Ans : MAIN 2006,1987,2016 though he had the qualifications of being a
citizen of India and not being a member of
The President can be removed from his
the Parliament and the State legislature.
office for violation of the Constitution by
On What grounds was he disqualified ? Give
Impeachment.
one reason.
17. What is the term of office of the President Ans : SQP 2009
of India?
For holding any office of profit under the
Ans : SQP 1988 Centre or the state government.
CH 14 : PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
Council of Ministers. 49. What is an ‘Ordinance’ ? Write one limitation.
Ans : SQP 2007,2014,2018
45. Mention any two financial powers of the
President. An ordinance is a presidential decree that
Ans : MAIN 2001
holds the force of law.
Limitation : The ordinance must be presented
1. Control over the Contingency Fund: to Parliament in its next session, and if
The President can authorize spending Parliament rejects it, the ordinance becomes
from the Contingency Fund of India for void.
unexpected expenses.
2. Recommendation for Money Bills: A 50. State one limitation imposed on the powers
Money Bill can only be introduced in of the President by :
Parliament with the President’s prior (a) The Parliament.
approval. (b) The Council of Ministers.
Ans : COMP 1996
46. Mention any two legislative powers of the
President of India. (a) The President has the authority to
Ans : SQP 2007
promulgate an ordinance, which must
receive approval from Parliament within
(i) The President holds the authority six weeks.
to convene and suspend sessions of (b) The President may declare an emergency
Parliament. solely based on the recommendations of
(ii) The President is empowered to appoint the Council of Ministers.
twelve members to the Rajya Sabha.
51. Who has the power to promulgate an
47. When does the President address both the ordinance at the Centre ? When can it be
Houses of Parliament assembled together? promulgated?
Ans : COMP 1982
Ans : SQP 2000,2009,2014,2015
1. At the beginning of the first session after (a) When they determine that immediate and
a General Election. necessary legislative action is required.
2. At the beginning of the first session of (b) When Parliament is not in session.
each year (typically the Budget Session).
In these addresses, the President outlines the 52. When can the national and financial
government’s policies and legislative agenda. emergency be declared?
Ans : COMP 2019
48. Mention two military powers of the President
of India. (i) National Emergency: A national
Ans : MAIN 2007
emergency can be declared in the event
of a war, external aggression, or armed
1. Supreme Commander of the Armed rebellion within the country.
Forces: The President is the ceremonial (ii) Financial Emergency: Under Article 360,
head of the Indian Armed Forces, holding the President may proclaim a financial
the title of the Supreme Commander. emergency when the financial stability or
2. Power to Declare War and Peace: The credit of India is threatened.
President has the authority to declare
war or conclude peace, but this is done 53. With in what time limit does the approval
based on the advice of the Council of of the parliament must be taken after the
Ministers. declaration of any type of emergency?
Ans : COMP 1981,1986

A National Emergency must be approved

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 303
38. Who settles disputes in connection with the 42. Mention two reasons for adopting the indirect
election of the President and Vice-President? method of election for the President.
Ans : COMP 2005 Ans : MAIN 2001

All the election disputes concerning the (i) The architects of the Indian Constitution
election of the President and Vice–President intentionally selected this approach to
are settled by the Supreme Court, whose establish a parliamentary system in the
decision shall be final nation, designating the Prime Minister as
the head of government.
(ii) Because one party is likely to dominate
both Houses of Parliament, electing the
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS President solely by a majority of Union
Parliament members could result in the
39. Name the Chief Executive in India. Why is President being chosen as a representative
he elected indirectly ? of the ruling party, much like the Prime
Minister.
Ans : MAIN 2004

The Chief Executive of India is the President. 43. State the composition of the Electoral College
He is elected indirectly because : that elects him.
(a) Direct elections would require extensive Ans : SQP 2000

effort and result in significant expenditure. The Electoral College, which consists of
(b) As a constitutional head, it is appropriate elected Members of Parliament (MPs)
for him to be elected indirectly, as direct from both Houses and elected Members of
elections are not suited for such a role. the Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) from
40. Mention the procedure when the President the States, is responsible for electing the
addresses joint session of both the Houses of President. This body is temporary and is
Parliament. disbanded immediately after the Presidential
election is completed.
Ans : SQP 2003
Nominated MPs and MLAs do not participate
The President addresses both Houses of in the Presidential election. To nominate a
Parliament together during the first session candidate for President, at least 50 members
following a General Election. In this address, of the Electoral College must propose the
the President outlines the government’s candidate, and another 50 members must
internal and external policies. second the nomination. Additionally, each
candidate is required to deposit a security
41. What does the President solemnly undertake of Rs.15,000, as stipulated by the ordinance
to do when he takes the oath of office ? issued in June 1997.
Ans : COMP 2002
44. State one limitation imposed on the powers
When the President of India takes the oath of of the President by :
office, he solemnly undertakes to: (a) The Parliament.
1. Preserve, protect, and defend the (b) The Council of Ministers.
Constitution and the law.
2. Devote himself to the service and well- Ans : COMP 1996

being of the people of India. (a) The President has the authority to issue
3. Uphold the sovereignty, integrity, and an ordinance, which must be approved by
unity of India. Parliament within six weeks.
(b) The President can declare an emergency
only upon receiving advice from the
CH 14 : PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
24. Who settles disputes arising in connection 32. What is the normal term of office of the Vice-
with the election of the President of India? President?
Ans : COMP 2012 Ans : SQP 2012

The Supreme Court The normal Term of the office of the Vice-
President is five years. However, he continues
25. Who is the Supreme Commander of the to hold his office until his successor enters
Armed forces of India? upon the office.
Ans : MAIN 2020
33. What is meant by the term ‘Ordinance’ ?
President.
Ans : COMP 2013
26. What is the normal term of office of the Vice- An ‘Ordinance’ implies a direction, or
President of India? command of an authoritative nature, which
Ans : SQP 2020 has the same face and effect as an Act of
5 years. Parliament.

27. State any one qualification necessary for the 34. When can ordinances be issued by the
election of the President of India. President?
Ans : COMP 2015
Ans : MAIN 2014

He should be a citizen of India. The Ordinance can be issued by the President

when both the Houses of Parliament are
28. Who is the Head of State in the Union of not in session, and the President is satisfied
India? that circumstances exist which demand,
Ans : MAIN 2018 immediate action.
The President is the Head of State (Chief 35. Mention three types of Emergencies, which
Executive) in the Union of India. the Constitution makes provision for?
29. Who administers oath of office to the Ans : SQP 2018

President? (a) National Emergency

Ans : SQP 2019 (b) Constitutional Emergency
(c) Financial Emergency
The Chief Justice of India administers the
Oath of Office to the President. 36. Mention two important functions of the Vice-
President.
30. What is the term of office of the President
of India ? Ans : COMP 2011

Ans : COMP 2016 (a) The Vice-President of the Indian Union

acts as the ex-officio Chairman of the
The President holds office for a term of 5
Rajya Sabha.
years and is eligible for re-election.
(b) He officiates as President, when the latter
31. What do we call the official process by which is unable to discharge his duties owing to
a President may be removed from office? illness or absence from the country.
Ans : MAIN 2019 37. Can the President function without the
The official process by which a President who Council of Ministers ?
has violated the constitution is removed from Ans : SQP 2008
office is known as Impeachment.
No, the President cannot function without
the Council of Ministers.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 305
by Parliament within one month of its citizen of India.
declaration, whereas Constitutional and 2. Age: Must be at least 35 years old.
Financial Emergencies require parliamentary 3. Qualification for Rajya Sabha: Must be
approval within two months of being declared. qualified to be elected as a member of the
Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
54. How can the Vice-President be removed from 4. No Office of Profit: The person must
office ? Is there any provision for impeachment not hold any office of profit under the
of the Vice-President in the Constitution? Government of India, a State Government,
Ans : MAIN 1992 or any local authority.
The Vice-President of India can be removed 58. Mention the qualifications necessary for
from office by a resolution passed by a majority election as President of India.
of all the members of the Rajya Sabha and
agreed to by the Lok Sabha. However, a 14- Ans : COMP 2018

day notice must be given before moving such 1. Citizen of India: The individual must be
a resolution in the Rajya Sabha. an Indian citizen.
There is no provision for impeachment of 2. Age: Must be at least 35 years old.
the Vice-President in the Constitution, 3. Qualification for Lok Sabha: Must be
unlike the President. The Vice-President is qualified to be elected as a member of the
removed by a special resolution process, not Lok Sabha (House of the People).
impeachment. 4. No Office of Profit: Must not hold any
office of profit under the Government of
55. How is the Vice-President elected ? Do MLAs India, a State Government, or any local
have any role in it? authority.
Ans : SQP 1987,2005,2010
59. How is the President of India elected?
The Vice-President is elected by an
Electoral College consisting of the elected Ans : MAIN 2019

and nominated members of both Houses of The President of India is elected by an

Parliament. MLAs do not have a role in this Electoral College, consisting of:
election. 1. Elected members of Parliament (both
The Vice-President is elected by MPs only, Houses).
while the President is elected by both MPs 2. Elected members of State Legislative
and MLAs. Assemblies.
3. Elected members of Legislative Assemblies
56. Mention any two powers of the Vice-President of Union Territories with legislative
as Chairman of the Rajya Sabha? assemblies.
Ans : MAIN 1988,1991 The election follows a single transferable vote
(a) He determines whether a question or system with proportional representation, and
resolution is permissible in the Rajya the candidate must secure over 50% of the
Sabha. valid votes to win.
(b) He sets the order and time limits for 60. Why is the President elected by indirect
members’ speeches. elections?
57. What are the qualifications which an Ans : COMP 2017
individual should possess to be elected as the 1. To ensure broad representation, involving
Vice-President? both Parliament and state legislatures.
Ans : SQP 2016 2. To maintain a balance between the Centre
1. Citizen of India: The person must be a and States in the election process.
CH 14 : PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
3. To preserve the parliamentary system, general election.
where the President holds a largely 2. At the start of the first session each year
ceremonial role. (usually the Budget Session).
4. To ensure efficiency and cost-effectiveness,
avoiding the complexities of a direct 64. How long can the Vice-President continue to
election. hold office even after the expiry of his term?
How can the Vice-President be removed from
61. How can the President vacate his office? On office?
what grounds can the President of India be Ans : MAIN 2000
removed from office ?
The Vice-President can continue to hold
Ans : MAIN 2011
office until his successor assumes charge, even
The President of India can vacate office in after the expiry of his term.
the following ways: The Vice-President can be removed from
1. Resignation: By submitting a written office by a resolution passed by a majority
resignation to the Vice-President. of all the members of the Rajya Sabha and
2. Completion of Term: After completing agreed to by the Lok Sabha. However, a 14-
the five-year term. day notice must be given before moving such
3. Impeachment: The President can be a resolution.
removed for violation of the Constitution,
initiated by either House of Parliament 65. State the power of Vice-President as the ex-
and requiring a two-thirds majority in office Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
both Houses after investigation. Ans : SQP 2002

62. Name the body as well as the process involved 1. Presiding over Rajya Sabha sessions: The
in the election of the President. Vice-President conducts the proceedings
and maintains order during debates.
Ans : SQP 2013
2. Deciding on points of order: The Vice-
The body involved in the election of the President has the authority to decide
President of India is the Electoral College, on procedural issues and points of order
which includes: raised during discussions.
1. Elected members of both Houses of 3. Casting vote: In the case of a tie on any
Parliament. matter, the Vice-President exercises a
2. Elected members of the Legislative casting vote to break the deadlock.
Assemblies of States. 4. Ensuring discipline: The Vice-President
3. Elected members of the Legislative can take disciplinary actions against
Assemblies of Union Territories with members for unruly behavior or breaches
assemblies. of rules.
The process is through indirect election
using a single transferable vote system with 66. Why are the ordinances considered temporary
proportional representation. The candidate measures?
must secure more than 50% of the total valid Ans : COMP 2003

votes to win. Ordinances must be presented to both

63. Mention the occasion when the President Houses of Parliament when they reconvene.
addresses both the Houses of Parliament If Parliament rejects the ordinance, it will
assembled together. expire. If Parliament does not reject it, the
ordinance will automatically terminate six
Ans : COMP 2015
weeks after Parliament has reassembled.
1. At the start of the first session after a
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 307
67. What options are open to the President when (ii) Mention any three legislative powers of
an Ordinary Bill is sent to him for his assent? the President.
Ans : MAIN 2004
(iii)Give any two reasons to justify the need
for indirect election of the President.
When an Ordinary Bill is sent to the President What is the composition of the Electoral
for assent, the President has three options: College which elects the President?
1. Give Assent: The President can approve
the bill, making it law. Ans : MAIN 2023

2. Withhold Assent: The President can (i) Three types of emergencies that can be
refuse to approve the bill, thereby vetoing proclaimed by the President :
it. (a) National Emergency: Declared under
3. Return the Bill: The President can Article 352 in case of war, external
send the bill back to Parliament with aggression, or armed rebellion.
recommendations for reconsideration. If (b) State Emergency (President’s Rule):
Parliament passes it again, the President Declared under Article 356 if the
must give assent. governance in a state cannot be
carried on in accordance with the
68. Under what circumstances can the President Constitution.
of India use his discretionary powers? (c) Financial Emergency: Declared under
Ans : SQP 2004 Article 360 if there is a threat to the
1. Prime Minister in a Hung Parliament: If financial stability of the country.
no party secures a Lok Sabha majority, (ii) Three legislative powers of the President:
the President must appoint a new Prime (a) Summoning and Proroguing
Minister instead of following the outgoing Parliament: The President has the
PM’s advice. power to summon or prorogue sessions
2. Prime Minister After Sudden Death: The of the Parliament and dissolve the
President appoints a new Prime Minister Lok Sabha.
if the current one dies unexpectedly. (b) Assent to Bills: A bill passed by
3. Dissolution of Lok Sabha: If the ruling Parliament becomes a law only after
party loses its majority or faces a no- the President’s assent. The President
confidence vote, the President can may give or withhold assent, or return
dissolve the Lok Sabha or ask another the bill for reconsideration (except a
party to prove its majority. money bill).
4. Dismissal of Ministers: If the Council of (c) Ordinances: The President can
Ministers loses the House’s confidence promulgate ordinances when
and refuses to resign, the President may Parliament is not in session, which
dismiss them. have the same effect as laws.
(iii)Reasons justifying the need for indirect
election of the President:
(a) Representation of States: The
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS indirect election ensures that both
the Union and the states have a say
69. The President is the head of the State and in the election, reflecting the federal
exercises his / her powers on the advice of the structure of India.
Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. (b) Minimizing Political Conflict: Direct
With reference to this, answer the following elections could lead to political
questions: conflict and rivalry between the
(i) What are the three types of emergencies President and the Prime Minister,
that can be proclaimed by the President? as a directly elected President might
CH 14 : PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
authority, other than that of the Vice- 80. Mention any four executive Powers of the
President or President or Governor of President.
a state. Ans : SQP 2020
(b) The election of the Vice-President of India
does not involve the state legislatures. The Constitution states that the executive
Instead, the Vice-President is chosen by powers of the Union are vested in the
an Electoral College made up of members President, covering all subjects on which
from both Houses of Parliament. The Parliament can legislate. These powers
election process uses proportional include:
representation and the single transferable 1. Administrative Head: The President is
vote system. As per the ordinance from the head of the Union administration,
June 1997, a Vice-Presidential candidate’s with all orders and actions carried out in
nomination must be proposed by 20 his name.
MPs and seconded by another 20 MPs. 2. Appointment of Prime Minister and
Additionally, the candidate is required to Ministers: The President appoints the
submit a security deposit of Rs.15,000. Prime Minister and, on their advice,
other ministers. Ministers can also be
79. Explain any three Discretionary Powers of dismissed or resign to the President.
the President. 3. Appointment of Key Officials: The
Ans : MAIN 2020
President appoints high-ranking officials
such as the Attorney General, Supreme
1. Appointment of the Prime Minister: In Court judges, Governors, and heads of
situations where no party or coalition commissions.
has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, 4. State Control: The President can issue
the President exercises discretion in directions to state governments and
appointing the Prime Minister. The has full control over a state during
President can invite a leader, who they emergencies through the Governor.
believe can form a stable government, to
take charge as the Prime Minister. 81. The President of India enjoys vast powers. In
2. Dissolution of the Lok Sabha: The this context, briefly explain
President has the discretionary power (a) Any three of his/her Executive Powers.
to dissolve the Lok Sabha if the Prime (b) Any three of his/her Legislative Powers.
Minister loses the confidence of the House (c) Any two of his/her Judicial Powers
and no alternative government can be Ans : COMP 2019
formed. The President can call for fresh
elections, thus dissolving the existing Lok (a) Executive Powers: The Constitution
Sabha. states that the executive power of the
3. Returning a Bill for Reconsideration: Union is vested in the President. These
The President can return a non-money powers include:
bill (except a constitutional amendment 1. Head of the Union Administration:
bill) passed by the Parliament for All executive orders are issued in
reconsideration, if they feel the bill needs the President’s name, and all Union
further deliberation. However, if the officials are subordinate to him.
Parliament passes the bill again with or 2. Formation of the Council of Ministers:
without changes, the President is obliged The President invites the leader of the
to give assent to the bill. majority party in Parliament to form
the government and, on the advice of
the Prime Minister, appoints other
ministers. The Prime Minister must
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 309
with foreign countries, but these (a) The limitations on his powers are as
require parliamentary approval in under :
certain cases. (i) Exercise of Presidential Powers by
the Real Executive : The President’s
71. With reference to legislative powers of the authority is carried out by the Prime
President discuss : Minister and the Council of Ministers.
(a) Summoning and proguing the Parliament The 44th Amendment Act of 1978
(b) Dissolving the Lok Sabha granted the President the ability
(c) Assenting to state Bills. to return advice from the Prime
Ans : COMP 2018 Minister and Council of Ministers
(a) Summoning and Proroguing the for reconsideration. However, if the
Parliament: same advice is submitted again, the
(i) Summoning: The President can President is obligated to follow it.
summon either House of Parliament (ii) Proclamations of Emergency : Any
at any time, ensuring there’s no gap emergency declarations made by the
of more than six months between two President under Articles 352, 356, and
sessions. This is done on the advice of 360 must be presented to Parliament
the Council of Ministers. within one month for approval. If
(ii) Proroguing: The President can Parliament does not approve the
also prorogue (end a session) either emergency proclamation, it becomes
House, terminating the session null and void and is no longer in
without dissolving the House, based effect.
on ministerial advice. (iii)Impeachment of the President :
(b) Dissolving the Lok Sabha: The President The President can be impeached
has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha, by Parliament for violating the
ending its term and triggering new Constitution in both its letter and
elections. This is done on the advice of the spirit. This ensures that the President
Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. adheres strictly to the Constitution,
Dissolution can occur before the five-year as the constitutional framework
term if the government loses majority itself acts as a significant restraint,
support and no alternative is viable. preventing the President from acting
(c) Assenting to State Bills : When a State outside its boundaries.
Bill is reserved by the Governor, the (b) Discretionary Powers :
President can: (i) Guardian of the Constitution and
(i) Give Assent, making it law. Law : The President plays a pivotal
(ii) Withhold Assent, vetoing it. role in the functioning of India’s
(iii)Return the Bill for reconsideration. Parliamentary system. Upon taking
If passed again by the State Legislature, the oath of office in the name of God,
the President must give assent. These the President is solemnly committed
powers ensure the President’s involvement to safeguarding the Constitution and
in both parliamentary and state legislative upholding the law. This oath obligates
processes. him to serve diligently for the welfare
of the people of India.
72. Discuss the position of the President, with (ii) Appointment of Prime Minister
reference to : in a Coalition Scenario :When no
(a) Limitations on his Powers. single party obtains a clear majority
(b) His Discretionary Powers. and a coalition seeks to form the
Ans : MAIN 2010,2011,2015 government, the President must
CH 14 : PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
claim more authority. of India and other judges of the
Composition of the Electoral College: Supreme Court and High Courts, in
The Electoral College that elects the consultation with appropriate judicial
President consists of: authorities.
(a) Elected Members of both Houses of (iii)Attorney General of India: The
Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya President appoints the Attorney
Sabha). General, the top legal advisor to the
(b) Elected Members of the Legislative Government of India.
Assemblies of all States. (c) Control of the President on the State
(c) Elected Members of the Legislative Government:
Assemblies of Union Territories (i) Governor’s Role: As the appointing
(Delhi, Puducherry). authority for the Governors, the
President has an indirect influence
70. With regard to the executive powers of the over the state governments. The
President, discuss : Governor acts as the representative
(a) Appointment of the Prime Minister and of the President in the state.
the Cabinet. (ii) President’s Rule: Under Article 356,
(b) Appointment of other high dignitaries. if the President, based on the report
(c) Control of the President on the State of the Governor or other reasons,
Government. is convinced that the governance
(d) His military and diplomatic powers. in a state cannot be carried out in
Ans : SQP 2016 accordance with the Constitution,
(a) Appointment of the Prime Minister and the President can impose President’s
the Cabinet: Rule. This leads to the central
(i) Prime Minister: The President government taking direct control of
appoints the Prime Minister, who the state’s administration.
is usually the leader of the majority (d) Military Powers and diplomatic powers
party or coalition in the Lok Sabha. (i) Military Powers : The President is the
In case of a hung Parliament (no Supreme Commander of the Armed
party having a clear majority), the Forces of India. This means that the
President exercises discretion in President has the highest authority
appointing the Prime Minister. over the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
(ii) Council of Ministers: The President However, these powers are exercised
appoints the other ministers on the by the President based on the advice
advice of the Prime Minister. The of the Prime Minister and the Council
Council of Ministers, along with of Ministers.The President has the
the Prime Minister, is collectively power to declare war and conclude
responsible to the Lok Sabha. peace, but such decisions are made
(b) Appointment of other high dignitaries with the advice of the Council of
: The President appoints several high- Ministers.
ranking officials in the country, including: (ii) Diplomatic Powers: The President
(i) Governors of States: The President represents India in international
appoints the Governors, who act as forums and affairs. He appoints Indian
the executive heads of their respective ambassadors and other diplomats to
states. foreign countries. The President also
(ii) Judges of the Supreme Court and receives foreign ambassadors and
High Courts: The President appoints diplomatic representatives. He can
judges, including the Chief Justice enter into treaties and agreements
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 311
nominal status: (b) Functions
1. Assent to Bills: The President must give (c) Position
assent to a bill if Parliament passes it Ans : SQP 2018
again after reconsideration.
2. Ordinance-making: The President issues (a) State legislatures do not participate in
ordinances on the advice of the Council of the election of the Vice-President. The
Ministers, and they require parliamentary Vice-President is elected by a joint vote
approval when Parliament reconvenes. of both Houses of Parliament using a
proportional representation system with a
75. State the composition of the Electoral College single transferable vote. According to the
in the election of the President of India. June 1997 Ordinance, a Vice-Presidential
Ans : COMP 2014,2016
candidate’s nomination must be proposed
by 20 MPs and seconded by another 20
The President is elected by an Electoral MPs.
College, a joint body consisting of elected (b) Functions :
Members of Parliament (MPs) from both 1. He oversees and manages the debates
Houses and elected Members of the Legislative and proceedings in the Rajya Sabha.
Assemblies (MLAs) of the states. This 2. He determines the admissibility of
Electoral College is a temporary body that questions or resolutions within the
dissolves immediately after the presidential House.
election is completed. Nominated MPs and 3. He decides the speaking order and
MLAs do not participate in electing the time limits for members during
President. sessions.
76. Mention three types of Emergencies that the 4. He has the authority to suspend the
President is empowered to proclaim. proceedings in case of serious disorder.
5. He provides guidance to the
Ans : MAIN 2016
Chairpersons of various committees
The President of India is empowered to within the House.
proclaim three types of emergencies: (c) Despite being the second-highest
1. National Emergency (Article 352): constitutional office, the Vice-President’s
Declared when the security of India or role is mostly ceremonial with little
any part of its territory is threatened influence in governance or policymaking,
by war, external aggression, or armed unless acting as the interim President.
rebellion.
2. State Emergency (Article 356): Also 78. With reference to the Vice-President of India,
known as President’s Rule, it is declared answer the following questions :
when the governance in a state cannot be (a) Qualification
carried out according to the provisions of (b) Election
the Constitution, often due to the failure Ans : COMP 2018
of constitutional machinery in the state. (a) Qualification :
3. Financial Emergency (Article 360): (i) Must be a citizen of India.
Declared when the financial stability or (ii) Must have completed 35 years of age.
credit of India is threatened, allowing the (iii)Must be qualified to be elected as a
central government to take control over member of the Rajya Sabha (Council
the financial affairs of states. of States).
77. Write a critical note on the role of the Vice- (iv) Must not hold any office of profit
President, with reference to his: under the Government of India,
(a) Election any state government, or any local
CH 14 : PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
(a) Under Article 352 of the Indian 87. Discuss the actual position of the President
Constitution, the President can declare of India under the following headings :
a National Emergency in the following (a) Powers shall be exercised by President in
situations: accordance with the advice of his Council
(i) War: When India faces a direct attack of Ministers
or the threat of war from a foreign (b) Situations may arise when the President
nation. may use his Discretion
(ii) External Aggression: When India is Ans : COMP 2003
subjected to an invasion or external
aggression. (a) Under Article 74 of the Constitution, the
(iii)Armed Rebellion: When there is a President is required to act on the advice
significant internal disturbance, such of the Council of Ministers, led by the
as an armed rebellion, that endangers Prime Minister. This provision ensures
the security or integrity of the country. that the President’s role remains largely
(b) The Emergency can remain in effect for ceremonial, with executive power resting
up to six months at a time. It may be in the hands of the elected government.
extended in additional six-month intervals The key points are:
if approved by Parliament with a majority (i) Binding advice: The President must
of the total members of each House accept and act according to the
and at least two-thirds of the members decisions made by the Council of
present and voting. However, if the Lok Ministers. This includes decisions
Sabha passes a resolution disapproving on policy matters, the signing of
the Emergency, the President is required bills into law, and the declaration of
to revoke the Proclamation without any emergencies.
discretion. (ii) Reconsideration power: While
(c) The Proclamation of Emergency has the President may send a piece
significant impacts on both the autonomy of advice or a bill back to the
of states and fundamental rights. Council for reconsideration, once
Effects on Centre-State Relations: it is resubmitted, the President is
(i) The Union Parliament gains the constitutionally bound to act on it.
authority to legislate on any subject This arrangement ensures that the
within the State List. President serves as a constitutional
(ii) The Union Government can issue head of state, while the actual
directives to states regarding the governance is conducted by the
exercise of their executive powers. political executive.
(iii)The Central Government is (b) When no political party or leader secures
empowered to suspend the financial a majority in the Lok Sabha following
provisions of the Constitution. a general election, or when multiple
Effects on Fundamental Rights: leaders vie for the position of Prime
(i) All Fundamental Rights under Minister, situations can also arise if a
Article 19 are suspended during the Prime Minister resigns. In such cases, the
Emergency. President must make a prudent decision.
(ii) The President may suspend the For instance, on April 17, 1999, Prime
right to approach any court for the Minister Shri A.B. Vajpayee submitted
enforcement of rights, except those his resignation. The President requested
guaranteed under Articles 20 and 21. him to remain in office until alternative
(iii)The exercise of Fundamental Rights arrangements could be made. On April
may be partially or entirely suspended. 21, the President invited opposition leader
Smt. Sonia Gandhi to form a government
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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 313
keep the President informed of all ordinances have the force of law but
decisions made by the Council of must be approved by Parliament
Ministers. within six weeks of reassembly.
3. Appointment and Removal of High (c) Judicial Powers:
Officials: The President appoints key 1. Power of Pardon: The President can
officials like the Attorney General, grant pardons, reprieves, respites,
judges of the Supreme Court and and commutations, especially in
High Courts, ambassadors, and heads cases involving the death penalty or
of commissions like the UPSC and sentences from military courts.
Election Commission. He also has the 2. Immunity from Legal Proceedings:
power to remove ministers and top The President cannot be arrested or
officials. tried in court during their term. A
4. Administration of Union Territories: civil suit can only be filed with two
The President governs Union months’ prior notice.
Territories through administrators
appointed by him. 82. According to Dr. Ambedkar, “The President
5. Control over State Governments: represents the nation but does not rule the
The Union Government can issue nation.” In this context answer the following
directions to state governments, and questions:
during President’s Rule, the President (a) The President of India referred to as a
exercises full control over the state nominal head of the State. State two
through the Governor. examples of his legislative powers that
(b) Legislative Powers: suggest his nominal status.
1. Summoning and Proroguing (b) Mention the circumstances when
Parliament: The President summons the President can declare a national
and prorogues Parliament and can emergency.
dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice (c) Explain two discretionary powers of the
of the Prime Minister. The Rajya President.
Sabha, as a permanent body, is not Ans : COMP 2014

subject to dissolution. (a) The President of India is a nominal and

2. Addressing Parliament: The President constitutional head, as most powers are
addresses both Houses after each exercised by the Prime Minister and the
General Election and at the beginning Council of Ministers.
of the first session each year, outlining (i) The President can dissolve the Lok
the government’s policies. He can also Sabha, but only after consulting the
send messages to either House at any Prime Minister.
time. (ii) The President has the power to veto a
3. Assent to Bills: A bill becomes law bill. However, if the Parliament passes
only with the President’s assent. the bill a second time and sends it for
The President can approve, reject, approval, the President is required to
or return a non-money bill for sign it for it to become law.
reconsideration. If passed again by (b) National Emergency is declared by the
Parliament, the President must give President in the following situations:
assent. Money bills require prior (i) When the President is convinced that
Presidential recommendation. the security of India or any part of it
4. Ordinance Making Power: The is threatened by external aggression
President can issue ordinances when or war.
Parliament is not in session. These
CH 14 : PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
exercise his discretionary judgment based on the Council of Ministers’
to invite a leader who can establish recommendation. Notable instances
a stable administration to become include the 1962 Indo-China war, the
the Prime Minister. His decisions 1971 Indo-Pakistan war, and the 1975
and judgment in these situations are emergency declared by Indira Gandhi.
crucial for maintaining governmental The proclamation must be approved
stability. by Parliament within one month and
can last for six months, extendable
73. The President of India is the Head of the with parliamentary approval.
Indian Republic while the Governor is the (ii) Financial Emergency: Under Article
Head of the State Government. In this 360, the President can declare a
context, answer the following questions. financial emergency if the financial
(a) Justify the need for ‘Indirect Election’ of stability or credit of India is at risk.
the President. (c) Four similar features in the legislative
(b) Describe the circumstances under which powers of the President and the Governor.
the President can declare an emergency (i) Summoning and Proroguing: Both the
in the country. President and the Governor have the
(c) Enumerate four similar features in the power to summon and prorogue their
legislative powers of the President and respective legislatures (Parliament
the Governor. for the President, State Legislative
Ans : MAIN 2010,2012,2005 Assembly for the Governor).
(a) Need for ‘Indirect Election’ of the (ii) Dissolving the House: The President
President : can dissolve the Lok Sabha, and
(i) Head of State, not Government: the Governor can dissolve the State
The President represents the nation Legislative Assembly.
but does not govern it directly. An (iii)Ordinance-making Power: Both the
indirect election ensures the office President and the Governor can issue
remains non-political. ordinances when their respective
(ii) Representation of Federal Structure: legislatures are not in session. These
The election involves both Members ordinances must be approved by
of Parliament (MPs) and Members of Parliament or the State Assembly
Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) from once they reconvene.
states, ensuring that the President (iv) Assenting to Bills: Both the President
represents both the union and states and the Governor have the power to
equally. give assent to bills, withhold assent,
(iii)Avoiding Populism: A direct election or return bills (except Money Bills) to
could turn the President into a rival the legislature for reconsideration.
power center to the Prime Minister, 74. Why is the President of India referred
affecting the balance of power. to as a nominal head of the State ? State
Indirect elections keep the President’s two examples of his legislative powers that
role more ceremonial. suggest his nominal status.
(b) Circumstances under which the President
can declare an emergency in the country. Ans : SQP 2010

(i) National Emergency: The President The President of India is called a nominal head
can declare a national emergency if because their powers are largely ceremonial
India’s security is threatened by war, and exercised based on the advice of the
external aggression, or armed rebellion. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers.
This can be done preemptively, Two examples of legislative powers showing
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 315
is done by secret ballot. citizen.
(b) To be eligible for election as the Vice- (ii) They must be at least 35 years of age.
President of India, a person must meet (iii)They should be eligible for election as
the following criteria: a member of the Lok Sabha.
(i) He must be a citizen of India. (iv) They must not hold any office of
(ii) He must be at least 30 years of age. profit under the central or state
(iii)He must be qualified to be elected as government.
a member of the Rajya Sabha. (v) They must not have been convicted of
(iv) He must not hold any office of profit any offense under the law.
under the Government of India or any (b) The President of India is elected by an
State Government. Electoral College consisting of:
(c) The Vice-President typically has limited (i) Elected members of both Houses of
involvement with the office of the Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya
President, but he performs the following Sabha).
key duties: (ii) Elected members of the Legislative
(i) Ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Assemblies of States and Union
Sabha: The Vice-President’s primary Territories (including Delhi and
role is to serve as the ex-officio Puducherry).
Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, (c) The President of India can be removed
where he regulates debates, decides from office through impeachment for
the order of speeches, and rules on violating the Constitution. The process
the admissibility of resolutions or involves the following steps:
questions. In cases of serious disorder, (i) The impeachment process begins
he may suspend or adjourn the session with a resolution in either House of
and provides guidance to committee Parliament.
chairpersons on their functions. (ii) The resolution must have the support
(ii) Acting as President: The Vice- of at least one-fourth of the members
President assumes the role of Acting of that House.
President in three situations: the (iii)To pass the resolution, a two-thirds
death, removal, or inability of the majority of the total membership of
President to perform duties due the House is required.
to illness or other reasons. The (iv) The other House then conducts
Vice-President can serve as Acting the investigation. If the charges are
President for up to six months, during proven and this House also passes the
which time a new President must be resolution with a two-thirds majority,
elected. the President is removed from office.

85. The President of India is the head of the 86. The President is empowered to declare
Union. In this context explain : Emergency in the event of War or External
(a) The qualifications for election. Aggression or Armed Rebellion. In this
(b) The constitution of Electoral College for context explain the following :
his/her elections. (a) Circumstances leading to the
(c) The method of his removal. Proclamation of Emergency
Ans : MAIN 2000
(b) Duration of such Proclamation
(c) Effect of a Proclamation of Emergency on
(a) To qualify for election as the President Centre-State relations and Fundamental
of India, a candidate must fulfill the Rights.
following conditions:
(i) The candidate must be an Indian Ans : SQP 2001
CH 14 : PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
(ii) If there is a danger of armed rebellion six months but can be extended up
within the country. to a maximum of three years with
(c) (i) The President plays a crucial role in parliamentary approval every six months.
the functioning of the parliamentary An emergency can be extended beyond
system in India. Upon assuming one year if the following two conditions
office, he takes an oath in the name are met:
of God, pledging to uphold the (i) A national emergency is already in
Constitution and the law. This oath force in the country or in any part of
obligates him to act as the guardian the country.
of the Constitution and to serve for (ii) The Election Commission certifies
the welfare of the people of India. that it is not possible to conduct
(ii) In the event that no single party elections in the state due to difficulties
secures a clear majority, a coalition such as law and order problems.
of parties may claim the right to form (c) Effect of the emergency on the
the government. The President must administration of the State :
exercise discretionary judgment in such 1. The President cannot suspend
situations, inviting a leader capable constitutional provisions related to
of providing a stable government to the functioning of the High Courts
serve as Prime Minister. His decision in the state. The judiciary remains
in such cases is critically important independent and operational.
for the country. 2. The State’s annual budget and other
legislative matters are handled and
83. The President may declare an emergency in a approved by Parliament during the
State, if he/she is convinced of the breakdown period of President’s Rule.
of constitutional machinery in the State. In 3. The President can transfer all
this context, answer the following questions: executive powers of the state to the
(a) When can such an emergency be Governor, who acts on behalf of the
proclaimed ? Why is such an emergency central government.
often referred to as President’s Rule ? 4. The State Legislative Assembly may
(b) What is the duration of such an emergency be dissolved or kept in suspension.
? State two conditions under which such During this time, Parliament assumes
an emergency can be extended beyond the legislative functions of the state,
one year. enacting laws on its behalf.
(c) State the effect of the emergency on the
administration of the State ? 84. According to Article 63 of our Constitution ,
Ans : SQP 2012
“There shall be a Vice-President of India. In
this context state:
(a) The President can declare an emergency (a) the manner of his/her election
in a state under Article 356 if they are (b) any three qualifications for election ; and
convinced that the state government (c) two of his/her important powers.
cannot function according to the
provisions of the Constitution, indicating Ans : COMP 2011

a breakdown of constitutional machinery. (a) The Vice-President of India is elected

This is often referred to as President’s by an electoral college consisting of the
Rule because, during such an emergency, members of both Houses of Parliament
the state government is dissolved, and (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha). The
the President directly administers the election is conducted through the system
state, typically through the Governor. of proportional representation by means
(b) Initially, the emergency can last for of a single transferable vote, and voting
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 317
at the Centre. However, after some time,
Smt. Sonia Gandhi indicated that she
was unable to establish a government.
Consequently, President Shri K.R.
Narayanan dissolved the Lok Sabha.

88. Comment on the statement : “The President

holds office of great dignity, but very little
power.”
Ans : MAIN 2004

The statement, “The President holds office Ans : COMP 2024

of great dignity, but very little power,” (a) He is Jagdeep Dhankhar, the current
reflects the unique nature of the office of the Vice President of India.
President of India. As the ceremonial head (b) The Vice President of India is elected by
of state, the President occupies a position of an electoral college composed of members
high respect and constitutional importance, from both houses of Parliament. The
symbolizing the unity and integrity of the election is conducted through a secret
nation. However, in practice, the President’s ballot and utilizes the proportional
powers are largely symbolic and limited by representation system with a single
the parliamentary system of governance. transferable vote.
The President’s role is mostly guided by the (c) His functions are as follows:
advice of the Council of Ministers, headed by (i) He oversees the functioning of the
the Prime Minister, as required by Article Rajya Sabha as its ex-officio Chairman.
74 of the Constitution. While the President (ii) He assumes the duties of the President
has certain key responsibilities, such as when the President is unable to
appointing the Prime Minister, declaring perform them due to illness or being
emergencies, and giving assent to bills passed abroad.
by Parliament, these functions are typically (iii)He serves as Acting President
performed under the direction of the elected in the event of a vacancy in the
government. presidency due to death, resignation,
In this way, the President’s office represents impeachment, or other reasons.
the dignity of the state, but their actual (iv) He undertakes goodwill missions to
authority is constrained by the democratic foreign nations.
framework, where real power rests with the (v) He provides guidance to the
elected executive and Parliament. chairpersons of various committees
within the house.

90. Study the picture and answer the questions

CASE BASED QUESTION that follow :

89. With reference to the given picture, answer

the following questions:
(a) Identify the personality given in the
picture. Who is he?
(b) How is he elected?
(c) What are his functions?
CH 14 : PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
(a) Identify the building in the picture and
state where it is located. Whose official
residence is it ?
(b) State the qualifications necessary to
become the President of India.
(c) Why is it said that the President of India
is only a nominal head ?
Ans : MAIN 2023

(a) The building shown in the picture is

Rashtrapati Bhavan, located in New
Delhi, India. It serves as the official
residence of the President of India.
(b) To qualify for the position of President of
India, an individual must:
(i) Be an Indian citizen.
(ii) Be at least 35 years old.
(iii)Be eligible for election as a member of
the Lok Sabha.
(iv) Not hold any office of profit under
the Government of India or any state
government.
(c) The President of India is considered
a ceremonial head because, although
occupying the highest constitutional
position, they exercise their authority
based on the guidance and support of
the Council of Ministers, as stipulated
in Article 74 of the Constitution. Most
executive decisions are made by the Prime
Minister and the Council of Ministers,
while the President primarily fulfills a
symbolic role.

www.nodia.in
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 319

CHAPTER 15
PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS

SUMMARY ruling party.

1.2 Administrative Functions
The Prime Minister is the head of the
The Council of Ministers is also tasked with
government in India and is appointed by the
overseeing the day-to-day administration
President. Typically, the Prime Minister is the
of the country. Each minister is responsible
leader of the party that has a majority in the
for managing their respective ministry and
Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament).
ensuring that government decisions are
The Prime Minister plays a pivotal role in
implemented efficiently.
the functioning of the government and is
often referred to as the “first among equals” 1.3 Legislative Functions
within the Council of Ministers. The Council introduces and supports
Upon assuming office, the Prime Minister legislation in Parliament. The Prime Minister
is responsible for forming the Council of and ministers work closely with Parliament
Ministers, which is a body comprising to ensure the passage of key bills, and they
different ranks of ministers, including Cabinet are involved in drafting legislation that aligns
Ministers, Ministers of State, and Deputy with government policies.
Ministers. The formation of this Council is
a key responsibility, as it ensures that the 1.4 Financial Functions
executive branch of government can function One of the most critical responsibilities of
effectively and carry out its duties. the Council is financial management. The
government, under the leadership of the
1. TENURE AND FUNCTIONS
Prime Minister, prepares the Union Budget
The tenure of the Council of Ministers is and allocates resources to various sectors. The
closely tied to that of the Prime Minister. Council ensures that the country’s finances
Generally, both the Prime Minister and the are managed effectively and in accordance
Council of Ministers serve for five years, with legislative approval.
aligned with the Lok Sabha’s term, but
their tenure can be shorter if they lose the 1.5 Emergency Functions
confidence of the majority in the Lok Sabha. In times of emergency, the Prime Minister
The functions of the Prime Minister and the Council play an advisory role to the
and the Council of Ministers are vast and President, helping to decide on emergency
encompass several key areas: declarations. They have the authority to
guide the country through crises, including
1.1 Policy Making
national or state emergencies, ensuring swift
The Council is responsible for formulating and efficient decision-making.
and guiding national policies. The Prime
Minister plays a central role in setting the 2. POSITION AND POWERS OF THE PRIME MINISTER
government’s agenda and ensuring that The Prime Minister occupies a highly
policies reflect the vision and goals of the significant position within the political
CH 15 : PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
structure of India. They are the head of the policy decisions and oversees critical areas of
executive branch of government and the governance.
leader of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister On the other hand, the Council of
is responsible for making crucial decisions Ministers includes all ministers, from
regarding national policy, international Cabinet rank to junior ministers, who help
relations, and other high-level matters. The in executing various government functions.
Prime Minister also acts as the principal While the Cabinet is focused on high-level
spokesperson for the government and policy making, the larger Council supports
represents India on the global stage. the execution of these decisions across various
The powers of the Prime Minister include: departments.
(i) Supervising the functioning of various
ministries.
(ii) Chairing meetings of the Cabinet and
shaping the government’s policies. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
(iii)Advising the President on key
appointments, including those of judges, 1. The junior category of ministers who assist
governors, and other high-ranking senior ministers:
officials. (a) Cabinet Ministers
(iv) Leading the ruling party and ensuring (b) Ministers of State
political stability. (c) Deputy Ministers
3. COLLECTIVE AND INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY (d) Council of Ministers

A fundamental principle governing the Ans : MAIN 2023

functioning of the Council of Ministers is Thus (b) is correct option.

collective responsibility. This means that all
ministers are collectively accountable to the 2. Who heads the Council of Ministers?
Parliament for the decisions taken by the (a) President
government. If the government loses a vote (b) Prime Minister
of confidence in the Lok Sabha, the entire (c) Council Minister
Council of Ministers, including the Prime (d) Chief Justice of India
Minister, must resign. Ans : COMP 2001

In addition to collective responsibility, Thus (b) is correct option.

there is also individual responsibility. Each
minister is accountable for the operations 3. Who appoints the Prime Minister and the
and performance of their ministry. If there is Council of Ministers?
a failure in a particular ministry, the minister (a) Comptroller and Auditor General of India
in charge is expected to take responsibility, (b) Rajya Sabha
including resigning if necessary. (c) Lok Sabha
(d) President
4. DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE COUNCIL OF
Ans : SQP 2004
MINISTERS AND THE CABINET
Thus (d) is correct option.
Though often used interchangeably, there is
a distinct difference between the Council of 4. Who are the most important members of the
Ministers and the Cabinet. The Cabinet is a Council of Ministers?
smaller, more influential subset of the Council, (a) Ministers of State
consisting of the most senior ministers, (b) Deputy Ministers
usually in charge of the key ministries. It is (c) Cabinet Ministers
the Cabinet that takes the most important (d) None of the above
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 321
Ans : MAIN 2008 Ans : SQP 2022

Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (c) is correct option.

5. What happens if a non-member of Parliament 10. Whose resignation implies resignation of the
is appointed as a Minister? whole cabinet?
(a) He/she has to become one within six (a) Prime Minister
months of appointment (b) President
(b) He/she has to become a member in the (c) Chief Justice of India
next elections (d) Deputy Minister
(c) He/she can defer the appointment until Ans : MAIN 2002
he/she becomes a member
(d) He/she cannot be appointed. Thus (a) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2010 11. Who amongst the following has the power to
Thus (a) is correct option. select and dismiss Ministers?
(a) President
6. Who assist the Cabinet Ministers and the (b) Chief Justice of India
Council of Ministers? (c) Cabinet Minister
(a) Deputy Ministers (d) Prime Minister
(b) Ministers of State
Ans : COMP 2004
(c) Governors
(d) None of the above Thus (d) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2012 12. Who is the Chairman of the Planning
Thus (a) is correct option. Commission and the Atomic Energy
Commission?
7. Which amongst the following is not a (a) Atomic Energy Commissioner
Financial Powers of the Cabinet? (b) Planning Commissioner
(a) Budget (c) President
(b) Summoning the Lok Sabha (d) Prime Minister
(c) Finances of the Government
Ans : SQP 2006
(d) Introduction of Money Bills
Thus (d) is correct option.
Ans : MAIN 2016

Thus (d) is correct option. 13. The initiative of summoning the Houses of
Parliament is taken by
8. Who is the nominal head of the State? Who (a) the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
is the real head of the State? (b) the Prime Minister
(a) President; Prime Minister (c) the President
(b) Prime Minister; President (d) the Chief Justice
(c) President; Cabinet Minister
Ans : MAIN 2003
(d) Prime Minister; Cabinet Minister
Thus (a) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2018

Thus (a) is correct option. 14. The Prime Minister of India is answerable to
(a) The people of India
9. The President’s Special Address to Parliament (b) The President of India
is prepared by (c) The Union Legislature
(a) The Prime Minister (d) All of the above.
(b) The Vice President
Ans : COMP 2005
(c) The Cabinet
(d) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha Thus (a) is correct option.
CH 15 : PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS

ONE MARK QUESTIONS Minister. It consists of senior ministers holding

cabinet rank and important portfolios.

15. Who is the Constitutional head of the Union 23. What procedure must be followed if a motion
Government ? of No-Confidence against the Council of
Ministers is passed in the Union legislature?
Ans : MAIN 2015
Ans : COMP 2015, 1988, 1984
Prime Minister
If a motion of No-Confidence is passed,
16. Who is the head of the Union Council of the Government has to resign and General
Ministers? Elections are held.
Ans : COMP 2005
24. Which body formulates the foreign policy of
Prime Minister is the head of the Council of India?
Minister.
Ans : MAIN 2012

17. What is the term of office of the Prime Union Cabinet.

Minister ?
25. Who administers the oath of office to the –
Ans : SQP 2006
council of Ministers?
Five years. But he has to resign if No-
Ans : COMP 2018, 2014
Confidence motion is passed against his
government. The President.

18. Who appoints the Prime Minister of India ? 26. What happen when a motion of ‘No
Confidence’ is passed against a Minister?
Ans : MAIN 2020
Ans : SQP 2019
Prime Minister is appointed by the President.
The Minister need to resign.
19. Mention two important functions of the
Prime Minister. 27. State the body that decides the major policies
of the government?
Ans : SQP 2019
Ans : MAIN 2020
(a) Selection and dismissal of Ministers.
(b) Presiding Officer of the Cabinet meetings. Cabinet

20. What is meant by the Cabinet? 28. Mention one way by which the authority of
the Prime Minister can be checked?
Ans : COMP 2005
Ans : COMP 2014
The Cabinet refers to a small but important
body of senior leaders of party, who are Authority of the Prime Minister can be
included in the Council of Ministers. checked by the Cabinet, or by the Parliament
or by the opposition party.
21. By whom and on whose advice is the Council
of Ministers appointed? 29. By whom is the Prime Minister appointed?
Ans : SQP 2019, 2016 Ans : SQP 2020

The Council of Ministers is appointed by the Prime Minister is appointed by the President.
President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
30. What happens to the Council of Ministers if
22. How is Union Cabinet formed? Prime Minister resigns ?
Ans : MAIN 2007 Ans : MAIN 2007

Union Cabinet is formed by the Prime The Prime Minister’s resignation means the
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 323
entire Council of Ministers need to resign. Ans : SQP 2023

Yes, the resignation of the Prime Minister

31. What is meant by the term Inner-Cabinet? means the resignation of the whole Cabinet.
Ans : COMP 2009

The Inner Cabinet is the core group of three

to four Cabinet Ministers, whom the Prime
Minister meets and consults regularly.
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
32. What is the term of the office of the Council
39. State any two legislative powers of the
of Ministers/Cabinet ?
Cabinet.
Ans : SQP 2011
Ans : MAIN 2023
The term of the office of the Council of
1. Drafting Bills : The Cabinet has the
Ministers is 5 years.
authority to draft and propose bills in the
33. Explain the term Collective Responsibility. Parliament, shaping legislation according
to government policies.
Ans : MAIN 2013
2. Decision on Legislative Agenda : The
The term ‘Collective Responsibility’ implies Cabinet decides the legislative agenda of
that the Ministers are responsible to the the Parliament, determining which bills
Lok Sabha not as individuals alone, but will be introduced and prioritized for
collectively. discussion.
34. Who is the head of the Union Council of 40. How is the Prime Minister appointed ?
Ministers ?
Ans : COMP 2007
Ans : COMP 2014
The President appoints the Prime Minister,
The Prime Minister is the head of the Union extending the invitation solely to the leader
Council of Ministers. of the majority party in the Lok Sabha.
However, if no single party achieves a
35. How long can a Minister stay in office ?
majority, the President may invite the leader
Ans : SQP 2015 of a coalition of parties that together form a
A Minister holds the office as long as he majority in the Lok Sabha.
enjoys the pleasure of the President.
41. Under what provision can a non-number of
36. By whom and on whose advice is the Council Parliament be made a minister ?
of Ministers appointed? Ans : SQP 1987

Ans : MAIN 2008 Yes, a non-member can be appointed as

The Ministers are appointed by the President a Minister, but they must be elected or
on the advice of the Prime Minister. nominated to Parliament within six months.

37. What is meant by the term Cabinet? 42. What is understood by the term - ‘Individual
Responsibility’ in a Parliamentary
Ans : COMP 2017
Democracy?
The word, ‘Cabinet implies the council,
Ans : SQP 2014
consisting of the Prime Minister and other
Minister of Cabinet rank. If a minister independently makes a decision
that serves the department’s best interests,
38. Does the resignation of the Prime Minister he is personally accountable to the President
mean the resignation of the whole Cabinet ? and, in practice, to the Prime Minister, who
CH 15 : PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
may request his resignation. The minister Railway Minister resigns from the post on
involved responds accordingly. moral grounds?
Ans : MAIN 2023
43. Under what circumstances, can be President
use his disceretion in appointing the Prime Not all members of the Cabinet are required
Minister ? to resign. Only the Railway Minister may
Ans : MAIN 2011
step down on moral grounds. Each minister
is individually accountable to Parliament for
1. No Clear Majority: When no party or their respective department. Therefore, if the
coalition secures a majority in the Lok Railway Minister accepts responsibility for
Sabha. the mistakes and shortcomings within their
2. Hung Parliament: If no party or pre- department, only they need to resign. The
election coalition can form a stable other Cabinet members are not obligated to
government. follow suit.
3. Mid-Term Resignation/Death: When
the Prime Minister resigns or dies, and 48. State one point of difference between the
there’s no clear successor. ‘Cabinet’ and the Council of Ministers
with reference to their responsiblities in the
44. Mention the categories of Ministers in the Government?
Council of Ministers.
Ans : COMP 2001
Ans : COMP 2013
Firstly, the Council of Ministers includes all
1. Cabinet Ministers three ranks of ministers, whereas the Cabinet
2. Ministers of State is typically made up of senior ministers with
3. Deputy Ministers cabinet rank and key portfolios. Secondly,
45. Explain the term joint/collective responsibility the Council of Ministers is a large body
briefly. that meets infrequently, while the Cabinet
is a smaller, cohesive group that convenes
Ans : MAIN 1998, 1996, 1994, 1990
regularly. Lastly, the Prime Minister may
The Council of Ministers is collectively make important decisions without consulting
accountable to Parliament. After thoroughly the entire Council of Ministers, but always
discussing and deciding on a matter in consults Cabinet members on every significant
a meeting led by the Prime Minister, all issue.
Ministers are required to defend that decision
both in Parliament and to the public. 49. What are the main features of the Cabinet?
Ans : SQP 2004
46. Mention any two important functions of the
Union Cabinet. The Cabinet is made up of a small group of
senior party leaders who are part of the Council
Ans : COMP 1989,1987
of Ministers. They oversee key portfolios
1. The Cabinet establishes both foreign and and shape the government’s major policies.
domestic policies for the government. As trusted advisors to the Prime Minister,
2. It makes decisions on matters such as they form the core of the administration.
defense, security requirements, economic Essentially, the Cabinet serves as the central
policy, imposing President’s Rule in a hub around which the entire administration
state, creating new states, industrial functions.
policy, imports, and other key issues.
50. What does a Minister affirm under the Oath
47. A large number of people are killed in a of Office?
major rail accident. What happens if the Ans : MAIN 2008
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 325
The Minister, under Oath of Office, affirms 1. Policy Leadership: Sets the agenda and
that: leads policy formulation.
1. Bear true faith and allegiance to the 2. Decision-Making: Guides discussions and
Constitution of India. decisions on key issues.
2. Uphold the sovereignty and integrity of 3. Coordination: Ensures harmony among
India. ministries and resolves conflicts.
3. Faithfully perform their duties as a 4. Advising the President: Recommends
Minister without fear, favor, affection, or appointments and key decisions.
ill will. 5. Cabinet Reshuffling: Recommends
Additionally, under the Oath of Secrecy, changes in the composition of the Cabinet.
the Minister commits to not disclose
any Cabinet proceedings or confidential 54. State the difference between Collective
information related to their Ministry, Responsibility and Individual Responsibility
both during and after their term in office. of the Ministers.
Ans : COMP 2018
51. Mention three important features of the
Cabinet system of government. Aspect Collective Individual
Ans : COMP 2010 Responsibility Responsibility
1. Collective Responsibility: The entire
Cabinet is collectively responsible to the Account- The entire Each minister
Parliament for government decisions and ability Cabinet is accountable
policies. is jointly for their own
2. Prime Minister as Head: The Prime accountable department
Minister leads the Cabinet and acts as for
the central figure in decision-making and government
policy coordination. decisions.
3. Separation of Powers: While the Cabinet Resignation All ministers A minister
is part of the executive branch, it is closely must resign may resign
linked to the legislative branch, ensuring if the if there are
coordination between law-making and government failures
governance. loses a in their
52. Mention the qualifications which a person confidence department.
should possess to be eligible for appointment vote.
as a Minister. Scope Applies to Applies
Ans : SQP 2012
the whole to each
Cabinet. individual
Only members of Parliament can be appointed minister.
as Ministers. If a non-member is chosen for a
ministerial position, they must be elected or
nominated to Parliament within six months 55. What role does the Prime Minister play as
of their appointment. If they do not achieve the Leader of the Nation ?
membership within this timeframe, they Ans : SQP 2022
must resign from their ministerial role. The Prime Minister serves as the
53. What are the powers of the Prime Minister representative of the nation, announcing
as a Chairperson of the Cabinet? major policy decisions and engaging with
foreign governments on behalf of the country.
Ans : MAIN 2016
Citizens rely on the Prime Minister for
CH 15 : PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
as Defence, Home Affairs, Finance, implement it.
and Foreign Affairs. These ministers 2. Each Ministry or Department must
are responsible for managing critical adhere to the Cabinet’s decisions,
sectors of the government and ensuring that policies are carried out
ensuring the smooth operation of the in alignment with the government’s
country’s administrative functions. overall direction.
(b) Two administrative powers of the 3. The Ministry develops detailed plans
Cabinet: based on the Cabinet’s directives and
(i) The ministers are responsible passes them on to civil servants, who
for running the entire state then execute these plans in practice.
administration. Each minister (b) Three Legislative Functions :
oversees a specific department and 1. The Cabinet plays a key role in
is accountable to the Lok Sabha for legislative matters by advising the
its functioning, answering questions President to summon the Houses
raised by Parliament members. of Parliament and preparing the
(ii) The Cabinet advises the President President’s special address, which
on key appointments, including the outlines the government’s legislative
Attorney General, Governors, Chief program.
Election Commissioner, Election 2. The majority of bills introduced in
Commissioners, and Judges of the Parliament are government bills,
Supreme Court and High Courts, as prepared by various ministries. With
well as other important officials. strong parliamentary support, the
(c) Two legislative powers of the Cabinet : Cabinet ensures these bills are passed
(i) The Cabinet advises the President by a majority vote.
on summoning and proroguing 3. The Cabinet advises the President on
Parliament sessions, with the Ministry issuing ordinances and is instrumental
of Parliamentary Affairs taking the in proposing and moving amendments
lead. The Cabinet also prepares to the Constitution.
the President’s special address to (c) Four Financial Functional :
Parliament. 1. The Cabinet not only oversees the
(ii) The Cabinet is responsible for executive and legislative functions but
drafting bills, which are introduced, also holds control over the nation’s
explained, and defended by ministers financial affairs.
in Parliament. Additionally, the 2. The Cabinet decides which taxes will
President issues ordinances based on be levied and determines how the
the Cabinet’s recommendations. funds raised will be allocated and
utilized.
79. With reference to the powers and functions of 3. The Finance Minister, guided by the
the Cabinet, briefly state the following : Cabinet, drafts the budget, which
(a) Three Administrative Functions. outlines the projected income and
(b) Three Legislative Functions. expenditures for the upcoming year.
(c) Four Financial Functions. 4. Although the Budget is approved by
Ans : Parliament, it is uncommon for any
(a) Three Administrative Functions : alterations to be made without the
1. The Cabinet is primarily responsible approval of the Cabinet, showcasing
for framing national policies. Once a its strong influence over financial
policy is decided, it is the duty of the decisions.
respective ministry or department to
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 327
holds the authority to remove them from 66. What is the extent of Cabinet’s control of
their positions. proclamation of emergency in India ?
2. Reorganization of the Council: He also has Ans : SQP 2014
the discretion to restructure his Council
of Ministers whenever he chooses. The Prime Minister is authorized to declare
an emergency only with the Cabinet’s advice.
63. Mention two methods which are adopted by Consequently, the decision to announce any
the Parliament to control the executive. type of emergency is made collectively by the
Ans : SQP 2009 Cabinet.
1. Question Hour: Members of Parliament 67. What ensures Prime Minister’s unique
can ask questions to ministers, holding position in the Parliament ? Mention any two
them accountable for their actions and points.
decisions, and scrutinizing the functioning
Ans : MAIN 2015
of the executive.
2. Vote of No Confidence: The Parliament 1. Leader of the Majority: The Prime
can pass a vote of no confidence, which, Minister leads the majority party or
if successful, forces the resignation of the coalition in the Lok Sabha, ensuring
entire Council of Ministers, including the influence over legislation.
Prime Minister. 2. Executive Control: As head of the
executive, the Prime Minister directs the
64. What can be the maximum size of the Council Council of Ministers and oversees policy
of Ministers ? implementation.
Ans : MAIN 2011
68. Mention two points to show the Prime
The maximum size of the Council of Ministers, Minister as the leader of the nation.
including the Prime Minister, is 15% of the
Ans : COMP 2008
total strength of the Lok Sabha, as per the
91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003. 1. National Representative: Represents the
country in domestic and international
65. What is Prime Minister’s Office ? Name the matters.
officers there. 2. Policy Leadership: Guides national
Ans : COMP 2013 policies and development.
The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) is an 69. Mention two important powers or functions
administrative body that assists the Prime of the Cabinet.
Minister in the discharge of his/her duties.
Ans : SQP 2017
It serves as the central coordinating office
for the Prime Minister’s functions and 1. Policy Formulation: The Cabinet plays
responsibilities, including policy formulation, a key role in framing and directing the
communication with ministries, and handling government’s domestic and foreign
public relations. policies.
Key officers in the PMO include: 2. Decision-Making: The Cabinet makes
1. Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister crucial decisions on legislative proposals,
2. National Security Advisor (NSA) financial matters, and national security.
3. Additional Secretaries
70. What do the Prime Minister and other
4. Joint Secretaries
Ministers affirm under :
5. Advisors and Special Advisors
(a) the Oath of Office.
6. Other supporting staff such as Deputy
(b) the Oath of Secrecy.
Secretaries, Under Secretaries, and
technical officers. Ans : SQP 2023
CH 15 : PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
insights on all matters and expect leadership 1. The Prime Minister holds a pre-eminent
from them. Consequently, when the Prime position as the recognized leader of the
Minister speaks, it is as if the entire nation Cabinet, with the President appointing
is expressing its views through their words. ministers based on the Prime Minister’s
advice.
56. What should the maximum and minimum 2. The Prime Minister coordinates the
strength of the Council of Ministers ? functioning of various government
Ans : MAIN 2002 departments to ensure smooth governance.
The maximum strength of the Council of 3. The Prime Minister presides over Cabinet
Ministers, including the Prime Minister, is meetings, sets the agenda, and plays a
15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha pivotal role in decision-making, making
(as per the 91st Constitutional Amendment his position central to the Cabinet’s
Act, 2003). structure.
The minimum strength is not explicitly 60. Mention three important functions (powers)
defined in the Constitution. However, by of the Prime-Minister.
convention, there is no specific minimum
number, but the Council must include at Ans : COMP 2005

least the Prime Minister and a few ministers 1. Selection and Dismissal of Ministers:
to handle key responsibilities. The Prime Minister has the authority to
appoint ministers and can also remove
57. Mention two limitations on the position and them from their positions as needed.
authority of Prime Minister. 2. Allocation of Portfolios: It is the Prime
Ans : COMP 2004 Minister who assigns responsibilities
1. There may be internal dissensions within and tasks to the ministers. Additionally,
the ruling party, and the Prime Minister the Prime Minister can reorganize the
must secure the cooperation of key party Council of Ministers at his discretion.
members. 3. Liaison Between the Cabinet and the
2. The press and public opinion serve as President: The Prime Minister serves as
effective checks on the Prime Minister’s the intermediary, keeping the President
authority. informed about the decisions and actions
of the Cabinet.
58. How is the Prime Minister a link between the
Cabinet and the President ? 61. What does Article 74 of the Constitution
relate to and what does it provide ?
Ans : SQP 2006
Ans : MAIN 2019
1. The Prime Minister communicates
Cabinet decisions to the President. Article 74 of the Constitution stipulates that
2. The Prime Minister regularly informs the a Council of Ministers, led by the Prime
President about all government matters. Minister, shall be established to assist and
3. The Prime Minister provides the counsel the President.
President with any information requested 62. Mention two ways in which the Constitution
concerning the affairs of the Union. ensures the pre-eminent position of the
59. Mention three ways in which the Constitution Prime Minister in relation to his Council of
ensures the pre-eminent position of the Prime Ministers.
Minister in relation to the Union Council of Ans : COMP 2007
Ministers. 1. Selection and Dismissal of Ministers: The
Ans : MAIN 2003 Prime Minister appoints ministers and
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 329
Sessions : The Prime Minister advises the entire Cabinet under the principle of
the President on convening and Collective Responsibility.
suspending Parliament sessions, as well 4. The Prime Minister ensures coordination
as on the dissolution of the Lok Sabha. between government departments,
3. Guidance on Appointment and overseeing that they function in harmony
Removal of High Officials:The Prime and adhere to the policies and decisions
Minister provides counsel to the of the Cabinet.
President regarding the appointment
and dismissal of senior government 74. Explain any four functions of the Union
officials. Cabinet.
(b) Powers and position of the Prime Minister (a) Formulation of Policies.
in relation to the parliament : (b) Implementation and Administration.
1. The Prime Minister holds a unique (c) Co-ordination.
position as the leader of the Lok (d) Diplomatic relations.
Sabha, guiding the house and its Ans : MAIN 2019, 2008

proceedings. (a) Formulation of Government Policies :The

2. As the chief spokesperson, the Prime Cabinet is responsible for developing and
Minister defends the government in defining both national and international
Parliament, stepping in to support government policies. It takes crucial
ministers under opposition attack. decisions on a wide array of major
3. The Prime Minister makes key issues that impact the country, including
announcements regarding government defense, national security, economic
policies on the floor of the house and development, planning, and financial
delivers the concluding speech during matters. These decisions help shape the
debates. overall direction of the nation, guiding
4. In situations of disorder caused by its progress and ensuring that pressing
MPs, the Prime Minister intervenes concerns are addressed. The Cabinet also
to restore order and ensure smooth takes decisions on critical international
proceedings in the House. issues that affect India’s standing and
73. ‘Prime Minister is the captain of the ship relations with other countries, ensuring a
of the State.” Discuss this statement with cohesive foreign policy.
regard to the Prime Minister’s relation with (b) Implementation and Administration of
the Cabinet. Policies: Once the Cabinet makes policy
(ICSE 2015) decisions, it becomes the responsibility of
the relevant ministries and departments
Ans : SQP 2015
to implement them. The Minister in
1. The Prime Minister forms the Council of charge of each department is tasked
Ministers, determines its size, allocates with ensuring that the policy decisions
portfolios, and holds final authority in of the Cabinet are faithfully executed.
such decisions. This includes managing the department’s
2. The Prime Minister can remove any activities and resources to carry out the
minister by asking for their resignation decision efficiently. Each Minister must
and has the power to reassign portfolios administer their department according
within the Council of Ministers. to the agreed-upon policies, working in
3. The Prime Minister convenes and presides collaboration with other ministries to
over meetings of the Council of Ministers, ensure that there is no overlap or conflict.
sets the agenda, and after discussion, The success of these policies relies on
makes the final decision, which binds effective administration and the proper
CH 15 : PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
functioning of various departments. Ans : COMP 2015

(c) Coordination Among Departments: One (a) Collective or Joint Responsibility : The
of the key functions of the Cabinet is Council of Ministers, also known as the
ensuring smooth coordination among the Cabinet, holds joint responsibility to
various departments of the government. Parliament. After thoroughly discussing
The Cabinet serves as a central point and deciding on an issue in Cabinet
of control and communication, making meetings chaired by the Prime Minister,
sure that all ministries and departments all Ministers are required to support and
work together in harmony to achieve the defend the decision both in Parliament
government’s overall goals. The Prime and publicly. They must refrain from
Minister, as head of the Cabinet, plays a criticizing or opposing the decision.
pivotal role in fostering this coordination, However, if a Minister has a significant
ensuring that policies are implemented disagreement, they may choose to
in a cohesive manner. Without this resign. The entire Council of Ministers
coordinated effort, the government could stands together, sharing the fate of the
face confusion or inefficiency in achieving government’s decisions. This principle of
its objectives. Proper coordination ensures collective responsibility is a fundamental
that resources are utilized effectively and feature of the Cabinet system.
that every department contributes to the (b) Individual Responsibility : When a
collective goals of the government. Minister independently makes a decision
(d) Diplomatic Relations and Foreign Policy for their department, acting in what
Decisions : The Cabinet is instrumental they believe to be the department’s best
in managing the country’s foreign interest, they hold personal accountability
relations, both diplomatic and trade- to the President. In practical terms, this
related. It makes important decisions means the Minister is answerable to the
regarding international treaties, trade Prime Minister, who has the authority to
agreements, and diplomatic pacts with request the Minister to resign from their
other nations. These decisions are position if necessary. Upon receiving such
crucial to maintaining India’s position a request, the Minister is expected to
and influence on the global stage. comply and step down. This ensures that
Additionally, the Cabinet is responsible while Ministers can make autonomous
for appointing diplomatic envoys and decisions to benefit their respective
representatives, selecting ambassadors, departments, they remain ultimately
and deciding which new states or responsible to the Prime Minister and,
regimes to recognize. The Cabinet’s role by extension, to the President. This
in shaping foreign policy helps India mechanism maintains the integrity and
navigate complex international dynamics unity of the government’s executive
and build strong, strategic alliances that branch, ensuring that individual actions
support its national interests. Through align with the collective goals and policies
these diplomatic efforts, the Cabinet of the administration.
works to strengthen India’s relationships
globally, ensuring both political and 76. Discuss Prime Minister’s position as :
economic benefits. (a) Leader of the majority Party.
(b) Leader of the House.
75. Discuss the salient features of the Cabinet (c) Leader of the nation.
System of government, with special reference Ans : SQP 2019
to :
(a) Leader of the Majority Party : As the
(a) Collective or Joint responsibility.
leader of the ruling party or coalition
(b) Individual responsibility.
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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 331
in the Lok Sabha, the Prime Minister Size: It is a larger Size: It is a smaller,
holds significant power in shaping the body, which can more cohesive group
government’s policies and legislative consist of many within the Council
agenda. This role includes influencing ministers. of Ministers.
party decisions, determining key
strategies, and maintaining party Meetings: The entire Meetings: The
discipline. The Prime Minister ensures Council of Ministers Cabinet meets
the government’s stability as long as rarely meets; regularly to make
they have the continued support of the meetings are usually key decisions on
majority in Parliament. held by the Cabinet. national policies and
(b) Leader of the House:As the Leader of the administration.
Lok Sabha, the Prime Minister manages Role: The Council Role: The Cabinet
parliamentary proceedings, defends the of Ministers assists formulates major
government’s stance on key issues, and in the execution of policies and
guides legislation through the House. government policies decisions, guiding
The Prime Minister plays a central and legislation. the overall direction
role in ensuring the smooth functioning of the government.
of the House, addressing opposition Decision-Making: Decision-Making:
criticisms, and ensuring that ministers Not involved in The Cabinet is
are accountable to Parliament. The high-level decision- the main decision-
Prime Minister also works to maintain making; decisions making body, setting
order and decorum during debates. are generally made the agenda for
(c) Leader of the Nation :As the nation’s by the Cabinet. government actions.
leader, the Prime Minister represents India
both domestically and internationally. 78. The Cabinet holds a pivotal position in
They play a crucial role in formulating the working of the Indian Parliamentary
national policies, managing crises, Government. In this context discuss the
and fostering unity during challenging following:
times. The Prime Minister serves as the (a) The formation of the Cabinet.
chief spokesperson of the government, (b) Any two administrative powers of the
making important announcements and Cabinet.
representing India on the global stage (c) Any two legislative powers of the Cabinet.
by engaging with foreign leaders and
Ans : COMP 2018, 2014
international organizations.
(a) The formation of the Cabinet :
77. Bring out the distinction between the Council (i) The Cabinet forms the core and most
of Ministers and the Cabinet. crucial part of the government, holding
Ans : MAIN 2019, 2015,2010 significant authority in decision-
making and policy formulation.
Council of Ministers Cabinet (ii) The Cabinet is composed of the
Composition: Composition: most experienced and senior
Includes all three Comprises only leaders from the ruling party or
categories of senior ministers, coalition, who are trusted with the
ministers: Cabinet known as Cabinet highest responsibilities within the
Ministers, Ministers Ministers, holding government.
of State, and Deputy key portfolios. (iii)Cabinet Ministers are appointed
Ministers. by the Prime Minister and are
entrusted with key portfolios such
CH 15 : PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Under the Oath of Office, the Prime Minister at various levels.
and other ministers affirm: (ii) The President of India appoints the
(a) Oath of Office: Cabinet Ministers on the advice of the
(i) Allegiance to the Constitution of Prime Minister.
India. Two administrative powers of the
(ii) Faithfully and conscientiously Cabinet:
performing their duties. (a) Policy formulation: The Cabinet
(iii)Upholding the sovereignty and formulates policies and decides on
integrity of India. major legislative proposals for the
(b) Oath of Secrecy :They swear not to country.
disclose any information or matters (b) Implementation of laws: The Cabinet
discussed in the Cabinet or their office, ensures the proper implementation
except as required by law for official and administration of laws passed by
purposes. Parliament.
(iii)(a) Chief advisor: The Prime Minister
acts as the chief advisor to the
President on all matters related to
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS governance and administration.
(b) Communication link: The Prime
71. The Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister is the primary channel of
Minister aids and advises the President. In communication between the President
this context, answer the following questions: and the Council of Ministers.
(i) Mention any three points to distinguish (c) Cabinet formation: The Prime
between the Council of Ministers and the Minister advises the President on
Cabinet. the appointment of ministers and
(ii) Who appoints the Cabinet Ministers? allocates their portfolios.
Mention any two administrative powers (d) Informing the President: The Prime
of the Cabinet. Minister keeps the President informed
(iii)The President is the nominal head of the about the decisions and policies of the
Indian Union. Mention any four functions government.
of the Prime Minister with reference to 72. Discuss the powers and position of the Prime
the President. Minister in relation to
Ans : MAIN 2024 (a) The President.
(i) (a) Size : The Council of Ministers (b) The Parliament
includes all levels of ministers Ans : COMP 2007

(Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, (a) Powers and position of the Prime Minister
and Deputy Ministers), whereas the in relation to the president :
Cabinet consists only of the top-level 1. Communication Link Between
senior ministers. Cabinet and President: The Prime
(b) Meetings : The Cabinet meets Minister serves as the primary
regularly to make key decisions, conduit for communication between
whereas the Council of Ministers as a the Cabinet and the President,
whole rarely meets. relaying the Cabinet’s decisions and
(c) Decision-making : The Cabinet is keeping the President updated on all
responsible for taking major policy governmental matters, both domestic
decisions, while the Council of and international.
Ministers implements these decisions 2. Advisory Role in Parliamentary
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 333
80. Describe the composition of the Cabinet that come under their consideration as a
(Council of Ministers) under the following Minister to anyone.
heads :
(a) Designation of new Prime Minister 81. The Cabinet exercises vast authority in
(b) Appointment of the other Ministers legislation and finance. In this context
(c) Oaths of Office and Secrecy describe:
(a) Its Legislative functions
Ans : (b) Its control over the National Finance
(a) Designation of the New Prime Minister Ans :
:The first step in forming a new government
is the appointment of a new Prime (a) Its Legislative functions:
Minister. According to the Constitution, 1. The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
the President appoints the Prime Minister. takes the initiative in summoning
However, the President has limited the Houses of Parliament, while the
discretion in this matter. In practice, the President formally calls the sessions
Prime Minister is usually the leader of the based on the Cabinet’s advice.
political party that has secured an absolute 2. The Cabinet prepares the President’s
majority in the Lok Sabha. special address to Parliament,
(b) Appointment of the other Ministers outlining its legislative program at
: The President appoints other the beginning of the first Lok Sabha
Ministers based on the Prime Minister’s session after general elections and the
recommendations. This allows the Prime first session of Parliament each year.
Minister to form a cohesive government 3. A significant portion of bills
that operates effectively as a team and introduced in Parliament, over
garners support from the Lok Sabha. All 90%, are government bills prepared
Ministers must belong to either house by various ministries. With strong
of Parliament. However, individuals parliamentary support, these bills are
who are not currently members can be typically passed by a majority vote.
appointed as Ministers, provided they (b) Control Over National Finances
are elected or nominated to either House :The Cabinet not only oversees the
within six months of their appointment. government’s executive and legislative
Additionally, when selecting Ministers, policies but also manages the nation’s
the Prime Minister must ensure that finances. It decides which taxes to
all major communities and geographical implement and allocates the funds
regions of the country are represented in collected from these taxes. The Finance
the Ministry. Minister is responsible for preparing the
(c) The President administers both the annual budget, which includes projected
Oath of Office and the Oath of Secrecy income and expenditure for the upcoming
to Ministers. In the Oath of Office, a year. Although the Parliament approves
Minister pledges to: the budget, alterations to the budget
1. Bear true faith and allegiance to the figures are seldom made without the
Constitution of India. Cabinet’s approval.
2. Uphold the sovereignty and integrity 82. What is meant by the term ‘Cabinet’ ?
of India. Distinguish between the Council of Ministers
3. Faithfully perform their duties as a and the Cabinet.
Minister without fear, favor, affection,
Ans :
or ill will.
Additionally, under the Oath of Secrecy, a The Cabinet refers to a select group of senior
Minister commits to not disclose any matters ministers in the Council of Ministers, usually
CH 15 : PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
of the Government within Parliament. all decisions of the Cabinet to the
When contentious issues such as caste President. Key powers of the President,
conflicts, corruption, or price hikes arise, such as appointing ministers, judges,
the Prime Minister steps in to address and other high-ranking officials, as well
and resolve these challenges effectively. as summoning and dissolving the Lok
(b) The Prime Minister holds a distinctive role Sabha, are carried out based on the Prime
within India’s constitutional framework, Minister’s advice. The Prime Minister
possessing the following key powers: ensures that the government’s actions
1. Authority to Appoint and Dismiss are in accordance with the Constitution
Ministers : The Prime Minister has and keeps the President informed on all
the prerogative to select individuals significant matters of state.
for ministerial positions and can also (b) The Prime Minister represents the
remove them from their roles as needed. government in the Lok Sabha, introduces
2. Allocation of Portfolios :It is the important policies, and makes key
Prime Minister who assigns specific announcements regarding national
responsibilities and departments to matters. As the head of government,
each Minister. Additionally, the Prime the Prime Minister is responsible for
Minister can reorganize the Council maintaining the confidence of the Lok
of Ministers at their discretion. Sabha, ensuring that the government’s
3. Bridge Between the Cabinet and the legislative agenda is carried out. The
President :The Prime Minister acts as Prime Minister defends the government’s
the primary liaison, ensuring that the policies in debates and answers questions
President is kept informed about the posed by members of Parliament.
Cabinet’s decisions and actions. (c) The Prime Minister is the head of the
(c) The Prime Minister holds a paramount Cabinet and holds a dominant position
position within the Constitution as the within the executive branch. The Prime
acknowledged leader of the Cabinet. The Minister appoints other ministers, allocates
President appoints other Ministers solely portfolios, presides over Cabinet meetings,
based on the Prime Minister’s advice and and plays a key role in shaping government
guidance. Additionally, the Prime Minister policies and decisions. The Prime Minister
coordinates the operations of various ensures coordination among different
government departments and presides ministries and is responsible for the smooth
over Cabinet meetings, setting the agenda functioning of the Cabinet. Ministers are
for each session. This central role makes accountable to the Prime Minister, and the
the Prime Minister the cornerstone of the Prime Minister has the power to remove
Cabinet’s structure, ensuring cohesive ministers if needed. In short, the Prime
and effective governance. Minister is the central authority in the
Cabinet, guiding its actions and decisions.
86. With reference to the powers and position
of the Prime Minister of India, answer the 87. As head of the Government, the Prime
following questions: Minister has the responsibility of managing
(a) What are his relations with the President? all affairs of the country. In this context,
(b) What is his position in the Parliament ? state the following :
(c) What is his position in relation to the (a) The manner of his appointment.
Cabinet. (b) His important powers.
Ans : (c) His position under the Parliamentary
system of government.
(a) The Prime Minister is the principal advisor
to the President and communicates Ans :
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 335
and approves major policy proposals Sabha.
before they are presented to Parliament, 3. Defender of Ministers: When a
ensuring that government decisions are minister’s work comes under attack
aligned with the overall objectives of in Parliament, the Prime Minister
governance. defends the government and often
intervenes to diffuse tensions on
84. With reference to the Prime Minister of sensitive issues like caste wars,
India, answer the following questions : corruption, or economic concerns,
(a) State any three qualifications which a ensuring stability in the House.
person should possess to be eligible for (c) The Prime Minister acts as the primary
appointment as Prime Minister. channel of communication between the
(b) What is the position of the Prime Cabinet and the President. The Prime
Minister under the Parliamentary system Minister keeps the President informed
of government ? about all decisions made by the Cabinet
(c) How is the Prime Minister a link between and advises the President on crucial
the Cabinet and the President ? appointments, policy matters, and the
Ans : functioning of the government. All
(a) Three qualifications for a person to important decisions of the Cabinet are
be eligible for appointment as Prime conveyed to the President by the Prime
Minister. Minister, ensuring that the executive
(i) Citizen of India: The person must be branch operates in harmony with the
a citizen of India. head of state. This role ensures that the
(ii) Member of Parliament: The individual President’s constitutional authority is
must be a member of either the exercised in alignment with the Cabinet’s
Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha, policies and decisions.
or they must become a member of 85. With reference to the Prime Minister of
Parliament within six months of their India, answer the following questions :
appointment. (a) How can we say that the Prime Minister
(iii)Minimum Age Requirement: The occupies a unique position in the
person must be at least 25 years old if Parliament?
they are a member of the Lok Sabha (b) State any three powers of the Prime
or 30 years old if they are a member Minister as a Chairperson of the Cabinet?
of the Rajya Sabha. (c) Mention three ways in which the
(b) Position of the Prime Minister under the Constitution ensures the pre-eminent
Parliamentary system of government : position of the Prime Minister in relation
1. Legislative Role: The Prime Minister to the Union Council of Ministers.
holds a key position in relation to the
Parliament, as it is on their advice that Ans :
the President summons, prorogues, (a) In his interactions with Parliament, the
or dissolves the Lok Sabha, playing a Prime Minister holds a distinctive and
crucial role in legislative proceedings. crucial role. As the leader of the Lok
2. Principal Spokesperson: As the Sabha, the directly elected lower house
Principal Spokesperson of the of Parliament, he plays a central part in
government in Parliament, the its functioning. The President relies on
Prime Minister makes important the Prime Minister’s advice to summon,
announcements on national policies prorogue, and even dissolve Parliament.
and serves as the main representative Additionally, the Prime Minister acts as
of the government’s stance in the Lok the primary spokesperson and defender
CH 15 : PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
holding key portfolios such as Defence, Home, Ans :
Finance, and External Affairs. The Cabinet (a) Three functions.
is the main decision-making body of the 1. Policy Implementation: The Council
government, responsible for formulating and of Ministers is responsible for
implementing major national policies. implementing laws and policies
Distinction between the Council of Ministers approved by Parliament. Each
and the Cabinet: minister oversees a specific ministry,
ensuring the proper execution of
Council of Ministers Cabinet government decisions.
Composition: Composition: 2. Administration: Ministers manage
Includes all three Comprises only the daily administration of the
ranks—Cabinet senior ministers, government, ensuring that different
Ministers, Ministers known as Cabinet departments function smoothly and
of State, and Deputy Ministers, holding effectively to serve public needs.
Ministers. key portfolios. 3. Advising the President: The Council
Size: It is a larger Size: It is a smaller, of Ministers advises the President
body, encompassing more cohesive group on important matters, including
all ministers in the within the Council appointments, ordinances, and key
government. of Ministers. governmental decisions, ensuring the
executive’s smooth functioning.
Meetings: The entire Meetings: The
(b) The Parliament exercises effective
Council rarely meets Cabinet meets
control over the Council of Ministers
as a whole. regularly to make
through several mechanisms that ensure
major policy
accountability and proper functioning of
decisions.
the executive. These include:
Role: Assists in the Role: Responsible 1. Question Hour: During Parliament
implementation of for high-level sessions, members can ask questions to
government decisions decision-making, ministers, holding them accountable
and administration. policy formulation, for the functioning of their ministries.
and setting the 2. Vote of No Confidence: If the Lok
government’s Sabha loses confidence in the Council
agenda. of Ministers, they can pass a no-
Decision-Making: Decision-Making: confidence motion, which forces the
Plays a more The main body entire Council, including the Prime
supportive role; that makes major Minister, to resign.
most key decisions decisions affecting 3. Debates and Discussions: Parliament
are made by the national governance. can debate government policies and
Cabinet. actions, allowing members to criticize
or suggest changes, ensuring that
83. The Constitution provides a Council of the Council of Ministers remains
Ministers to aid and advise the President. In responsive to legislative scrutiny.
this context, answer the following questions : (c) The Cabinet plays a crucial role in
(a) Briefly mention three of their functions. formulating the policies of the government.
(b) How does the Parliament exercise an It is responsible for making decisions on
effective control over the Council of key national and international issues,
Ministers ? shaping the legislative agenda, and
(c) State the Cabinet’s role in the formulation setting priorities for economic, social, and
of policies of the Government. foreign policies. The Cabinet discusses
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 337
(a) The President appoints the Prime of Parliament. The Prime Minister
Minister in accordance with established coordinates between the President, the
conventions and cannot do so arbitrarily. Cabinet, and Parliament, acting as the
Typically, the President invites the leader primary decision-maker and the chief
of the majority party or coalition in the spokesperson of the government.
Lok Sabha to form the government.
This majority party or coalition then 88. Compare the working, tenure and election of
selects their leader to serve as the Prime the Prime Minister and the President.
Minister, and the President formally Ans :
appoints them to the role. In cases
Aspect Prime Minister President
where no single political party secures
an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha, Working Head of the Ceremonial head
the President exercises some discretion in government; of state; acts
appointing the Prime Minister. However, holds executive on the advice
the President must choose a candidate powers, leads of the Council
who can garner support from smaller the Council of of Ministers,
parties or groups to ensure a majority in Ministers, directs represents
the House. policy and the unity and
(b) Powers of Prime Minister : administration, sovereignty
(i) Head of the Council of Ministers: and represents of the nation,
The Prime Minister leads the Council the government and performs
of Ministers and plays a key role in in Parliament. ceremonial
appointing and dismissing ministers, duties.
coordinating their work, and presiding Tenure No fixed tenure; Fixed tenure
over Cabinet meetings. serves as long of 5 years. The
(ii) Advisor to the President: The Prime as they have the President can
Minister advises the President on key confidence of the be re-elected for
appointments such as the Attorney Lok Sabha. The another term.
General, judges, and governors, term typically They serve the
and also advises on matters such lasts up to 5 full term unless
as ordinances and summoning or years, aligned removed by
dissolving the Lok Sabha. with the Lok impeachment
(iii)Policy Leadership: The Prime Minister Sabha, and can for violating the
plays a crucial role in shaping national be reappointed Constitution.
policies, guiding government actions, if the majority is
and ensuring the implementation of retained.
policies across various ministries and
Election Not directly Indirectly
departments.
elected by the elected by an
(c) In India’s Parliamentary System, the
people. The Electoral College
Prime Minister holds a dominant
leader of the consisting of
position as the head of government.
majority party members of
The Prime Minister is the central figure
or coalition in Parliament
in the executive branch and exercises
the Lok Sabha is and Legislative
significant authority over national policy
appointed by the Assemblies of the
and administration. As the leader of
President. states and Union
the majority party in the Lok Sabha,
Territories.
the Prime Minister ensures that the
government maintains the confidence
CH 15 : PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS

CASE BASED QUESTION It is a smaller body It is a larger body,

that meets regularly but the entire
to make major policy Council rarely meets
89. Study the figure and answer the following
decisions. as a whole.
questions.
(a) What is meant by the term ‘Cabinet’ ? Plays a central role in Assists in
Who comprises the Cabinet ? formulating policies implementing
(b) State three points of difference between and high-level policies and
the Cabinet and the Council of Ministers. decision-making. executing the
(c) Distinguish between individual decisions made by
responsibility and collective responsibility. the Cabinet.
(c) Distinguish between individual
responsibility and collective responsibility:

Type Individual Collective

Responsibility Responsibility
Definition Ministers are The entire
individually Council of
responsible Ministers is
to the Prime collectively
Minister for responsible to
their ministry’s the Lok Sabha.
performance.
Account- A minister If the Lok
ability may be asked Sabha passes a
Ans : to resign for no-confidence
their personal motion, the
(a) The Cabinet is a smaller, select group
misconduct or entire Council
of senior ministers in the Council of
failure. of Ministers
Ministers responsible for formulating
must resign.
key government policies and decisions.
It is the core decision-making body in Scope Focuses on Relates to
the executive branch. The Cabinet is individual the unity and
comprised of senior ministers, typically actions and decisions of
heading important ministries like decisions. the entire
Defence, Finance, Home, and External government.
Affairs. These ministers hold the rank of
Cabinet Ministers and are appointed by
the Prime Minister. www.nodia.in

(b) Difference between the Cabinet and the

Council of Ministers :

Cabinet Council of Ministers

Comprises only Includes Cabinet
senior ministers, Ministers, Ministers
known as Cabinet of State, and Deputy
Ministers, who hold Ministers.
key portfolios.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 339

CHAPTER 16
THE SUPREME COURT

3. APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES
SUMMARY
Judges of the Supreme Court, including the
The Supreme Court of India is the apex Chief Justice, are appointed by the President
judicial authority, playing a crucial role in of India. The process follows the Collegium
upholding the rule of law, interpreting the System, where the Chief Justice of India,
Constitution, and protecting the fundamental along with the four senior-most judges of the
rights of citizens. It serves as the final court Supreme Court, recommends appointments.
of appeal and the protector of constitutional This system is designed to preserve the
integrity. Below is an exploration of the judiciary’s independence by minimizing
Court’s composition, qualifications and the influence of the executive in judicial
appointments.
appointment of judges, independence, and its
various powers and functions. 4. INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY
1. COMPOSITION The independence of the judiciary is a
The Supreme Court consists of the Chief cornerstone of the Indian Constitution,
Justice of India (CJI) and a maximum of 34 designed to ensure that the judicial branch
judges, as permitted by law. This ensures that remains free from interference by the
the Court has adequate capacity to handle executive and legislature. Several safeguards
the high volume of cases. The Chief Justice ensure this independence:
is the head of the judiciary, while the other 1. Security of Tenure : Judges serve until the
judges assist in delivering justice across a age of 65 and can only be removed through
wide array of legal matters, ensuring that the an elaborate process of impeachment.
Court operates efficiently and impartially. 2. Fixed Salaries : The salaries and
2. QUALIFICATIONS OF JUDGES allowances of judges cannot be reduced
during their tenure, ensuring they are not
To be eligible for appointment as a Supreme financially pressured.
Court judge, a candidate must meet the
following criteria: 3. No Practice After Retirement : Judges
1. Be a citizen of India. of the Supreme Court are barred from
2. Have served as a judge in a High Court for at practicing law after retirement, ensuring
least five years or practiced as an advocate their impartiality during their service.
in a High Court for at least ten years. 4. Immunity from External Pressure :
3. Alternatively, be an eminent jurist, as Judges are immune from civil or criminal
recognized by the President of India. liability for actions taken in their official
These qualifications ensure that capacity, ensuring that they can make
only highly experienced and capable judgments without fear of repercussions.
individuals ascend to the highest court in
the land.
CH 16 : THE SUPREME COURT
5. JURISDICTION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE function makes the Supreme Court the
SUPREME COURT guardian of the Constitution and ensures
The Supreme Court has a broad and that legislative and executive actions
comprehensive jurisdiction, covering a wide remain within constitutional bounds.
range of cases. Its jurisdiction can be classified 6. Court of Record : As a Court of Record,
into several categories: the judgments of the Supreme Court are
1. Original Jurisdiction : Under Article 131 preserved for perpetual memory and can
of the Constitution, the Supreme Court be used as precedents in future cases.
has the power to hear disputes between Additionally, the Supreme Court has the
the Union and States, or between different authority to punish individuals or entities
states. This jurisdiction allows the Court for contempt of court, which is critical for
to directly hear important federal cases, maintaining respect for its decisions and
especially those involving constitutional authority.
questions or disputes between different
6. ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND
levels of government.
WRITS
2. Appellate Jurisdiction : The Supreme
Court is the highest appellate court in One of the most significant roles of the
India. Under its appellate jurisdiction, it Supreme Court is the enforcement of
can hear appeals against decisions made fundamental rights. Citizens can approach
by High Courts in civil, criminal, and the Court if they believe their fundamental
constitutional cases. This ensures that rights, as guaranteed by the Constitution,
individuals and entities can approach the are being violated. To protect these rights,
highest court for redressal if they believe the Court can issue various types of writs,
they have not received justice at the lower including:
levels of the judiciary. 1. Habeas Corpus : To release a person from
3. Advisory Jurisdiction : Under Article unlawful detention.
143, the President of India can seek the 2. Mandamus : To compel a public authority
advice of the Supreme Court on any legal to perform a duty.
matter of public importance. While the 3. Prohibition : To prevent a lower court
Court’s opinion is not binding, it plays from exceeding its jurisdiction.
a critical role in providing legal guidance 4. Certiorari : To transfer a case from a
on complex or significant issues. lower court to a higher court for review.
4. Revisory Jurisdiction : The Supreme 5. Quo Warranto : To challenge the legality
Court has the power to review its own of a person holding a public office.
judgments in cases where it believes that
a mistake or error has occurred. This
function ensures that justice is delivered
fairly, even if a previous judgment needs
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
to be corrected. This revisory power
provides an additional layer of protection 1. When the Supreme Court reviews any
to ensure fairness. judgement made by it to remove an error, it
5. Judicial Review : The Supreme Court has falls under __________ jurisdiction.
the power of judicial review, which allows (a) Advisory
it to determine the constitutionality (b) Revisory
of laws passed by Parliament and state (c) Original
legislatures. If the Court finds that a law (d) Appellate
is inconsistent with the Constitution, it
Ans : Main 2023
can declare that law null and void. This
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 341
Thus (b) is correct option Ans : COMP 2014

Thus (c) is correct option

2. What is the maximum number of judges
that can be appointed in the Supreme Court, 7. As a “Court of Record” the Supreme count
excluding the Chief Justice of India? has the power to
(a) 30 (a) punish for contempt of itself
(b) 33 (b) fine for collusion of opposing parties
(c) 34 (c) declare evidence as indisputable
(d) 28 (d) confer titles to appellants
Ans : 2007
Ans : SQP 2015
Thus (a) is correct option Thus (a) is correct option
3. What is the minimum period for which a 8. What is the full form of “PIL”?
citizen has to be the judge of a High Court (a) Public Interest Law
or of two or more such courts in succession in
(b) Public Interest Litigation
order to be appointed as a judge of Supreme
Court? (c) People’s Interest Litigation
(a) 5 years (d) People’s Interest Law.
(b) 10 years Ans : COMP 2008

(c) 2 years Thus (b) is correct option

(d) 7 years
9. A detained person has not been produced
Ans : COMP 2009
before the magistrate within 24 hours of
Thus (b) is correct option arrest. Which legal remedy is available to
him/her?
4. What is the term of office of a judge of the (a) Writ of Mandamus
Supreme Court?
(b) Writ of Quo Warranto
(a) Until he attains 63 years
(c) Writ of Habeas Corpus
(b) Until he attains 70 years
(d) Writ of Prohibition.
(c) Until he attains 60 years
(d) Until he attains 65 years Ans : MAIN 2017

Ans : SQP 2011

Thus (c) is correct option

Thus (d) is correct option 10. If the Supreme Court declares a law made
by the Central Government as null and void,
5. The appellate jurisdiction extends to which power is used by it?
(a) Constitutional cases (a) Revisory Jurisdiction
(b) Criminal cases (b) Judicial Review
(c) Civil cases (c) Advisory Jurisdiction
(d) All of the above (d) All of the above.
Ans : MAIN 2013
Ans : SQP 2018
Thus (d) is correct option
Thus (b) is correct option
6. The minimum number of judges to hear and
decide a case involving interpretation of the
Constitution shall be
(a) Ten (b) four
(c) Five (d) Seven
CH 16 : THE SUPREME COURT

ONE MARK QUESTIONS 18. What is the term of office of a Supreme Court
Judge?
Ans : MAIN 2012
11. Which is the highest court of appeal in India
? A judge remains in the office until he attains
the age of sixty-five years.
Ans : MAIN 1988

The Supreme Court. 19. What happens if either the Parliament or a

State Legislature pass any law that is against
12. What is the total number of judges in the the Constitution ?
Supreme Court ?
Ans : COMP 1985
Ans : MAIN 2007
The Supreme Court can declare a law ‘Ultra
There are 30 judges and one Chief Justice in Vires’ or null and void, if it is against the
the Supreme Court. letter and spirit of the Constitution.
13. Who determines the strength of the Supreme 20. Which body has the final authority to
Court? interpret the Constitution of India ?
Ans : COMP 2011 Ans : SQP 2006, 1985

The strength of the Supreme Court is decided The Supreme Court of India.
by the Parliament.
21. Mention one important exclusive function of
14. Mention any one power of the Supreme Court the Supreme Court.
which is not enjoyed by other courts.
Ans : COMP 2009
Ans : SQP 1986
To interpret the Constitution.
The Supreme Court has the power of exclusive
juridisction with regard to questions relating 22. Name the courts that are empowered to issue
to constitutional validity of Union laws. writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
Ans : MAIN 2013
15. By whom are judges of the Supreme Court
appointed and how ? High Courts and Supreme Court.
Ans : MAIN 2009, 2011, 1987 23. Name the courts that are empowered to issue
The judges of the Supreme Court are writs for the enforcement of Fundamental
appointed by the President in consulation Rights.
with the Chief Justice. Ans : COMP 2020

16. How is the Chief Justice appointed and by Supreme Court.

whom ?
24. Who determines the strength of the Supreme
Ans : COMP 1983 Court ?
The appointment of the Chief Justice of the Ans : SQP 2011
Supreme Court is a political decision and
Parliament can determine the strength of the
there are no set conventions.
Supreme Court Judges.
17. What is impeachment of a Judge ?
25. What is meant by the term Jurisdiction?
Ans : SQP 2010
Ans : COMP 2017
It is a procedure through which the Chief
Jutisdiction implies the power that a court
Justice/ Judge is removed.
of law exercises to carry out Judgements and
enforce laws.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 343
26. By whom are the Judges of the Supreme 31. Besides being a citizen of India, what are the
Court appointed and how ? legal/ judicial, qualifications of a Judge of
Ans : MAIN 2013
the Supreme Court ?

The President appoints Judges of the Supreme Ans : COMP 2005, 1991

Court. He must consult the Chief Justice of (i) Must have been a Judge of a High Court
the Supreme Court before appointing any for at least 5 years.
Judge. (ii) Must have been an advocate of a High
Court for at least 10 years.
27. What is the term of office of a Judge of the (iii)Must be a distinguished jurist in the
Supreme Court? opinion of the President.
Ans : SQP 20\15 These are specified in Article 124 of the
The judge of a Supreme Court holds office till Constitution of India.
they complete 65 years of age. 32. On what grounds can a Supreme Court Judge
28. On what grounds can a judge of the Supreme be removed from office ?
Court be removed from office ? Ans : SQP 2019, 1990,, 1981

Ans : MAIN 2008 A Supreme Court Judge can be removed

The judge of Supreme Court can be removed from office on the following grounds:
on the grounds of: Proven misbehavior: If the judge is found
(i) Violation of the Constitution. guilty of misconduct or improper behavior.
(ii) Proved misbehavior. Incapacity: If the judge is unable to perform
their duties due to physical or mental incapacity.
The procedure for removing a Supreme Court
Judge is:
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS (i) A motion is initiated by at least 100
members of the Lok Sabha or 50 members
of the Rajya Sabha.
29. Mention any two ways in which the (ii) A committee investigates the charges of
Constitution ensures the independence of the misbehavior or incapacity.
Judiciary from the Executive. (iii)If found guilty, both Houses must pass
Ans : MAIN 2023 the motion with a two-thirds majority.
(iv) Finally, the President signs the order for
(i) Security of Tenure : Judges cannot be
removal.
removed easily and serve fixed terms,
allowing them to make unbiased decisions. 33. Mention two types of cases over which
(ii) Separate Appointments : The the Supreme Court exercises Original
appointment of judges is independent of Jurisdiction.
the Executive, reducing their influence Ans : COMP 19989, 1982
over the Judiciary.
Original Jurisdiction is the Supreme Court’s
30. Under what circumstances can the salaries of authority to hear cases first. It includes:
the Supreme Court Judges be reduced ? (i) Union-State Disputes: Constitutional
conflicts between the Union Government
Ans : MAIN 2008
and one or more states.
As per article 360 of the Constitution of India, (ii) State-State Disputes: Constitutional
when a Proclamation of Financial Emergency conflicts between two or more states over
is in operation, the salaries of Supreme Court judicial rights.
Judges may be reduced.
CH 16 : THE SUPREME COURT
The Supreme Court can be approached (c) The other House then investigates the
directly for the protection of citizens’ charges. The Judge has the right to
fundamental rights under Article 32 of defend themselves, either in person or
the Constitution. through a counsel.
(d) If two-thirds of the members of the
57. Referring to the composition and organisation investigating House also approve
of the Supreme Court, explain the following: the charges, the impeachment is
(i) Manner of the appointment of Judges/ completed, and the Judge is removed
Chief Justice. from office on the date the resolution
(ii) Qualification for appointment of Judges. is passed.
(iii)Term of the office and removal.
Ans : COMP 2016, 2013, 2010, 2005
58. With reference to the powers and functions
of the Supreme Court discuss the following :
(i) Manner of the appointment of Judges/ (i) Original jurisdiction.
Chief Justice : (ii) Appellate jurisdiction.
(a) Chief Justice: The Chief Justice of India (iii)Advisory Jurisdiction.
(CJI) is appointed by the President, (iv) As a guardian of Fundamental Rights.
traditionally following the senior-most
judge of the Supreme Court. Ans : SQP 2019, 2018, 2015, 2014, 2010, 2005, 1998, 1994

(b) Judges: Other Supreme Court judges (i) Original jurisdiction :

are appointed by the President (a) The Supreme Court possesses original
after consultation with the CJI and and exclusive jurisdiction to interpret
other senior judges, following the the Constitution in cases of disputes
Collegium System to ensure fairness between the Union Government
in appointments. and one or more states, or among
(ii) A person can be appointed as a Supreme multiple states, especially when these
Court judge if they: disputes involve matters of justiciable
(a) Are a citizen of India. rights requiring Constitutional
(b) Have served as a judge of a High interpretation.
Court (or multiple High Courts) for (b) It has the sole authority to rule on the
at least 5 years, or Constitutional validity of Union laws.
(c) Have been an advocate in a High Such matters are deliberated upon by
Court (or multiple High Courts) for a Constitutional Bench, which must
at least 10 years, or comprise no fewer than seven judges
(d) Are, in the President’s opinion, a to ensure comprehensive scrutiny.
distinguished jurist. (c) The Supreme Court holds special
(iii)A Judge of the Supreme Court, including jurisdiction for enforcing Fundamental
the Chief Justice, serves until reaching Rights, granting it the power to issue
the age of sixty-five. The process for writs like Habeas Corpus, Mandamus,
impeachment or removal of a Judge is as Prohibition, Quo-warranto, and
follows: Certiorari. This enables citizens to
(a) A resolution to impeach the Judge seek direct redress from the Supreme
can be introduced in either House of Court without the need to first
Parliament, with a 14-day notice, and approach lower courts, such as the
must be backed by one-fourth of the High Courts.
total members of that House. (d) The Court also exercises exclusive
(b) The resolution must be approved by and original jurisdiction over
a two-thirds majority of the members disputes concerning the election of
of that House. the President and Vice-President of
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 345
This process is carried out by Parliament under 44. Name the types of jurisdiction of the
Article 124(4) of the Constitution of India. Supreme Court. In case of violation of the
Fundamental Rights of individuals, which
41. Why is the Judiciary kept independent from type of Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is
the control of the executive and legislature? applicable?
Ans : COMP 2015, 2007
Ans : SQP 2002
(i) Independent and Superior Judiciary: A The Supreme Court of India exercises three
free and top-tier judiciary is vital for main types of jurisdiction:
effective federal governance.
(i) Original Jurisdiction
(ii) Protection of Human Rights and
Democracy: Ensures the safeguarding (ii) Appellate Jurisdiction
of human rights and the maintenance of (iii)Advisory Jurisdiction
democratic principles. In case of violation of Fundamental Rights,
(iii)Preservation of Judicial Dignity: the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme
Maintains the honor and integrity of the Court, under Article 32, is applicable. Under
judges and the court. this jurisdiction, the Supreme Court can issue
writs for the enforcement of Fundamental
42. Who decides the salaries and other Rights directly.
emoluments of the Judges of the Supreme
Court ? Under what circumstances can the 45. What is meant by ‘Appellate Jurisdiction?
salaries and allowances of the Judges of Name two types of cases in which an appeal
Supreme Court be reduced ? shall lie to the Supreme court.
Ans : COMP 2022 Ans : COMP 2019

The salaries and other emoluments of the The Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme
Judges of the Supreme Court are decided by Court makes it the final court of appeal
Parliament through legislation. These salaries in India. Appeals from State High Court
are charged on the Consolidated Fund of decisions can be made to the Supreme Court
India, ensuring financial independence. in specific criminal and civil cases. These
The salaries and allowances of Supreme include:
Court Judges can only be reduced under one (i) Constitutional Interpretation: When a
specific circumstance : During a Financial case involves the interpretation of the
Emergency as declared under Article 360 of Constitution.
the Constitution of India. (ii) Significant Legal Issues: When a case
In any other situation, their salaries cannot raises a substantial question of law that
be reduced to maintain judicial independence. is of general importance.

43. What is meant by ‘Single Integrated 46. What is meant by the term ‘Writ’ ? Name
Judicial System’ as provided in the Indian any two writs issued by the Supreme Court.
Constitution? Ans : COMP 2006

Ans : SQP 2014

A Writ is a legal tool used to ensure compliance
(i) Unified structure: India has a unified with court orders. The Constitution grants
judicial hierarchy, with the Supreme both the Supreme Court and High Courts
Court at the top, followed by High Courts the authority to issue writs.
and subordinate courts. (i) Writ of Mandamus:
(ii) Uniform application of law: The same (a) Meaning: Derived from the Latin
laws are applied consistently across all word “mandamus,” meaning “we
courts, ensuring uniformity in justice. command.”
CH 16 : THE SUPREME COURT
34. What is Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme (i) Judges are appointed by the President in
Court? consultation with the Chief Justice and
Ans : SQP 2007, 1994,1984,
other judges, ensuring their independence.
(ii) Supreme Court and High Court judges
The Advisory Jurisdiction of the Supreme are prohibited from practicing law after
Court refers to its power to offer legal advice they retire.
to the President of India on matters of law or
fact. Under Article 143 of the Constitution, 38. Mention any one power of the Supreme court
the President can seek the Supreme Court’s which is not enjoyed by other courts. What
opinion on: happens if either the Parliament or a State
(i) Any question of law or fact of public Legislature passes any law that is against the
importance. Constitution?
(ii) Matters related to pre-constitutional Ans : MAIN 2004
treaties or agreements.
The Supreme Court has the unique power
35. What Writs can the Supreme Court issue to of Judicial Review, allowing it to assess
protect the Fundamental Rights ? whether laws passed by Parliament or State
Ans : MAIN 2008, 1994
Legislatures align with the Constitution. If
a law is found to be unconstitutional, the
The Supreme Court can issue the following Supreme Court can invalidate it, preventing
five types of writs to protect Fundamental its implementation.
Rights under Article 32 of the Indian
Constitution: 39. “The Supreme Court of India also is the
(i) Habeas Corpus: To release a person guardian of the Constitution.” Justify.
unlawfully detained. Ans : MAIN 2010
(ii) Mandamus: To compel a public authority
to perform its duty. (i) It conducts judicial review to ensure laws
(iii)Prohibition: To prevent a lower court or align with the Constitution.
tribunal from exceeding its jurisdiction. (ii) It protects Fundamental Rights under
(iv) Certiorari: To quash the order of a lower Article 32 by issuing writs.
court or tribunal that acted beyond its (iii)It interprets the Constitution to resolve
authority. disputes and uphold its principles.
(v) Quo Warranto: To challenge the legality 40. With reference to the judiciary, what is
of a person’s claim to a public office. meant by the term ‘impeachment’ ? On what
36. What do you mean by terming the Supreme grounds can a judge of the Supreme Court be
Court as ‘Court of Record’ removed from office ?

Ans : COMP 2015, 2005

Ans : MAIN 2018

(i) Keep a record of its proceedings, which Impeachment in the judiciary refers to the
can be used as legal evidence and reference process of removing a judge from office. It is
in future cases. a formal procedure used to remove a Supreme
(ii) Punish for contempt of court, meaning Court judge for misbehavior or incapacity.
it has the power to take action against A judge can be removed on two grounds:
anyone disrespecting or disobeying its (i) Proven misbehavior: If a judge is found
orders. guilty of misconduct or unethical actions.
(ii) Incapacity: If a judge is unable to
37. Mention any two points/measures to ensure perform duties due to physical or mental
the independence of judiciary. incapacity.
Ans : SQP 2000, 1994
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 347
53. How does the Supreme Court protect the THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
Fundamental Rights of the individuals ?
Ans : MAIN 2010
56. The judiciary is the system of courts that
The Supreme Court protects Fundamental interprets and guards the Indian Constitution.
Rights by: With reference to the Supreme Court of
(i) Writ Jurisdiction: Under Article 32, India, answer the following:
it can issue writs like Habeas Corpus, (i) What is the composition of the Supreme
Mandamus, etc., for enforcing rights. Court? Why is it called the Court of
(ii) Judicial Review: It can declare laws or Record?
actions unconstitutional if they violate (ii) Explain the power of Judicial Review.
Fundamental Rights. (iii)What is meant by the term Original
Jurisdiction? Mention any three cases
54. Mention any two administrative functions of
which come under this jurisdiction.
the Supreme Court.
Ans : MAIN 2024
Ans : COMP 2012
(i) The Supreme Court of India
(i) Supervision of lower courts: The Supreme
consists of the Chief Justice of
Court oversees and monitors the
India and a maximum of 34 judges.
functioning of all subordinate courts and
It is called a Court of Record because its
High Courts to ensure uniformity and
decisions and judgments are preserved
consistency in judicial proceedings.
as legal records. These records can be
(ii) Appointment of officers and staff: The
referred to in future cases and are binding
Supreme Court manages the appointment of
on all lower courts. Additionally, the
its administrative staff and officers to ensure
Supreme Court has the power to punish
smooth functioning of the Court’s operations.
for contempt of itself.
55. How does the Constitution ensures the (ii) The power of Judicial Review allows
neutrality and impartiality in the dispensation the Supreme Court to examine the
of Justice by the Supreme Court? constitutionality of laws and executive
Ans : SQP 2016
actions. If any law or action is found
to violate the provisions of the Indian
The Constitution of India ensures the Constitution, the Supreme Court can
independence of the judiciary through several declare it null and void. This ensures that
measures, including: the legislative and executive branches do
1. Appointment of Supreme Court judges not exceed their constitutional limits.
by the President in consultation with the (iii)The term Original Jurisdiction refers to
Cabinet and Supreme Court judges. the authority of the Supreme Court to
2. Removal of judges only through hear certain cases directly, rather than on
impeachment for proven misbehavior or appeal from a lower court. This means
incapacity. the case originates in the Supreme Court.
3. Security of tenure and protection of Three cases under this jurisdiction:
judges’ salaries and service conditions. Disputes between the Union and States:
4. Freedom to deliver judgments Cases involving conflicts between the
independently. central government and one or more
5. Power to punish for contempt of court. states.
6. Prohibition of legislative discussions on Disputes between two or more states:
judges’ conduct. For example, boundary or water-sharing
7. on post-retirement legal practice. disputes between states.
Enforcement of Fundamental Rights:
CH 16 : THE SUPREME COURT
Constitution, the Supreme Court of India (iv) The composition of the Supreme Court of
is designated as a “Court of Record.” This India :
designation grants the Supreme Court all (a) The Supreme Court comprises the
the inherent powers associated with such Chief Justice of India and up to 30
courts, including the authority to impose additional judges.
penalties for contempt of court. (b) If there is a temporary surge in the
Key Implications of Being a Court of workload of the Supreme Court, the
Record: Chief Justice, with the prior approval
(a) Preservation of Judgments and of the President and after consulting
Orders: All judgments and orders the Chief Justice of the relevant
issued by the Supreme Court are High Court, may invite a High Court
meticulously recorded and maintained Judge to serve as an Adhoc Judge in
as official records. These records can the Supreme Court for the necessary
be cited as precedents in any court, period.
ensuring consistency and uniformity (c) Likewise, a retired Judge of the
in legal decisions across the judiciary. Supreme Court or a High Court can
(b) Authority to Punish for Contempt: be requested to serve the Supreme
The Supreme Court holds the Court as a Judge for a specific purpose
exclusive power to punish individuals or duration.
who commit contempt of court. This
authority is inherent and cannot 62. The Supreme Court is the apex court in the
be removed or diminished by any entire judicial set up in India. In this context
external body, thereby safeguarding answer the following questions:
the court’s dignity, authority, and the (i) What is meant by the term Single
integrity of the judicial process. integrated Judicial System?
(iii)Appellate Jurisdiction allows the (ii) Mention three kinds of cases which
Supreme Court to hear appeals against come under appellate jurisdiction of the
judgments and final orders from any Supreme Court.
lower court, including High Courts, (iii)Mention the type of cases that come
covering Constitutional, Civil, and under Original Jurisdiction.
Criminal cases. It serves as the highest Ans : MAIN 2016

appellate authority, capable of altering or (i) A single integrated judicial system is

overturning lower court decisions. essential for a federal government, where
(a) Constitutional Cases : High Courts powers are constitutionally divided among
can certify cases that involve the Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary.
significant legal questions or require India has adopted a unified judicial
constitutional interpretation for structure for the entire country, with the
appeal to the Supreme Court.If the Supreme Court at the top, overseeing and
High Court does not certify the case, regulating the functioning of other courts.
the Supreme Court can still grant There are no separate legal systems,
special leave to hear the appeal. and a single civil and criminal legal
(b) Civil Cases : Appeals are allowed if framework operates nationwide. Directly
the High Court certifies that the case below the Supreme Court are the State
presents a substantial question of law High Courts, followed by District Courts
of general importance. The Supreme at the lower level. All courts operate
Court may grant special leave to under the same Constitution and the
appeal even if the High Court refuses same civil and criminal codes. Appeals
to certify the case. from District Court decisions are made
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 349
India, ensuring the legitimacy and the Court’s advisory opinion is not
fairness of the electoral process for legally enforceable, and it is typically
these highest offices. disregarded by other courts and
(ii) Appellate jurisdiction : tribunals.
(a) Constitutional Cases: Appeals can be (iv) The Supreme Court acts as the guardian
made to the Supreme Court from High of Fundamental Rights in India. When a
Court judgments involving state laws citizen’s fundamental rights are infringed
if the High Court certifies that the upon by an individual, government
case presents a “substantial question entity, or institution, they have the right
of law regarding the interpretation of to approach the Supreme Court for
the Constitution.”If the High Court protection and redress. A writ is a legal
declines to certify such a question, mechanism used to ensure compliance
the Supreme Court may still grant a with court orders. It is a formal written
special leave to appeal. directive issued by a judicial authority,
(b) Civil Matters: In civil cases, appeals instructing a specific person or official to
to the Supreme Court are allowed perform or refrain from certain actions.
when the High Court certifies that The Constitution grants both the
the case raises a significant legal Supreme Court and the High Courts the
question of general importance authority to issue various writs, including
that warrants the Supreme Court’s Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition,
decision. The Supreme Court can and Certiorari. Among these, the
also permit appeals in civil matters writ of Habeas Corpus is particularly
through special leave petitions. important, as it serves as a crucial tool
(c) Appeals by Special Leave: The for safeguarding individual liberty by
Supreme Court can grant special ensuring that no person is unlawfully
leave to appeal in any case or matter detained.
from any court or tribunal in India,
except Military Tribunals and Courts- 59. The Supreme Court of India is the highest
Martial. This power is exercised in judicial tribunal of our country. In this
exceptional circumstances where context, explain :
there has been a violation of natural (i) Meaning of independence of judiciary.
justice principles or a significant (ii) Manner in which the Constitution seeks
injustice has occurred. to maintain the independence of judiciary.
(iii)Advisory Jurisdiction : Ans : MAIN 2018, 2011, 2005

(a) The President of India can seek (i) The independence of the judiciary refers
the Supreme Court’s opinion on to the freedom of the judicial system from
questions of law or fact that are of interference or influence from the executive
public importance, even if such issues or legislative branches of government. It
have not yet arisen but are likely to ensures that judges can make impartial
arise. A Bench of five Judges hears decisions based on the law and the
the matter and delivers its opinion Constitution, without external pressure
in open court, but this opinion is or fear of retaliation. This independence
not binding on the President, as it is is vital for upholding the rule of law,
merely consultative. safeguarding the rights of individuals, and
(b) The Supreme Court is not obligated ensuring fair administration of justice.
to provide its advisory opinion when (ii) The independence of the judiciary in
referred by the President and may India, especially the Supreme Court, is
choose to decline. Additionally, upheld through several key measures:
CH 16 : THE SUPREME COURT
(b) Purpose: Compels an inferior court or 49. What do you understand by ‘the Supreme
an individual to perform their official Court is the guardian of the Fundamental
duties. Rights’ ?
(ii) Writ of Prohibition: Ans : SQP 2023
(a) Meaning: Prevents an inferior court
from acting beyond its legal authority. Any citizen whose rights have been violated
(b) Purpose: Issued by a higher court, such can approach the Supreme Court to seek
as the Supreme Court or a High Court, enforcement of their rights. The Supreme
to stop a lower court from exercising Court has the authority to issue writs such
powers it does not legally possess. as Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition,
Quo-Warranto, and Certiorari to ensure the
47. State the difference between the Original protection and enforcement of Fundamental
jurisdiction and the Appellate jurisdiction. Rights.
Ans : MAIN 2005
50. Mention the Advisory functions of the
Supreme Court.
Aspect Original Appellate
Jurisdiction Jurisdiction Ans : MAIN 2001

Definition The power to The power to The President can refer any question of
hear a case hear appeals law or matters of public importance to the
directly at against Supreme Court for its opinion. However, the
the Supreme judgments of advice provided by the Court is not binding
Court. lower courts. on the President.

Cases Disputes Appeals 51. Mention appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme

Involved between in civil, Court with regard to civil matters.
Union and criminal, or Ans : COMP 2020
States, or constitutional
between cases from In civil matters, the Appellate Jurisdiction of
States, and High Courts. the Supreme Court allows it to hear appeals
enforcement against the judgments of High Courts. This
of applies when:
Fundamental (i) A substantial question of law of general
Rights. importance is involved.
(ii) The High Court certifies that the case
Court Supreme Supreme is fit for appeal to the Supreme Court
of First Court acts Court reviews under Article 133 of the Constitution.
Instance as the first cases already
and original decided by 52. Mention appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme
court. lower courts. Court with regard to criminal matters.
Ans : SQP 2008
48. Mention two types under which an appeal in
a criminal case lies to the Supreme Court. (i) If the Sessions Judge acquits the accused,
but the High Court, upon a government
Ans : SQP 2003
appeal, reverses the acquittal and
(i) Cases Without High Court Certification: sentences the accused to death.
Appeals that proceed without obtaining (ii) If the High Court withdraws a case from
a certificate from the High Court a subordinate court, convicts the accused,
(ii) Cases With High Court Certification: and sentences them to death.
Appeals that include and require a
certificate from the High Court.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 351
different States, the Supreme Court is (a) Centre-State and Inter-State
empowered to adjudicate and resolve Disputes: Between the Government
these disputes. This role acts as a of India and one or more States :
check on the Union Government’s Any conflict between the central
powers, ensuring balanced federal government and individual states falls
governance. under the Supreme Court’s original
(c) Supreme Court’s Superior Capacity jurisdiction. Between the Government
for Legal Interpretation : The of India and States on one side and
legislative branch may lack the one or more States on the other : This
necessary expertise, experience, and includes disputes where the central
impartiality required to interpret the government and certain states are
law effectively. The Supreme Court on one side, and other states are on
is uniquely positioned to fulfill this the opposing side. Between two or
interpretative function, ensuring laws more States : Any disagreements or
are understood and applied correctly. conflicts between different states are
directly addressed by the Supreme
(iii)In India’s parliamentary system, the Court.
judiciary acts as a check on the powers of (b) Protection of Fundamental Rights:
the legislature and executive. It ensures The Supreme Court’s original
that laws made by the Parliament and jurisdiction extends to cases where an
actions of the government conform to the individual’s Fundamental Rights are
Constitution. The judiciary plays a crucial violated. In such instances, the Court
role in interpreting the Constitution, can issue various writs to enforce these
settling disputes between the central rights. Individuals have the right to
and state governments, and protecting approach the Supreme Court directly
citizens’ Fundamental Rights. It also if they believe their Fundamental
serves as the final authority in ensuring Rights have been infringed upon.
that no branch of government oversteps (c) Transfer of Cases from Lower Courts:
its constitutional limits. This balance is Under Article 139A, introduced by
vital for the smooth functioning of India’s the 44th Amendment in 1978, the
democracy. Supreme Court has the authority to
transfer cases from one or more High
61. With reference to the judiciary, write short
Courts to itself. This typically occurs
notes on the following:
when the cases involve significant
(i) Original jurisdiction of the Supreme
legal questions or are of considerable
Court.
importance. Additionally, the
Any three cases that came under the Supreme Court can transfer cases
Original Jurisdiction of Supreme Court. between High Courts to ensure justice
(ii) The Supreme Court as a court of Record. is served efficiently and effectively.
(ii) A Court of Record is a judicial body
(iii)What is Appelate jurisdiction. Mention
whose decisions are officially documented
any two types of cases over which the
and preserved for use as evidence and
Supreme Court has appelate jurisdiction.
testimony. These recorded judgments
(iv) The composition of the Supreme Court of serve as binding precedents, meaning
India. that High Courts and other subordinate
Ans : SQP 2020, 2016, 2011, 2010, 2007, 2005, 2001
courts are required to follow similar
rulings in comparable cases without
(i) Three cases that came under the Original dispute. Under Article 129 of the
Jurisdiction of Supreme Court.
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CH 16 : THE SUPREME COURT
(a) Judicial Appointments : Supreme (g) Post-Retirement Restrictions : After
Court judges are appointed by the retiring, judges are prohibited from
President in consultation with the practicing law, which helps maintain
Chief Justice of India and other senior their impartiality and prevents
judges, ensuring that the selection conflicts of interest that could arise
process remains free from external from continued legal practice.
pressures and influences. (h) Oath of Office : Upon appointment,
(b) High Qualifications : Judges of the judges take an oath to uphold the
Supreme Court are highly qualified, Constitution, perform their duties
possessing extensive legal expertise without fear or favor, and preserve
and significant experience. They are the sovereignty and integrity of India.
recognized as eminent jurists, which This oath reinforces their commitment
supports their ability to function to judicial independence and ethical
independently and impartially. conduct.
(c) Impeachment Process : The removal
of a judge is deliberately difficult, 60. The Supreme Court is the guardian and
requiring a simple majority in both final interpreter of the Constitution. In this
Houses of Parliament followed by a context, explain the following :
two-thirds majority of those present (i) Judicial Review.
and voting. This stringent process (ii) Significance of Judicial Review.
protects judges from arbitrary (iii)Role of Judiciary in India’s Parliamentary
dismissal and maintains judicial system.
stability. Ans : COMP 2020, 2018, 2013, 2007, 2005, 1992

(d) Secure Salaries : Judges receive their

(i) Judicial Review is the power of the Supreme
salaries from the Consolidated Fund
Court to examine the constitutionality
of India, and their remuneration
of legislative acts and executive orders.
cannot be reduced during their tenure
If any law or executive action is found
except in cases of financial emergency.
to violate the Constitution, the Court
This financial security ensures that
can declare it null and void. This power
judges are not subject to economic
ensures that no law or action of the
pressures that could compromise
government contradicts the principles
their independence.
of the Constitution and that citizens’
(e) Judicial Independence : Supreme
Fundamental Rights are protected.
Court judgments are protected from
open debate in Parliament, and (ii) Significance of Judicial Review :
ongoing cases (sub-judice) cannot (a) Supreme Court’s Authority to Review
be publicly discussed. This prevents Legislation and Executive Actions
external influences from affecting : The Supreme Court possesses
judicial decisions and preserves the the authority to scrutinize all laws,
impartiality of the judiciary. executive orders, and ordinances. If
(f) Contempt of Court : The judiciary has any of these are found to be in conflict
the authority to penalize individuals with the Constitution, the Court has
for contempt of court, safeguarding the power to nullify them, rendering
its dignity and authority. This power them void.
ensures that the judiciary is respected (b) Resolution of Disputes Between
and that its orders are complied with Union and States or Among States :
without interference or disrespect. In cases of conflict between the Union
Government and a State, or between
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 353
to the High Court, and further appeals other issues that require constitutional
from High Court decisions can be taken interpretation or resolution.
to the Supreme Court. (c) Matters involving the enforcement
(ii) Three kinds of cases which come under of Fundamental Rights: Individuals
appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme whose Fundamental Rights have
Court : been violated can directly approach
(a) Civil Cases: Appeals in civil matters the Supreme Court for relief under
where significant legal principles Article 32 of the Constitution. The
are involved, particularly those that Court has the power to issue writs
raise substantial questions of law, or such as Habeas Corpus, Mandamus,
where the interpretation of complex and others to protect these rights.
legal statutes is required. Such cases
often involve disputes over property, 63. The independence of the judiciary is
contracts, or fundamental legal rights. necessary in a federal democratic set-up. In
(b) Criminal Cases: Appeals in criminal this context, describe the part played by the
cases, especially in instances where following :
a High Court has reversed a prior (i) Security of Tenure of Office
acquittal, found a person guilty, or (ii) Security of Salary and Allowances of the
imposed the death penalty. These Judges.
cases are brought to the Supreme (iii)Power to punish for Contempt of itself.
Court to ensure that justice has Ans : COMP 2021

been served and legal errors have not (i) Judges of the Supreme Court and High
occurred during the trial or appeal Courts enjoy security of tenure, meaning
process. they cannot be easily removed from
(c) Constitutional Cases: Cases involving office. They hold office until the age of
the interpretation of Constitutional retirement—65 years for Supreme Court
provisions, particularly when there judges and 62 years for High Court
are challenges to the constitutionality judges. A judge can only be removed
of laws, executive actions, or by the President through a rigorous
amendments. These cases often process of impeachment, based on proven
address fundamental issues related misbehavior or incapacity. This ensures
to the rights of citizens or the powers that judges can function without fear
of government institutions, requiring of losing their positions for delivering
authoritative interpretation by the decisions that may not favor the
Supreme Court. government or other powerful entities,
(iii)Type of cases that come under Original thereby upholding judicial independence.
Jurisdiction : (ii) The salaries and allowances of judges are
(a) Disputes between the Government protected by the Constitution and are
of India and one or more States: drawn from the Consolidated Fund of
These cases typically concern issues India, ensuring financial security. These
related to the constitutional division payments cannot be reduced during their
of powers or administrative disputes term in office, except in cases of financial
between the central government and emergency. This provision prevents
state governments. any undue influence by the executive
(b) Disputes between two or more States: or legislature in terms of manipulating
This jurisdiction includes matters financial incentives, thereby allowing
where states are in conflict over judges to make impartial decisions wit
boundaries, water resources, or any hout fear of financial repercussions.
CH 16 : THE SUPREME COURT
removed, allowing them to make (ii) The Constitution ensures the
decisions without fear of losing their independence of Supreme Court judges
position. through the following provisions:
(b) Salaries and Allowances: The salaries, (a) Security of Tenure: Judges cannot
allowances, and pensions of Supreme be removed from office except by a
Court judges are charged to the rigorous impeachment process for
Consolidated Fund of India and proven misbehavior or incapacity,
cannot be reduced during their term, ensuring that they are free from
except in cases of financial emergency. external pressures.
This provision ensures that judges (b) Salaries and Allowances: The salaries,
are not financially dependent on allowances, and pensions of judges
the government, preventing undue are drawn from the Consolidated
influence. Fund of India and cannot be reduced
(c) Appointment Process: Judges of the during their term, safeguarding their
Supreme Court are appointed by the financial independence.
President of India after consultation
(c) Appointment Process: Judges are
with the Chief Justice and other
appointed by the President in
senior judges. This process ensures
consultation with the Chief Justice
that appointments are made based
and other senior judges, ensuring
on merit and judicial expertise,
appointments are based on merit and
minimizing political interference in
free from political influence.
judicial appointments.
(iii)An appeal in a criminal case may lie to
67. With regard to the Supreme Court of India, the Supreme Court under the following
answer the following questions. circumstances:
(i) State three qualifications required to be a (a) Death Penalty Cases: When a High
Judge of the Supreme Court. Court has sentenced a person to
(ii) Mention three ways in which the death or reversed an acquittal.
Constitution ensures the independence of (b) Cases Involving Substantial Questions
the Judges of the Supreme Court. of Law: Where a case involves a
(iii)Mention two types under which an appeal substantial question of law of general
in a criminal case lies to the Supreme importance or requires the Supreme
Court. Court’s interpretation for clarity.
Ans : SQP 2013
68. Only an independent and unified Judiciary
(i) Three qualifications required to be a with the Supreme Court at the apex can
Judge of the Supreme Court. ensure the smooth functioning of the judicial
(a) Citizen of India: The individual must system in a democracy. In this context,
be an Indian citizen. answer the following questions :-
(b) Experience as a Judge: The person (i) What is the Advisory role of the Supreme
should have served as a judge in one Court?
or more High Courts for at least five (ii) How does the Supreme Court maintains
years. its control over the High Courts?
(c) Experience as an Advocate:
Ans : SQP 2014
Alternatively, the person must have
been an advocate in one or more High (i) The Supreme Court can offer guidance
Courts for at least ten years or be a to government entities, including
distinguished jurist, in the opinion of departments, the Legislature, the
the President. President, and the Council of Ministers,
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 355
that all legislative actions adhere to taken by the executive. If the Court finds
constitutional provisions. As the guardian that a law or executive action violates
and protector of the Constitution, the the Constitution, it has the authority
Supreme Court maintains the supremacy to declare it null and void. This process
of the constitutional framework. When ensures that all laws and government
exercising judicial review, the Court must actions adhere to the principles and
form a bench of at least five judges to provisions outlined in the Constitution.
ensure thorough and balanced decision- (ii) No doubt, the Legislature holds the
making. highest position in a democracy, but
(ii) Guardian of Fundamental Rights : The the power of Judicial Review remains
Supreme Court serves as the protector essential for several reasons:
of individual liberties and Fundamental (a) The Indian Constitution is a written
Rights in India. It holds the authority document, and certain articles or laws
to declare any law unconstitutional if it may be ambiguously worded, leading
infringes upon or violates the Fundamental to the need for interpretation. The
Rights guaranteed to Indian citizens. Supreme Court, through its power
In essence, the Court can nullify any of Judicial Review, serves as the
legislation that encroaches upon these final interpreter of the Constitution,
essential rights. By effectively exercising ensuring clarity and consistency.
this power, the Supreme Court rightfully (b) The Constitution grants extensive
earns its reputation as the “Protector powers to both the Centre and
and Guardian” of Fundamental Rights, the States. If either the Union
ensuring that the freedoms and rights of Government or the States exceed
individuals are upheld and safeguarded their constitutional boundaries, the
against any unconstitutional actions. functioning of a federal government
(iii)Court of Records : The Supreme Court may become strained. Only the
functions as a Court of Record, meaning Supreme Court, through Judicial
that all its decisions and decrees are Review, can resolve disputes between
officially documented and preserved the Union and its constituent units,
for future reference. These records are maintaining federal harmony.
maintained not only within the Court for (c) The Legislature often lacks the
ongoing judicial purposes but also serve expertise and impartiality required to
as important resources for lawyers to cite interpret the real intent of the law.
in their legal arguments and pleadings. This responsibility is best handled
by a judicial body, which is equipped
66. Supreme Court has many functions to protect to provide fair and expert legal
the interests of all citizens. In this context, interpretation.
answer the following questions: (iii)The Constitution ensures the
(i) What is meant by Judicial Review? independence of Supreme Court judges
(ii) What is the significance of the power of through several provisions:
the Judicial Review? (a) Security of Tenure: Judges of the
(iii)Mention three ways in which the Supreme Court cannot be removed
Constitution ensures the independence of from office except through a complex
the Judges of the Supreme Court. impeachment process for proven
Ans : COMP 2011 misbehavior or incapacity, which
(i) Judicial Review is the power of the Supreme requires a two-thirds majority in both
Court to examine the constitutionality of Houses of Parliament. This ensures
laws passed by the legislature or actions that judges cannot be arbitrarily
CH 16 : THE SUPREME COURT
(iii)The Supreme Court and High Courts (a) Referral of Legal Questions by the
possess the power to punish for contempt, President : The President can refer a
whether it is civil or criminal contempt. question of law considered to be of
This authority allows the judiciary to public significance to the Supreme
maintain its dignity, authority, and Court for its opinion. This advisory
smooth functioning by punishing acts opinion is not binding on the
that disobey court orders, obstruct the Government and cannot be enforced
administration of justice, or lower the as a judgment.
court’s esteem in public eyes. By having (b) Exclusion of Pre-Constitution
the power to address any contemptuous Treaties and Agreements : Disputes
behavior, the judiciary ensures its arising from treaties and agreements
decisions are respected and followed, made before the Constitution are
further strengthening its independence. excluded from the Supreme Court’s
64. The Supreme Court has extensive jurisdiction. original jurisdiction under Article
In this context answer the following : Consequently, the Court cannot
(i) What is meant by ‘Appellate Jurisdiction directly adjudicate these pre-
? Name two types of cases in which an Constitutional disputes.
appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court. (iii)Under Article 137, the Supreme Court
(ii) What do you understand by advisory is authorized to review any of its own
functions of the supreme court? State the judgments or orders to correct any mistakes
types of cases where the supreme court or errors that may have occurred. This
may be required to express its opinion. power ensures the accuracy and fairness
(iii)What is meant by Revisory Jurisdiction of its decisions. As a Court of Record, the
of the Supreme Court ? Supreme Court’s rulings carry significant
evidentiary weight and are final, meaning
Ans : SQP 2007
they cannot be challenged or questioned
(i) Appellate Jurisdiction refers to the in any other court. This authority
authority of the Supreme Court to hear reinforces the Supreme Court’s role as
appeals against decisions made by lower the highest judicial authority, capable of
courts, such as High Courts. In such cases, maintaining the integrity and reliability
the Supreme Court reviews the decisions of its judgments.
of these courts to ensure that justice has
been correctly administered. 65. Discuss how the Constitution has ensured
Two types of cases where an appeal may that the Supreme Court acts as :
be made to the Supreme Court are: (i) Custodian of the Constitution.
(ii) Guardian of the Fundamental Rights.
(a) Civil Cases: Appeals involving
(iii)A Court of Records and its implication.
significant legal questions or
constitutional interpretation. Ans : MAIN 2009

(b) Criminal Cases: Appeals in instances (i) Custodian of the Constitution and
where a High Court has reversed a Judicial Review : The Supreme Court
prior acquittal, sentenced a person to is the highest authority for interpreting
death, or given a severe sentence. the Constitution of India. Through
(ii) The Supreme Court has advisory its power of judicial review, it can
jurisdiction over any question of law declare any law passed by the State
or fact of public importance that the Legislatures or the Union Parliament as
President may refer to it. This includes: unconstitutional and thus null and void if
it violates the Constitution. This ensures
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 357
on constitutional and legal matters. (ii) Mandamus : Mandamus means “we
However, there are two important points command.” This writ is issued by a
to consider: higher court to a lower court, government
(a) Discretionary Opinions: The Supreme official, or public authority, compelling
Court is not required to provide an them to perform a duty they are legally
opinion on referred questions and may required to do. It is used to ensure that
choose whether or not to respond. public officials fulfill their obligations
(b) Non-Binding Nature : Any advisory and cannot refuse to perform their
opinions issued by the Supreme Court legal responsibilities. For instance, if
are not binding on the President or a government authority fails to issue a
other courts, as they do not hold the license or enforce a law, a court may issue
force of judicial decisions. a writ of Mandamus.
(ii) Under Article 139A, introduced by the (iii)Prohibition: A writ of Prohibition is
44th Amendment in 1978, the Supreme issued by a higher court to prevent a
Court is empowered to transfer cases lower court or tribunal from exceeding
from one or more High Courts to itself its jurisdiction or acting beyond its legal
when these cases involve significant authority. It commands the lower court
legal questions or hold considerable to stop proceedings in a case that falls
importance. Furthermore, the Supreme outside its jurisdiction. This writ helps
Court has the authority to move cases ensure that courts or authorities do not
from one High Court to another in the act beyond their powers and maintain
interest of justice, ensuring that matters judicial boundaries.
are adjudicated fairly and efficiently.
(iv) Certiorari: Certiorari is a writ issued by
69. Your friend from Australia has asked you a higher court to review the decision or
to explain the following terms and their proceedings of a lower court or tribunal.
implication in the working of the courts in It is usually issued when there has been
your country. Write notes to him about these an error of law or when the lower court
terms :- has acted without or in excess of its
(i) Habeas Corpus jurisdiction. The higher court can quash
(ii) Mandamus or nullify the judgment or order passed by
(iii)Prohibition the lower court if found unconstitutional
(iv) Certiorari or beyond the scope of authority.
(e) Quo-Warranto. iv) Quo-Warranto: Quo-Warranto means
Ans : MAIN 2015 “by what authority.” This writ is issued
to prevent an individual from illegally
(i) Habeas Corpus : Habeas Corpus literally
or wrongfully holding a public office. It
means “you may have the body.” It is
challenges the right of a person to occupy
a writ used to protect an individual’s
a public position or authority. The court
liberty. If someone is unlawfully detained
issues this writ to ask the person to
or imprisoned, the courts can issue a
show by what authority they claim to
writ of Habeas Corpus, requiring the
hold the office in question, and if found
authority holding the person to bring
illegitimate, the court can remove them
them before the court. The court then
from the position.
determines if the detention is legal. This
writ ensures that no one is held without
lawful justification and is an important
safeguard against arbitrary arrest.
CH 16 : THE SUPREME COURT

CASE BASED QUESTION (iii)(a) Judicial Review: The Supreme Court

has the power to review laws passed
by the legislature and actions taken
70. Study the figure and answer the following by the executive to ensure they are
questions : consistent with the Constitution. If any
law or action violates constitutional
provisions, the Supreme Court can
declare it null and void.
(b) Enforcement of Fundamental Rights:
The Supreme Court protects the
Fundamental Rights of citizens by
allowing individuals to approach it
directly through writs like Habeas
Corpus, Mandamus, and Certiorari,
ensuring that no authority infringes
(i) Identify the building in the picture. upon their constitutional rights.
Where is it located? What is the position (c) Final Interpreter of the Constitution:
of this court in the entire judicial set up The Supreme Court serves as the
in India ? final interpreter of the Constitution,
(ii) State three qualifications required to be settling disputes on constitutional
the judge of this court. matters and ensuring that the rule of
(iii)How does this court maintain the sanctity law is upheld in the country.
of the Constitution of India ?
www.nodia.in
Ans : COMP 2008

(i) (a) The building shown in the picture is

the Supreme Court of India, located
in New Delhi. The Supreme Court is
the highest judicial authority in the
country and stands at the top of the
entire judicial hierarchy in India.
(b) Position in the judicial setup : The
Supreme Court is the apex court in the
Indian judicial system, which means
it is the final court of appeal and the
ultimate authority on constitutional
matters.
(ii) Three qualifications required to be a
judge of the Supreme Court:
(a) The person must be a citizen of India.
(b) The person must have served as a
judge in one or more High Courts for
at least five years.
(c) Alternatively, the person must have
been an advocate in one or more High
Courts for at least ten years or be
regarded as an eminent jurist in the
opinion of the President.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 359

CHAPTER 17
HIGH COURT AND SUBORDINATE COURTS

1.4 Jurisdiction and Functions

SUMMARY
1. Original Jurisdiction :
The High Court has the authority to hear
1. THE HIGH COURTS
certain types of cases first, without those cases
being heard by any lower courts. This includes
1.1 Composition
matters relating to the constitutionality of
Each High Court comprises a Chief Justice laws, election disputes, and enforcement of
and a set number of other judges as decided fundamental rights.
by the President of India. The strength of
2. Appellate Jurisdiction :
each High Court varies depending on the
The High Court acts as an appellate authority,
needs and caseload of the state. The Chief
reviewing decisions made by subordinate
Justice is the administrative head of the
courts. This applies to civil, criminal, and
court.
constitutional matters. It can either uphold
1.2 Qualifications of Judges or overturn the decisions of the lower courts.
To be appointed as a judge in a High Court, a 3. Revisory Jurisdiction :
person must meet specific eligibility criteria: The High Court holds the power to review
(i) Must be a citizen of India. and revise the judgments of lower courts
(ii) Should have held a judicial office in the if it finds that a miscarriage of justice has
territory of India for at least 10 years, or occurred. It ensures that all legal procedures
(iii)Must have been an advocate in a High and principles are correctly applied.
Court (or multiple High Courts) for at 4. Judicial Review :
least 10 years. The High Court has the authority to
These qualifications ensure that the person examine the constitutional validity of laws
appointed as a judge has significant legal and executive actions within its territorial
experience and expertise. jurisdiction. This power is essential to uphold
the supremacy of the Constitution and
1.3 Appointment
prevent arbitrary government actions.
Judges of the High Courts are appointed by
5. Court of Record :
the President of India. The process involves
As a Court of Record, the judgments,
consultation with the Chief Justice of India,
proceedings, and orders of the High Court
the Governor of the concerned state, and in
are preserved for future reference. These
some cases, senior judges of the High Court.
records serve as precedents and authoritative
This process is designed to maintain a balance
legal guidance, and the High Court can also
of executive, judicial, and state involvement,
punish for contempt of court.
ensuring the independence and integrity of
appointments. 1.5 Enforcement of Fundamental Rights and Writs
The High Court is empowered to issue writs
for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights
CH 17 : HIGH COURT AND SUBORDINATE COURTS
under Article 226 of the Constitution. These the formalities of a traditional court.
writs include: (ii) Speedy Justice : Disputes are resolved
(i) Habeas Corpus (to protect individual quickly, reducing the backlog of cases in
liberty against unlawful detention), regular courts.
(ii) Mandamus (to compel a public authority (iii)Compromise-based Settlement : Lok
to perform its duty), Adalats encourage amicable settlements,
(iii)Prohibition (to prevent a lower court where both parties agree on the outcome,
from exceeding its jurisdiction), fostering harmony.
(iv) Certiorari (to transfer a case from a lower (iv) Reduced Burden on Courts : By resolving
court to a higher one for review), many cases outside the regular court
(v) Quo Warranto (to challenge the legality system, Lok Adalats help in reducing the
of a public official’s appointment). overall burden on the judiciary.

2. SUBORDINATE COURTS
The Subordinate Courts function under the
supervision of the High Court and are divided MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
into civil and criminal courts:
2.1 Court of the District Judge 1. Civil Cases : Court of District Judge : :
Criminal Cases :
The District Judge is the highest judicial
(a) Revenue Court
authority in the district for civil matters. The
(b) Family Court
court deals with various civil cases, including
(c) Sessions Court
property disputes, marriage and divorce
(d) Commissioner’s Court
cases, and civil contracts. It is the principal
court of original jurisdiction for civil disputes Ans : MAIN 2024

within its territorial limits. Thus (c) is correct option.

2.2 Sessions Court 2. The Lok Adalat has many advantages.
The Sessions Court deals exclusively with Which of the following statements about
criminal cases. It is the highest criminal the advantages of the Lok Adalat is best
court in a district and handles cases involving described in the picture given above?
serious offenses such as murder, rape, robbery,
and other crimes that carry severe penalties.
The Sessions Judge has the power to pass
the death sentence, although this must be
confirmed by the High Court.

3. LOK ADALATS
Lok Adalats, meaning “People’s Courts,” are a
system of alternative dispute resolution. They
were created to provide a quick, cost-effective
mechanism for resolving disputes outside the
formal judicial process. Cases are resolved in (a) It is inexpensive
Lok Adalats through mutual agreement and (b) It is organised in various parts of the
compromise between the parties. country
Lok Adalats offer several benefits : (c) It works on the spirit of compromise
(i) Cost-effective : Parties do not need to (d) It reduces the burden of the higher courts
pay court fees, and the process is free of Ans : MAIN 2024
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 361
Thus (c) is correct option. 7. What is the maximum age in order to be
qualified for appointment as a Judge in High
3. Given below are details of Indian citizens. court?
Select the ones who are eligible for (a) 62 years
Candidate Age Details (b) 68 years
(c) 65 years
P 65 Is a distinguished jurist
(d) 60 years
Q 61 Has been a High Court
Ans : MAIN 2016
Advocate for 10 years
Thus (a) is correct option.
R 67 Has been a High Court
Advocate for 5 years 8. In order to be qualified as a Judge of a High
S 56 Has held a judicial court, the individual must have held a judicial
office for at least 10 office in the territory of India or has been an
years advocate of a High court for atleast
(a) 15 years
(a) P and R
(b) 10 years
(b) Q and S
(c) 5 years
(c) R and P
(d) 12 years
(d) Q and R
Ans : SQP 2014
Ans : MAIN 2024
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
9. Every High court has the power of interpret
4. Court of District Judge : Civil Cases : :
the Constitution. This power is known as
Sessions Court : ______ Cases
(a) Judicial Review
(a) Advisory
(b) Constitutional Review
(b) Criminal
(c) High Court Review
(c) Constitutional
(d) Interpretation Review
(d) Appellate
Ans : COMP 2011
Ans : MAIN 2023
Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
10. ______of High court means that the
5. How many High Courts are three in India?
power to accept appeals against decisions of
(a) 25
District courts, in civil as well as criminal
(b) 30
matters.
(c) 32
(a) Revisory jurisdiction
(d) 28
(b) Judicial jurisdiction
Ans : SQP 2022 (c) Appellate jurisdiction
Thus (a) is correct option. (d) Advisory jurisdiction
Ans : MAIN 2018
6. Out of the following Union territories, which
Union territory has a High court of it’s own? Thus (c) is correct option.
(a) Chandigarh
11. _____Jurisdiction means that the High
(b) Ladakh
court can call for the record of a case which
(c) New Delhi
has been decided by a subordinate court:
(d) Lakshadweep
(a) Advisory (b) Appellate
Ans : COMP 2021 (c) Confirmatory (d) Revisory
Thus (c) is correct option. Ans : SQP 2019
CH 17 : HIGH COURT AND SUBORDINATE COURTS
a single day, and compensation totaling 3.5 by the President of India.
lakhs was disbursed to the accident victims The removal can occur on the grounds of
or their families. proven misbehavior or incapacity, following
the process of impeachment by Parliament,
55. Mention the three types of courts that a which requires a majority vote in both houses.
district usually has.
Ans : MAIN 2010
60. How does the High Court protect the
Fundamental Rights of individuals ? What is
(i) Civil Courts meant by Revisory Jurisdiction of the High
(ii) Criminal Court Courts?
(iii)Courts of Revenue
Ans : SQP 2005
56. How does the High Court protect the The High Court protects the Fundamental
Fundamental Rights of Individuals? Rights of individuals by issuing writs under
Ans : SQP 2012,2015 Article 226 of the Constitution, such as
The High Court issues writs, including Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition,
Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo Warranto, to ensure
Quo-Warranto, and Certiorari, to safeguard that rights are not violated by the state or
Fundamental Rights. authorities.
Revisory Jurisdiction of the High Courts refers
57. State one point distinction between the to their power to review and revise decisions
District Judge and the Session Judge. made by subordinate courts to correct any
Ans : COMP 2014,2019 errors of law or ensure that justice is properly
served, especially in cases where lower courts
District Judge Session Judge may have overstepped their authority or
misapplied the law.
Primarily handles Primarily handles
civil cases criminal cases, 61. Mention two types of Subordinate Courts in
including serious a State.
offenses like murder
Ans : COMP 2009
and robbery.
(i) Civil Courts – including the Court of the
58. Who administers the oath of office to the District Judge, which deals with civil
High Court Judges? By whom is the Chief cases like property disputes and family
Justice of a High Court appointed ? matters.
(ii) Criminal Courts – including the Sessions
Ans : SQP 2016,2020
Court, which handles criminal cases
Oath of Office for High Court Judges such as murder, theft, and other serious
is administered by the Governor of the offenses.
respective state.
The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed 62. Which is the highest Civil Court in a District
by the President of India, in consultation with ? Name the highest Criminal Court in a
the Chief Justice of India and the Governor district.
of the concerned state. Ans :

59. Who can remove a Judge of the High Court The highest Civil Court in a district is the
? On what grounds can a Judge of the High Court of the District Judge.
Court be removed from office ? The highest Criminal Court in a district is
the Sessions Court.
Ans : MAIN 2003

A Judge of the High Court can be removed

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 363
22. What is meant by the “Appellate Jurisdiction” 29. What are the two types of the subordinate
of a High Court ? courts in a State?
Ans : MAIN 1987,1990,1997,2014 Ans : SQP 1999

Appellate Jurisdiction means that the High (i) Civil Court

Court has the power to accept appeals against (ii) Criminal Court
the decision of Distinct Court in civil as well
as criminal matters. 30. Name two High Courts of India whose
jurisdiction extends to more than two States.
23. Name the highest Civil Court of a district. Ans : COMP 2000
Ans : SQP 2007,2016
(i) Chandigarh High Court
The District Judge’s court is the highest civil (ii) Guwahati High Court
court of a district.
31. What is the composition of a High Court?
24. How is the District Judge appointed ? Ans : MAIN 2001
Ans : COMP 1990
Each High Court consists of a Chief Justice
The District Judge is appointed by the State and such other Judges as the President of
Governor in consultation with the High India may appoint from time to time.
Court.
32. Who decides the salaries and allowances of
25. How are Subordinate Judges in the judicial the Judges of the High Court ?
service appointed ? Ans : SQP 2002
Ans : MAIN 1989,1996
The Chief Justice of a High Court and other
The Subordinate Judges are appointed Judges of the High Court are paid a monthly
through a Judicial Service Competitive salary, as decided by the Parliament.
examination held by the State Public Service
Commission. 33. Name a Union Territory which has a High
Court of its own.
26. Which is the highest criminal court in a Ans : COMP 2003
district ?
Delhi
Ans : SQP 1985,2005,2009,2013,2018

The highest criminal court is the court of the 34. What is the term of office of a Judge of the
Session Judge. High Court?
Ans : MAIN 2004
27. Mention one administrative power of a
District Judge. The judge of a High Court holds office till
they complete 65 years of age.
Ans : COMP 1981,1984,1993

The District Judge maintains law and order 35. Which is the highest Civil Court in a District?
of the area which is under his administration. Ans : SQP 2004

He also supervises the collection of revenue The Court of the District Judge is the highest
and taxes from the district. Civil Court of the District.
28. Name the Tribunal over which the High Court 36. Who is the highest Judicial Official at the
does not have the power of superintendence. district level for civil and criminal cases?
Ans : MAIN 2005
Ans : COMP 2005

Court Martial or Tribunal related to Army. The Court of District Judge.

CH 17 : HIGH COURT AND SUBORDINATE COURTS
Thus (d) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.

12. All_____are impowered to issue writs. 17. Lok Adalat means

(a) High Courts (a) District Court
(b) District courts (b) People’s Court
(c) Members of Parliament (c) High Court
(d) Ministers of the Cabinet (d) Supreme Court
Ans : COMP 2017 Ans : COMP 2005

Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.

13. A Munsif court is authorised to deal with 18. Suppose the auto-rickshaw driver, who daily
civil cases involving not more than_____. takes you to school, was issued a number
(a) `15,000 of traffic violation challans and had to pay
(b) `20,000 a fine of five thousand rupees. He pleaded
(c) `30,000 for reducing the fine but was not shown any
(d) `50,000 mercy. To which court he would go to get
Ans : MAIN 2010
speedy redressal of his grievance?
(a) Lok Adalat
Thus (b) is correct option. (b) Sessions Court
14. When a judge decides Civil cases, he/she (c) High Court
is called____and when he/she decides (d) Supreme Court
criminal cases, he/she is called_____. Ans : MAIN 2004
(a) Sessions Judge; District Judge Thus (a) is correct option.
(b) District Judge ; Sessions Judge
(c) Magistrate; District Judge
(d) Magistrate; Sessions Judge
Ans : SQP 2009 ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Thus (b) is correct option.
19. Define High Court’s power of Judicial Review.
15. First class Magistrate can award imprisonment
upto____years and/or a fine of `_____. Ans : MAIN 2016

(a) 4 years; `20,000 The High Court exercises the power of

(b) 3 years; `10,000 Judicial Review to judge the validity of a
(c) 3 years; `5,000 State law or the Central law.
(d) 2 years; `5,000
20. Name the Tribunal over which the High courts
Ans : COMP 2008
do not have the power of Superintendence.
Thus (c) is correct option. Ans : SQP 2005

16. Second class Magistrate can award The High Court has no power of
imprisonment for not more then_____year superintendence over any court of tribunal
or impose a fine of `______or both. constituted under any military law.
Ans : MAIN 2007
21. What is the composition of a High Court ?
(a) 1 year; `1,000 Ans : COMP 2006
(b) 2 years; `5,000
(c) 1 year; `2,000 The High Court consists of a Chief Justice
(d) 2 years; `1,000 and some other Judges.
Ans : SQP 2006
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 365
(i) A Judge of a High Court can be removed there is no miscarriage of justice or legal error.
on the grounds of proven misbehavior The High Court can use this power to correct
or incapacity. The removal process or modify decisions where lower courts may
is initiated through impeachment by have acted outside their jurisdiction, violated
Parliament, following a prescribed legal procedures, or misapplied the law. This
procedure. jurisdiction ensures that justice is upheld and
(ii) The Governor of the respective state that subordinate courts operate within legal
administers the Oath of office to the High boundaries.
Court Judges before they assume their
duties. 51. What is meant by a High Court being a
‘Court of Record’ ?
48. Define original jurisdiction of the High Court. Ans : SQP 1986.1996,2001,2012,2015,2019
Mention two types of such cases over which
a High Court exercises original jurisdiction. A High Court being a ’Court of Record’
means that its judgments, proceedings, and
Ans : SQP 1984,1998,2005,2011
records are permanently preserved and serve
Original jurisdiction of the High Court refers as authoritative references. These records
to the authority of the court to hear cases have evidentiary value and can be used as
directly, without the case being referred from legal precedents in future cases. Additionally,
a lower court. as a Court of Record, the High Court has
Two types of cases over which a High Court the power to punish for contempt of court,
exercises original jurisdiction are: ensuring respect for its authority and
1. Matters related to the enforcement of judgments.
Fundamental Rights under Article 226 of
the Constitution. 52. What do you understand by a Lok Adalat ?
2. Disputes related to wills, marriage, and Ans : COMP 2006,2016,2018

divorce, especially in civil cases involving A Lok Adalat is a system of alternative

individuals within its territorial limits. dispute resolution in India where cases are
49. How does a High Court act as a guardian of settled through compromise and mutual
the Constitution ? agreement. It offers speedy and cost-effective
or justice without formal court procedures.
State whether the High Court has Lok Adalats handle civil, family, and minor
jurisdiction to declare any central law to be criminal cases, and their decisions are binding
constitutionally invalid. and final, with no appeal allowed.

Ans : COMP 1982 53. Mention one reason why the system of Lok
The High Court oversees both state and Adalat has become popular.
central laws. If it determines that a law Ans : SQP 1991,2008,2011

contradicts the Constitution, the court has The Lok Adalat system has become popular
the authority to nullify that law, rendering it because it provides speedy and cost-effective
inoperative. In this capacity, the High Court justice, resolving cases quickly through
serves as the guardian of the Constitution. mutual agreement without the lengthy
50. What is meant by Revisory jurisdiction ? formalities of regular courts.

Ans : MAIN 2009 54. What was the outcome of the First Lok
Revisory jurisdiction refers to the power of a Adalat ?
High Court to review and revise the decisions Ans : COMP 2006

or orders of subordinate courts to ensure that Approximately 150 cases were resolved in
CH 17 : HIGH COURT AND SUBORDINATE COURTS
the death penalty, subject to High Court popularity that various government
confirmation. departments, including the Telephone
4. Bail and Remand: It deals with matters Department and Electricity Boards, now
of bail, remand, and pre-trial procedures organize Lok Adalats, resolving hundreds of
in serious criminal cases. cases in a single day.

70. Mention the jurisdiction of each of the

following:
(a) District Judge THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
(b) Sessions Judge
Ans : COMP 2017
73. The State Judiciary has a High Court as
(a) District Judge: an apex body. In this context, answer the
(i) Handles civil cases such as property following:
disputes and family matters. (a) Describe the composition of a High
(ii) Hears appeals from subordinate civil Court?
courts. (b) What is the territorial jurisdiction of a
(b) Sessions Judge: High Court?
(i) Deals with serious criminal cases like (c) How has the independence of the judiciary
murder and rape. been ensured?
(ii) Hears appeals from lower criminal Ans : MAIN 2024
courts and can impose severe
sentences, including the death penalty (a) Each High Court includes a Chief Justice
(with High Court approval). and other judges, who are appointed
by the President of India as required.
71. Mention the role of a Lok Adalat. Additionally, the President has the
Ans : SQP 2018 authority to:
(i) Appoint additional judges for a
The roles of Lok Adalats are as follows:
temporary period, not exceeding two
1. Leadership and Organization: Lok
years, to help manage pending cases
Adalats are led by qualified judicial
in the High Court.
officers or other designated individuals
and are organized periodically. (ii) Appoint acting judges when a
2. Mediation and Settlement: They strive to permanent judge (other than the Chief
mediate and reach compromises between Justice) is temporarily unavailable or
the disputing parties. is assigned as the acting Chief Justice.
3. Binding Decisions: Decisions made by The acting judge remains in office
Lok Adalats are considered equivalent to until the permanent judge resumes
Civil Court decrees and are binding on all their duties.
parties involved. (b) The Constitution of India establishes
4. Scope of Disputes: They handle disputes a High Court for each state. However,
related to public utilities, transport Parliament has the authority to set up
services, postal services, communications, a common High Court for two or more
and similar areas. states or Union Territories, based on the
region’s population and the workload of
72. Mention one reason why the system of Lok the court. Currently, there are 21 High
Adalat has become popular. Courts in India, with two of them having
Ans : MAIN 2019 jurisdiction over multiple states.
The Lok Adalat system has gained such (i) A High Court judge serves until the
age of 62 and can be removed only by
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 367
63. Who is the highest Judicial Official at the 66. What procedure is followed in the appointment
district level for civil and criminal cases? How of the Chief Justice of a High Court ?
are the District Judges in a State appointed? Ans : COMP 2012
Ans : COMP 2010
The Chief Justice of a High Court is
The highest judicial official at the district appointed by the President of India based
level for civil cases is the District Judge, and on the recommendation of the Chief Justice
for criminal cases, it is the Sessions Judge. of India (CJI). The President also consults
District Judges in a state are appointed the Governor of the state before making the
by the Governor of the state, based on formal appointment.
recommendations from the High Court.
The appointment process considers the 67. What procedure has been laid down for the
qualifications and experience of the removal of the Judge of a High Court ?
candidates, ensuring they meet the required Ans : MAIN 2014

legal standards. A judge can only be removed when each

64. Mention any two functions of the House of Parliament passes an address by a
Commissioner’s Court? majority of its total membership and by at
least two-thirds of the members present and
Ans : MAIN 2011
voting. This address is then submitted to the
(i) Appellate Jurisdiction: It hears appeals President for action.
against decisions made by lower revenue
courts or authorities, particularly in 68. Mention two ways in which the Constitution
matters related to land and property ensures the independence and impartiality of
disputes. the High Courts.
(ii) Supervisory Authority: It exercises Ans : COMP 2015

supervisory control over the functioning (i) A judge serves in office until they
of revenue officers within its jurisdiction, reach the age of 62. Removal from
ensuring proper administration of revenue their position can only occur through
laws and regulations. the President, based on an address
65. Describe the powers of a District Judge. presented by each House of Parliament
that demonstrates proven misconduct or
Ans : SQP 2013
incapacity.
1. Original Jurisdiction: Handles important (ii) The salaries and allowances of judges are
civil cases such as property and family funded from the State’s Consolidated
disputes. Fund.
2. Appellate Jurisdiction: Reviews appeals
from subordinate civil courts. 69. What are the functions of the Sessions Court?
3. Administrative Authority: Oversees the Ans : MAIN 2016

functioning of subordinate courts in the 1. Trial of Serious Criminal Cases: It handles

district. serious criminal offenses such as murder,
4. Supervisory Powers: Supervises civil rape, and robbery.
judges to ensure justice is properly 2. Appellate Jurisdiction: The Sessions
administered. Court hears appeals against decisions
5. Election Disputes: Handles disputes made by lower criminal courts in the
related to local body elections in some district.
cases. 3. Sentencing: It has the authority to
impose severe punishments, including
life imprisonment and, in some cases,
CH 17 : HIGH COURT AND SUBORDINATE COURTS
37. What is a Board of Revenue? TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans : MAIN 2006

The highest authority in the field of revenue 44. Mention any two writs issued by the High
in a State is the Board of Revenue. It works, Court.
directly under the High Court. It hears
Ans : MAIN 2024
appeals against decision of all the lower
courts of revenue under it. Habeas Corpus: This writ is issued to produce
a person who has been detained, ensuring the
38. What is the purpose of a Family Court ? individual’s right to liberty.
Ans : SQP 2007 Mandamus: This writ commands a public
authority to perform a duty it is legally
The purpose of a Family Court is to secure
obligated to do.
speedy settlement of disputes relating to
marriage, family affairs and related matters. 45. By whom is the Chief Justice of a High Court
appointed and how is it done ?
39. Who has the power of superintendence over
the District Courts? Ans : SQP 1985,1997,1985

Ans : COMP 2008 The Chief Justice of a High Court is

appointed by the President of India. The
High Court has the power of superintendence
Chief Justice of India (CJI) recommends the
over the district courts.
appointment, and the President consults with
40. Mention any two states where Lok Adalats the Governor of the concerned state. In case
have been held. of a transfer, other Supreme Court judges
Ans : MAIN 2019
are also consulted. The final decision rests
with the President after completing these
Lok Adalats have been held in Delhi and consultations. This process ensures judicial
Gujarat. independence and merit-based appointments.
41. Which court at district level has the authority 46. What are the qualifications of the High Court
to award a death sentence? Judge?
Ans : SQP 2010
Ans : COMP 1981,1988,1992

The authority to pass a death sentence is 1. Citizen of India: The person must be an
given to the Sessions Court but this has to Indian citizen.
be confirmed by the High Court. 2. Judicial Experience: Must have held a
42. Name the highest Criminal Court in a district. judicial office in the territory of India for
at least 10 years, or
Ans : COMP 2011
3. Advocacy Experience: Must have been an
The District Sessions Court is the highest advocate in one or more High Courts for
Criminal Court in India. at least 10 years.
4. There is no specific age requirement, but
43. What are Subordinate Courts? typically, judges are appointed from those
Ans : MAIN 2012 with significant legal experience.
All courts below the High Court are called
47. (i) On which ground can a Judge of a High
Subordinate Courts. For instance, the District
Court be removed ?
Courts deal with civil cases, Sessions Courts
(ii) Who administers the Oath of office to the
which deal with criminal cases, etc.
High Court Judges ?
Ans : MAIN 2011
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 369
the President of India, following an advocate of a High Court (or two or
address by both Houses of Parliament, more such courts in succession) for at
and only on the grounds of proven least 10 years.
misbehavior or incapacity. (b) The person must have served as a
(ii) The salaries and allowances of the judge in any subordinate court in
judges are paid from the Consolidated (ii) Three cases that come under the Original
Fund of the State and cannot be Jurisdiction of the High Court :
reduced during their tenure. (a)Fundamental Rights Cases : The
(c) The President can transfer a judge from High Court has the power to hear
one High Court to another only under the cases related to the enforcement of
following conditions: fundamental rights under Article 226.
(i) The transfer order must be issued (b) Election Disputes: Cases related to
after consulting the Chief Justice of election disputes for members of the
India. Legislative Assembly or Parliament
(ii) The Chief Justice of India must make are within the original jurisdiction of
the recommendation after consulting the High Court.
the four senior-most judges of the (c) Civil and Criminal Cases: In some
Supreme Court. matters, the High Court can directly
(iii)The opinions of the Chief Justices hear civil and criminal cases,
of both the High Court from which particularly those that are serious in
the judge is being transferred and nature.
the High Court to which the judge is (iii)Lok Adalats are a system of alternative
being moved must also be considered. dispute resolution in India where
(iv) After the transfer, the judge is cases are settled amicably through
entitled to a compensatory allowance mediation and conciliation, often
in addition to their salary. without the formal procedures of courts.
Three advantages of Lok Adalats:
74. The Constitution of India provides for a High (a) Cost-effective: There are no court
Court for each State. With reference to the fees for cases heard in Lok Adalats,
High Courts and Subordinate Courts, answer making it an affordable option for
the following questions: dispute resolution.
(i) Who appoints the judges of the High
(b) Quick Resolution: Cases are resolved
Court? Mention any two qualifications
quickly without the prolonged delays
required for a person to be appointed as
often seen in regular courts.
a judge of a High Court.
(c) Binding Decisions: The awards passed
(ii) Mention any three cases that come under
by Lok Adalats are legally binding,
the Original Jurisdiction of the High
and there is no provision for appeal,
Court.
ensuring finality in the settlement.
(iii)What are Lok Adalats? Mention any
three advantages of the Lok Adalats. 75. As regard the High Court answer the following
Ans : MAIN 2023 questions :
(i) The judges of the High Court are (a) Appointment of a Chief Justice and other
appointed by the President of India. Judges of a High Court.
(b) Qualifications.
Two qualifications required for a person
(c) Tenure and conditions of service.
to be appointed as a judge of a High
(d) Impeachment.
Court:
(a) The person must have been an Ans : SQP 2019,2008
CH 17 : HIGH COURT AND SUBORDINATE COURTS
85. Today Criminal Courts in a district have a
three-tier structure. In this context describe:
(a) The organisation of the Sessions Court
(b) The organisation of the Court of the
Chief Judicial Magistrate
(c) The organisation of the Courts of
First Class and Second Class Judicial
Magistrates
Ans : SQP 2020

(a) The Sessions Court is the highest criminal (a) Identify the court whose logo is given in
court in a district, headed by the District the picture on the right. How do these
and Sessions Judge. It handles serious courts function?
criminal cases like murder, dacoity, and (b) What are the advantages of resolution of
robbery. The Sessions Judge has the disputes through such courts ?
authority to award death sentences or life (c) What is the scope of a Lok Adalat in
imprisonment, though death sentences India?
must be confirmed by the High Court. Ans : COMP 2024
There are also Additional Sessions Judges
(a) The logo represents Lok Adalat (People’s
who assist with the caseload.
Court). A Lok Adalat is a people’s court,
(b) The Chief Metropolitan or Chief Judicial consisting of public-spirited individuals
Magistrate is authorized to impose such as Supreme Court judges, lawyers,
imprisonment for a maximum of 7 students, and social workers. These
years. Therefore, they do not have the courts facilitate the speedy settlement of
authority to issue a death sentence or life disputes by encouraging parties to bring
imprisonment. their cases voluntarily.
(c) First Class Judicial Magistrates handle Key Principles of Lok Adalats:
minor criminal cases and have the authority
1. Presided over by judicial officers
to impose imprisonment up to three years
or other qualified individuals, as
or a fine up to `5,000 or both.They can
prescribed by the state.
also hear appeals from lower courts.
2. Aim to achieve compromise or
Second Class Judicial Magistrates deal
settlement between disputing parties.
with less serious criminal cases, with the
power to impose imprisonment up to two 3. Organized periodically to handle
years or fines up to `1,000 or both. cases.
4. Their decisions are treated as decrees
of a Civil Court and are binding.
5. Resolve disputes related to public
utilities, such as transport, postal,
and communication services.
CASE BASED QUESTION (b) The advantages of settling disputes
through Lok Adalats include:
(i) Compromise-based approach: Lok
86. Study the picture and answer the following Adalats aim to resolve conflicts
questions. through mutual agreement.
(ii) They provide quick and affordable
justice.
(iii)Decisions made by Lok Adalats are
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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 371
handed down by lower courts must be person or authority to present the detainee
confirmed by the High Court. before the court and justify the reason
(iv) Sessions Judge Acquittals: If a for their detention. If the justification
Sessions Judge grants an acquittal in is found to be inadequate, the detainee
a state case, the state can appeal the must be released immediately.
decision to the High Court. (b) Writ of Prohibition : The Writ of
(c) High Courts possess various supervisory Prohibition is issued to stop a lower court
powers over subordinate courts to ensure or authority from exercising powers that
their proper functioning. These include: it does not legally possess. It directs the
(i) Detailed Reports: High Courts can inferior court to operate strictly within
request comprehensive reports on the its designated jurisdiction. This writ
operations of subordinate courts. serves a preventive function, ensuring
(ii) Framing Procedures: They have the that lower courts do not overstep their
authority to establish rules that legal boundaries.
govern the proceedings of subordinate (c) Writ of Quo-Warranto : The Writ of
courts. Quo-Warranto is directed against an
(iii)Transferring District Judges: High individual who has unlawfully occupied
Courts can transfer District Judges a public office. This writ demands that
between different courts as needed. the person justify the authority under
which they are holding that office. If it is
(iv) On Deputation: High Courts can
determined that the office is being held
recall District Judges who are on
without legal right, the writ can declare
deputation to other assignments.
the position vacant.
(v) Judicial Service Personnel: They can
(d) Writ of Mandamus : Mandamus, meaning
promote and confirm individuals in
“We command,” is a writ issued to compel
the judicial service below the level
a lower court or authority to perform its
of District Judge. The Governor, in
official duties. This writ can be issued
consultation with the High Court,
specifically to protect Fundamental
handles the appointment, promotion,
Rights, ensuring that inferior courts or
and posting of District Judges.
officials fulfill their legal obligations.
(vi) Court Records: High Courts can
(e) Writ of Certiorari : The Writ of Certiorari
specify the formats for maintaining
allows the High Court to request the
books, entries, and accounts in
records of a particular case from a lower
subordinate courts
court after a judgment has been rendered.
(vii) Subordinate Court Personnel: They
This writ is remedial in nature, enabling
have the authority to determine the
the High Court to review and oversee the
fees for officers, clerks, and advocates
decisions made by subordinate courts to
working in subordinate courts.
ensure justice is properly administered.
77. With reference to the Jurisdiction of High
78. With reference to the Judiciary :
Courts explain power to issue writs.
(a) (i) Explain the composition of a High
Ans : SQP 1996,2019 Court.
(a) Writ of Habeas Corpus : The Writ of (ii) State the qualifications required to
Habeas Corpus serves as a protection for become a judge in the High Court.
an individual’s personal liberty. It offers (b) State the term of office of the Judges of
a remedy to someone who is being held the High Court. Explain when and how
unlawfully, whether in custody or by the the Judges can be removed from office.
police. This writ orders the detaining (c) Name the three types of courts at the
CH 17 : HIGH COURT AND SUBORDINATE COURTS
district level. Explain the different both Houses of Parliament.
categories of cases that fall under the 5. Presidential Order: After approval
jurisdiction of each. by Parliament, the President of India
Ans : COMP 2012,2006 orders the removal of the judge.
(c) (i) District Court (Session Court):
(a) (i) Composition of a High Court : The
number of judges in a High Court is Jurisdiction: The District Court is the
not fixed and varies between different highest court at the district level. It
High Courts. Each High Court is led handles both civil and criminal cases.
by a Chief Justice, and the President Categories of cases:
of India can appoint additional judges 1. Criminal Cases: Serious criminal
as needed.When a High Court faces offenses like murder, robbery, rape,
an increased workload, the President and other major crimes.
may appoint an Additional Judge for 2. Civil Cases: Major civil disputes
a period of two years. Additionally, involving significant amounts of
the President can designate a money, property, divorce, etc.
qualified individual as an Acting 3. Appeals: It also hears appeals from
Judge to temporarily replace a judge the lower courts (such as Magistrate
who is unable to perform their duties courts) in both civil and criminal
due to illness or leave. Similarly, if the matters.
Chief Justice is unavailable because (ii) Additional District Court (Additional
of health issues, the President can Sessions Court):
appoint a Senior Judge from the High Jurisdiction: These courts are created
Court to serve as the Acting Chief to manage a heavy caseload in large
Justice. districts and assist the District Court.
(ii) To become a judge in a High Court, Categories of cases:
the following qualifications are 1. Criminal Cases: They handle criminal
required: cases that the District Court cannot
1. Must be a citizen of India. manage due to a large volume of
2. Must have held a judicial office cases.
inIndia for at least 10 years, or 2. Civil Cases: They may also deal with
3. Must have been an advocate of a civil cases that involve large sums of
High Court (or two or more High money or complex legal issues.
Courts) for at least 10 years. (iii)Magistrate Court:
(b) Judges of the High Court hold office until Jurisdiction: The Magistrate Court
they reach the age of 62 years. deals with less serious criminal
Removal of Judges: offenses and civil matters. It is the
1. A High Court judge can be removed first level of the judiciary.
from office on the grounds of proven Categories of cases:
misbehavior or incapacity. The 1. Criminal Cases: Minor offenses like
removal process involves: theft, assault, and traffic violations.
2. Impeachment: The process begins 2. Civil Cases: Small civil disputes such
with a motion in either House of as family matters, maintenance, or
Parliament. property issues.
3. Investigation : A committee
investigates the charges. 79. With reference to the Lok Adalat, explain :
4. Parliamentary Vote: The motion must (a) Meaning of the Lok Adalat.
be passed by a two-thirds majority in (b) Advantages of Lok Adalat.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 373
Ans : MAIN 2015.2020,2012
(i) The person must be a citizen of India.
(a) A Lok Adalat (People’s Court) is an (ii) Must have held a judicial office in
alternative dispute resolution mechanism India for at least 10 years, or
in India, where cases are settled amicably (iii)Must have been an advocate of a
without going through the formal court High Court (or multiple High Courts)
process. It provides a platform for for at least 10 years.
disputing parties to resolve their issues (c) The independence of High Courts is
through mutual agreement, ensuring maintained by ensuring judges have
faster and cost-effective justice. secure tenure and protected salaries and
(b) Advantages of a Lok Adalat are as under: allowances. Additionally, High Courts
(i) Speedy Justice: Cases are resolved uphold their autonomy by:
quickly, without the delays of (i) Controlling Procedures and
traditional court procedures. Establishment: They have full
(ii) Cost-Effective: There are no court authority over their working methods
fees, and the process is affordable for and organizational structure.
all parties. (ii) Contempt Powers: They can penalize
(iii)Final and Binding Decisions: The individuals for contempt of court,
decisions are final, with no provision safeguarding their authority.
for appeal, ensuring closure. (iii)Legislative Protection: The conduct
(iv) Reduces Burden on Courts: It helps of High Court judges is not subject
reduce the caseload of regular courts, to discussion in the State Legislature,
speeding up the overall judicial preventing political interference.
process. These measures collectively ensure
that High Courts operate freely and
80. A High Court consists of a Chief Justice and without undue influence.
other judges whose number the Parliament
may fix from time to time. As regards the 81. With reference to the powers of the High
composition of the High Court, answer the Court, briefly describe the following :
following questions: (a) What is meant by the Original Jurisdiction
(a) How are the Chief Justice and other of the High Court ? Mention two types of
Judges of the High Court appointed? cases in which the High Court exercises
(b) State three qualifications for appointment Original Jurisdiction.
as a Judge of the High Court ? (b) Mention two types of cases in which
(c) Mention two ways in which the the High Court exercises Appellate
Constitution ensures the independence Jurisdiction.
and impartiality of the High Courts. (c) How does the High Court control
Ans : SQP 2011 the power of the Legislature and the
Executive?
(a) The Chief Justice and other judges of
the High Court are appointed by the Ans : MAIN 2023

President of India. The appointment of (a) Original Jurisdiction means that certain
the Chief Justice involves consultation types of cases can be directly filed in
with the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and the High Court, bypassing subordinate
the Governor of the respective state. For courts.
other judges, the President consults the (i) The High Court can directly hear cases
CJI and other senior judges. related to wills, divorce, marriage,
(b) To be eligible for a appointment as a company law, and contempt of court.
judge of the High Court a person must : (ii) The Bombay and Madras High
CH 17 : HIGH COURT AND SUBORDINATE COURTS
(a) The Chief Justice of a High Court is 76. In the light of powers and functions of a High
appointed by the President of India, Court, discuss the following:
in consultation with the Chief Justice (a) Original Jurisdiction.
of India (CJI) and the Governor of the (b) Appellate Jurisdiction.
concerned state. Other judges are also (c) Administrative Powers of Superintendence.
appointed by the President, based on Ans : COMP 1996,1999,1995,2005,2008,2011
recommendations from the CJI and
consultation with the state Governor. (a) A High Court holds Original Jurisdiction
(b) A High Court Judge must possess the over cases it can hear and decide first-
following qualifications : hand. These include:
(i) Must be a citizen of India. (i) Wills, Divorce, Marriage, Admiralty,
(ii) Should have held a judicial office in Company Law, Contempt of Court:
India for at least 10 years, or High Courts handle cases related to
(iii)Must have been an advocate of a these civil issues directly.
High Court (or multiple High Courts) (ii) Interpretation of Law: Cases that
for at least 10 years. involve the interpretation of the
(iv) He should be less than 62 years. Constitution and other significant
(c) Tenure : A High Court judge holds office laws fall under the High Court’s
until the age of 62. original jurisdiction.
Conditions of Service: (iii)Enforcement and Protection: High
(i) Removal from Office : A judge may be Courts are empowered to enforce
dismissed from their position by the and protect Fundamental Rights,
President on the grounds of proven addressing any violations directly.
misbehavior or incapacity. (iv) Revenue Matters: Issues related to
(ii) Transfer Between High Courts state revenue and its collection are
:The President has the authority to within the High Court’s original
transfer a judge from one High Court jurisdiction.
to another. This action is taken after (v) Kolkata, Chennai, and Mumbai High
consulting the Chief Justice of the Courts: These courts can hear civil
Supreme Court, who in turn consults cases where the disputed property’s
four of his senior colleagues. value meets or exceeds a specified
(d) A Supreme Court judge, including the threshold.
Chief Justice, serves until reaching the (b) Appellate Jurisdiction refers to the High
age of sixty-five. A judge may resign by Court’s authority to hear appeals against
submitting a handwritten letter to the decisions made by District Courts in both
President. Additionally, a judge can be civil and criminal cases. The High Court
removed from office by the President reviews appeals in the following scenarios:
through impeachment for proven (i) Judgments by Assistant Sessions
misbehavior or incapacity. This removal Judges, Chief Metropolitan
process requires an address to be passed Magistrates, or Judicial Magistrates:
in each House of Parliament, supported Appeals can be made if the punishment
by a simple majority of the House’s total exceeds four years of imprisonment.
membership and a two-thirds majority of
(ii) Sentences Over Seven Years:
those present and voting in both Houses.
Appeals against judgments by
The address is then presented to the
Assistant Sessions Judges where the
President. This procedure is known as
imprisonment term exceeds seven
the impeachment of a judge.
years.
(iii)Death Penalty: Any sentence of death
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 375
Quo Warranto, and Certiorari solely for (i) Sessions Court: The highest criminal
enforcing Fundamental Rights, High court in the district, presided over
Courts can issue these writs for both the by the District and Sessions Judge,
enforcement of Fundamental Rights and handles serious offenses like robbery,
for other legal matters. dacoity, and murder. Only the
(c) Similar to the Supreme Court, the High Sessions Judge can award death
Court holds the power of Judicial Review. sentences or life imprisonment, but
If any law, executive order, or ordinance death sentences must be confirmed
passed by the State Legislature or any by the High Court.
other authority violates Fundamental (ii) Chief Metropolitan Magistrate/Chief
Rights or contradicts any provision of the Judicial Magistrate: Handles less
Constitution, the High Court can declare serious offenses, with authority to
it ’null and void’. The High Court can impose sentences up to seven years
also withdraw a constitutional case from but not death or life imprisonment.
a Subordinate Court, handle it directly, (iii)First Class Magistrates: Deal with
or send it back with specific directions for minor offenses, able to impose
further proceedings. imprisonment up to three years
or fines up to `5,000, and can hear
84. All the Courts, at the district level and appeals from lower courts.
below are known as Subordinate Courts. (iv) Second Class Magistrates: Handle less
In this context, state the provision of the serious criminal cases and can sentence
Subordinate Courts with reference to the up to two years imprisonment or fines
following: up to `1,000 or both.
(a) Civil Courts
(v) Third Class Magistrates: Address
(b) Criminal Courts
petty criminal cases such as minor
(c) Courts of Revenue
quarrels, with power to award
Ans : MAIN 2023 imprisonment up to one month or a
(a) Civil Courts : fine up to `50 or both.
(i) Small or Petty Courts: Headed by (c) The Revenue Courts deal with cases
junior magistrates, these courts relating to the maintenance of land
handle minor cases of nominal value, records, assessment and collection of land
with no right to appeal. revenue. The lowest Revenue Court is the
(ii) Munsif’s Court: Deals with civil Court of the Tehsildar, which hears cases
cases involving amounts up to `2,000. relating to the assessment and collection
Appeals are made to the Sub-Judge. of revenue from the farmers.
(iii)Court of Civil Judge/Sub Judge: The highest Revenue Court in the district
Handles cases between `2,000 and is the Court of the Collector. It hears
`5,000 with appeals going to the appeals from the Judgements of the
District Judge. Deputy Collector.
(iv) Principal Civil Court: The District Next in the ladder is the Commissioner’s
Judge’s Court is the highest civil Court. The Commissioner Court extends
court, handling cases over `5,000 and to all the districts in a particular division.
appeals from Civil Judges. Appeals The highest Revenue Court is the Board
against District Judge decisions can of Revenue, which functions under the
go to the High Court if the amount supervision of the High Court. The High
involved is at least `5,000. Court is the Supreme judicial body in
(b) Criminal Courts : the State, having jurisdiction in Civil,
Criminal, Revenue and all other matters.
CH 17 : HIGH COURT AND SUBORDINATE COURTS
Courts historically exercised Original Rights by issuing writs under Article 226
Jurisdiction in all civil and criminal of the Constitution. These writs, such as
cases involving Christians and Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorari,
Parsees. Prohibition, and Quo Warranto, allow
(b) (i) Appeals may be filed against the the High Court to enforce the rights of
judgment of a Sessions Judge or an individuals against unlawful actions by
Additional Sessions Judge in cases the state or public authorities.
where the imposed sentence of (c) When we say that the High Court is
imprisonment exceeds seven years. a ‘Court of Record’, it means that its
(ii) Appeals may be lodged against the judgments, proceedings, and records
decisions of an Assistant Sessions are preserved as legal references. These
Judge, Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, records have evidentiary value and can
or other Judicial Magistrates in be used as precedents in future cases.
instances where the sentence of Additionally, as a Court of Record, the
imprisonment surpasses four years. High Court has the power to punish for
(c) The jurisdiction of the High Courts under contempt of court, ensuring respect for
the Constitution remains unchanged from its authority and decisions.
what it was before its implementation.
High Courts have the power to review 83. With reference to the jurisdiction of High
legislative acts and executive orders, and Courts, write short notes on :
can declare them invalid if they are found (a) Revisory Jurisdiction of High Courts.
to be inconsistent with the provisions of (b) Its power to issue Writs.
the Constitution. (c) Its power to Judicial Review.
Ans : COMP 2021
82. With reference to the powers of the High
Court, answer the following questions : (a) The High Court has the authority to review
(a) How does the High Court act as a any case decided by a Subordinate Court.
custodian of the Constitution ? If it finds that the Subordinate Court
(b) How does the High Court act as a acted beyond its authority or committed
protector of Fundamental Rights ? a serious irregularity, the High Court
(c) What do we mean when we say that the can make any order it sees appropriate.
High Court is a ‘Court of Record’ ? Simply put, Revisory jurisdiction allows
the High Court to withdraw a case from a
Ans : SQP 2022
Subordinate Court and handle it directly
(a) As the Custodian of the Constitution, the if it determines that the case involves an
High Court holds the power of Judicial important constitutional issue.
Review, similar to the Supreme Court. (b) In addition to the Supreme Court’s
This authority enables the High Court authority to issue writs for enforcing
to scrutinize laws, executive orders, or Fundamental Rights, every High Court
ordinances issued by the State Legislature also has the power to issue directions,
or other bodies. If any of these violate orders, or writs to any person or
the Fundamental Rights or conflict with authority within its jurisdiction. This
any part of the Constitution, the High applies not only for the enforcement of
Court has the power to invalidate them. Fundamental Rights but also for other
Furthermore, the High Court can extract purposes. The High Court’s power to
a constitutional case from a lower court issue writs is broader than that of the
to adjudicate it itself or return it with Supreme Court. While Article 32 allows
specific instructions. the Supreme Court to issue writs like
(b) The High Court protects Fundamental Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition,
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 HISTORY AND CIVICS PAGE 377
final and binding, with no option for
appeal in any court.
(iv) Disputes can be brought directly to
Lok Adalats, even before filing a case
in a court of law.
(v) Lok Adalats help to reduce the
workload of regular courts, thereby
minimizing delays in the justice
system.
(c) Lok Adalats are essential in addressing
the growing backlog of over 2.5 crore
pending cases across India. These courts
are particularly effective in resolving
family disputes, neighborhood conflicts,
and minor cases involving assault and
injury. Lok Adalats provide significant
support to the weaker sections of society,
offering them timely justice without the
high costs and delays typically associated
with regular court procedures.

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