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FLOWERS OF THE FIELD
Fig. 29. Field Scabious. - 'Knautia arvensis}..
 FLOWERS
mr THE FIELD
BY DHE LALE

REY. CA. JOHNS, BA. LS.

THIRTY-THIRD EDITION

Entirely revised by

G §.*BOULGER, F.LS., F.GS.

LECTURER ON BOTANY IN THE CITY OF LONDON COLLEGE

HONORARY PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY, ROYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

WITH PORTRAIT, MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR, AND

64 COLOURED PLATES

RY
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BOTANICAL
GARDEN
LONDON
SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE
NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C.3 43, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E.C.
BRIGHTON : 120, NORTH STREET
New York: E S. GORHAM

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PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE GENERAL
« LITERATURE COMMITTEE ‘
 Dedicated

BY GRACIOUS PERMISSION

TO

H.R.H. PRINCESS ALEXANDER ~ OF TECK

THE REV. CHARLES ALEXANDER JOHNS
 MEMOIR OF THE

REV. CHARLES ALEXANDER JOHNS

WHEN, in 1900, I had completed my first revision of Johns
“Flowers of the Field ” for its twenty-ninth re-issue, I had a kindly
appreciative letter from the veteran chief of British botanists, Sir
Joseph Hooker. In this he writes: “When you shall have to
prepare a still other Edition I venture to suggest that a few lines
of Preface as to who Johns was; and an outline of the successive
enlargements of his work would be very interesting.” The time
-has now arrived when this suggestion can be adopted, though the
story to be told is but a simple tale of long-continued literary
industry prompted by an enthusiastic love of Nature and a zeal
for education
Charles Alexander Johns was a Cornishman by descent, al-
though he happened to be born in Plymouth. He was the
grandson of Tremenheere Johns, a solicitor of Helston, his father
being Henry Incledon Johns, and he was born on the last day of
the year 1811.
In 1832 Henry Incledon Johns published by subscription a
~ little volume entitled ‘Poems addressed by a Father to his Chil-
dren, with Extracts from the Diary of a Pedestrian and a Memoir
of the Author.” From this it appears that the father of the author of
‘Flowers of the Field” was fond of long solitary rambles, of drawing,
of poetry and of flowers. He was, however, placed as junior clerk in
a bank at Devonport, then Plymouth Dock ; and, after many years,
became co-partner in the concern. In 1825, however, the bank
failed, and Henry Johns was compelled to fall back on his early
artistic attainments and become a drawing-master. On the title-
page of his ‘‘ Poems ” he is described as Professor of Drawing to the
Plymouth New Grammar School, and he tells how, as his own
health failed, he was assisted in his teaching by his daughter.
The excellence of Miss Johns’ illustrations have undoubtedly
contributed largely to the success of her brother Charles’s chief
work. Henry Johns had married in 1803; and, though there is
1X
x MEMOIR

but little intrinsic value in his poems, they evince a love of

flowers and a spirit of piety. One of them begins—
*“ Come Charles and Sophia and Emily too,
Come down the green lane, papa’s naught else to do”;
and in the list of subscribers appear the names of the Rev. Derwent
Coleridge and of Mr. and Mrs. Alexander Johns of Carrickfergus,
presumably the poet’s brother and sister-in-law, from whom the
botanist derived his second Christian name.
Meanwhile, before he was twenty, Charles Alexander Johns
had, in 1831, become second master of Helston Grammar School
under Derwent Coleridge, the son of the great poet-metaphysician
and himselfa linguist of unusual gifts. Coleridge had been ap-
pointed head-master soon after his ordination in 1825, and when, in
1841, he was chosen first Principal of St. Mark’s College, Chelsea,
Johns soon succeeded him at Helston, being head-master there
from June 1843 to December 1847. ‘Their most distinguished
pupil was undoubtedly Charles Kingsley, whose father was vicar
of Clovelly when the boy entered the school in 1832, but had been
preferred to the rectory of St. Luke’s, Chelsea, before he entered
King’s College, London, in 1836. In her “‘ Life” of her husband
Mrs. Kingsley writes (vol. i, p. 23)—
** At Helston, too, he found as second-master the Rev. Charles A. Johns,
afterwards himself head-master, who made himself the companion of his young
pupil, encouraging his taste, or rather passion, for botany, going long rambles
with him on the neighbouring moors and on the sea-coast, in search of wild
flowers, and helping him in the study which each loved so well. In later
years, when both were living in Hampshire, Mr. Johns laboured successfully
for the cause of physical science in the city of Winchester, where his name will
long be remembered in conjunction once more with that of his former pupil
and distinguished friend.”
Before coming to Helston, Kingsley had been initiated in the
study of conchology by Dr. Turton, who lived near Clovelly ; but
in Johns he found an all-round naturalist of the old-fashioned out-
of-door school to whom flowers and birds, trees, sea-weeds, shells
or insects were alike of interest.
Johns began his forty years of authorship in 1833 with a modest
volume of “ Chronological Rhymes on English History,” which
went into several editions ; and was followed by what we may well
suppose to have been the more congenial ‘‘ Flora Sacra,” published
in 1840.
In 1841 he graduated as Bachelor of Arts at Trinity College,
Dublin, and, in the same year, was ordained deacon, not, however,
becoming a priest until 1848.
Meanwhile, in 1847, he began the publication of his popular
 MEMOIR x1

“Botanical Rambles,” in four parts according to the seasons, which

was not completed until 1852; and about the same time he made
his most important botanical discovery, viz. the wealth of rarities on
the promontory of the Lizard. In his “ Notes on British Plants,”
contributed to Hooker’s “ London Journal of Botany” in 1847,
Johns was the first to record 77</olium strictum as a British plant,
and was also the first to add Z: procumbens, T: filiforme and
Thalictrum minus to the list for Cornwall. His only geological
publication was a note “On the Landslip at the Lizard” in the
“Journal of the Geological Society ” for 1848 ; and in that year he
published one of his most successful little books, ‘* A Week at the
Lizard,” which has been recently described by a writer of great
local knowledge as ‘‘ still our only reliable guide to that romantic
corner of Cornwall.”
Although Johns availed himself, of course, of the researches
and records of his predecessors, he was an assiduous collector
during most of his life, not only in Cornwall, but also in the
mountains of both the north and the south of Ireland, when he
was an undergraduate in Dublin, and in other districts in his
later years.
A former pupil, Mr. W. F. Collier, writing in the ‘Cornish
Magazine” (vol. il, pp. 117-8), says—
‘* My recollection as a schoolboy of Charles Alexander Johns is, that he was
not
a good teacher, and did not make his lessons interesting, as Derwent
Coleridge did. He heard lessons sharply enough, but was often all the time
setting up specimens of botany, no doubt for publication, as I thought them
beautifully done. I well remember now some pretty specimens of mosses in
flower, set up whilst [ was hammering over Virgil. He sat all school-time
with us, in his own desk, whilst Derwent Coleridge was in his den. . . whence
he issued at times to lecture the boys or to administer punishment. C. A. Johns
proved himself afterwards to be a good teacher, and had a preparatory school
of his own near Winchester, of such good repute that it was difficult, and took
some time, to get a boy into it. My schoolboy impression of his teaching
power must therefore be held to be not justified. He used to take some of
the older boys out with him to study botany on holidays and half-holidays, and
we looked on the tin cases for holding specimens, which they hung round
their shoulders, as a priggish sort of affair, not to be compared for a moment
with the manly fishing-basket.”
Johns left Helston at the end of 1847, and took a house in
Walpole Street, Chelsea ; but in the following summer he became
incumbent of Beenham, near Newbury, where he was living at the
time of the first publication of ‘‘ Flowers of the Field.” In 1856 he
established a private school at Callipers Hall, near Rickmansworth,
remaining there till 1863.
“First Steps to Botany,” published in 1853, was introductory to
“ Flowers of the Field,” which first appeared in the same year,
Xii MEMOIR

followed by “ Birds’ Nests ” (1854) and “ Birds of the Wood and

Field ” (1859-1862), leading up to “ Birds in their Haunts,” which
still ranks as a standard introduction to British ornithology.
Johns opened Winton House, Winchester, in 1863, as a
private school for boys; and, a few years later, he founded the
Winchester Literary and Scientific Society, of which he became
President, and to which his last scientific works, papers on the
fall of the leaf, on Vesuvius, and on a collection of shells, were
communicated. He died at Winton House on June 28, 1874.
We have not been able to enumerate his many educational
publications, though all his chief scientific work has been men-
tioned. It will, however, be interesting for us to trace the history
of “‘ Flowers of the Field.” As first published in 1853, it consisted
of two volumes, with an introduction of 59 pages, 32 of which
were devoted to the Linnzan system, and 380 pages of text in the
first and 273 pages in the second. ‘The book ended with Zostera,
grasses and sedges being omitted, and trees being barely men-
tioned. It was soon afterwards issued in one volume, with the
same introduction and 664 pages of text, and remained well-nigh
unchanged until 1892, being re-issued at frequent intervals. The
fifth edition, for instance, published about 1865, was the first
botanical book possessed by the present editor. In 1892 an
appendix of 96 pages, entitled “ Grasses,” but also comprising the
sedges, was compiled by the author’s son, C. Henry Johns, M.A.,
from Bentham and Hooker’s ‘‘Handbook of the British Flora.”
In 1899 I entirely recast the book, largely rewriting it, and, in
endeavouring to bring it up to the level of present-day British
botany, inevitably enlarging it, so that the twenty-ninth re-issue,
of February 1900, which I was graciously permitted to dedicate
to H.R.H. Princess Alice Mary of Albany, now Princess Alexander
of Teck, ran to 926 pp. of text, in addition to 52 pages of intro-
duction. This edition having been twice re-issued, had, in 1910,
64 coloured plates by Miss Grace Layton added to it when pub-
lished as the thirty-second edition. It has now once more been
fully and carefully revised so as to bring its nomenclature into
accordance with the rules of the Vienna Congress, as endorsed by
that’ held at Brussels in 1910, and to incorporate newly-discovered
species.
I have to acknowledge the loan of the accompanying portrait,
and much valuable information for this brief memoir, from
Mr. F. Hamilton Davey, the author of the “ Flora of Cornwell.”
G. S. BOULGER.
 Fist OF COLOURED PEATEs
No. of Plate Facing page
' (1) Traveller’s Joy (Clematis Vitalba)
(2) Columbine (Aguzlegia vulgaris) . ;
(3 Yellow Water-Lily (Vymphea lutea) .
(4) Red Poppy (Papaver Rh@aas) . ;
(5) Celandine (Chelidonium majus) . :
(6) Purple Sea Rocket (Cakzle maritima) .

(8) {SS
p
(7) Soapwort (Safonaria officinalis) .
aei EN ae Ne }
adder Campion (Szlene latifolia
(9) White or Evening Campion (Lychnis alba) . ; :
(10) St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
mall upright St. John’s Wort (A/ypericum pulchrum
(IIAa allow ne (Malva sylvestris
ee St is ne :
(12) Shining Crane’s Bill (Geranzum lucidum)
Jagged. leaved Crane’s Bill (G. dissectunt)
(13) Dyers Greenweed, Woad-Waxen (Genista tinctoria) .
(1 f White or Dutch clover (Trifolium repens)
4) (Red Clover (Z7rifolium pratense)
(15) Kidney Vetch, or Lady’s Fingers pace ei culneraria)
(16) Meadowsweet (Sfz7@a Ulmaria) .
17) Dewberry y (Rubus cesius) :
(18) Sweet Briar (Rosa eglanteria)
Burnet Rose (Rosa involuta)
(19) Dog Rose (Rosa cantina) .
(20) Wail Pennywort (Cotyledon Umbilicus- Veneris) .
(21) Rose-bay, or French Willow (Z£f2lobium angustifolium)
(22) Evening Primrose (Znothera biennis)
23)3 Bryony
yony (4ryonia
(27y dioica)
(24) Common Fennel (Fexiculum vulgare)
(25) Wild Cornel (Cornus sanguinea).
(26 Woodbine, or Honeysuckle (Lonicera Periclymenum))
) Pale Honeysuckle (Lonicera Caprifolium)
(27) Spur-Valerian (Kentranthus ruber) ‘
(28) Wild Teazle (Dzpsacus sylvestris)
(29) Field Scabious (Kuautia arvensis) : Frontispiece
(30) Corn-Marigold (Chrysanthemum Pee
(31) Colts’-foot (7usstlago Farfara)
xili
X1V LIST OF COLOURED PLATES

No. of Plate Facing page

(32) Ragwort (Senecto Jacobea). F : : ; ; ATS
(33) Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans) : : , 2 76
(34) Dwarf Plume-thistle (Carduus acaults)
34) Marsh Plume thistle (Carduus palustris) : ; eer?
(35) f Cornflower (Centaurea Cyanis) 28
5)\ Brown Radiant Knapweed (C. /acea) =e
(36) Chicory (C¢chorium Intybus) ‘ ; . : be 283
Hairy Hawkbit (7’rcncia nudicaulis)
(37) Smooth Hawkbit (Leontodon autumnalts) | ° ; ; AP
(38) Goat’s-beard (7ragopogon pratensis) . ' : ; - OG
(39) Sheep’s-bit (/Jastone montana). ‘ -. 207
(40) Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia) . : : .= SOR
(41) Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) f « 322
(42) Greater Periwinkle (Vizca major) : ; ; ega7
(43) Buck or Bog Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) . : } aS
(44) Evergreen Alkanet (Anchusa sempervirens) : s < 330
(45) Forget-me not (Myosotis scorpioides) . :; ; <i ome
(46) Viper’s Bugloss (Echium vulgare) ; » Saat
(47) Dwale, or Deadly Nightshade (Atropa Belladonna) ; i St
(48) Great Mallein (Verbascum Thapsus) . ; 256
(49) Lesser Snapdragon (Antirrhinum Orontium) é : Paes
(50) Purple Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea). : : : = BOE
(51) Vervain (Verbena officinalis) : : e Vi:
(52) Amphibious Persicaria (Polygonum amphibium). : {ADO
(53) Sorrel (Rumex Acetosa) : ‘ : ' ; : 422
(54) Tway-blade (Listera ovata) . ‘ : ‘ : ; 5: O03
(55) Bee Orchis (Ophrys apifera) : é : cg
(56) Butterfly Orchis (Habenaria btfolia) . ‘ : ‘ i 7B
(57) Yellow Iris, or Flag (/77s pseudacorus) : : MAGA
(58) Saffron Crocus (Crocus officinalts) ‘ : } : 3 Avo
(59) Common Daffodil, or Lent Lily (Varcissus Pseudo-narctssus) 480
(60) Solomon’s Seal (Polygonum multiforum) . : ; . 486
(61) Meadow Saffron (Colchicum autumnale) . ~ 405
(62) Cuckoo-pint (Lords and Ladies) (Av maculatum) . oS Een
(63) Great Water Plantain (Alisma Planiago- de ; | |520
(64) Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus) : : tf ue
 INTRODUCTION
PAKS 4

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

THE object of this volume is to introduce the lover of Nature to

an acquaintance with the common british flowering plants, to
teach the unscientific how to find out the names of the flowers
met with in the course of country rambles. Such a knowledge
of plants, it may be said, and said with truth, is not Botany; but
it is a step towards Botany; for there can be no coubt that
scientific treatises on this subject would often be studied with
more pleasure if the reader were familiar with the outward ap-
pearance of the examples quoted; just as we take greater
interest in accounts of astronomical discoveries if we have seen
and handled a telescope than if we had merely had one described
to us, no matter with what accuracy and minuteness. The
reader, or, inasmuch as even the elementary knowledge of a
science can only be attained by study, the s¢udent¢, who wishes to
make this volume practically useful is recommended to read with
care and attention the following pages, into which the author has
introduced nothing but what is essential to the proper under-
standing of the body of the work.
Before a novice can commence the study of any science, he
must make himself acquainted with the terms employed by
writers on that science, and he must not be frightened if things
new to him should have strange names. Unmeaning and hard
to be remembered they must appear to him at first, but this
will be only as long as they remain mere sounds. When he has
gained a knowledge of the ¢Azvgs for which they stand, they will
lose their formidable appearance, and, hard as they may still be
to pronounce, they will very soon become familiar to the mind, if
not to the tongue. In a scientific treatise on Botany, taken in its
widest sense, these terms must of necessity be very numerous;
but not so, however, with a popular description of the plants
growing wild in a single country of limited extent. The author
XV

ah
=
—
Xvl INTRODUCTION

has, therefore, endeavoured to keep technical terms as much as

possible out of sight, in the hope that the lover of Nature may be
beguiled into forming an acquaintance with the outward appear-
ance of the plants of his neighbourhood, and eventually be induced
to study them more in detail. He has, consequently, avoided the
use of Latin words wherever English ones would do as well, and
has not dealt with the internal structure of plants, or with any
organs but those with which itis necessary that the student should
be familiar before he refers to the body of the work for a de-
scription of any plant which he may have found.
The organs ofa flowering plant may be described under the
heads of Root, STEM, Lear, Hairs, INFLORESCENCE, BRACTS,
FLOWER, RECEPTACLE, CALYX, COROLLA, STAMENS, CARPELS,
Fruit, and SEED.
The Root may be the direct downward prolongation of the axis
of the seedling plant, when it is called a ¢ap-root. It is thensome- .
times enlarged and fleshy, as in the conical root of the Carrot and
the Parsnip; or it may be much Jévanched, as in the Wallflower.
Roots given off in no definite order, such as those which spring
from the base of bulbs or from other stem structures, are termed
adventitious. They are generally fibrous, as in Grasses; but may
be swollen, as in the Dropwort, when they are termed xodu/ose.
Such swollen roots, if clustered together, as in the Lesser Celan-
dine (p. 13), are called fasciculate. In many Orchids two fibres
or two groups of confluent fibres are enlarged into what are
termed ¢udbercles, and the root is then called éuderculate.
The slender branches of roots are called rootlets ; but the
actual absorption of liquid food from the soil
is often performed by voot-hazrs, very delicate
hairs, almost microscopic in size, which occur
on the surface of young roots. Old roots of
trees become corky like stems.
The Stem bears duds, which unfold either
as elongating shoots, or as flowers. The points
on the stem where the leaves are given off
Se eis t eh IS termed zodes. ‘They are sometimes swollen,
Orchiss |. aS in the Persicaria (p. 416) and most of the
Pink family. The space between two succes-
sive nodes is called an zz/ernode. In many herbaceous plants the
internodes are short, and the nodes consequently crowded and the
leaves in a tuft or rosette, as in the Daisy (p. 254) and the
Primrose (p. 316).
The stem may be unbranched ; but is more commonly branched,
each branch originating in a bud in the angle between a leaf and
 INTRODUCTION XVli

the stem. This angle is called the axl of the leaf, from a
Latin word meaning the arm-pit, and such a bud is, therefore,
termed axzllary.
Many quick-growing stems, especially among Grasses and the
Umbelliferous family (p. 191), have hollow or jis¢u/ar internodes.
Stems may be underground or aérial, the chief forms of under-
ground stems being the tuber, the corm, the bulb, the rhizome,
and the sucker.
The ¢uder is a fleshy rounded structure giving off few, if any,

Portion of a branch with leafZ Scaly bulb of the Lily : a, shortened stem ;
and bud 4. 6, fibrous roots ; c, scales; d, flowering
stem.

roots, and bearing scattered buds, being made up of several inter-

nodes, as in the Potato and the Black Bryony.
The corm is a short, thick, solid stem, generally of one inter-
node, giving off roots below, and bearing buds on its upper sur-
face, as in the Snowdrop, Crocus, Lords-and-Ladies, &c.

Portion of rhizome, ~, of the Solomon’s seal ; 41, terminal bud ; 4, a branch: |

S$, S, scars produced by the decay of old branches.

The dvd is a short stem made up of many unelongated inter-

nodes and enclosed in numerous fleshy leaf-scales. When these
are narrow and overlap like tiles, as in Lilies, the bulb is called
scaly ; when they are sheathing and concentric, as in the Onion,
tunicate.
The rhizome, or rootstock, is an elongated stem bearing scale-
b2
XVill INTRODUCTION
leaves and adventitious roots at its nodes. It generally grows
horizontally and is fleshy, as in Solomon’s-seal and Iris; but it
may be slender, as in Couch-grass and Sand-sedge. When the

Ni |Ta D>
\i
ay S
yer,

bis

Common Ivy: 4, @, aérial roots. Toothwort with scaly leaves and bracts (6),

older portion dies away it has an abrupt or fvemorse (bitten off)

end, as in the Devil’s-bit Scabious (p 245) and the Primrose.
The sucker is a branch, or secondary stem, given off under-
ground and rising to the surface, as in the Common Elm, Mints,
and Roses,
 INTRODUCTION X1X

Stems may be woody or herbaceous, the former being chiefly

characteristic of perennial plants. A woody plant with one main
stem at least ten or twelve feet high is called a ¢vee; whilst if it
branches freely near the ground it is a srwd, or if less than three
feet high, an wxdershrub.
A large number of plants, known as herbaceous perennials, have
perennial undergound stems, but send up branches above ground
that are annual, dying down each winter.
Aérial stems may be erect, prostrate, or ascending, horizontal,
that is, at first, but bending upwards at their points. They may
be fezzing, as in the Hop, Honeysuckle, and Convolvulus ; or may
climb in other ways, such as the roots in the Ivy, the prickles in
Roses, the tendrils in Tares, and the twisted leaf-stalks in Clem-
atis. They may be sfcmescent, ending in straight spines, as in the
Blackthorn, or they may exceptionally be flattened and /eaf/ife, as
in Butcher’s-broom (p. 485).
The runner is a prostrate axillary branch, rooting at its nodes
and bearing buds which develop into new plants, as in the Straw-
berry. The offse¢ is similar but shorter, and bears only a terminal
bud, as in the House-leek (p. 176).
The Lear is most important as a means of distinguishing closely
allied plants. Underground stems and the aérial stems of a few
plants, such as the parasitic Toothwort, have small sca/y or mem-
branous leaves ; but a typical leaf has a blade, a stalk, and a sheath,
or two appendages at its base known as stipules. Leaves which
have no stalks are termed sessz/e (sitting), as in Eryngo (p. 199).
The stipules may be united round the stem, as in the Knot-
grass family, in which, and in the Rose,
they occur exceptionally in addition to a
sheath.
Other characters of the leaves are their
vernation (from the Latin ver, spring), or
folding in the bud, their position and
arrangement, veining, form, base, apex,
Margin, surface, texture, colour, and
duration. In vernation leaves may be
condupiicate,.or folded down the midrib, Lear of Rose with stipules:
like the two halves of a sheet of note- 5, apex of the sheath.
paper, as in the cherry; p/azéed, like a fan, as in the Beech;
convolute, or rolled up like a scroll, as in the Plum ; zzvolute, with
the margins rolled upwards, as in the Water-lily ; revolute, with
them vclled backward, as in the Dock ; va/vaie, when they touch
one another without overlapping ; or z#dricate, where they overlap
hike roofing-tiles.
XX INTRODUCTION

In position they are either vadica/, springing directly from an

underground stem, as in the Primrose ; or cau/ine, produced higher
up, on an aérial stem. Both may occur on the same plant, as in
Tower Mustard (p. 39).
In arrangement leaves may spring singly or scattered from the
stem, as in Balsam (p. 105) ; opposite, in pairs, as in the Pink
(p. 69); or whored, with more than two from one node, as in
Herb-Paris (p. 497).
The veins of leaves may be farali/, as in grasses ; or curved, as
in the Lily-of-the-Valley, with much finer cross-veins ; or irregu-
larly me¢-veined, as in the Primrose, of very varying degrees of fine-
ness. They may be fa/mate, radiating from the base of the leaf,
as in the Sycamore ; or fvzmaze, with cross-veins springing from a
midrib, like the barbs of a feather, as in the Beech.
The forms of leaves are very variable, and even on one plant
leaves may occur which can only be satisfactorily described by
uniting two of the following terms.
They may be xeedle-shaped, as in the Pine ; émear, with parallel
sides and more than four times as long as they are broad, as in
the Grasses ; od/ong, with parallel sides but not more than four
times as long as broad, as in some Pondweeds ; ova/, with rounded
sides, widest across the middle and more than twice as long as
broad, as in the Butterwort; e//ptica/, less than twice as long as
they are broad, as in the Apple ; vownd, as in the Water-lilies and
Pennyworts ; azceolate, widest near the base and at least four
times as long as they are broad ; ovaze, or egg-shaped, widest near
the base but little more than twice as long as broad, as in the
Pear; hidney-shaped, broader than they are long, as in the
Ground-Ivy ; 0b-danceolate, or reversedly lance-shaped, as in the
Ribwort Plantain (p. 403) ; obovate, or reversedly egg-shaped, as
in the Cowslip ; de//oid, or nearly an equal-sided triangle, as in
the Orache; avrvow- shaped, as in the Arrow-head (p. 511) ;Aadbera-
shaped, with the barbs, or auricles, as they are called, pointing out-
wards, as in Sheep’s Sorrel; or rhomboid, as in the Birch.
The base of the blade of the leaf may be wedge-shaped ; taper-
ing downwards, as in the Daisy (p. 254) ;Zeart-shaped, as in the
Violet ; oblique, or larger on one side than on the other, as in the
Lime-tree (p. 97) ;decurrent, when it runs down the sides of the
stem as a wing, as in Thistles ;; perfoliate (from the Latin Zer,
through, and fo/zum, a leaf), when the auricles are so united
round the stem that the stem appears to be growing through the
leaf as in Hare’s-ear (p. 202); or peléate (from the Latin Zelfa, a
shield), when they are so united in a stalked leaf that the stalk is
attached to the leaf near its centre, as in the Pennyworts (pp. 174,
 INTRODUCTION Xx1

198). When two opposite leaves are united by their bases they
are called connate (from con, together, and zatus, born), as in
the Yellow-wort (p. 329).
Vhe pomnt or apex of a leaf may be vounded, as in the Oak;

=
LA IfNS
Leaf of Ground Ivy. Leaf of Sheep’s Sorrel.

pointed ; bristly , notched ; or reversedly heart-shaped, as in the

leaflets of Wood-Sorrel.
The margin of the leaf is either entire, or free from indenta-
tions, as in the Lily-of-the-Valley ; /7zzged with hairs, as in young
Beech leaves; wavy, as in the Oak ; crenaze, or scalloped, as in
the Violet; toothed; or lobed. If the teeth point outward it is
termed dentate, the Holly leaf being spznously dentate ; if upward, as
in the Elm, the leaf is servate or saw-edged.
When a leaf is lobed or divided, its lobes or leaflets are
arranged according to its venation, gener-
ally palmately or pinnately. The division
may extend to various depths from the
margin towards the base or midrib, the leaf
being termed simp/e, if it does not extend
all the way, and compound, if it divides the
leaf into distinct leaflets. A palmate leaf
of three leaflets is called ‘¢ervmate, as in
Trefoils; one of five, guinmate, as in
Cinquefoil (p. 148). In pinnate leaves it
is important to notice whether there is a
terminal (odd) leaflet or not; how many
pairs of leaflets there are ; and if these are
again divided up (d¢-pinnaie). If there is a Obli te leaf of th
terminal lobe or leaflet larger than the rest, ee eae
as in the White Mustard, the leaf is called
dyrate. In describing a compound leaf it is generally only necessary
to mention the type on which the leaflets are arranged, whether
palmate or pinnate, and to describe one leaflet as if it were a
simple leaf. Ifa leaf be divided up into such fine segments that
Xxil INTRODUCTION

their arrangement cannot well be determined, as in the submerged

leaves of the Water Crowfoots, it is called decompoun..
The same terms are used in describing the surfaces of leaves as
for those of herbaceous stems. ‘They may be g/aérous, or free
from hairs; polished, as in many Evergreens and Monocoty-
ledons ; g/aucous, with a blue-grey waxy bloom, as in the Sea-kale ;
downy, asin Sage ; hairy ; prick’y, asin thé Teazle ; or glandular,
dotted over with oil-glands, as in St. John’s-wort,
In texture leaves may be /eathery, as Holly, or fleshy, as in
House-leek ; and in duration they are either deciduous, dying and
falling in autumn or earlier, or evergreen, lasting until a new crop
has formed, as in the Ivy, the Pine, and the Yew.

Lyrate leaf of the White Head of Scabious.

Mustard.

The Hairs on stems or leaves require careful notice, as to

whether they are few or many, long or short, stiff or weak, spread-
ing (erect on the surface from which they spring) or adpressed
(lying flat). The Nettles are the only British plants with stinging
hairs.
The INFLORESCENCE Is a branch known as the peduncle (literally
“little foot,” and therefore sometimes called foot-stalk), which gener-
ally bears modified leaves known as éracts, from the axils of which
spring secondary branches, which may branch again or bear a
flower, the stalk immediately below a flower being termed a Jedzcel
or flower-stalk. A peduncle springing directly from an under-
ground stem and not bearing foliage-leaves, forms the inflorescence
known as a scape, which may be one-flowered, as in the Tulip, or
many-flowered, as in the Hyacinth, Cowslip, or Primrose. The
difference between the two last-named examples is that the Cowslip
 INTRODUCTION XX111

has a long peduncle and short pedicels; whilst the Primrose has
a very short peduncle buried among its leaves, and long pedicels.
Among other chief varieties of the inflorescence are the
following :—The sfze, an elungated axis with sessile flowers as in
the Plantains (p. 402). The sfadzx, a spike with a fleshy axis or
peduncle, as in Lords-and-ladies (p. 507). The catkin, generally
described as a deciduous spike, as in the Hazel and the Willows
(p. 452). The vaceme, an elongated axis with stalked flowers, as
in Mignonette (p. 60). A corymb, which only differs from a
raceme in the lower pedicels being longer, so as to bring all the
‘flowers nearly to a level, as in the Wallflower. <A ead, in which
many small sessile flowers, or /forets, as they are called, are
crowded together on the expanded apex of the peduncle, which is
then termed the common receptacle. This occurs in the Scabious
(p. xxi1) and in all the great order Composite, the Daisies, Dande-
lions, Thistles, &c., which Linnzeus called ‘compound flowers.”
An umbel, in which many flowers-stalks radiate from a common
centre, as in the Ivy (p. 225).
If an inflorescence is branched more than once it is termed
compound. ‘Thus an ear of Wheat is a compound spike or spike of
spikelets, and the Carrot, Parsnip, Hemlocks, and most other
members of the Order Umbellifere, have compound umbels.
When the terminal or central flower in a cluster opens first the
inflorescence is called a cyme. Among the various forms of cyme
are the fascic/e, a crowded cluster of nearly sessile flowers, as in the
Pinks (p. 71), and the vertictl/aster or false whorl, where two such
clusters occur in the axils of opposite leaves, asin the Dead
nettles and other members of the order Zadiate (pp. 379—401).
BracTs are small leaves which are generally to be found below
the flower. The inflorescence of the Crucifere is remarkable for
being without any, or ebvacteate. Sometimes they are mere mem-
branous scales, as in the Cranesbills ; or they may be leaf-like, as
in the Anemones ; or fefaloid, resembling the petals in colour
and texture, as in the Wild Hyacinth. When in-one or more
whorls below the inflorescence they are called the zzvolucre (from
the Latin zzvolucrum, an envelope). In the Dandelion the in-
volucre consists of two whorls of green bracts, those of the outer
whorl reflexed (p. 291). In the Knapweeds the numerous bracts
of the involucre are membranous, dark brown, and arranged
imbricately, ze. overlapping like roof-tiles. All Comfosi/e and
most Umbellifere have involucres. An involucre persisting in the
fruit stage, like the leafy husk of a Hazel-nut or the “cup” of an
Acorn, is termed a cupule. This structure gives its name to the
Order Cupulifere.
XX1V INTRODUCTION

The FLoweEr is a branch bearing leaves modified so as to

assist in the production of seed, and generally crowded together
on the expanded anex of the pedicel, or flower-stalk, which is
termed the receptacle or thalamus. As much of the classification
of plants is based upon the characters of the flower, a knowledge
of its structure is indispensable to the student. A typical flower
has four kinds of floral leaves, sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
The sepals collectively form the ca/yx (Greek for a cup), and the
petals constitute the corolla (“little crown”). The calyx and
corolla together are called the pevianth (Greek feri-, round,
anthos, a flower), or floral envelopes whilst the stamens and
carpels are called the essential organs, because seed cannot be
formed if they are absent. If both calyxand corolla are present in
the same flower, as in the Buttercup, in which flower the five

Section of a flower. Asymmetric flower of Valerian.

sepals are green and the petals golden, the flower is termed
complete ; but if one of these envelopes is absent, as in the Marsh-
marigold, the flower is zzcomplete. Incomplete flowers are mono-
chlamydeous (Greek monos, one, chlamys, a cloak) if, as in this
case, they have one envelope ; ach/amydeous if, as in the Ash, they
have neither calyx nor corolla. If both stamens and carpels
occur in the same flower it is termed Zerfect; if only one class of
essential organs is present the flower is zperfect, and staminate or
carpellale as the case may be. Plants with imperfect flowers may
either be onecious (Greek monos, one, oikos, a house), where, as
in the Hazel, the staminate and carpellate flowers are on the same
plant; or diecious, where, as in Willows and Poplars, they are on
different individuals. Where neither stamens nor carpels are
present, as in the outer florets of the blue Cornflower, or the outer
flowers in the cluster of the Guelder Rose, the flower is zez7zer.
 INTRODUCTION XXV

As a rule, the leaves of each whorl are alternate with those

of the preceding whorl, the petals being opposite the spaces
between the sepals and the outer row of stamens opposite the
spaces between the petals. ‘The Primrose and its allies form a
marked exception to this rule in that its stamens are opposite to,
or stand in front of, its petals. |
Where the floral leaves in each whorl are similar in size and
shape the flower can be divided symmetrically in several direc-
tions, as in the Buttercup; and it is then called polysymmetric.
Where from differences in the form of the leaves it can only be so
divided in one direction, as in the Pea, the flower is sonosymmetric.
Occasionally it is asymmetric, or not symmetrically divisible by
any plane, as in Valerian.
The RECEPTACLE is a very important structure in the classifica-
tion of flowering plants, as upon it what is called the zmsertzon of
the floral leaves depends. ‘Thus if sepals, petals, stamens, and
carpels spring one beneath the other from a more or less conical

WEDD 2
r ty EN

\ WY ayLy) pa
SS Sa ey A

Flower of Cow-pars- Flower of Bramble, Flower of Buttercup

nip, showing epi- showing perigynous in section, showing
gynous insertion. insertion. hypigynous insertion.

receptacle, as in the Buttercup, the calyx is zzfertor, the corolla

and stamens are hypfugynous (Greek hugo, under, guné, a woman),
the carpels are swerior, and the flower as a whole is called ¢halamz-
floral. Tf, as in the Bramble or the Strawberry, the calyx, corolla,
and stamens are carried out from under the carpels by a horizontal
disk-like extension of the receptacle, the calyx is still inferior and
the carpels superior, but the petals and stamens are termed
perigynous. So, too, if, as in the Plum or the Rose, the sepals,
petals, and stamens are carried up on a tube-like expansion of
the receptacle which does not adhere to the sides of the carpels.
If, as in the Apple, the Pear, and the Hawthorn, this receptacular
tube does adhere to the sides of the carpels, the calyx becomes
superior and the ovary formed by the carpels zz/erzor, the petals
and stamens being still perigynous. If, lastly, as in Composite
and Umbellifere, this adherent tube carries the sepals, petals, and
stamens on to the top of the ovary, the calyx is superior, the ovary
inferior, and the petals and stamens efzgyzous (Greek ef7, upon).
When the petals and stamens are perigynous or epigynous the
XXV1 INTRODUCTION

flower is sometimes called calycifloral, as if these parts sprang

from the calyx.
The Catyx (from the Greek a/ux,a cup) is usually green and
leaf-like, though it may be fe¢a/ord, as in the Marsh-marigold.
Its sepals may be free (fo/vsepalous) or united (gamosepalous), like
a cup. In all hypogynous flowers it will be, as we have seen, 7-
ferior, and in all epigynous ones, szfertor. In direction the sepals
may be erect, asin the Cabbages ; ascending, as in Mustard ; spread-
ing, as in Strawberry ; or veflexed, as in the bulbous Buttercup. At
their base they may be fouched, as in the two outer ones of most
Crucifere ; or they may be spurred, as in one of those of the
Larkspur. Even when made up of five united sepals, the calyx
is often d:-/adiate or two-lipped, as in the Broom and the Sage. It
may be zubular, as in Centaury; tubular and /Aéaited, as in Prim-
rose, folded so as to be star-shaped if cut across ; del/-shaped, as
in Henbane ; barrel shaped, or zzceolate, and inflated, or separated
by some considerable space from the corolla within it, as in the
Bladder-campion ; or cy4ndric, as in the Carnation. In some
Composite and other flowers the calyx is replaced by a circle of
hairs called a pappus, which often enlarges in the fruit stage, as in
Thistle-down. In duration the calyx may be caducouws, falling off
as the flower opens, as in Poppies ; decduous, falling with the petals
and stamens when the seed is set, as in the Cherry ; or ferszstent,
remaining in the fruit stage, as in the Strawberry. When persistent
it is generally #arcescent or withered, as in the Hawthorn, Apple,
Medlar, and Gooseberry.
The Coro.ta (“little crown’) is the ring of more delicate, or
petaloid, leaves within the calyx, which are usually
coloured—that is, not green—and often fragrant.
They are also usually attached by a narrower base
than the sepals, this being sometimes drawn out
into a long narrow portion or daw, as in the
Pinks, when the broader upper part is dis-
tinguished as the “md. If coherent the petals
are gamopetalous and the united part forms the
corolla-tube, the junction of the tube with the
free limb being known as the ¢hvoat. In the
Borage tribe the throat of the corolla is generally
Clawwed petal of a furnished with little scales or swellings. If not
3 coherent the petals are po/ypetalous, and this is a
discriminating character of great importance in the classification
of Dicotyledons, as also is their insertion, whether Aypogynous,
perigynous or epigynous, and, to a less extent, their symmetry. Of
polypetalous types the most important are the cruciform, consisting
 INTRODUCTION XXVil

or four petals placed crosswise, as in the Crucifere (vide infra), and

the papilionaceous (Latin papiiio, a butterfly) characteristic of
the Pea and Bean tribe, in which there are five petals, the posterior
one—that nearest the stem—called the standard and usually the
largest, the two side ones termed wzzgs, and the two lower or
anterior ones, often slightly united, known as the 4ee/ (p. 113).
Among gamopetalous corollas the chief polysymmetric forms
are——
Tubular, narrow, as if formed by united erect petals, as in the
florets of Thistles or the disk-‘orets of a Daisy.
Bell-shaped, wider, as in Campanula (p. 299).

~
QQ WIG
NYG
\SHT

Salver-shaped corolla of Cruciate corolla : c, gibbous calyx.

Primrose.

Urceolate, or barrel-shaped, as in Heaths (p. 307).

Funnel-shaped, as 1 the Small Field Convolvulus.
Trumpet-shaped, with reflexed margin, as in the Large White
Convolvulus.
Salver-shaped, with long tube and limb at right angles to it, as®
in the Primrose.
Rotate, or wheel-shaped, with a short tube, as in Pimpernel,
Forget-me-not, and Elder.
The chief monosymmetric gamopetalous types are the d7-/abzate,
or two-lipped, and the “gw/aze, or strap-shaped. ‘The brlabiate
may be either 7zgen?, or gaping, as in the Natural Order Zadzate;
or personate (from persona, a mask), as in Toad-flax. The 4gulade
occurs in all the florets of the sub-order Lzgudzflore in the Order
Composite, as in the Dandelion and Chicory, and in the outer or
ray florets of many other Composzte, such as the Daisy.
In some cases, such as the Flaxes, the corolla is jwgactous,
falling off directly it is gathered; and in a few others, as in
 XXVIII INTRODUCTION

Campanula, it is persistent, remaining in a withered condition

round the fruit.
The @stvation (Latin @stivus, belonging to summer), or fold-
ing of the leaves of the flower in the bud, is often characteristic
of Natural Orders or other large groups. In C/ematis the sepals
are valvate, touching at their edges without overlapping; in all
other Ranunculacee they are imbricaze, overlapping like tiles on
a roof. Poppies have their petals cxwmpled. The Malvacee
have their sepals valvate and their petals convolute, with one edge
towards the centre of the flower, and the other rolled round the
next petal. In Convolzulus the coherent petals are convolute and
twisted upwards, or contorted.

Ray-floret of Composite Personate corolla of Ringent corolla of

showing ligulate corolla ‘Yoad-flax. Dead-nettle.
and syngenesious anthers.

e The STAMENS usually consist of one, two, or more whorls of

thread-like stalks known as fi/aments, each surmounted by an
oblong or rounded body, generally two-lobed externally and two-
chambered within, which is called the azther, and contains the
pollen, a fine dust-like substance. When mature the anther
‘ bursts and discharges the pollen, which is the active agent in
“setting ” or fertilising the seed. The number of stamens varies
from one to an indefinite number, but is very commonly either
the same as that of the petals or twice as many. They may be
equal or unequal in length; but if, as in most Ladiate and
Scrophulariacee, there are four stamens, two long and two short,
they are termed ddynamous (Greek dis, two, diinamis, strength) ;
and if, as in the Cruczfere, there are six stamens, four longer than
 INTRODUCTION XX1X

the other two, they are termed Zetradynamous. The stamens may
be free or united, and in the latter case they may all be united
into a tube below, as in the A/alvacee@, when they are termed
monadélphous (Greek monos, one, adé/phos, a brother); or they
may be united in several groups or folyadél/phous, as in the St.
John’s-worts (p. 90); or they might be united by their anthers
only, as in the Composite, when they are called syngenésious
(Greek sw, together, geneses, beginning). In insertion they may
be hypogynous, perigynous, epigynous, or, when united to the
petals, as in the Primrose, efzfefalous. In the Orchidee (p. 460)
the stamens are united with the carpels in a central column, and
are then termed gyzandrous.
The filament may be fi/zform or thread-like ; capi//ary, or so
slender as to bend under the weight of the anther, as in Grasses ;
subulate, or awl-shaped, as in the Tulip ; Zezalozd or broad, as in the
Water-lilies ; or absent, when the anther is termed sessz/e, as in Lilac.
Though generally yellow, the anther is violet in many Grasses
and black in Poppies ; and among its chief variations in form are
the divergent ends of its two lobes in Grasses (p. 547). Its
attachment to the filament is often an important character. -It
may be édaszfixed, or attached only at its base; dors:fixed, or
attached along its whole length; or versatile, so attached by a
point that it can be freely turned round, as in Lilies and Grasses.
It generally splits longitudinally when mature ; but less commonly
it does so transversely ; in the Heath tribe by terminal pores ; and
in the Barberry (p. 21) by valves. Whilst in the Composite and
Amarylidaceé it bursts inwards, towards the centre of the
blossom, or is, as it is called, zzfrorse; in Jridacee and the
Barberry it is extvorse, discharging its pollen outwards.
The CarPELs occupy the centre of the flower. There may be
only one, as in the Leguminose and Prinee (p. 137), Or more
than one, and in the latter case they may be free from one
another, or afocarpous, as in the Ranunculacee, or united
(syncarpous), as in Liliacee. In either case the lower part forms
one or more chambers, containing the ovules or unfertilised
seeds, which chambers, if distinct, are termed ovavzes ; if united,
a syncarpous ovary, which may be one-chambered, as in Violets
and Orchids, or have two, three, or more chambers, generally as
many as there are carpels. Above the ovary there is generally one
or more shaft-like tubes called styles. Each apocarpous carpel
will generally have a separate style, as in the Strawberry or the
Bramble ; but a syncarpous ovary, such as that of the Violet or
the Lily, may have only one. Sometimes, as in the Daisy and the
Iris, the style may fork at its upper end and it bears the stigma, a
XXX INTRODUCTION

variously-shaped, sticky surface to which the grains of pollen

adhere when dropped on to it, or carried thither by wind or
insects. Besides noting whether the ovary is apocarpous or
syncarpous, its external iorm, and the number of chambers into
which it may be divided inernally, it is important to determine
whether it is superior, free, that is, from the calyx, or zzferior,
that is, adherent to the calyx tube, and also how many ovules
there are in each chamber, and how they are arranged. This
arrangement is termed A/acentation, because the ovules commonly
spring from a spongy cushion-like portion of the inner wall of the
ovary called a placenta. As the solitary ovule in the Polygonacea,
in the Walnut and in the Gymnospermous! Yew appears to be a
direct prolongation of the branch or
axis, it is called ferminal. That of the
Composite, though rising from the base
of the ovary and, therefore, termed
basal, is lateral to the axis; whilst in
the Primulacee and in the Caryophy?-
Jacee several ovules springing from a
central axis in a one-chambered ovary,
they are called free-central. In Water-
lilies, Poppies, and the Flowering-rush
(Bitomus) the placentation is super-
ficial, the ovules bei1g scattered over
the inner walls of the ovary. Most
png oe aie eeon tection, one-chambered ovaries which contain
of their ovaries. many ovules, such as that of the Violets,
have lines of ovules down their sides,
corresponding to the number of carpels. This is called parietal
placentation (Latin paries, a wall). The Crucifere are exceptional
in having parietal placentation in a two-chambered ovary, a
partition (known as a.vep/um) growing across between the two
placentas (p. 31). Most many-chambered ovaries have central
placentation, as, for example, in the Lilies or St. John’s worts, in
which the rows of ovules spring from the central axis formed by
the inrolled margins of the united carpels.
The Fruit is the ovary and other adherent parts that enlarge
after the fertilisation of the ovules. It may be succulent or dry.
In the latter case, if one-seeded, it will generally be zxdehzscent,
not splitting, that is, when ripe; but if many-seeded it will
commonly split, either into pieces known as zzz/e/s, each enclos-
ing one or two seeds, or so as to disclose its seeds. Our chief
types of fruit may be thus classified—
1 Naked-seeded. (See p. xxxii.)
 INTRODUCTION XKXI

Of one carpel (s#onocarpellary\—

1. Pod, or legume, dry and splitting down both sides, as in the
Leguminose@.
2. Drupe, or stone-fruit, with a skin, flesh, and stone, the
kernel being the seed, as in the tribe Prinee of the Rosacea.
Of more than one carpel (fo/ycarpellary)—
Apocarpous (carpels distinct).
Eterio (Greek hétairos, a companion), a collection of
carpels (fruitlets), each of which may be dry, one-seeded and
indehiscent, when it is called an achene (Greek a, not; chaino, I
split), as in the Buttercup, Strawberry, and Rose; or each may
be a‘dry many-seeded pod or follicle, splitting down one side, as
in the Marsh-marigold and the Columbine; or each may bea

Parietal placentation. Free-central placentation.

succulent miniature drupe or drvupé/, as in the Blackberry and

Raspberry.
Syncarpous (carpels united).
Superior.
4. Caryopsts, dry, indehiscent, and one-seeded, as in Wheat
and most Grasses, each grain being a fruit formed of two carpels
with a groove where they join.
5. Seligua, the dry, two-chambered dehiscent pod of the
Crucifere (p. 32).
6. Aegma, dry, splitting into nutlets, as in Mallows, Cranes-
bills, Spurges, Mint, Borage, &c.
7. Samara, dry and winged, as in the Ash, Maple, and Elm.
8. Capsule, dry and dehiscent, as in the Violets, Primrose,
Pinks, &c., opening by valves in the Violets, by /ee¢h in the
Primrose, by pores in the Poppy, and by splitting all round in the
Pimpernels.
c
XXX1l "INTRODUCTION

Inferior.
9. Cypséla (Greek iipsélé, a chest), dry, one-seeded, and
indehiscent, as in the Composite, and often surmounted by a
downy pappus, as in Thistle-down.
to. /Vu7, very similar, but generally larger and harder, as in the
Beech, Acorn, or Hazel.
11. Cremocarp, dry and spli.ting into two nutlets, as in the
Umbellifere@ (p. 191). |
12. Berry, succulent, as in the Gooseberry.
13. /ome, succulent, with a tough core, as in the Apple, Haw-
thorn, Mountain Ash, and other members of the sub-order
Pomacee of the Losaceae.

Capsule of Pimpernel.

The SEEDS are only naked in such plants as the Yew and the
Firs, which are, therefore, called Gymnospermia (naked-seeded).
In other flowering plants they are enclosed in the fruit, and if the
fruit is indehiscent they have commonly a brown bitter outer skin.
The seeds of dehiscent fruits are more often conspicuously
coloured as in the Spindle-tree (p. 108) ; and they
are sometimes, as in the Willows, Poplars, Willow-
herbs, &c., furnished with tufts of hair, which aid
in their dispersal by wind. ‘The most important
distinction among seeds for purposes of classifi-
cation is into dicotylédonous, having two opposite
Dicotyledonous lobes or seed-leaves (coty/édons) with the primary
me bud between them, and mdédndcotylédonous, with
only one such cotyledon.
Other terms which are employed in the body of the work will
be explained as they occur, or in the glossary at the end of the
volume.
 INTRODUCTION XXXIil

PART II
THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
So great is the number of different kinds, or sfeczes, of plants
that no one could possibly bear them all in mind or recollect their
distinctive characteristics. Whilst in 1753, when the great
Swedish botanist Linnzus published his “Species Plantarum,”
only 7,300 species were known to him, botanists at the present
day have upwards of 100,000 species to deal with, of Flowering
Plants alone. It becomes necessary, therefore, to classify them in
a succession of larger or more general groups, according as they
agree with one another in many or in fewer characters. We can
then more readily remember the characters of the comparatively
few larger groups ; and, knowing them, can on examination refer
any plant to its position in the classification.
Plants which agree in all essential points, though differing
perhaps in size or in the colour of their flowers, are said to belong
to a single sfecies. Naturalists of all schools of thought agree
that the individuals of a species have all had a common ancestry.
Each species has a Latin or scientific name, which since the time
of Linnzus! has consisted of two words, the second of which is
peculiar to it and is known as the specific name, whilst the first is
known as the generic name, being shared with other species,
which, agreeing in certain characters, are said to belong to the
same genius. The wild Sweet-scented Violet, for example, is called
by botanists Viola odordta, the name Véio/a indicating that it
belongs to the genus so called. Besides the Scented Violet, we
have wild in England the Marsh Violet, the Hairy Violet, the
Wood Violets, the Dog Violet, the Pansy, and several others, all
belonging to the same genus, and, therefore, described under the
name Viola. But the Marsh Violet differs from the Sweet-
scented in having broader and blunter leaves, in being almost
entirely free from hairs, and in having smaller, pale lilac, scentless
flowers, with a shorter spur to the corolla, besides growing in much
wetter situations. The Marsh Violet is, therefore, a distinct
species, Viola patistris.
It is by no means easy to determine what characters are
sufficiently constant, true to seed, and important to constitute a
species. Among the Wood Violets, for instance, we may find
1 No little merit is due to Linnzus for inventing the specific name of plants. The method
in use previously was to attach to every plant some such title as the following :—Gramen
xeranipelinum, miliacea, pertenui ramosague sparsa panicula, The name of this grass
Linnzeus expressed with precision and simplicity by the two words, Poa dudbosa.
€ 2
~ XXXIV INTRODUCTION

that most have broad-pointed leaves, broad blue petals with

numerous branched dark veins at their base, and a thick yellowish-
white spur ; but that some have the leaves drawn out into a longer
point, the petals narrower and more lilac, with few slightly-
branched veins, and a compressed dark-bluish spur. Some
botanists consider these two forms as distinct species, V.
Rivinidna and V. sylvéstris, whilst others call them both varieties
of VY. sylvéstris, the first being then known as V. sylwésirts, var.
Rivinidna, and the second as V. sylvéstris, var. LRetchenbachidna,
“var.” being the abbreviation of the Latin “ varietas.”
On the leaf-stalk of a Sweet-scented Violet or of a Wood
Violet we shall find two small narrow stipules ; but in the Pansy
we shall see that these are replaced by a pair that are large, leafy,
and pinnately-lobed. This is only one of the characters that
make us separate the Pansy as a distinct species, V. ¢ricolor.
Sweet Violets, Wood Violets, Pansies, and in fact all other
Violets, though thus differing specifically, agree in having mono-
symmetric flowers with ear-like lobes (auricles) at the base of each
of their five sepals, a spur to the posterior petal, and five united
anthers with tail-like appendages from the base of two of them.
These, then, are the generic characters of the genus Viola.
According t6 the theory of descent, all the species in a genus are
descended from a common ancestry, but from a common ancestry
more remote than that common to the individuals constituting a
species. In grouping species in one genus all the characters of
the plants have to be taken into consideration, and we shall com-
monly find that all the species of any one genus will agree in the
number and insertion of their floral leaves, the kind of fruit, and
the general type of leaf; but that the species will differ from one
another in the size and form of the various parts. The mere
colour of petals or of fruit is generally considered only as a
varietal character. So far as a classification does take all the
characters of plants into account, it isa matural system ,; whilst
one based only upon a single set of characters is an artificial
System.
The best of all artificial systems is that of Linnzeus, based
primarily upon the number and arrangement of the stamens, and
secondarily upon the carpels. Like all other artificial systems,
this is a mere index, telling nothing about a plant beyond the
one character considered, separating plants obviously allied, and
placing together others which have but one character in common.
Linnzus himself recognised the tentative character of his system.
* All plants,” he says, in his ‘‘ Philosophia Botanica,” “ are allied
by affinities, just as territories come ia contact with each other on
 INTRODUCTION XXXV

amap. Botanists should unceasingly endeavour to arrive at a

natural system of classification. Such a natural system is the
final aim of botanical science. Our insufficient knowledge of
plants is what renders such a system impracticable at present.”
Botanists nowadays seldom employ the Linnzan System, pre-
ferring the more difficult but more instructive WVatural System.
In this we may reverently be said to be thinking out for ourselves
the thoughts of the Creator, for, according to the theory of
descent, which gives us the most rational explanation of the
meaning of resemblances, we are reconstructing the pedigree
of the Vegetable Kingdom.
One of the most striking assurances that our system is truly
natural is afforded us by the discovery that many groups of genera
classed together in what we term zatural orders, solely on account
of structural characters, agree closely also in their properties.
This obviously also gives a practical utility to the system. In the
present work, for instance, adopting a system based upon those of
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1774) and Auguste Pyrame de
Candolle (1813), we group the genera into watural orders, the
Latin names of which are adjectival, ending in @, agreeing with
the word f/ante understood. The name of the first of these
orders, Ranunculacee, means “ plants allied to Ranunculus,” and
the Order includes, in addition to the Buttercups (Aanunculus),
_Anemones, Hellebores, Aconites, Larkspurs, Columbines,
Pzeonies, Clematis, and others. These agree in the absence of
any union between the parts of their flowers and in having
hypogynous and generally numerous stamens; but they also agree
in having an acrid, often poisonous, juice. Another large
Natural. Order, the Cvwuczfer@, consists almost exclusively of
herbaceous plants with simple leaves, flowers without bracts, four
sepals, four petals, six stamens, of which four are longer than the
other two, and two united carpels forming a siliqua; but they
also agree in being wholesome and generally pungent from the
presence of oil of mustard. Yet another group, the Zadvaze,
agree in their square stems, opposite and decussate, simple
leaves, two-lipped (4z-/adza/e) corollas, four stamens, two long and
two short, and two carpels dividing mto four nutlets; but they
also agree in being aromatic from the presence of volatile essen-
tial oils in which are dissolved camphor-like substances. The
structure of a newly-discovered plant may thus afford a traveller
considerable information as to its probable properties.
The Vegetable Kingdom is now generally divided into four sub-
kingdoms : the Thallophyta, including seaweeds and fungi; the
Bryophyta, or mosses and liverworts ; the Pteridophyta, or ferns,
XXXV1 INTRODUCTION

horsetails, and club mosses ; and the Phanerogamia, or Sperma-

tophyta, the flowering, seed-bearing plants. Of these only the
last comes within the scope of the present work. It is divided
into two divisions, very unequal in the number of species belong-
ing to them: the Angzosperms, or fruit-bearing plants, which have
their ovules enclosed in closed ovaries with a viscid stigma to
receive the pollen; and the Gymmnosperms, including the cone-
bearing trees, which have naked seeds and no stigmas, the pollen
falling directly upon the ovule. The Angiosperms, the larger
division, is subdivided into two classes, the Dzcotyledons and the
Monocotyledons. The characters of these classes, and of the sub-
classes, series, and orders into which they are divided, are fully
given in the body of the work.

PART Am
THE IDENTIFICATION OF PLANTS
A Few words may be of use here as to the way to employ the
body of the book when we wish to find out the name of any
flowering plant we may have met within our walks. Suppose we
have found on some chalk-down a small wiry undershrub with
opposite entire leaves and conspicuous yellow flowers, in what
part of this work must we look for its name and description?
Even if we cannot detect the netted veins in the leaves, the five
petals make us suspect the plant to be a Dicotyledon. There is
a calyx of three larger and two minute sepals below the petals,
and these last are not united ; so that it almost certainly belongs
to the sub-class Polypetalz, as we see by the Tabular View of the
Natural Orders on pp. xxxix—l. Not only is the ovary distinctly
above both calyx and corolla, or “‘ superior,” but the numerous
stamens clearly spring from beneath it, and are, therefore,
“hypogynous.” The plant belongs then to the series Thalamiflorze.
An examination and dissection of the ovary, or, more easily, of
the capsular fruit, shows a number of ovules or seeds springing in
three rows from the sides of a one-chambered ovary. It is, there-
fore, almost certainly ‘‘ syncarpous,” and for that reason does not
belong to Orders 1 or 2. The leaves at once tell us that it can
hardly belong to Orders 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 in the Tabular View ; but
all its characters agree with those of Order 8, the Czstine@, or
Rock-Rose Family, so we turn to the fuller description of this
group at p. 61, to which we are referred in the Tabular View,
before looking elsewhere. There we find that there is but one
British genus in the Order, viz. Heliénthemum, and that, of the
 INTRODUCTION XXXVIl

four truly British species, only one, H. Chamecisius, is at all

common. The prostrate growth, small stipules, and green upper
surfaces of its leaves at once show us that it is to this species, the
Common Rock-Rose, that our specimen belongs.
We may find a second example to test at no great distance. It
is an erect, herbaceous plant with smooth leaves and long racemes

HELIANTHEMUM CHAM CISTUS RESEDA LUTEOLA

(Common Rock-Rose). (Dyers Rocket).

of green flowers. Here again the veins and stipules of the leaves
and the four sepals and petals, though the latter are so cut up as
to be difficult to count, suggest a Dicotyledon. The numerous
stamens spring from a relatively large, fleshy out: rowth or “ disk,”
which is hypogynous, but by its one-sided development renders
the flower monosymmetric. The ovary is distinctly superior,
springing from the top of this disk and is three-sided externally
XXXVill INTRODUCTION

and one-chambered, and contains three lateral rows of ovules.

These characters make us again turn to the Polypetale and,
among them, to the Thalamiflore. We soon see that the ovary
does not agree with those described in the Tabular View under
Orders 1—4, or, for that matter, 5 or 6, whilst the numerous
stamens at once make us pass over these last two Orders and
pause at Order 7, the Reseddécee, or Mignonette Family. Turning
to the fuller description of this group on p. 59, we again find but
one British genus, esév’a, containing two wild species. The
undivided leaves and four sepals of the plant before us enable us
to decide between these two. Itis #. Zudéoda, the Weld or Dyer’s
Rocket.

COCHLEARIA DANICA (Danish Scurvy-gvass).

One more example will suffice. The plant to be examined is a

small annual herb growing near the sea or in the marshes bordering
some tidal river. Its leaves are rather fleshy and have no stipules,
the lower ones are heart-shaped, and the upper ones, which have
short petioles, are deltoid or angular. The white flowers with
four distinct green sepals, four white petals and six stamens, of
which four are longer than the other two (tetradynamous), after
referring us, as before, in succession to Dicotyledons, to Polypetale,
and to Thalamifloree, cause us, in running through the characters
of the Oiders, to pause at Order 6, the Crucifere, or Cabbage
Family. ‘This is a large Order containing more than twenty-five
genera, so we have to turn to the table of these genera on pp.
32—34. We may have some little difficulty here ; but, if we find
 INTRODUCTION XXXI1X

any fruit on our specimen, the short pod which 1s not flattened
but inflated, and contains a number of seeds, and the unnotched
petals suggest the genus Coch/edria, the Scurvy-grass. On turning
to the description of this genus on p. 49 we find that it includes
three or four British species; but that, among these, the stalked
deltoid leaves and egg-shaped pod show our specimen to be C.
dénica, the Danish Scurvy-grass.
By puzzling out every plant he meets with in this manner the
student fixes their distinctive structural characters in his mind,
and acquires a far more valuable knowledge of plants than he
would get by being told their names, by identifying them from
pictures, or by any artificial key.

TABULAR VIEW OF THE NATURAL

ORDERS
SUB-KINGDOM. Sférmatophyles or Phanerogams.—Plants pro-
ducing flowers and seed.
Division 1. Angiosperms.— Plants having their ovules in
closed ovaries.
Crass 1. Dycotylédons.—Plants having two cotyledons, net-
veined leaves and floral leaves in whorls of 5, 4, or 2. (pp. 1-
456.)
Sup-Ciass 1. Folypétale.—-Having both calyx and corolla,
and the petals of the latter free.2 (pp. 1-228.)
SERIES 1. TZhalamiflore.—Petals and stamens hypogynous ;
oavry superior.? (pp. 1-107.)
§ Ovary apocarpous
ORDER 1. Ranunculdcee (The Buttercup Family).—Except
Clématis, herbs with watery, generally acrid juice; scattered
leaves; sepals 3 or more; petals usually 5; stamens usually
indefinite ; fruit of achenes or follicles ; with no cohesions in the
flower. (p. 1.)
ORDER 2. Serberidee (The Barberry Family).—Shrubs with
scattered leaves ; polysymmetric flowers ; sepals 6—g ; petals 6;
stamens 6 ; opening by valves ; fruit berry-like. (p. 20.)
1 Almost every character is in nature subject to exceptions; thus the Oak has often three
cotyledons, the Dodder hardly a vestige of any.
Flowers without corolla occur in Ranunculdcee, Crucifere, Violacez, Caryophyllacez,
Rosdcez, Saxifragee, Haloragee, Lythracee, Onagracee. Petals more or less coherent
occur in Fumariacee, Polygalaceez, Portul4cee, Tamaricinez, Malvdcez, Ilicfnez, Cras-
sulacez, and Cucurbitacez.
3 Stamens apparently springing from a perigynous disk in Castalia (NymphzAcezx).

=
xl INTRODUCTION

§§ Ovary syncarpous ; carpels many ; ovules many.

ORDER 3. Vymphedcee (The Water-lily Family).—Water-
plants with floating leaves ; solitary, large polysymmetric flowers;
petals many, gradually passing into stamens ; stamens indefinite ;
carpels enclosed in cup-like disk ; ovules superficial. (p. 21.)
OrDER 4. Papaverdcee (The Poppy Family).—Herbs with
milky juice; scattered leaves; conspicuous polysymmetric
flowers ; sepals 2, caducous ; petals 4 ; stamens indefinite ; ovules
superficial or parietal ; fruit capsular. (p. 24.)

§§§ Ovary syncarpous, 1—2-chambered ; carpels 2—5 ; ovules

parietal.
ORDER 5. /umaridcee (The Fumitory Family).—Herbs with
watery juice; divided leaves; flowers in bracteate racemes,
monosymmetric ; sepals 2; petals 4, the inner pair coherent ;
stamens 4, diadelphous; carpels 2; ovary one-chambered.
. 29.)
One 6. Crucifere (The Cabbage Family).—Herbs, often
pungent, with scattered, exstipulate, simple leaves; flowers in
ebracteate racemes, polysymmetric ; sepals 4; petals 4; stamens
6, tetradynamous; carpels 2; ovary two-chambered; fruit a
siliqua. (p. 31.)
ORDER 7. Reseddcee (The Mignonette Family).—Herbs, with
scattered, exstipulate leaves; flowers greenish, in _bracteate
racemes, monosymmetric ; sepals 4—7, persistent ; petals 4—7;
stamens indefinite ; carpels 3; ovary one-chambered. (p. 59.)
ORDER 8. Czstinee@ (The Rock-Rose Family).—Undershrubs
with entire, opposite leaves ; conspicuous polysymmetric flowers ;
sepals 3—5 ; petals 5 ; stamens indefinite ; carpels 3 ; ovary one-
chambered. (p. 61.)
OrDER 9. Violdcee (The Violet Family.)—Herbs with scat-
tered, stipulate, simple leaves; flowers monosymmetric ; sepals
5 ; petals 5, 1-spurred; stamens 5 ;carpels 3 ; ovary one-chambered;
ovules many. (p. 63.)
OrDER 10. Polygaldcee (The Milkwort Family).—Herbs with
scattered, exstipulate, simple leaves; flowers in racemes, mono-
symmetric ; sepals 5, the inner ones petaloid; petals 3—5 ;
stamens 8, diadelphous ; carpels 2 ; ovary two-chambered ; ovules
2. (p. 66.)
ORDER 11. /rankenidcee (The Sea-Heath Family).—A herb
with opposite, exstipulate leaves; small, axillary, polysymmetric
flowers ; sepals, petals, and stamens 4—6 each; carpels 2—5 ;
cvary one-chambered. (p. 67.)
 INTRODUCTION xli

§§$§ Ovary syncarpous, one-chambered ; carpels 2—5 ; placenta

free-central or basal
ORDER 12. Caryophyllicee (The Pink Family).— Herbs, mostly
with swollen nodes ; opposite, simple leaves ; flowers polysym-
metric, white or red; sepals 4—5 ; petals 4—5 ; stamens 8—10;
styles 2—5; ovules many; placentation free-central; fruit a
capsule, opening by teeth or pores. (p. 69.)
ORDER 13. fortuldcee (The Purslane Family).—Smooth, suc-
culent herbs with exstipulate, simple, entire leaves, opposite or
alternate ; small flowers; sepals 2; petals 5; stamens 3—5;
ovules few, basal. (p. 87.)
ORDER 14. TZamariscinee (The Tamarisk).—A shrub with
minute leaves and lateral spikes of small flowers; sepals and
petals 4—5 each; stamens 4—10, on a disk; styles 3; ovules
many, basal. (p. 88.)
§§§§§ Ovary syncarpous, two- or more-chambered ; placentas
axile
ORDER 15. L/atinee (The Waterwort Family).—Small aquatic
herbs with opposite, stipulate, spathulate leaves and minute
axillary flowers ; sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 2—5 each;
ovules many. (p. 89.)
ORDER 16. ypericinee (The St. John’s-wort Family).—
Herbs or shrubs with opposite, simple leaves, often dotted with
glands, and conspicuous yellow polysymmetric flowers, generally
in cymes ; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens polyadelphous; carpels
3—5 ; ovules many. (p. go.
ORDER 17. MJalvdcee (The Mallow Family).—Herbs or shrubs
with mucilaginous juice, scattered, stipulate leaves, and conspicuous
polysymmetric flowers; sepals 5, valvate; petals 5, convolute ;
stamens monadelphous; carpels many, each t-ovuled. (p.
92.)
OrDER 18. TZifidcee (The Linden Famiiy).—Trees with
scattered, stipulate, oblique, serrate leaves, a large bract adherent
to the flower-stalk, and clusters of greenish polysymmetric flowers ;
sepals 5; petals 5; stamens many; carpels 5, each 2-ovuled.
(p. 96.)
OrvDER 19. Line@ (The Flax Family).—Herbs with slender
stems ; narrow, simple, entire, exstipulate leaves and polysym-
metric flowers; sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 4—5 each;
petals fugacious ; carpels 2-ovuled. (p.
ORDER 20. Geranidcee (The Crane’s-bill Family).—Herbs,
often succulent, with leaves generally stipulate ; and conspicuous
xl INTRODUCTION

polysymmetric or monosymmetric flowers ; sepals 3—5; petals

3—5 ; stamens 5—10; carpels 3—5; ovules 1 or more in each
chamber. (p. 99.) :
ORDER 21. Jéicinee (The Holly).—A tree with evergreen
spinous leaves and small white flowers; sepals, petals, stamens,
and carpels 4—5 each ; fruit berry-like, with 4 one-seeded stones.
(p. 106.)
Series 2. Calyciffire.—Petals and stamens perigynous or
epigynous ; ovary superior or inferior.1 (pp. 107-228.)

§ Stamens perigynous ; ovary generally superior ?

ORDER 22. Celastrinee (The Spindle-tree).—A shrub or tree,
glabrous; with opposite leaves; small greenish flowers; pink,
fleshy capsules, and orange seeds; sepals, petals, stamens, carpels,
and seeds usually 4 each. (p. 108.)
ORDER 23. AAdmnee (The Buckthorn Family).—Shrubs with
simple leaves, small, greenish flowers, and berry-like fruit ; sepals,
petals, and stamens 4—5 each; stamens opposite petals; ovary
3-chambered ; chambers 1-ovuled. (p. 110.)
ORDER 24. Acerinee (The Maple Family).—Trees with opposite
palmately-lobed leaves and small, green, polysymmetric flowers ;
sepals and petals 4—9 each; stamens 8, on a disk; carpels 2;
fruit a double samara. (p. 111.)
ORDER 25. Legumindse (The Pea Family).—Shrubs or herbs
with scattered, stipulate, usually compound leaves and papilion-
aceous flowers; sepals and petals 5 each; stamens ro, monadelph-
ous or diadelphous ; carpel 1; fruit a pod. (p. 113.)
ORDER 26. Rosdécee (The Rose Family).—Trees, shrubs, or
herbs with scattered, stipulate, simple or compound leaves and
polysymmetric flowers ; sepals 4—5; petals 4—5; stamens
many ; carpels, 1, 2, 5, or many, free or united ; fruit various.
(p. 137-)
ORDER 27. Saxifrdgee (The Saxifrage Family).—Shrubs and
herbs with polysymmetric flowers; sepals 4—5 ; petals 4—5 ;
stamens 4—10; carpels 2—4, united. (p. 165.)
ORDER 28. Crassuldécee (The Stonecrop Family).—Succulent
herbs with simple leaves and polysymmetric flowers; sepals,
petals, and carpels 3—20 each, usually 5 ; stamens usually twice
as many as the petals; carpels free, forming follicles. (p 172.)
ORDER 29. Droserdcee (The Sundew Family).—Small viscid
marsh plants with radical leaves, small white polysymmetric
1 The stamens aresometimes indistinctly perigynous in Legumindse, Saxifrageze, Crassu-
lAceze, and Droseracee. ;
2 It is inferior in some Rosdcezw and Saxifragez,
 INTRODUCTION xiii

flowers, and capsular fruits; sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each ;

carpels 3—5; ovules many. (p. 177.)
ORDER 30. Lythrariee (The Loosestrife Family).—Herbs with
entire, generally opposite leaves and polysymmetric flowers;
sepals and petals 3—6 each ; stamens generally twice as many a3
the petals ; carpels 2—6 ; fruit a many-seeded capsule. (p. 178.)
$§ Stamens epigynous ; ovary syncarpous, inferior
OrDER 31. Halordgee (The Mare’stail Family).—Aquatic
herbs with opposite or whorled leaves and very inconspicuous
flowers ; sepals 2—4, or absent ; petals 2—4, valvate or absent;
stamens 1—8; carpels 1—4; styles distinct ; ovules 1 in each
chamber. (p. 180.)
ORDER 32. Onagrariee (The Willow-herb Family).—Herbs
with simple exstipulate leaves and generally conspicuous poly-
symmetric flowers ; sepals 2—4, valvate ; petals 2—4, contorted,
or absent ; stamens 2— 8; carpels 1—6, usually 4. (p. 184.)
ORDER 33. Cucurbitdcee (The White Bryony).—A_ hispid
climbing herb with tendrils, palmately-lobed leaves, greenish
dicecious flowers, and scarlet berries ; sepals 5, united; petals 5,
united ; stamens 3; carpels 3. (p. 189.)
ORDER 34. Umbellifere (The Parsley Family).—Herbs, mostly
with pinnate leaves, sheathing at the base, and compound umbels
of small white flowers ; sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each ; carpels
2, 1-ovuled; fruit a cremocarp. (p. 191.)
ORDER 35. Avalidcee (The Ivy Family).—A climbing shrub
with adhesive rootlets, evergreen leaves, simple umbels of yellow-
ish flowers, and black berries ; sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, and
seeds-4 each. (p. 225.)
ORDER 36. Corndcee (The Dogwood Family).—Shrubs and
herbs with opposite leaves, small flowers, and berry-like fruits ;
sepals, petals, and stamens 4 each; carpels 2, 1-ovuled. (p.
226.)
Sus-Ciass 2. Gamopétale.—Having both calyx and corolla
and the petals of the latter united.! (p. 228-407.)
SERIES 1. Lfigyne.—Ovary inferior.2 (pp. 228-304.)
§ Stamens epipetalous 3
ORDER 37. Caprifolidcee (The Honeysuckle Family).—Trees,
shrubs, and herbs with opposite leaves and generally conspicuous
1 Gamopetalous forms occur exceptionally among Polypétale. (See p. xxxix, note.)
Free petals occur in some EricAcee, Plumbaginez, and Gentidnez. Petals are absent in
some Primulacez and Oledcez.
2 The ovary is also inferior in some Primuldcee.
3 The stamens are also epipetalous in some Campanuldcez.
xliv INTRODUCTION

flowers, sometimes monosymmetric ; sepals 3—5 ; petals 3—5;

stamens 4—10 ; carpels 3—5 ; ovules 1 or many in each chamber.
228.)
a ORDER 38. Rubidcece (The Bedstraw Family).—Herbs with
whorled leaves and small polysymmetric flowers; sepals, petals,
and stamens 4—6 each; carvels 2, 1-ovuled. (p. 234.)
ORDER 39. Valeridnmee (The Valerian Family).—Herbs with
opposite leaves and small asymmetric flowers ; sepals 3—5, often
pappose ; petals 3—5 ; stamens 1 or 3 ; carpels 3 ; ovary 1-ovuled.
Pp. 2309-
poke 40.—Dipsicee (The Teazle Family).—Herbs with
opposite leaves and heads of small flowers, each with 4 or 5 petals
and 4 free stamens ; ovary 1-chambered and 1-ovuled. (p. 243.)
ORDER 41. Compostte (The Composite Family).—Herbs with
heads of small flowers with tubular or ligulate corollas and 4—5
stamens with syngenesious anthers ; style 2-fid ; ovary 1-chambered,
t-ovuled. (p. 246.)
§ § Stamens on the ovary (epigynous)
ORDER 42. Campanulécee (The Bellflower Famuily).—Herbs
with milky juice, scattered leaves, and usually conspicuous bluish
flowers ; sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each ; carpels 2—5 ; ovules
many ; placentation axile. (p. 295.)
ORDER 43. Vaccinidcee (The Cranberry Family).—Under-
shrubs with scattered, simple leaves; small, drooping, reddish or
pink flowers, and edible berries; sepals, petals, and carpels 4—5
each ; stamens 8—1o. (p. 302.)
SERIES 2. Hypfdgyne@.—Ovary superior. (pp. 304—407.)
§ Stamens free (hypogynous)
ORDER 44. Lricécee (The Heath Family).—Trees, under-
shrubs, or herbs with opposite or whorled, evergreen leaves, and
small, often conspicuous polysymmetric flowers; sepals, petals, and
carpels 4—5 each; stamens 5—10. (p. 304.)
ORDER 45. Monotripee (The Bird’s-nest Family).—A fleshy
yellowish saprophyte with scattered brown scale-leaves and bell-
shaped polysymmetric flowers; sepals, petals, and carpels 4—5
each ; petals scarcely cohering ; stamens 8—10; fruit a capsule;
seeds many. (p. 312.)
§§ Stamens epipetalous !
ORDER 46. LPlumbaginee (The ‘Thrift Family).—Herbs,
mostly maritime, with radical leaves and small flowers ; sepals,
1 Except in some Plantaginee and Illecebracez.
 INTRODUCTION xlv

petals, and stamens 5 each ; stamens opposite the petals ; carpels

3—5 ; ovary 1-chambered, 1-ovuled. (p. 313.)
ORDER 47. Srimuldcee (The Primrose Family).—Herbs,
mostly with radical leaves, ccnspicuous polysymmetric flowers,
and capsular fruits; sepals, petals, and stamens 4—g9 each;
stamens opposite the petals; ovary 1-chambered ; placentation
free-central; ovules many. (p. 315.)
ORDER 48. Ovedé-e@ (The Olive Family).—Trees or shrubs with
opposite leaves and small polysymmetric flowers ; sepals and petals
4 each, or absent ; stamens 2 ; fruit a samara or berry-like. (p. 324.)
ORDER 49 Afocyndce@ (The Periwinkle Family).—Perennial,
slender, prostrate undershrubs with milky juice ; opposite, ever-
green, entire leaves, and large polysymmetric flowers; sepals,
petals, and stamens 5 each; corolla salver-shaped, contorted in
bud. (p. 326.)
ORDER 50. Gentidnee (The Gentian Family).—Bitter glabrous
herbs, mostly with opposite, simple, entire leaves and conspicuous
polysymmetric flowers ; sepals, petals, and stamens 4—1O0 each ;
carpels 2 ; fruit a capsule; se.ds many. (p. 327.)
ORDER 51. Polemonidcee (The Jacob’s Ladder).—An erect
herb with pinnate leaves and conspicuous polysymmetric flowers;
sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each ; carpels 3 ; fruit a 3-chambered,
many-seeded capsule. (p. 334.) |
ORDER 52. Boraginee (The Borage Family).—Herbs, mostly
rough, with scattered, simple leaves, and conspicuous polysym-
metric flowers ; sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each; carpels 2,
2-ovuled; fruit a regma of 4 1-seeded nutlets. (p. 334.)
ORDER 53. Convolvulécee (The Bindweed Family).—Herbs,
generally twining, with scattered, simple leaves, or leafless, and
polysymmetric flowers; sepals, petals, and stamens 4—5 each;
carpels 2, 2-ovuled ; fruit a 4-seeded capsule. (p. 345.)
ORDER 54. Solandcee (The Nightshade Family).—Herbs or
shrubs with scattered leaves and polysymmetric flowers; sepals,
petals, and stamens 5 each; carpels 2; fruit a capsule, or berry-
like, many-seeded. (p. 348.)
ORDER 55. Scrophularinee (The Figwort Family).—Herbs
having mostly conspicuous monosymmetric flowers; sepals,
petals, and stamens 4—5 each ; corolla often bi-labiate ; stamens
generally didynamous ; carpels 2; fruit a 2-chambered, many-
seeded capsule. (p. 353.)
ORDER 56. Ovobanchécee (The Broom-rape Family).—Fleshy,
brownish parasites, with scattered scale-leaves and monosymmetric
flowers ; sepals 4—5 ; petals 5, bi-labiate ; stamens didynamous;
carpels 2; fruit a 1-chambered, many-seeded capsule. (p. 371.)
xlvi INTRODUCTION

ORDER 57. Lentibulériee (The Butterwort Family).—Insecti-

vorous marsh herbs with monosymmetric, conspicuous flowers ;
sepals and petals 5 each, usually bi-labiate ; stamens 2 ; carpels 2 ;
fruit a 1-chambered, many-seeded capsule. (p. 374.)
OrvDER 58. Verbendcee (The Vervain).—An erect, branched
herb with opposite leaves and a compound spike of small mono-
symmetric flowers; sepals and petals 5 each; corolla bi-labiate ;
stamens didyna.nous ;fruit a regma of 4 1-seeded nutlets. (p. 377.)
ORDER 59. Labidte (The Labiate Family). — Aromatic herbs
with square stems, opposite leaves and verticillisters of bi-labiate
flowers; sepals and petals 5 each, usually bi-labiate ; stam ns
didynamous ; carpels 2; fruit a regma of 4 1-seeded nutlets.
P- 379-
oom 60. Plantaginee (The Plantain Family).—Herbs with
simple, radical leaves and small greenish flowers; sepals, petals,
and stamens 4 each, with slender filaments and exserted anthers ;
carpels 2—4 ; fruit a 1—4-chambered capsule. (p. 4or.)
Orpver 61. Jilecebrécee (The Knot-grass Family), — Small
herbs wich simple, sessile leaves and small flowers; scpais and
petals 4—5 each, or petals absent ; stamens 1—1o ; carpels 2—3 ;
ovary 1-chambered, 1-ovuled. (p. 404.)
Sus-Ciass 3. Jucomp/éte.—Corolla, and sometimes calyx also
absent. (pp. 407—456.)
SERIES 1. MJonochlamjdee.—Corolla alone absent. (pp. 407
434.)
§ Ovary superior and usually 1-chambered and 1-ovuled }
ORDER 62. Amaranthdécee (The Amaranth Family).—An
annual, glabrous, prostrate herb, with scattered, petiolate, simple
leaves, and small, axillary, green, moncecious flowers ; sepals and
stamens 3—5 each. . (p. 407.)
ORDER 63. Chenopodidcee (The Goose-foot Family).—Herbs
with simple leaves, or leafless jointed stems and inconspicuous
green flowers ; sepals 3—5, persistent ; stamens 1—5. (p. 408.)
ORDER 64. Polygondcee (The Persicaria Family).—Herbs with
scattered simple leaves with sheathing stipules and small flowers ;
sepals 3—6, green or coloured, usually persistent ; stamens 5—8.
(p. 416.)
ORDER 65. Zhymeledcee (The Daphne Family).—Shrubs with
toug') inner bark ; simple, entire leaves ; and sweet-scented perfect
flowers ; sepals 4; stamens 8; fruit berry-like. (p. 423.)
ORDER 66. L’eagndécee (The Sea Buckthorn).—A shrub with
silvery scales ; scattered, simple, entire leaves, and inconspicuous
- 1Itis 2-chambered in the Elms (UrticAcez).
 INTRODUCTION xlvii

dicecious flowers ; sepals 2—4, persistent ; stamens 4 ; fruit berry-

like. (p. 425.)
ORDER 67. Urticdcee (The Nettle Family).—Trees, shrubs or
herbs with tough inner bark ; simple, usually stipulate and serrate
leaves ; and small flowers; sepals 1—8; stamens 4—8; carpels
I—-2 ; ovary sometimes 2-chambered. (p. 425.)
§§ Ovary inferior
ORDER 68. Aristolochidcee (The Birthwort Family).—Herbs
and climbing shrubs with scattered simple leaves and perfect
flowers, sometimes monosymmetric; sepals 2—3, sometimes
coloured ; stamens 6—12; ovary 4—6-chambered ; ovules many.
(Pp. 430.)
ORDER 69. Loranthdcee (The Mistletoe).—A green, parasitic,
much-branched shrub with opposite, simple, entire leaves ; incon-
spicuous dicecious flowers and white viscid berries; sepals and
stamens 4 each; ovary 1-chambered, r1-ovuled. (p. 43F:)
ORDER 70. Santalicee (The Bastard Toad-flax).—A slender,
perennial, herbaceous, prostrate root parasite, with scattered, linear
leaves and inconspicuous perfect flowers; sepals and stamens
4—5 each; ovary 1-chambered; ovules 3;; fruit dry, 1-seeded.
(Pp. 433-)
SERIES 2. Achlamjdee@.— Calyx and corolla both absent ;!
flowers imperfect. (pp. 434-456.)
§ Flowers not in catkins
ORDER 71. Empetrdcee (The Crowberry).— An evergreen
mountain shrub, resinous, with scattered narrow leaves; incon-
spicuous, dicecious flowers; and a drupaceous fruit ; perianth of
6 scales; stamens 3; overy 6—g-chambered ; ovules 1 in each
chamber. (p. 434.)
ORDER 72. Euphorbidcee (The Spurge Family). —Trees, shrubs,
or herbs generally with milky juice ; leaves scattered, ‘simple ;
flowers inconspicuous, sometimes in cup-like involucre ; stamens
I, 4, or 8—z20; carpels 2—3; ovules 1—2 in each carpel.
(p. 435-)
ORDER 73. Ceratophfllee (The Hornwort Family). — Sub-
merged herbs with whorled dichotomous leaves and minute
moncecious flowers; stamens 12— 20; ovary 1-chambered,
t-ovuled. (p. easy
§§ Flowers in catkins
ORDER 74. Myricécee (The Bog-Myrtle).—An aromatic marsh
shrub with scattered simple leaves, inconspicuous flowers and a
1 Exept in the Box and the Mercury (Euphorbiacez).
a
xlvill INTRODUCTION

small drupe; stamens 4—8; ovary 1-chambered, 1-oyuled.

(p. 443-) .
ORDER 75. Cupulifere (The Mast bearing Family).—Trees or
shrubs with scattered, simple, stipulate leaves and small flowers;
stamens 2—20; carpels 2—3, 1—2 ovuled; fruit a 1—2-cham-
bered nut with 1 seed in each chamber. (p. 444.)
ORDER 76. Salicinee (The Willow Family).—Trees, shrubs, or
herbs, with scattered, simple, stipulate leaves, and conspicuous
catkins which generally precede the leaves; stamens 2—3o0 ;
carpels 2; ovary 1-chambered; seeds many, with silky hairs.
(p. 451.)
Cuass II. Monocotylédons. — Plants having one cotyledon,
parallel-veined leaves and floral leaves generally in whorls of 3.'
(pp. 456—591.)
Sus-CLass 1. Petaloidee — Having the perianth usually petal-
oid and coloured, not, as a rule, green or glumaceous.? (pp. 457
—521.)
Series 1. Lpigyne.—Perianth superior. (pp. 457—482.)
OrvER 77. Hydrocharidee (The Frog-bit Family).—Aquatic
herbs with conspicuous flowers, polysymmetric and dicecious ;
sepals and petals 3 each; stamens 3—12; carpels 3—6; fruit a
berry. (p- 457-)
ORDER 78. Orchidee (The Orchid Family).
— Herbs mostly
with tuberculate roots and conspicuous monosymmetric flowers;
sepals, petals, and carpels 3 each; stamens 1—2, gynandrous ;
ovary 1-chambered ; fruit a many-seeded capsule. (p. 459.)
ORDER 79. /ridee (The Iris Family).—Herbs with fleshy under-
ground stems, narrow leaves and handsome flowers ; sepals, petals,
stamens, and carpels 3 each; ovary 3-chambered ; fruit a many-
seeded capsule. (p. 473.)
ORDER 80. Amaryllidee (The Amaryllis Family).—Herbs with
bulbs, narrow leaves and handsome polysymmetric flowers ; sepals,
petals, and carpels 3 each; stamens 6 ; ovary 3-chambered ; fruit
a.capsule; seeds 3 or more. (p. 477.) :
ORDER 81. Dioscéree@ (The Black Bryony).—A climbing herb-
aceous perennial with broad, glossy, net-veined leaves and small
moncecious flowers ; sepals, petals, and carpels 3 each; stamens 6 ;
ovary 3-chambered; fruit a berry; seeds 6. (p. 481.)
1 Leaves are net-veined in the Black Bryony (Dioscoredcez), Herb Paris (Liliacez), and
Arum (Aroidez) ; and the floral leaves are in whorls of four in Naiadacee.
2 The perianth is membranous or green.in Juncdacez, Naiadaceaw, and Eriocaulee, and
absent in Typhacee, Aroidez, and Lemnacee.
 INTRODUCTION xlix

SERIES 2. Hypfogyne. Perianth inferior or absent. (pp. 483

—521.)
ORDER 82. Lilidcee. (The Lily Family).—Mostly herbs with
conspicuous, polysymmetric flowers ; sepals, petals, and carpels
3 each; stamens 6; ovary 3-chambered; seeds 3 or more.
(p. 483.) A
ORDER 83. /uncdcee (The Rush Family).—Herbs with cylindric
or narrow leaves and small brown flowers ; perianth membranous ;
sepals, petals, and carpels 3 each; stamens 6; ovary I—3-
chambered ; fruit capsular ; seeds 3 ormore. (p. 497.)
ORDER 84. Zvphdcee (The Reed-mace Family).—Erect aquatic
plants with long linear leaves and small moncecious flowers in
conspicuous spikes or heads; perianth absent ; stamens many ;
fruit 1-chambered, 1 seeded. (p. 503.)
ORDER 85. Avoidee (The Cuckoo-pint Family).—Herbaceous
perennials with radical leaves, sometimes net-veined and small
flowers on a fleshy spadix enclosed in a leafy spathe ; perianth of
6 leaves or absent; stamens 1—6; ovary 1—3-chambered ; fruit
berry-like ; seeds few. (p. 506.)
ORDER 86. Lemndcee (The Duckweed Family).—Muinute float-
ing plants with green thalloid fronds, rarely flowering; flowers
very minute, in a spathe; stamen 1; ovary 1-chambered; ovules
I—7. (p. 508.)
ORDER 87. Alismdcee (The Water-Plantain Family).—Water-
plants with radical, regularly net-veined leaves and conspicuous
perfect flowers ; sepals and petals 3 each ; stamens 6, 9, or more;
carpels numerous and distinct, or nearly so,t—z2-ovuled. (p. 509.)
ORDER 88. WVaiaddcee (The Pond-weed Family).—-Aquatic
plants, mostly with floating or submerged leaves and inconspicuous
flowers ; sepals 4—6 or absent ; stamens and carpels 1—6 each ;
ovules 1—3 in eachcarpel. (p. 512.)
ORDER 89. L£7riocdulee (The Pipe-wort).—An aquatic plant
with subulate leaves and minute moncecious flowers ; sepals, petals,
and carpels 2 each; stamens 4; ovary 2-chambered ; chambers
1-ovuled. (p. 521.)

SusB-CLass 2. Glumifere.—WHaving no true perianth, but the

flowers in the axils of chaff-like scales (glumes) forming spikelets.
(Pp. 521—591.)
ORDER 90. Cyperdce@ (The Sedge Family).—Herbs with stems
usually solid and triangular in section ; leaves tristichous, linear,
with tubular sheaths ; stamens 1—3; anthers basifixed ; carpels
and stigmas 2—3; ovary 1-chambered, 1-ovuled. (p. 522.)
l INTRODUCTION

ORDER 91. Graminee (The Grass Family).—Herbs with stems

usually hollow; leaves distichous, linear, with split sheaths ;
stamens 2—3; anthers versatile ; carpels and stigmas 1—2; ovary
1-chambered, r-ovuled. (p. 546.)
Division II. Gymnosperms.—Plants having no ovary, the
ovules being naked. (pp. 591—596.)
Cuass I. Conifere.—Trees and shrubs with rigid, evergreen,
needle-shaped or linear leaves ; and imperfect flowers, the staminate
ones deciduous and catkin-like, the seed-bearing ones eithera
solitary ovule or a cone of fleshy or wooden scales. (pp. 591—596).
ORDER 92. Avraucaridcee (The Monkey-Puzzle Family).—
Cones perfect ;seeds with woody or leathery testa and no aril.
Pp. 592.
Gee 93. Zaxdcee (The Yew Family). — Seeds projecting
beyond carpels or without carpels, with fleshy testa or aril.
(p. 595-)
 FLOWERS OF THE FIELD

Division I. ANGIOSPERMS

Crass 1 DICOTYLEDONS

Tus is the more extensive of the two classes into which ordinary
flowering-plants, or angiosperms, are divided, and derives its name
from the two cotyledons or leaves of the embryo which are almost
invariably present in the seed of this class. ‘These cotyledons
enclose the p/wmule or bud of the future shoot, which, when the
seed begins to sprout or germinate, lengthens into the leafy stem.
At the same time the embryo in this class puts forth in a down-
ward direction a main roct, called in its early stages a radicle.
In the perennial woody members of the class the stem increases
in diameter by annual concentric layers of wood formed near
the outer surface of the stem, but beneath the bark, this type of
~~ stem being called exogenous (growing externally). The leaves
~ \have irregularly netted veins of various degrees of fineness. The
\. |flowers have their sepals and petals, and (less regularly) their
., |Stamens and carpels, in whorls of 5 each or sometimes of 2 or 4.

@ Sup-Cass I. POLYPETAL&
SS Howers generally furnished with both calyx and corolla ; petals
~ generally distinct.
~I ?
Series I. THALAMIFLOR.—Ord. I.—XXI
~ Petals and stamens springing from the floral receptacle or ¢ha/a-
~ mus, below the ovary (Aypogynous) ; ovary superior.

x NATURAL ORDER I. RANUNCULACEZ.—THE

BUTTERCUP FAMILY
\ Herbs with a watery, acrid, and often poisonous juice and
~_ scattered leaves (except C/mazzs, which is a shrub with opposite
leaves) The /eaves are generally much divided, and the /lowers
B
1953

1N
 2 CLASS DICOTYLEDONS

conspicuous and either polysymmetric or monosymmetric. The

sepals and petals sometimes graduate into one another, and are
often spurred, the sepals being 3, 5, or more, and the petals often
absent, or 5, rarely 2, 4, or more. ‘The stamens are indefinite in
number and hypogynous ; the cavfeds rarely 1 or 2, generally 3—5
or more numerous, distinct, and forming either an eteerio of one-
seeded indehiscent achenes or a ring of many-seeded follicles.
In Actéa there is exceptionally a berry-like fruit. The Order is a
numerous one, chiefly characteristic of temperate regions. Many
of them are garden favourites. Species of Aconitum yield valu-
able drugs.
+ Carpels 1-seeded
1. CLEMATIS.—A shrub with opposite pinnate leaves, elimbing
by twisting its leaf-stalks ; sepals 4—6, petaloid, valvate ; petals o ;
carpels ending in a long feathery tail.
2. THALfcTRUM.—Sepals 4—5, petaloid, imbricate; jezals o ;
carpels without tails.
3. ANEMONE.—ZJnvolucre of three leafy bracts some distance
below the flower ; seals 4—20, petaloid, imbricate ; fefals o.
*4. ADONIs.—Sepals 5, petaloid, imbricate; fefals 5—10,
scarlet ; carpe/s without tails.
5. Myostrus.—A small plant; sefa/s 5, imbricate, spurred;
petals 5, tubular ; carpe/s along an elongated axis.
6. RantncuLus.—Sepals 3—5, imbricate; petals 5 or more,
with a nectary at the base ; carvfe/s in an oblong or globular head.
tt Carpels many-seeded
7. CALTHA.— Sepals 5, petaloid, imbricate, yellow; fetals o;
Jruit of numerous follicles. |
8. TROLLIUs.—Sepals 5—15; petaloid, imbricate, yellow;
petals 5—15, small, linear, flat ;fruct of 5 or more follicles.
9g. HELLEBORUS.—Sepals 5, persistent; petals 5—10, small,
tubular, bi-labiate ; /~wzt of 3 to ro sessile follicles.
*ro. ERANTHIS.— Sepals 5, deciduous ; petals 5, small, tubular,
bi-labiate, clawed ; fruzt of 5. or 6 stalked follicles.
11. AQUILEGIA.—Sepfads 5, petaloid, deciduous ; Pefads 5, large,
spurred ; fruzt of 5 follicles.
*12. DELPH{NIUM.— lower monosymmetric ; sepals 5, petaloid,
deciduous, the posterior one spurred ; petals 2 —4, 2 enclosed in
spur; /ruzt of 1—5 follicles.
* Genera the numbers of which are preceded by an asterisk, and species the numbers of
which are followed by one, are probably not wild.
 BUTTERCUP FAMILY 3

13. AconftumM.— lower monosymmetric ; sepals 5, petaloid,

deciduous, the posterior one hooded ; fefa/s 2—5, 2 tubular, with
long claws, enclosed in hood ; /ruzt of 3—5 follicles.
14. Act&#a.— Sepals 3—5, petaloid, caducous; fefals 4,
minute, or absent; /vwzt berry-like, black, many-seeded.
15. P#ONn1A.— Sepals 5, persistent; petals 5—10 ; fruit of 2—5
follicles.

1. CLématis (Traveller’s Joy)—A shrub with woody stem ;

Jeaves opposite, compound, exstipulate, some of them climbing by

CLEmatTis VITALBA (Traveller's Joy).

4 RANUNCULACEE

twisting their petioles; sepals 4, valvate, petaloid; fefals o;

stamens many ; carpels many, 1-ovuled ; frwzt an eterio of achenes
with long feathery awns. (Name from the Greek A/éma, a vine
shoot.)
1. C. Vitélba (Traveller’s Joy).—The only British species. A
hedge shrub especially common on calcareous or chalky soils;
well distinguished in summer by its numerous clusters of greenish-
white, sweet-scented flowers ; and still more conspicuous in autumn
and winter from its tufts of feathery-white fruits, whence it gets
the popular name of “Old Man’s_ Beard.”—Fl. May, June.
Perennial.

2. THaLfctruM (Meadow-rue).—Perennial ; aves compound,

stipulate ; s¢zpwdes united to the leaf-stalk ; sepa/s 4—5, imbricate,
petaloid ; petals o ; stamens many,
6, yellow; carpels few, 1-ovuled ;
Sah aa Jruit an eterio of achenes with-
Y7 AS out awns. (Name from the
Be OX Greek ¢hadlo, I flourish.)
Mh, fF 1. Z. A/pinum (Alpine Meadow-
Se rue).— Stem unbranched ; aves
aay) bi-ternate ; glaucous beneath;
jiowers in a_ simple terminal
raceme, drooping; sepals pur-
plish.—A graceful little plant,
4 to to in. high, occurring on the
mountains of Wales and Scot-
land.—Fl. June—August.
| 2. TZ: minus-(Lesser Meadow-
rue).— Stem 6—18 in. high,
branched, rigid, zigzag, furrowed,
leafless at the base ; /eaves bi- or
tri-pinnate, stipulate, glaucous;
ie , stipules with spreading auricles;
WY &BSe
SLSR & GPR
aot) oe 6s
CSEe AGS
leaflets ternate, 3-cleft ; petzoles
—TT SRO RRS ; :
NS Qa CONIAID with angular, ascending branches;
flowers in a loose compound
: : raceme with spreading or sub-
THALICTRUM ALPINUM (Aine Meadow-ruve). erect branches, drooping : pedicels
slender ; sepad/s 4, pale purplish or
yellow-green ; stamens conspicuous, yellow, with apiculate anthers.
A form with broadly-spreading inflorescence occurs on sand-dunes,
one with more erect growth on dry stony pastures.—Fl. June—
August.
Fig. 1. Traveller's Joy. (Clemars Vrralba).
oS
e
 ~ BUTTERCUP FAMILY 5

T. mdjus (Greater Meadow-rue).—Svem 2—4 feet high,

solid or hollow, branched, leafy to the base, flexuous, more or less
furrowed ; /eaves bi- or tri-pinnate, stipulate ; s¢zpuz/es with horizon-
tally-spreading or reflexed auricles; /afle¢s large, variable, 3—5
lobed; Zetioles with spreading branches; /owers in a loose,
generally leafy, compound raceme with spreading _ branches,
drooping ; sepals 4, yellow-green ; anthers apiculate. A form with
a solid stem and reflexed auricles to its stipules occurs in damp

THALICTRUM FLAVUM (Yellow Meadow-rue).

copses and stony places, chiefly in the north.—Fl. July, August.

The taller form, with a hollow, less furrowed stem, smaller leaflets,
horizontally-spreading auricles to the stipules, and no leaves among
the flowers, grows only in the Lake district.
4. TZ. fldvum (Yellow Meadow-rue).—S/em erect, branched,
furrowed, 2—4 feet high ; eaves bipinnate ; /fozwers crowded, erect,
pale yellow.—Not uncommon about the banks of ditches and
rivers.— Fl. July, August.
6 RANUNCULACEAE

3. ANEMONE (Wind-flower).—Perennial herbs with under-

ground stems ; /eaves radical, deeply lobed ;/owers solitary, with an
involucre of three leafy, lobed bracts some distance below each ;
sepals 4—20, petaloid, imbricate ; petals 0; stamens many; carpels
many, 1-ovuled; /rwz¢ an eterio of achenes. (Name from the
Greek dzémos, the wind, from the exposed situations in which
they grow.) ?

ANEMONE PULSATILLA (Pasque-flower).

1. A. Pulsatilla (Pasque-flower).—Silky, 4—10 in. high ; aves

tripinnate, with linear segments, increasing after flowering ;
znvolucre sessile, with linear segments ; fowers drooping in bud,
Iz in. across; sepa/s violet, silky outside, slightly reflexed;
stamens yellow , achenes with feathery awns ; peduncle lengthening
after flowering.—In high pastures; rare. Its beautiful flowers
appear about Easter-tide (Pagues), from which the plant derives its
popular name.—Fl. March—June.
 BUTTERCUP FAMILY ; 4

2. A. nemordsa (Wood Anemone).—4—8 in. high; “aves

radical, petiolate, bi-ternately lobed; zxvolucre stalked, leaves
resembling the radical ones ; flowers drooping, 1—14 in. across ;
sepals 6, petaloid, white, or tinged with pink, very rarely blue,
glabrous, spreading ; achenes without awns, downy. One of our

ANEMONE NEMOROSA (Wood Anemone).

most beautiful, though also one of the commonest, spring flowers.

—Fl. March—May.
3.* A. ranunculoides (Yellow Anemone), with ternate or
quinate leaves, sub-sessile involucre and yellow sepals, and
4.* A. apennina (Apennine Anemone), with numerous narrow
blue sepals and erect flowers, both flowering in April, are
occasionally met with as escapes from cultivation.

*4, ADONIS (Pheasant’s-eye).—An annual herb, with much-

3 RANUNCULACEE

divided leaves ; sepals 5, imbricate ; petals 5—10 ; carpels many,

1-ovuled ; /rw7¢ an eterio of achenes without awns. (Named from
Adonis, a beautiful youth, who, according to Greek legend, was

@A|
|7

ADONIS ANNUA (Pheasant’s-eye).

killed by a wild boar, his blood colouring the neighbouring flowers.)

1.* A, dunua (Autumn Pheasant’s-eye).—6—8 in. high, with
 BUTTERCUP FAMILY 9

tripinnatifid leaves, finely cut into linear segments, and scarlet

petals, black at their bases, flowering from May to September,
occurs as a weed in cornfields, but is not a native.

5. Myostrus (Mouse-tail).—A small annual herb; /eaves

MYOSURUS MINIMUS (Moxse-tail).

radical, linear ; xflorescence several 1-flowered scapes; sefals 5,

spurred ;fezals 5, tubular ; stamens few; carpe/s numerous, arranged
spirally on an elongated floral receptacle, 1-ovuled ;/ruztan etzrio
of achenes, without awns. (Name from the Greek muds oura,
mouse’s tail.)
rie) - RANUNCULACE®

1. M. minimus (Mouse-tail).—1—5 in. high; eaves fleshy ;

peduncle 1—4 in. high; petads pale yellowish ; receptacle 1—1} in.
long, tapering.—This little plant grows in cornfields, generally in
damp places, and is easily distinguished from every other British
plant by the arrangement of its carpels, which resembles a
mouse’s tail.—Fl. April—-June.

6. RantncuLus (Crowfoot, Buttercup, &c.).—Herbs, annual

or perennial ; aves entire, palmately lobed, or compound, some-

=a S

GN
why

RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS (Water Crowfoot).

times with membranous stipules ; sefa/s 5, rarely 3, imbricate,

deciduous ; petals 5 or more, with a nectary at the base, yellow or
white ; stamens many, yellow; receptacle globular or oblong;
carpels many, 1-ovuled; frwt, an eterio of achenes, apiculate.
(Name, the diminutive from the Latin vaza, a frog, an animal
which frequents the kind of places where these plants grow.)
 BUTTERCUP FAMILY II

* Petals white, with a yellow claw.

1. FR. agudtiis (Water Crowfoot)—This was Linnzus’
collective name for a very puzzling group of plants, which botanists
now consider as at least nine or ten distinct species. They are
all water-plants with submerged leaves deeply cleft into hair-like
segments, and broad membranous stipules. The chief forms
are: FR. circindtus, with large flowers, no floating leaves, and the
segments of the submerged ones rigid and spreading in one
plane; FR. jiiztans, with much longer leaf-segments all lying
parallel, leaves often a foot long, but flower-stalks shorter; 2.
pseudo-fliitans, with similar but shorter leaves and much longer
peduncles; R. ¢ichophilius with small flowers, and the leaf-
segments rigid and spreading, but not in one plane ; 2. Drouétiz,
in which the leaf-segments collapse into a tassel when taken from
the water ; 2. /eferophillus, with large flowers on stalks as long as
the leaves, submerged leaves collapsing into a tassel, and 3-lobed
floating leaves ; A. pelfdtus, in which the segments of the sub-
merged leaves spread out when taken from the water; A&.
Baudotit, with stouter flower-stalks and floating leaves deeply
divided into wedge-shaped segments; and &. zutermédius, with
small pinkish flowers on short slender stalks, and seldom any sub-
merged leaves. The forms without floating leaves are the “long
mosses in the stream” of Tennyson. Those with floating leaves
occur in standing water.—Fl. May—September.
2. R. Lenormdndi (Mud Crowfoot).—Floating or creeping on
mud; Zaves all reniform, crenate; flowers } in. across.—F.
June—August.
3. R. hederdceus (Ivy-leaved Crowfoot).—Zeaves all reniform,
5-lobed, often with a black spot on them ; //ozwers very small ;
petals scarcely longer than the calyx.—Growing in water or on
mud.—Fl. May—September.

** Petals yellow. Terrestrial.

4. R. scelerdétus (Celery-leaved Crowfoot). — Stem 1—2 feet
high, hollow, with abundant very acrid juice ; /eaves glabrous,
glossy, cut into three oblong lobes; flowers very small, pale
yellow ; fruzt an oblong eterio.—Growing in watery places.—F.
May—September. Annual.
5. &. Mdmmula (Lesser Spearwort).— Stem creeping at the
base, 4—18 in. high; “eaves petiolate, ovate, or lanceolate, hairy
or glabrous ; fowers 4—#? in. across. Named from its causing
inflammation or redness of the skin.—Growing in wet places.—
Fl. June—August. Perennial.
12 RANUNCULACE

6. R. réptans (Prostrate Spearwort).—A slender creeping form

with linear leaves, occurs rarely in the north; and
7. R. scoticus, with its earlier radical leaves reduced to recurved
subulate petioles, grows under water near the shores of lakes in
the north-west of Scotland.
8. Re. Lingua (Great Spearwort).—S/em erect, hollow, 2—3 feet
high ; cauline leaves lanceo-
late, sessile, 6—10 in. long,
but earlier submerged ones
cordate and obtuse; /lowers
2 in. across.— The largest
British species, an uncommon
but handsome plant, growing
in watery places. (Named
from the shape of the leaf.)—
Fl. June—September. Peren-
nial.
. RR. auricomus (Goldi-
locks). oot fibrous; stem
slender, about a foot high,
nearly smooth ; radical leaves
long-stalked, reniform, 3—
7-lobed ; cauline leaves sessile,
palmatifid, with sub-entire
lobes; # in. across; sepals
spreading, downy, yellow ;
petals often partly absent.—
In copses.—Fl. April, May.
Perennial.
10. 2. dcris (Buttercup).—
Root fibrous ; stem sometimes
a rhizome, without runners ;
radical leaves palmately 3—
y) 7-lobed, lobes deeply cut;
R. BULBOSUS (Bulbous Buttercup). cauline leaves 3-lobed with
entire linear lobes; peduncle
branched, not furrowed, 1—3 feet high, hairy ; /Zowers 1 in.
across ; sepals downy, spreading ; carpels glabrous. —Meadows.—
Fl. April—September. Perennial.
11. R. vépens (Creeping Buttercup).—Differing mainly in its
less height, long rammers, and furrowed hairy peduncle.—A trouble-
some weed in “meadows and waste ground.—Fl. May—August.
Perennial.
12, R. dulbdsus (Bulbous Buttercup).— Differing mainly in its
 BUTTERCUP FAMILY 13

stem, about 1 foot high and bulbous at the base; glabrous, fur-
rowed peduncle ; and reflexed sepa/s.—Meadows.—Fl. May, June.
Perennial.
13. Le. sdrdous (Pale Hairy Buttercup).—Root fibrous ; stem
6—18 in. high, hairy; Zeaves lobed; peduncle furrowed, with
spreading or reflexed hairs ;flowers 1 in. across ; sepals reflexed ;
petals pale yellow ; carfels ‘compressed, with small warts near the
margin.—Waste places.—Fl. June—October. Annual.
14. &. parviflorus (Small-flowered Crowfoot).—Differing in its

R. FICARIA (Lesser Celandine).

prostrate, hairy s/em ; less divided /eaves ; flowers not more than
+ inch across ; and hooked tubercles on the carvfe/s.—Dry waste
places.—F]. May—August. Annual.
15. &. arvensts (Corn Crowfoot). — Nearly glabrous; stem
erect ; leaves deeply 3-lobed, with linear-lanceolate lobes ; flowers
in. Across ; sepals spreading ; fefals pale yellow ; carpels few and
very spinous.—Cornfields —Fl. May—July. Annual.
16. Fk. Ficdria (Lesser Celandine). —Glabrous. oot fasci-
culate ; eaves mostly radical, cordate, stalked, angular, or crenate;
fiowers about 1 in. across; sepals 3—5; petals 8—12, acute,
golden-yellow ; carvpels small, smooth. One of our brightest
spring flowers, studding every bank with its numerous glossy
starlike flowers, the favourite of the poet Wordsworth, not to be
T4 RANUNCULACE

confounded with the greater Celandine (see p. 29).—Fl. March—

May. Perennial.

7. CAttHA (Marsh Marigold).—Aquatic glabrous herbs, with

five yellow, imbricate, deciduous sefads, no petals, and a ring of

‘ian

i
OuWe Sieg
Sar
i —

CALTHA PALUSTRIS (Marsh Marigold).

 BUTTERCUP FAMILY 15

5—to sessile many-ovuled carvfe/s forming follicles in the fruit.

(Name from the Greek £d/athos, a cup.)
1. C. palistris (Marsh Marigold, Walter Blobs).—A handsome
plant, resembling a gigantic Buttercup, abundant in marshes and
by the sides of streams. eaves large, kidney-shaped, and glossy,

, s
TROLLIUS EUROP#uUS (Globe-lower),

with large membranous stipules ; //owers 1—2 in. across; sepals

golden-yellow.—Fl. March—May. Perennial.

8. TROLLIUs (Globe-flower).—
Erect perennial herbs; Zazes
palmately lobed ; sepals 5~15, petaloid, imbricate, concave ;
petals 5—15, narrow, clawed ; carpels 5 or more, forming sessile
follicles. (Name from the Scandinavian /ro//, a witch.)
16 RANUNCULACEE

1. Z: europaeus (Globe-flower, Witches’ Gowan).—A large ana

handsome plant, 1—2 feet high, common in gardens, and growing

LZ
i)
\SF

6SSS
ee
}
=<
=
SS

=
=~
_——_
.
—=-
———
=

————

SS
SS
SS

Si
——~

\2 YB S S| a N -

i PYXAKNE
HELLEBORUS VIRIDIS (Green Hedlebore).

wild in the mountainous parts of Scotland, Wales, and the north

of England. Sepals orbicular, concave, converging into the form
of a globe, pale yellow ; fefa/s and stamens included.—F1. June—
August. Perennial,
Fig 2 Columbine. (Aguilegia vulgaris)
 BUTTERCUP FAMILY 17

9. HELLEBORUS (Hellebore).
— Perennial herbs; /eaves pal-
mately or pedately lobed; sefa/s 5, large, herbaceous, imbricate,
persistent ; petals 5—10, small, tubular, 2-lipped, clawed ; fruit
of 3—10 sessile follicles. (Name from the Greek /e/éin, to take
away, and Jéra, food, from its use as an emetic.)
1. Hf. viridis (Green Hellebore, Bear’s-foot)—A herbaceous
perennial, about 1 foot high ; /eaves palmatisect, 5—7 lobed;
flowers 1}—2 in. across; sepals green, spreading; fefa/s con-
taming honey, which is said to be poisonous.—Thickets on
chalky soil.—Fl. March—April. Perennial.
2. H. fetidus (Stinking Hellebore, Setterwort).—S/em peren-
nial, 1—2 feet high ; eaves pedate ; //owers 1 in. across, drooping;
sepals green, tipped with dull purple, converging. Best distin-
guished from the preceding by its leaves, which are not divided
to a common centre, and by the purplish hue of its sepals.—
Thickets on chalky soil.—Fl. February—April. Perennial.
Both species are somewhat doubtful natives, generally found
near houses. Small flies may sometimes be found caught in the
honey of the tubular petals. 4. xiger, a handsome species, with
large white or rose-coloured flowers, is the well-known Christmas
Rose of our gardens.

*to. ERANTHIS (Winter Aconite).—A small perennial herb

with a fleshy rhizome ; /eaves palmatisect ; lowers solitary ; sepals
5—8, deciduous, yellow ; Zefa/s small, tubular, 2-lipped, witha
long claw; follicles 5—6, stalked. (Name from the Greek e7,
spring, and dxthos, flower.)
1.* £. hyemdlis (Winter Aconite).—Szem 4—6 in. high ; /eaves
orbicular, deeply 3—7-lobed, glossy, lobes linear-oblong, obtuse ;
znvolucre, of sessile leafy bracts, just below the solitary, golden-
yellow flower.—Common in gardens, and sometimes naturalised.
—Fl. January—March. Perennial.

11. AQUILEGIA (Columbine).—An erect perennial herb ; aves

2—3-ternate ; flowers handsome, 1—2 in. across; sepals 5, peta-
loid, deciduous ; Zefals 5, each with a long spur; follicles 5.
(Name from the Latin agwz/a, an eagle, the claws of which the
spurs of the petals are supposed to resemble.)
1. A. vulgéris (Columbine).—The only British species, common
in gardens, to which in spring it is very ornamental, with its
delicate glaucous leaves; and no less so in summer, with its
curiously-shaped and variously-coloured flowers. When growing
wild, its flowers are usually blue, purple, or white. It may be
distinguished from all other British flowers by having each of its
c
18 RANUNCULACEE

five petals terminated in an incurved horn-like spur. It derives

its name, Columbine, from the fancied resemblance of its flowers

AQUILEGIA VULGARIS (Columbine).

to a nest of doves, columba being Latin for a dove-—Woods and

heaths.—Fl. May—July. Perennial.

*12, DeLpHfNnium (Larkspur).—Erect herbs ; /eaves divided;

flowers in racemes, monosymmetric ; sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous,
the posterior one with a long spur ; Zefa/s 2—4, the two posterior
ones spurred and enclosed within the spur of the calyx; fruit of
1—5 follicles. (Name from the Greek dé/phis, a dolphin, from a
fancied resemblance in the form of the flower.)
 BUTTERCUP FAMILY 19

1.* D. Ajdets (Larkspur).— About a foot high; aves cut into

many linear lobes ; lowers 4—16 in a raceme, 1 in. across, blue,
white, or pink; /rwit of 1 pubescent follicle—A doubtful native,
though often in considerable quantity in sandy or chalky corn-
fields.—Fl. June, July. Annual. Several species are grown in
gardens.
13. Aconitum (Monk’s-hood).—Erect perennial herbs; eaves
palmately lobed; /owers racemose, monosymmetric ; sepals 5,
petaloid, deciduous, the posterior one hooded ; seals 2—5, the
twc posterior ones tubular, with long claws, enclosed within the

DELPHINIUM AJAcIS (Larkspur). ACONITUM NAPELLUS (Monk's-hocd).

hooded sepal ; follicles 3-—5. (Name classical, but of uncertain

origin. ) .
1. A. Wapéllus (Monk’s-hood, Wolf’s-bane).—1—2 feet high ;
rhizome fusiform, black ; /eafobes pinnatifid ; raceme unbranched ;
flowers 1—1} in. across, purplish-blue. A common garden
plant, remarkable for the curious structure of its flower, especially
the hammer-like honey-containing petals enclosed under the hood.
The name JVafé//us is a diminutive of zapus, the Latin fora
turnip, from the shape of the rhizome; but the whole plant, and
especially this rhizome, is very poisonous. It derives its name of
Wolf’s-bane from being used to poison the bait in wolf-traps.
—Damp shady places.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.
14. Act#a (Baneberry).—Erect perennial herbs; /eaves ter-
nately compound ; //owers small, in crowded racemes; sepals 3—5,
C2
20 BERBERIDE®

petaloid, caducous; fefa/s 4, minute, or absent; fruzt of one,

many-seeded carpel, berry-like. (Name from the Greek ac/é, the
elder, from the similarity of the leaves of the two plants.)
1. A. spicdta (Baneberry, Herb Christopher).—The only British
species, 12 feet high ; /eaves bi-ternately pinnate ; /owers white ;
fruit black.—Woods on limestone in the north.—Fl. May.
Perennial. Poisonous.
*15. P#OntA (Peony).—Perennial herbs or shrubs ; /eaves bi-
ternate ;/owers large ; sepals 5, persistent ;petals 5—10 ; fruit of

ACTA&A sSPICATA (Baneberry). PAONIA CORALLINA (Peony).

2—5 follicles. (Named from Peon, the legendary physician, who

cured the wounds of the gods in the Trojan war.)
1.* P. corallina (Peony).—A herb 2 feet high with fasciculate
roots ; leaves glaucous beneath ;ffo:cers crimson ; follicles recurved,
downy.—A cultivated plant, naturalised on Steep Holm, an island
in the Severn.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
Orp. II.—BERBERIDEZ.—THE BARBERRY FAMILY
Herbs or shrubs with scattered simple or compound /eaves and
polysymmetric /fowers. Sepals 3, or 4 or 6 in two whorls, often
petaloid. e/a/s either equal in number to the sepals and opposite
to them, or twice as many, often with nectaries at their bases.
Stamens equal in number to the petals, and opposite to them.
Anthers opening by two valves turning upwards. Carfel 1, I-
chambered. Seeds 1 or more. Growing principally in moun-
tainous parts of the temperate zones.
 BARBERRY FAMILY 2%

1. BERBERIS.—Spinous shrubs with yellow wood and astringent

bark ; sepals 6, deciduous ; Aeza/s 6, each with 2 nectaries at the
base; stamens 6 3 fruit berrylike, 1— 3-seeded.
2. EPIMEDIUM.—Sefads 4, deciduous; fefa/s 8, in two pe
inner slipper-shaped; stamens 4, fruit a many- seeded follicle.
1. BERBERIS (Barberry).—Zeaves spinously-dentate, or reduced
to 3—7-fid spines ;/owers in racemes, yellow, with 2 or 3 minute
bracteoles. (Name said to be of Arabic origin.)
1. B. vulgdris (Barberry). The only British species. A pretty
shrub, not uncommon in woods and hedges, with yellow wood
and 3-forked spines. Its yellow flowers hang in drooping clusters ;
the j/aments are elastic and _ irri-
table, so that when touched ever
so lightly by the leg of an insect
they spring upward and throw their
pollen outward. The oblong berry-
like fruzts are orange-red when ripe
and gratefully acid, and may be made
into an agreeable preserve. The
shrub is often rooted out by farmers,
as a fungus which lives part of its |
life on Barberry leaves is the cause
of “rust” in wheat. Several species
furnish a yellow dye, and others
are cultivated in gardens, as are
also several members of the allied
genus JZahonia.— Fl. May, June.
Perennial.

*2. EpimEpium (Barrenwort).—

Leaves bi-ternate ; flowers red, with
EPIMEDIUM ALPINUM (Barrenwort).
yellow, honey-bearing, inner petals.
(Name of Greek origin, indicating its resemblance to a Median
plant.)
—1.* £. alpinum (Alpine Barrenwort).—A graceful plant, less
than a foot high, occurring here and there in subalpine woods in
Scotland and the north of England; but not indigenous. Its
delicate green /eaffets are ovate-cordate, acuminate and serrate.—
Fl. May. Perennial.

Orp. III.—NyMPH#ACE2&.—WATER-LILY Fa®iLy

Perennial aquatic herbaceous plants, with generally orbicular
floating /eaves which are involute in venation, and large, often
22 NYMPHAACEER

fragrant, fowers. Sepals 3—6, gradually passing into petals, and

these into stamens, both petals and stamens being inserted on a
fleshy disk, which surrounds the ovary ; ovary many-chambered,
many-seeded, with a sessile, radiate s/7gma. The starchy rhizomes
and seeds of some species are eaten.
Nelimbium speciosum, the Sacred Lotus, with peltate leaves

waka,

m “6
u y Wi

NyMPHAZA LUTEA (Common Yellow Water-lily).

rising above the water, and its carpels imbedded separately on the
upper surface of a funnel-shaped receptacle, though represented
in ancient Egyptian art, is no longer found in the Nile, but is
venerated by Buddhists throughout Eastern Asia, Another
member of this order, Victoria régia, a native of South America,
one of the most beautiful of aquatic plants, produces blossoms 15
inches and leaves over 6 feet in diameter.
1. NyMpH#A.—Sepals 5—6; petals many, small, hypogynous;
stamens many, hypogynous.
 Y Py a
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 WATER-LILY FAMILY 23

2. CasTALiA.-—Sepals 4 ; petals many, many-seriate, adnate to

the disk ; stamens many, adnate to the disk.
1. NymPpH#A (Yellow Water-lily).—//owers yellow, globose;
sepals concave ; fruzt ovoid, fleshy, its carpels separating when
ripe. (Named from its growing in places which the nymphs were
supposed to haunt.)
1. LV. fitea (Common Yellow Water-lily, Brandy-bottle).— Zeaves
submerged and membranous, and floating and leathery. Flower
smelling like brandy, whence it is called Brandy-bottle. Stigma
with 14—20 rays, not extending toits margin. Rivers and ditches,
frequent. The Turks prepare a cooling drink from the flowers,

CASTALIA ALBA (White Water-lily).

which they call Pufer (a corruption of the Arabic name Vuphar).

—Fl. July. Perennial.
2. LV. pumila (Least Yellow Water-lily).—A much smaller plant,
differing mainly in having only 8—1o stigmatic rays, which extend
to its margin, forming acute teeth——It grows in several lakes in
the Highlands and at Ellesmere, Shropshire.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
2. CasTALia (White Water-lily).—/lowers white, expanded;
Jruit ripening under water and dissolving into pulp. (Name from
Castéha, a spring on Mount Parnassus, the haunt of Apollo and
the Muses.)
1. C. dla (White Water-lily),—Leaves all floating, 5—10 in.
across ; sefal/s green outside, white inside; stigma with 15—29
rays, yellow. The only British species, and, perhaps, the most
24 PAPAVERACEE

magnificent of our native flowers, inhabiting clear pools and slow

rivers. The flowers rise above the water in the middle of the day
and expand, closing once more and sinking towards evening.—Fl.
June—August. Perennial.

Orp. 1V. PAPAVERACE&.—THE Poppy FAMILY

Herbaceous plants, abounding in a milky narcotic juice.
flowers usually pendulous in the bud, conspicuous and polysym-
metric; sepals 2, soon falling off, concave ; pefa/s 4, crumpled in
eestivation ; stamens indefinite, hypogynous ; /ruzt a
capsule ; seeds generally scattered over the surface of
incomplete partitions, which radiate from the sides of
the capstile, but do not meet at the <centre ~The
narcotic juice of the unripe capsules of Papdver
somniferum, the Opium Poppy, which is commonly
ovary or grown for ornament in our gardens, yields opium,
THE porPy. ]audanum, and morphia, most valuable medicines. An
infusion of ripe ‘‘poppy-heads” or capsules is also used asa
fomentation ; and the seeds of all poppies contain a considerable
quantity of a mild and wholesome oil.

* Fruit a globose capsule, opening by pores

1. PapAver.—Stigma sessile, rayed ; capsu/e opening by pores
below the stigma ; placentas forming partial partitions.
2. Mrconopsis.— Style short; stigma of 4—6 rays; capsule
opening by pores below the style ; A/acendas less developed.

** Frutt pod-like, opening by valves

3. GLatcium.— Flower yellow; stigma 2-lobed, sessile ; capsule
2-valved and more or less completely 2-chambered.
4. Re@méERIA.— Flower violet ; stigma 2—4-lobed, sessile ; cap-
sule 2—4-valved, 1-chambered.
5. CHELIDONIUM.—/Vower yellow; ségma 2-lobed; capsule 2-
valved, 1-chambered.

1. PapAVER (Poppy).—Annual herbs with white milky juice.

Leaves lobed or cut ; flowers on long stalks, pendulous in the bud ;
sepals 2, caducous; fefa/s 4, crumpled in the bud; stamens
indefinite ; s#igma of 4—20 sessile rays on a disk, below which
the pores open. (Name classical, of uncertain etymology, perhaps
connected with the Keltic pafa, pap, because administered to
induce sleep.)
Fig 4. Red Poppy. (Papaver Rhaeas).
 POPPY FAMILY 25

* Capsules smooth
1.* P. somniferum (Opium Poppy).—Smooth with the exception
of a few spreading bristles on the peduncle, glaucous; /eaves
amplexicaul ; ower large, white, with a purple stain at the base
of each petal; but of many other colours in garden varieties ;
capsule globular and smooth. Common in gardens and as an
escape, but not indigenous. Opium is procured by puncturing
the unripe capsules and collecting the juice which exudes and
hardens. ‘The seeds yield a wholesome oil, which is not narcotic.
—Fl. July, August. Annual.

PAPAVER RH#AS (Common Red Poppy).

2. P. Rhéas (Common Poppy, Corn Rose). Hispid with

spreading or adpressed hairs ; /eaves pinnatifid ; flowers 3—4 in.
across; petals deep scarlet, often black at the base; capsule
nearly globular, smooth. Common in cornfields. (The name from
the Greek rhoia, a pomegranate, which it resembles in its fruit.)
—Fl. June, July. Annual.
3. LP. dibium (Long Smooth-headed Poppy).—Hispid with ad-
pressed hairs; aves pinnatifid ; fowers large, scarlet ; pefa/s in
unequal pairs ; capsule obovoid, smooth.—In cultivated fields.—
Fl. May—July. Annual.
26 PAPAVERACEX

4. P. Lecdgit is a less common species, distinguished by its

sap turning yellow on exposure, by longer leaf-lobes, a capsule
narrowing suddenly near the base, and stigmatic lobes folding
over the edge of the capsule.

** Capsules bristly
5. P. Argemone (Long Rough-headed Poppy).—Hispid ; /eaves
bipinnatifid ; //owers less than 2 in. across; /fefads light scarlet,

MECONOPSIS CAMBRICA (Welsh Poppy).

black at the base; capsu/e club-shaped with erect bristles. The

smallest British species, occurring sparingly in cornfields. (The
name Argeméne, the Greek for Poppies, may be derived from
argima, cataract, referring to a former medical use, or from argos,
slothful, from their narcotic effects..—Fl. May—July. Annual.
6. P. hybridum (Round Rough-headed Poppy).—Hispid ;
Zeaves bipinnatifid ; //owers 1—2 in. across; petals deep scarlet,
 POPPY FAMILY 27

often black at the base ; cafsu/e nearly globular, hispid with spread-
ing bristles.—Sandy fields, not common.—Fl. May—July. Annual.
2. Meconopsis (Welsh Poppy).—Perennial herbs with yellow
juice. eaves pinnate; fowers on long stalks, pendulous in the
bud; differing from Fapdver in having a short, persistent s//e,
and a stigma of 4—6 free-spreading lobes. (Name in Greek
signifying bearing resemblance to a Poppy.)
1. M. cémbrica (Yellow Welsh Poppy).—The only British
species, easily distinguished from any of the foregoing by its pale
yellow flowers and juice of the same colour ; and from the Horned

GLAUcIUM FLAvUM (Horned Poppy).

Poppy by its slender growth, and green, not glaucous, foliage.—

Rocky and shady places in the west.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
3. GLatcium (Horned Poppy).—Glaucous herbs with yellow
juice. Leaves lobed or cut; flowers on long stalks; carfels 2,
forming a long pod-like capsule; stzgma 2-lobed. (Name from
the gdaucous hue of the foliage.)
1. G. fldvum (Yellow Horned Poppy).—The only indigenous
British species. Leaves wavy, embracing the stem; fod 6—12
in. long, curved, with minute tubercles. A handsome plant,
conspicuous on the sea-shore from its hoary foliage, large yolden-
yellow flowers, and long pods, which might at first sight be mistaken
for flower-stems bare of leaves. —Fl. June—August. Biennial.
28 PAPAVERACEE

2.* G. pheniceum, with scarlet petals, black at the base and

hairy pods, only occurs occasionally as an escape.
4. Ra@méria (Violet Horned Poppy).—Annual herbs with
yellow juice. Leaves pinnatifid ; /owers violet, fugacious ; ovary
one-chambered ; fruit pod-like. (Name from J. F. Roemer, a
German botanist. )
1. A. hpbrida, with a 3-valved capsule, 2—3 in. long, occurs

CHELIDONIUM MAJUS (Comzemon Celandine).

rarely in dry cornfields in Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, and is

probably not indigenous.
5. CHELIDONIUM (Celandine).—Perennial herbs with yellow
juice. Zeaves pinnate; flowers yellow; carpels 2; capsule 1-
chambered, pod-like, 2-valved. (Named from the Greek chelidon,
a swallow, because, according to Pliny, that bird discovered that
its juice was efficacious in restoring sight to its young when
blinded.)
1. C. mdjus (Greater Celandine).—The only British species ;
 y

Fig. 5. Celandine. Chehdonum majus).

 FUMITORY FAMILY 29

not uncommon in waste places and village hedgerows. eaves

glaucous, imparipinnate and obtusely lobed ; /fowers in umbellate
clusters, #—1 in. across; capsule 1} in. long.—Fl. May—
August, or, as Pliny tells us, from the time of the arrival of the
swallows until their departure. Perennial. The abundant
orange-yellow juice is a violent acrid poison, but is a popular
remedy for warts, and is said to have been used successfully in
ophthalmia.
* The Lesser Celandine, Randénculus Ficdria (see p. 13), bears
little resemblance either in appearance or properties to this species.

CORYDALIS CLAVICULATA (Climbing Corydalis).

Orp. V.—FUMARIACEZ%.—
THE FUMITORY FAMILY

Herbaceous plants with watery juice. Leaves divided ; flowers

in bracteate racemes, monosymmetric; sefa/s 2, small,
deciduous ; fefa/s 4, usually in dissimilar pairs, the outer ones
larger, and one or both swollen or spurred at the base, the inner
Ones partly coherent; stamens really 4, but apparently 6,
diadelphous, each set consisting of one whole and two half
(dimidiate) stamens ; carfels 2 ; ovary 1-chambered ; seeds crested.
 30 FUMARIACE

CoryYDALis.—/7vuit a compressed, 2-valved, many-seeded

conde:
2. FumMAria.—Fruit a globose, indehiscent, 1-seeded achene.
Corypa.is (Corydalis).—Herbs with much-divided glabrous
pe and bracteate racemes of small monosymmetric flowers;
petals connivent; the upper one spurred; caysuwée many-seeded.

_ ay

FUMARIA OFFICINALIS (Common Fumttory).

(The Greek name Corydalis was employed for this or some allied
plant by Galen.)
1. C..claviculdta (Climbing Corydalis).—S¢em slender, climb-
ing; /eaves glaucous, pinnate, ending in branched tendrils;
fiowers yellowish-white ; sfwx very short. A clambering plant,
with delicate green stems and foliage, rising to the height of
several feet, by the help of the bushes among which it grows.
The only indigenous species.—F1. June—August. Annual.
* Two other species are naturalised in Britain: C. du/bdsa, a
perennial with a tuberous rhizome, unbranched aerial stem, no
tendrils and purple flowers, and litea, not uncommon on old
 FUMITORY FAMILY 31

walls, with many short stems, no tendrils, and bright yellow

flowers.
2. FumArtA (Fumitory).—Annual herbs differing little from
Corydalts except in having only two ovules in the ovary, only one
of which forms a seed in the indehiscent fruit. (Name from the
Latin fumus terre, smoke of the earth, these smoke-like glaucous
weeds being supposed to spring without seed from the vapours of
the ground.)
1. F. capreoldéta (Ramping Fumitory).-—Generally climbing by
means of its twisted leaf-stalks, r—2 feet high ; flowers pale
pink or cream-coloured, tipped with crimson in short, few-
flowered racemes ; sefa/s as broad as the corolla and half as
long; fruit globose, slightly compressed, smooth; fruit-stalks
recurved.—Borders of fields ; common.—F]. May—September.
Annual.
_ Allied species are /: purpurea, with smaller flowers and
slightly recurved fruit-stalks; occidentalis, the largest British
species, known only from West Cornwall; “2 Bastérdz, with
large flowers and erect fruit-stalks; and / murd/is, with smaller
flowers and fruit, the latter obovate.
2. F. officindtis (Common Fumitory).—Erect, smaller than /
capreoldta ; leaves more divided ; flowers smaller, rose-coloured,
tipped with crimson, in long, many-flowered racemes; sepads
narrower than the corolla; /vuzt obovate, notched.—Fl. May—
September. Annual.
* F. densiflora, a weaker plant with short racemes, elongating
after flowering, and roundish sepals, broader than the corolla ;
F. parviflora, with small pale flowers in dense racemes, with
minute sepals; and & Vadlldntiz, with lax racemes, are less
common species.

Orp. VI. CrucfFER#Z.—THE CABBAGE FAMILY

A very large, very natural, and very important Order, well
described by the name Cvucifere, or cross-bearing, there being
invariably 4 fezads, which are placed crosswise. They are mostly
herbs with a watery juice and pungent taste. The /eaves are
radical and cauline, the former in a rosette ; the latter scattered
and exstipulate. The /owers are in an ebracteate raceme. ‘There
are 4 sepals, the two lateral ones often pouched at the base;
4 petals, placed diagonally ; and 6 stamens, in 2 whorls, the two
outer, opposite the lateral (pouched) sepals, shorter, the 4 inner
longer, whence Linnzeus classed all the members of this Order in
his class Zetradyndmia (see p. xxix). There are usually 4 honey-
32 CRUCf{FERE

secreting glands on the receptacle, one in front of each sepal.

There are two carpe/s, united to form a dry pod-like fruit. This
is generally compressed and dehisces by valves, when if elongated
it is termed a s¢/gua, if short and broad, a sz/ic/e. A partition, or
septum, dividing it into two chambers crosses its interior, either
parallel with the valves, z. e. across the longer transverse diameter
(latisept), or at right angles with them (angustisepz?).
In some genera the pod is divided into several trans-
verse, 1-seeded joints, when it is termed a Zomentum.
The seeds are small, exalbuminous, and oily. Their
relatively large cotyledons are variously placed with
reference to the vadicle or primary embryonic root,
this root being either zzcumbent, or folded against
the back of one cotyledon, or accumbent, folded
Silicle
erd s
ofFurse.
Shep- against the. edges. .
of both. The plants of this
Order are rich in nitrogen and sulphur, and have an
unpleasant odour when boiling or rotting. Ina wild state they
are almost always pungent and even acrid; but none of them are
poisonous, and many of them have valuable stimulant properties,
besides their use in medicine as antiscorbutics, or remedies against
scurvy. Under cultivation many of them become more succu-
lent and form some of our most useful vegetables, such as the
cabbage, turnip, radish, cress, and sea-kale. There are at least
1,200 species, mostly natives of the temperate zone, chiefly in the
Old World. ‘They form a considerable proportion of the vegeta-
tion of Arctic latitudes.

Sub-order I, Stliquése. Fruit a latisept stliqua

Tribe 1. Arabidee. Cotyledons accumbent
* Stigma 2-lobed
1. MatrufoLa.— Stigma of two erect lobes ; flowers large, lilac
or violet.
*2, CHEIRANTHUS.— Stigma of two spreading lobes; flowers
large, yellow ;fod compressed with two prominent longitudinal
ribs.
** Stigma small, undivided
3. RapfcuLa,—Ca/lyx spreading; fod cylindric ; va/ves convex;
seeds minute, 2-seriate.
4. BARBAREA.—Calyx erect ;fod 4-angled ; seeds 1-seriate.
s. ARABIS.—Fod linear, flat, obtuse ; va/ves with one longitu-
dinal rib or several veins, not elastic.
 CABBAGE FAMILY 33
6. CARDAMINE.—/od flat ; valves veinless, separating with an
elastic spring ; seeds 1-seriate, on thread-like stalks.
7. DenTAR1A.—Similar, but with dilated, winged seed-sta/hs.
Tribe 2. Sisymbrie. Seeds 1-seriate ; cotyledons incumbent
*8. HEsPERIS.—St#gma 2-lobed, decurrent ; fod 4-angled ;
valves keeled, 3-veined ; hairs spreading.
9. SISYMBRIUM.— Stigma undivided ; fod cylindric or 4-angled;
valves convex, 1—3-veined; Aazrs spreading, or absent; seed-
stalks thread-like.
ro. ALLIARIA.—Similar, but with flattened, winged seed-stadhs.
11. ErYsiMuM.—Szgma undivided, or notched ; fod 4-angled ;
valves keeled, 1-veined ; /azrs adpressed, forked.
Tribe 3. Brassuee. Cotyledons incumbent, folded longitudinally ;
flowers yellow
12. BrAssica.—Sepa/s erect ; pod nearly cylindric; seeds 1-
seriate.
13. SINAPIS.— Sepals spreading ; fod nearly cylindric ; seeds 1-
seriate.
14. DipLorAxis:—/od compressed ; seeds 2-seriate.

Sub-order If. Latisépte. Fruit a latisept silicle

Tribe 4. Alyssinee. Cotyledons accumbent
*15. ALyssuM.—Fefa/s entire; fod roundish, compressed,
few-seeded.
16. DrAsa.—Fefa/s entire or 2-cleft ; od oval or oblong, com-
pressed or turgid ; seeds numerous, 2-seriate.
17. CocHLEARIA.—efals entire; fod globose or nearly so ;
valves very convex, keeled ; seeds numerous, 2-seriate.
18. ARMORACIA.—Similar, but with no dorsal vein to the valves
of the pod.
Tribe 5. Camelinee. Cotyledons incumbent
*19. CAMEL{NA.—A tall herb, with cauline aves, sessile,
auricled ; Zod ovate, inflated, beaked ; s¢yZ persistent.
20. SUBULARIA.—A small aquatic plant; /eaves subulate ; pod
oval-oblong ; valves boat-shaped ; seeds numerous.
Sub-order III. Angustisipte. Fruit an angustisept silicle
Tribe 6. Lepidinee. Cotyledons incumbent ; flowers white
21. CapskLLA.—Fod inversely heart-shaped, flat ; va/ves boat-
shaped, keeled ; seeds many.
D
34 CRUC{FER

22. Coronopus.—/od reniform, 2-lobed, indehiscent, 2-seeded.

23. Lepfp1uM.—fod roundish, compressed, keeled, 2—4-
seeded.
Tribe 7. Thlaspidee. Cotyledons accumbent ; flowers white
24. THiAspi.—Fetals equal; fod rounded, flat, notched ;
valves boat-shaped, winged at the back ; seeds numerous.
25. Ipéris.—Vfeta/s unequal ;fod ovate, notched ; valves boat-
shaped, winged at the back ; seeds 2.
26. ‘TEESDALEA.—fe/a/s unequal; fod roundish, notched ;
valves boat-shaped, keeled ; seeds 4.
27. Hutcuinsia.—fera/s equal; fod elliptic, entire; valves
boat-shaped, keeled ; seeds 4.

Sub-order IV. Lomentdcee. Fruit indehiscent or lomentaceous

Tribe 8. Lsatidee.
Pod indehiscent, 1-chambered, 1-seeded ;
cotyledons incumbent
*28. Isatis.—od compressed ; valves keeled.
Tribe 9. Cakilinee. Lomentum 2-jointed
29. CRAMBE.—Lower joint seedless ; upper 1-seeded.
30. CakfL&.—Each joint 1-seeded.
Tribe 10. Raphinee. Lomentum tapering or monoliform,
many-seeded
31. RAPHANUS.—/od smooth, inflated; s¢yée persisting as a
beak.
1. MarrufoLta (Stock).—Herbs, sometimes shrubby, downy
with stellate hairs; sepals erect; petals with long claws; seeds
winged. (Named in honour of Matthiolus, an Italian physician.)
1. MZ. sinudta (Great Sea Stock).—Sztem herbaceous, spreading
1—2 feet ; /eaves oblong, downy, the lower ones sinuate-toothed ;
flowers 1 in. across, purple, fragrant by night; Jods rough,
glandular.—South and south-west coasts.—Fl. May—August.
Biennial. :
2. M. incéna (Hoary Shrubby Stock).—Szem shrubby, erect,
branched, 1—2 feet, hoary; J/eaves lanceolate, generally entire,
hoary ; /éowevs 1—2 in. across, purple ; ods eglandular.— Cliffs in
the Isle of Wight.—Fl. May, June. Perennial. The ‘“ Queen
Stock” of gardens.
*2. CHEIRANTHUS (Wallflower).—Herbs, sometimes shrubby,
pubescent with adpressed bipartite hairs ; sepads erect ; peZals with
 CABBAGE FAMILY 35

long claws ; seeds compressed. (Name said to be of Arabic

origin.)
Rew. Cheri (Wallflower).—Svem shrubby ; Zaves lanceolate,
acute, entire; lowers 1 in. across, yellow, fragrant; ods 4-
angled.—Not indigenous ; but naturalised an many old walls.—

\ ft
\\

AA
‘

\Wy 7
\y ;

y
We|

MATTHIOLA INCANA (Hoary Shrubby Stock).

Fl. April—June. Biennial. Many varieties, with red and brown

flowers, are cultivated in gardens.
3. RapfcuLa (Watercress).—Glabrous, mostly aquatic herbs;
flowers small, yellow or white ; sepals spreading Zeza/s with short
claws. (Name, a diminutive from vadix, a root, anciently applied
to a small edible radish.)
* Flowers white
1. &. Nasturtium-agudticum (Common Watercress).—Leaves
2
26 CRUC{FERE

pinnate ; Zeaffets 7-13, ovate or oblong, sub-cordate, sinuate-den-

tate, glabrous.—Abundant in rivulets and extensively cultivated as
a salad. ‘The only plant likely to be mistaken for it by watercress
gatherers, Apium nodiflorum (see p. 204), has hollow leaf-stalks,
and serrated leaflets, which watercress has not. (Name from
nasus tortus, a distorted nose, on account of the pungent pro-

CHEIRANTHUS CHEIRI (Wadiflower).

perties of the genus. The possession of similar properties
caused a widely dissimilar plant, the Zropeolum of our gardens,
to be also originally called Nasturtium.)—Fl. May—October.
Perennial. ?
** Flowers yellow
2. FR. sylvéstris (Creeping Yellow Cress).—/Ahizome creeping;
Zeaves deeply pinnatifid ; /eafsegments lanceolate ;flowers minute ;
petals twice as long as the calyx ;fods linear.—Watery places.—
Fl. June—September. Perennial. :
 CABBAGE FAMILY 37

3. &. palisivis (Marsh Yellow Cress).— foot fibrous; aves

lyrate, pinnatifid Zowers } in. across ; fefa/s not longer than calyx ;
pods oblong.—Watery places.—F]. June—October.

4. BARBAREA (Winter Cress).— Erect, branched, glabrous,

biennial herbs ; sée angular ; fefa/s yellow, clawed ; pods straight,
stiff, 4-angled, acuminate. (Dedicated to St. Barbara.)

RADICULA NASTURTIUM-AQUATICUM (Common Watercress.

1. B. vulgéris (Common Winter Cress).—Lower leaves lyrately

pinnate, the terminal lobe roundish; w/ferv, obovate, toothed ;
raceme lax ; flowers small; duds smooth ; daw of petals whitish.
Common in moist waste ground,-where it may be readily recog-
nised by its smooth, shining, dark green aves, and its erect,
angular stem, bearing numerous bright yellow ffowers. Two
forms, differing chiefly in the size of their petals and the direc-
tion of their pods, are distinguished as &. stricta and B. inter-
38 CRUCIFER

média.—_A variety with double flowers is frequent in gardens under

the name of Yellow Rocket.—Fl. May—August. Biennial. —
2.* B. vérna (American Cress), differing in a more slender
habit, narrower /eaves, larger //ower's in a closer raceme and longer
pods, and flowering earlier, is a common garden escape, being
grown as a Salad.
5. Arasis (Rock Cress).—Herbs growing in dry places, mostly
local in Britain ; radical /eaves spathulate; flowers small; sepals
short ; Zetals clawed ; pods
linear, compressed, keeled,
not elastic. (Name from
Arabia, the native country
of several of the species.)
Le
RL aegs 1. A. alpina (Alpine
Rock Cress).—A low-grow-
ing plant, with its caudne
leaves downy with branched
hairs, lanceolate, acute,
amplexicaul, toothed, and
its pods erect, on spread-
ing hairy stalks, occurs on
the Cuchullin Mountains
in the Isle of Skye. Peren-
nial,
2. A. petrea (Mountain
Rock Cress), — Generally
glabrous; stem 3—8 in.
high, branched below;
radical leaves \yrately pin-
natifid ; cauwline leaves sub-
BARBAREA=VULGARIS (Common Winter Cress).
entire, stalked ; flowers
corymbose, white, tinged with purple-—On rocks in Wales and
Scotland.—F]. June—August. Perennial.
3. A. scdbra (Bristol Rock Cress), with hispid, sinuate-dentate
radical leaves, sessile cauline leaves and cream-coloured flowers,
grows on limestone rocks at Bristol and Cheddar.—F]. March—
May. Perennial.
4. A. alidta (Ciliate Rock Cress), with leaves smooth on both
sides, but fringed with forked hairs at the edges, and white
jJiowers, grows on rocks by the sea near Tenby, and in the south
and west of Ireland.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
5. A. hirsita (Hairy Rock Cress).—Hispid ; stems many, about
t foot high, with numerous caz/ine /eaves, heart-shaped at the base
 CABBAGE FAMILY 39

and amplexicaul; lowers small, white. A stiff, erect plant,

frequent on walls and banks.—Fl. June—August. Biennial.
6.* A. Zurrita (Hairy Tower Mustard), naturalised, but very

ARABIS GLABRA (S7zcoth Tower Mustard).

rare, on old walls, chiefly at Oxford and Cambridge, has an erect

stem, over a foot high, with forked hairs, amplexicaul cau/ine
eaves, and bracteate yellow flowers.—F]. May—July. Perennial.
7. A. elébra (Smooth Tower Mustard).—Erect, glaucous ; stem
4o CRUC{FERA

1—2 feet high, unbranched ; vadical leaves, toothed, hairy, and

soon withering ; cawdine leaves glabrous, triangular, entire, auri-
cled ; fowers pale yellow.—It grows on banks and cliffs ;but is
local.—Fl. May—July. Biennial.

CARDAMINE PRATENSIS (Cuckoo Flower, or Lady's Suzock).

(

6. CarpaAmfné& (Bitter Cress).—Bitter herbs, mostly widely dis-

tributed, glabrous ; aves pinnate ; flowers conspicuous, either
individually or from corymbose arrangement ; pods linear, com-
 CABBAGE FAMILY 4I

pressed, elastic. (Name from the Greek ardia, the heart, damao,
I overpower, from the supposed properties of the genus.)
1. C. amdra (Large-flowered Bitter Cress). — Stem 1—2 feet

CARDAMINE HIRSUTA SISYMBRIUM THALIANUM, p. 43

(Hairy Bitter Cress). (Thale Cress).

high, with runners ; /eaves pinnate ; /eaffets angular, those of the

radical leaves roundish, those of the. cauline leaves oblong;
jdowers 4 in. across; petals white; azthers purple.—River-sides;
not common.—Fl. April—June. Perennial.
2. C. praténsis (Lady’s Smock, Cuckoo Flower).—Stem about
42 CRUC{FERA

afoot high; aves pinnate ; /eaflets of radical leaves roundish,

angular, those of the cauline leaves linear-lanceolate ; flowers ta
? in. across; fefals lilac or white; anthers yellow. — Moist
‘meadows ; a familiar spring favourite. A variety is sometimes
found wild, which is remarkably proliferous, the leaflets and even

DENTARIA BULRBIFERA (Bulbiferous Coral-root).

the leaves of the flower, producing buds when they come in

contact with the ground.—F1. April—June. Perennial.
3. C. hirsita (Hairy Bitter Cress). — Stem erect, with few
leaves ; /eaves similar to those of C. prazénsis, sometimes hairy ;
flowers very small, white; s/amens only four ; anthers yellow.—
A common weed everywhere, varying in size according to soil
and situation, from 6—18 in. in height. In dry localities it
ripens its seeds in April, or even in March, and withers away ;
 CABBAGE FAMILY 43

but in damper places continues in flower all the summer. The

very small white flowers are soon overtopped by the lengthen-
ing pods, the valves of which, when ripe, curl up elastically,
scattering the seeds to a considerable distance.—Fl. March—
August. Annual.
4. C. flexuésa (Wavy Bitter Cress).—A]most equally common,
differs in having a more wavy and more leafy s/em, and usually
six stamens and a longer s¢y/e.—Shady places.—Fl. April—
September. Biennial or perennial.
5. C. impdtiens (Narrow-leaved Bitter Cress).—A stout, erect,
glabrous, leafy plant ;Zaves with fringed stipule-like auricles;
leaflets narrow ;flowers } in. across, white.—Moist rocks, chiefly
limestone ; rare.—Fl. May—August. Annual.
7. DENTARIA (Coral-root).—Perennial herbs with fleshy tooth-
like scales on their rhizomes ; flowers large; sepals erect, equal ;
petals clawed; pods lanceolate, compressed, with elastic valves;
seeds 1-seriate; funicle dilated, winged. (Name from the Latin
dens, a tooth, from its tooth-like scales.)
1. D. bulbifera (Bulbiferous Coral-root).— An erect, unbranched
plant, with dower eaves pinnate, upper “eaves simple, lanceolate,
serrate, or entire, easily distinguished from any other British plant
in the Order by its rose-coloured or purple //owers, 3—#? in. across,
the white, tooth-like knobs on its ~/zzome, and the dark purple
bulbils in the axils of the upper leaves.—Shady places, chiefly in
the south-east of England ; rare—Fl. April—June. Perennial.
*8. HéspERIS (Dame’s Violet).—Erect, stout, leafy plants;
leaves simple ; flowers large; sepals erect, lateral pair gibbous;
petals clawed ; pods long, slender, cylindric, constricted between
the seeds. (Name from the Greek Aésféros, evening, from its
being fragrant in the evening.)
1.* H, matrondlis (Dame’s Violet) is a garden escape, with
ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acuminate /eaves, and white or lilac
flowers, ? in. across.—FI. April-—July. Biennial.
g. SISYMBRIUM (Hedge-mustard).—Annual or biennial herbs,
with unbranched hairs or none; /fowers in lax racemes, generally
yellow ;Aods narrow, linear. (Name of Greek origin.)
1. S. Zhalidnum (Thale Cress or Wall Cress)—S/em erect,
slender, 6—10 in. high, branched ; “aves mostly radical, simple,
oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent ; fowers minute, white ; pods
linear, obscurely four-angled, ascending, twice as long as their
stalks.—Common on dry banks and walls.—Fl. April—October.
Annual.
 ~

44 CRUCIFER&

2. S. officind (Common Hedge-mustard).—S/em 1—2 feet

high, rough ; dranches horizontal ; /eaves hairy, deeply lobed, with
the points turned backward (runcinate), the terminal lobe large ;
flowers small, yellow ; gods downy, closely pressed to the stem,
subulate.—It grows in waste places and by roadsides, where it
seems to have a peculiar aptitude for collecting and retaining
dust.—Fl. June, July. Annual.
3. S. Sdphia (Flixweed).—Downy; stem _ slender, erect,
branched ; /eaves twice pinnatifid, segments narrow, linear ; flowers
small, greenish yellow ; petals
shorter than the calyx; fods terete,
narrow, constricted between the
numerous seeds.—Waste places ;
not uncommon.— Fl. June—
August. Annual. By the old
herbalists it was called Sdphia
chirurgorum, ‘Wisdom of ‘sur-
geons,” from its use in healing
wounds.
4. S. frio (London Rocket).—
Glabrous ; s¢em erect, branched ;
Jeaves runcinate, dentate ; flowers
small, yellow ; fods narrow, linear,
four times as long as their stalks,
—A leafy plant about 2 feet high,
occurring in waste ground near
old towns, but rare. It is known
pee Bepiee saen as London Rocket because it
covered the ground in the spring
after the Great Fire of 1666.—Fl. July, August. Annual.
Two other species are naturalised, S. polycerdtium ; a prostrate
form with lowers and fods in threes in the axils of bracts, growing
near Bury St. Edmunds; and ‘SS. altisstmum, near Crosby,
Lancashire, and in and near London, with runcinate aves,
spreading sepals, and pedicels nearly as thick as the pods.
ro. ALLIARIA {Garlic-Mustard).—Annual and biennial herbs,
glabrous or with a fewsimple hairs ; aves stalked ; flowers white ;
corymbose ; gods long, 4-angled; seeds 1-seriate, striate, on
flattened, winged funicles. (Name from the Latin 4//zum, garlic.)
1. A. officinalis (Garlic-Mustard, Jack-by-the-Hedge, or Sauce-
alone).— Stem erect, slightly branched, 1—z2 feet highs /aves
broadly heart-shaped, coarsely toothed, with prominent veins;
Jiowers } in. across ; fods 24 in. long.—Hedge-rows ; common.—
 CABBAGE FAMILY 45

Fl. Aprii—June. Annual or Biennial. An early-flowering and

attractive plant, with delicate green leaves and snow-white flowers,
but emitting a nauseous smell of garlic when gathered. It was
formerly used as a sauce.
11. EryYstmuM (Treacle-mustard).— Hoary herbs, with adpressed
forked hairs; /eaves simple, without auricles; pods narrow, linear,

ALLIARIA OFFICINALIS (Garlic Mustard).

compressed ; valves keeled, 1-veined. (Name from the Greek

eruo, 1 draw blisters.)
1. £. cheiranthoides (Worm-seed, Treacle-mustard).—S/em erect,
branched, 1 to 2 feet high; /eaves lanceolate, acute, slightly
toothed, with three-forked hairs, dull green ; //owers small, yellow ;
sepals whitish ;fod’s 1 in. long, erect, on short-spreading stalks.—
Generally in cultivated ground ; uncommon,—F]. June—August.
Annual,
46 CRUCIFER&

2.* E. perfolidtum (Hare’s-ear Treacle-mustard), with glaucous

oval Zeaves and cream-coloured //owers, occurs as an escape.—F'l.
May—July. Annual.
12. BrAssicaA (Cabbage).—Herbs, with long racemes “of con-
a «. spicuous flowers, with sepals
(ee, erect, and long, nearly cylin-
LY a7 dric Zod, and seeds in one row.
FY \ fos (Name, the Latin name for
| cabbage.)
1. B. olerdécea (Wild Cab-
bage). —Rhizome stout,
branched; dzanches usually
decumbent, tortuous, fleshy;
leaves glabrous, glaucous, ob-
tuse, often a foot across ;
vacemes elongated; flowers 1
in. across, pale yellow; ods
2—3 in. long, beak subulate.
—Sea-cliffs in the south and
west. —Fl. May—August. Bi-
ennial. The original of all the
varieties of garden cabbage,
including broccoli, cauliflower,
kohl-rabi, &c.
2. B. campéstris (Navew).—
A group-name for a series of
weeds occurring in cultivated
ground, probably not wild, ac-
cording to Sir Joseph Hooker,
‘in this or any other country.”
— Radical leaves \yrately-pin-
nate, dentate; cauline leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acute, auri-
cled, amplexicaul ; vacemes
corymbose.—Fl. June—Sep-
i tember. ‘This group includes
BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS (Coston Wild Navew). q20 Napus (Rape or Cole-seed),

with a fusiform 7o/, and all its eaves glabrous and glaucous, and
yellow flowers, which is cultivated for the sake of the Colza and
Carcel oil pressed from its seeds, the refuse being used, under the
name of oil-cake, for feeding cattle; B. Rutabéga (Swede), with a
turnip-shaped voo¢ and all its /eaves glaucous, the radical ones
hispid and the cauline ones glabrous, and buff //owers, the roots
 CABBAGE FAMILY 47

of which are used as cattle-food; and 2. Rdpa (Turnip), with

turnip shaped root, lower leaves hispid but not glaucous, upper
leaves glaucous and glabrous, and bright yellow //owers, which is
perhaps the most truly wild and ancestral form.
3. B. monénsis (Isle of Man Cabbage).—R/izome stout, woody ;
stem 6—24 1n. high, usually prostrate; /eaves mostly radical,
glabrous, deeply pinnatifid ;/owers bright lemon-yellow, veined
with purple.—Sandy sea-shores on the west coast of Britain ; rare.
—F]. May-—August. Perennial. ono es
4. B. Cheirdnthus (Jersey
Cabbage) is an allied species,
found in the Channel Islands,
differing in having an erect
leafy stem, 1—3 feet high and
hispid éaves.
13. SinApis (Mustard).—
Herbs, annual or biennial, very
similar to the Cabbages ; but
with spreading sepals. (Name
from the Greek szzéfz, mustard.)
1. S. migra (Black Mustard).
— Stem 2—3 feet high, branch-
ed, hispid ; /ower leaves large,
rough, lyrate; wpper leaves
linear-lanceolate, stalked gla-
brous; lowers 4—4 in. across,
yellow ; Aods erect, adpressed,
4-angled, glabrous, beak short,
subulate.—Fl. June —August.
Annual. Its seeds yield table
mustard. SINAFIS ARVENSIS (Wild Mustard, Charlock).
2. S. adpressa, growing in
sandy places in the Channel Islands, is more branched and has
very short pods.
3. S. arvénsis (Wild Mustard, Charlock).—Hispid; aves
lyrately pinnatifid, rough ; /Zowers sub-corymbose, }—3 in. across,
bright yellow; fods spreading, linear, many-angled, generally
hispid, 15—2 in. long, constricted.—A common weed in corn-
fields, sometimes springing up in profusion from recently disturbed
ground, though previously unknown there.—Fl._ May—August.
Annual.
4. S. alba (White Mustard).—Hispid with reflexed hairs;
Jiowers 5 in. across, yellow; pods spreading, 2 in. long, hispid
48 CRUCIFERZ

with a flat, two-edged, sword-like beak.—Waste ground.—Fl. June,

July. Annual. Seedlings of this species are largely eaten, with
those of Cress (Lefidium sativum), as salad.
14. DrpLorAxis (Rocket) has spreading sefads ; but differs from
the mustards in its flattened fods with membranous valves and
seeds in two rows. (Name from the Greek dz/os, double, ¢axzs,
rank or row.)
1. D. tenuifolia (Wall Rocket).—Slender, branched, 1—2 feet
high ; s¢em woody below; /eaves deeply divided into long narrow
segments, glaucous ; /owers } in. across, light yellow, fragrant ;
pods short, linear, erect, on very long slender stalks.—On old
walls.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.
2. D. murdélis (Sand Rocket), a less branched, hispid, herba-
ceous, and generally annual species, grows in waste ground,
especially near the sea.
*15. ALYsSUM, a genus of small plants, mostly hoary with
adpressed hairs, with simple /eaves, small white or yellow lowers,
and rounded, few-seeded ods, includes three alien species,
sometimes naturalised: A. zxcénum, A. alyssoides, with stellate
hairs ; yellow flowers, and persistent sepals, and A. maritimum,
with bi-partite Zairs ; white, sweet-scented flowers, and deciduous
sepals,
16. DrABA (Whitlow-grass).—Small herbs, mostly perennial
and hoary with stellate hairs; /eaves small, simple, the radical
ones ina rosette ; flowers small, white or yellow ;Jods compressed
or turgid. (Name from the Greek dradé, acrid.)
* Flowers white
1. D. murdlis (Speedwell-leaved Whitlow-grass).—Szem leafy,
branched, about a foot high; Zaves rough, with stellate hairs,
egg-shaped, blunt, toothed, embracing the stem ; fedzce/s spreading
horizontally —Limestone hills in the west of England; rare.—
Fl. April, May. Annual. 3
2. D. inciéna (Twisted Whitlow-grass).—Sztem leafy, branched,
A—14 in. high; /eaves hoary with stellate down, lanceolate,
toothed ; sods twisted.—Mountains, and sandhills near the sea;
uncommon.—FIl. June, July. Perennial.
3. D. rupéstris (Rock Whitlow-grass).—.Stems several, 1—2 in.
high, almost leafless ; /eaves rosulate, stellately pubescent, ciliate.
—In crevices of the rocks and among moss on the summits
of some Highland mountains; very rare.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
 CABBAGE FAMILY 49

4. D. vérna (Spring Whitlow-grass).—Svem a single, slender,

leafless scape; /eaves rosulate, lanceolate, hairy ; /Zowers minute ;
petals deeply bi-lobed ; fods varying very much in form and com-
pression.—Common on walls and dry banks. —F 1. February—July.
Annual.
** Flowers yellow
5. D. aizdides (Yellow Alpine Whitlow-grass).—S/em leafless,
I—5 in. high; /eaves rosulate, linear, glabrous, ciliate; esas
slightly notched.—On rocks and walls at Pennard Castle, near
Swansea, where it forms dense tufts with bright yellow flowers.—
Fl. March—May. Perennial.
17. COCHLEARIA (Scurvy-grass).—Glabrous herbs, with simple,
often fleshy eaves ; small white flowers ; and
nearly globose ods, with prominent dorsal
veins. (Name from the Latin cochlear, a
spoon, from the shape of the leaves in some
species.) The plants of this genus derive
their English name from the relief which they
afford to sailors suffering from scurvy, in con-
sequence of their being debarred from the
use of fresh vegetables. This antiscorbutic
quality is shared to an equal degree by other
plants of the Order; but these were most
readily available from growing near the sea.
Steam navigation and the consequent short-
ening of voyages, preserved vegetables, and OF pte te
the use of limejuice have, however, rendered (Vernal Whitlow-grass).
this dreadful disease much less common.
1. C. officindlis (Common Scurvy-grass).—S¢em often much
branched, ro in. high; radical /eaves stalked, orbicular or reni-
form, cordate; caudine l/eaves amplexicaul, lobed; j/fowers in
rather large corymbs; fod nearly globose.—-On muddy sea-
shores; common.—Fl. May, June. Annual.
2. C. alpina (Alpine Scurvy-grass).—A smaller form with an
obovoid fod.—On lofty mountains.
3. C. ddnica (Danish Scurvy-grass).—Another small form, with
stalked, deltoid aves and an ovate fod.— Cliffs and hedges near
the sea; common.—F]. March—August. Biennial.
4. C. dnglica (English Scurvy-grass).—Branches 1o—18 in.
long ; radical leaves not cordate, fleshy ; flowers and pods larger
than in C. officinalis, the latter somewhat elongate, nearly 4
in.
in length. Muddy seashores; common.—Fl. May—August.
Annual.
E
50 CRUCIFERE

Two other small species allied to C. dénica, C. grenlindica,

with fleshy eaves, and C. micdécea, a perennial with long claws
to its relatively large fe¢a/s, are found in the north of Scotland.

18. ARMoRAcIA (Horse-radish).—Perennial glabrous herbs,

with rhizomes; flowers
small, white or yellow;
pods short, broad, nearly
globose, with no dorsal
veins. (Name of uncertain
origin.)
1. A. rusticéna (Horse-
radish). — RAzzome stout,
long, cylindric, white and
pungent ; drauches 2—3
feet high; vadical Leaves
8—12 in. long, on stalks a
foot long, oblong, wavy,
crenate ; cauline leaves sub-
sessile, lanceolate, serrate ;
flowers small; pods not
ripening in England.—
Waste-ground ; a common
escape from kitchen gar-
dens ; but not indigenous.
—F]. May—June. Perennial.
2. A. amphibia (Amphi-
bious Yellow Cress).—
Roots fibrous; rhizome
short, stoloniferous ; /eaves
pinnatifid or deeply serrate ;
petals, twice as long as the
calyx.—A large plant, 2—4
feet high, growing on the
banks of rivers, or partly
OCHLEARIA OFFICINALIS (Common Scurvy-Grass).
submerged, remarkable for
its numerous runners or
stulons.—F'l. June—September. Perennial.

*1r9. CAMELfNA SATIVA (Gold of Pleasure) is another escape

from cultivation. It has tall, slender s/ems ; with obtuse, auricled
cauline leaves ; small yellow flowers and obovoid inflated pods.—
Fl. June, July. Annual. (Name from the Greek chamaz, dwarf,
finon, flax.) ‘The plant is cultivated for the oil in its seeds.
 CABBAGE FAMILY 51

20. SuBULARIA (Awl-wort). A small submerged aquatic herb ;

Zeaves all radical, subulate (awl-shaped) ; //awers few, small, white,
on a scape, I—3 in. long, sometimes perfected under water.
(Name from the Latin swéu/a, an awl.) ;
1. S. agudtica (Water Awl-wort).—The only species, common
on the gravelly bottoms of mountain lakes.—Fl. June—August.
Perennial.
21. CAPSELLA (Shepherd’s Purse). Annual herbs, Zowers small,
white ; Zedice/s slender ;pods compressed, inversely heart-shaped;

\\.

COCHLEARIA DANICA SUBULARIA AQUATICA

(Danish Scurvy-Grass). (Water Awtl-wort).

valves boat-shaped, keeled, but not winged. (Name, the Latin

diminutive of cafsa, a box.
1. C. Sursa-pastoris (Common Shepherd’s Purse).—A com-
mon weed, to be found in almost every part of the world, varying
considerably in size, and the division of its leaves. The whole
plant is more or less rough with branched hairs; root tapering ;
stem 6—16 in. high, branched ; radical “eaves pinnatifid ; cauwline
leaves auricled; jefa/s sometimes converted into stamens.—F1.
nearly all the year round. Annual.

22. CordNnopus (Wart-cress).—Branched, prostrate herbs;

KE 2
52 CRUC{FER4

flowers minute, white, in short lateral racemes; ods reniform,

indehiscent, or splitting into two indehiscent lobes; seeds one in
each lobe. (Name from the Greek hovénos, a raven, fous, foot.)
' 1. C. didymus (Lesser Wart-cress).— Stem prostrate, branched,
slender, hairy, a foot or more in length; /eaves finely pinnatifid
or bi-pinnatifid ; ods separating into two hard, wrinkled lobes.
Waste ground near the sea in south-west. It emits a very power-

CAPSELLA BURSA PASTORIS CORONOPUS DIDYMUS

(Common Shepherd's Purse). (Lesser Wart-cress).

ful smell, like that of Pepper-cress, especially when trodden on,

or in hot weather; and has a particularly nauseous taste.— Fl.
July—September. Annual.
2. C. proctmbens (Wart-cress or Swine’s cress).—Glabrous, less
branched and with larger, less divided aves and larger fods
than C. didymus. ‘The pods are indehiscent. A common road-
side weed. —F]. June—September. Annual.
23. Lepfp1um (Pepperwort).—Herbs with small white /Zowers ,;
some of the fefa/s or stamens often absent; fods rounded or
obcordate, much compressed, generally 2-seeded ; valves keeled
 CABBAGE FAMILY re

or winged. (Name from the Greek lépis, a scale, from the flattened
pods.)
* Style minute
1. L. latifolium (Broad-leaved Pepperwort, Dittander).—The
largest British species, glabrous and glaucous; stem 2—4 feet

‘
' ,
LEPIDIUM LATIFOLIUM (Broad-leaved Pepperwort).

high, erect, much branched, leafy, with runners; radical leaves

stalked, ovate, lanceolate, serrate, often a foot long ; cauline leaves
sessile, lanceolate ; flowers numerous, small, white, in leafy pani-
cles ; pods oval, not notched or winged, downy.—In salt marshes ;
rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
2. L. ruderdlé (Narrow-leaved Pepperwort).—A smaller plant,
glabrous or slightly pubescent ; stem a foot high, branched ; radr-
54 CRUC{FER

cal leaves pinnatifid with narrow segments ; cauwdine leaves linear,

entire ; Zedals absent ; stamens 2; pod oval, notched, winged at
the top.—Waste places near the sea; uncommon.—F'. May, June.
Annual. cy
3.* ZL. sativum (Common Cress).—A similar plant, occurring
as an escape from cultivation; fod more completely winged.
Annual.

** Style distinct
4. L. campéstré (Field Pepperwort).—Pubescent ; sem 16—18
in. high, erect, slightly branched ; eaves hoary, upper ones arrow-

LEPIDIUM CAMPESTRE (Field Pepperwort).

shaped at the base; anthers yellow; pod rough with minute

scales ; s¢y/e not longer than the notch in the pod. A common
weed.—Fl. May—August. Annual or biennial.
5. L. heterophillum (Hairy Pepperwort).—More downy, more
woody, and more branched ; azthers violet ; fod less scaly ; style
much longer than the notch. As common as ZL. campéstré.—F.
April—August. Perennial.
6.* ZL. Drdba. — Stem flexuous, leafy, a foot in height,
branched; Zeaves hoary, oblong, /ower ones stalked, upper ones arrow-
shaped at the base ; //owers many, small, corymbose, long-stalked ;
pod cordate, constricted between the valves; valves swoilen ;
style slender. Not indigenous.—Fl. May—-June. Perennial.
24. THLASPI (Penny Cress).—Glabrous herbs; radical leaves
rosulate ; cauline leaves sessile, sagittate ;jlowers small, white ;
 CABBAGE FAMILY 55

petals equal, obovate; fod rounded, flat, notched, valves boat-

shaped, winged ; seeds numerous. (Name, the old Greek name
of the genus, connected with ¢//ao, I flatten.)
1. 7. arvénsé (Mithridate Mustard, Penny Cress). — Svem
slender, erect, a foot high; cauline “eaves oblong, sagittate,
toothed ; fowers much smaller than the pods, in a lengthening
raceme ; pods round, flat, with very broad wings, and a deep

THLASPI ARVENSE (Penny Cress).

notch, $—# in. across.—Fields ; frequent. It derives its popular

names from the resemblance of its seed-vessels in size and shape
to silver pennies, and from having formerly been used in a medi-
cine known as the Mithridate confection.—FI. all the summer.
Annual.
2. I. perfolidétum (Perfoliate Penny Cress).—A smaller, much-
branched species ; stem-deaves sessile, oblong, heart-shaped at the
base, amplexicaul, but not truly perfoliate ;fZowers minute; fod
56. CRUC{FERE

small, inversely heart-shaped ; sty/e very short.—Waste places on

a limestone soil in Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, Bucking-
hamshire, and Middlesex; but very rare. — Fl. April, May.
Annual.
3. L. alpéstré (Alpine Penny Cress).—Another small species,
but little branched ; s¢em-/eaves arrow-shaped at the base; /loqwers
and pods rather larger than in 7! perfolidétum ; style longer than
the notch of the pod.--Mountainous limestone pastures in the
north of England; rare.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
4. TZ. virens, a closely-allied species, occurs on rocks at
Matlock.

25. Ingris (Candytuft).— Small branched glabrous heros;

flowers corymbose, white or red, rendered conspicuous by their
ey corymbose arrangement and by the two
ig outer petals in each flower being much
ay Ok enlarged; fod ovate, notched; valves
& boat-shaped, winged; seeds 2. (Name
from Iberia (Spain), where many species
grow.)
1. [. améra (Bitter Candytuft).—Svem
6—r1o in. high; aves sessile, oblong-
lanceolate; vacemes lengthening after
flowering ;flowers white or red; pods
small ; zezzgs pointed above ; sty/e longer
than the wings.—Chalky fields in the
south and east of England.—Fl. July.
ve ene ay ae iene Annual. Commonly grown in gardens.

26. TEESDALEA.—Small, annual, glabrous herbs; “eaves all

radical, pinnatifid ;/owers minute, white, on a corymbose scape;
petals generally unequal; fod roundish, notched, keeled; seeds 4.
(Named after Robert Teesdale, a Yorkshire botanist.)
1. Z. nudicails (Naked-stalked ‘l’eesdalea).—The only British
Species, a minute and not inelegant plant with aves closely
pressed to the ground and several slender leafless scapes, 2—4 in.
high ; two outer feza/s twice as long as the others.—Dry banks ;
not common. Fl. April—June. ©Annual.

27. Hurcuinsia.—A small, annual, much-branched herb, with

pinnatifid /eaves ; flowers minute,white, in racemes,which lengthen
after flowering ; Aefa/s equal ; pod minute, compressed, keeled ;
seeds 4. (Named after Miss Hutchins, an Irish botanist.)
1. H. petrea (Rock Hutchinsia).—The only British species, a
 CABBAGE FAMILY 57

pretty little plant from 2—5 in. high. Zeaves elegantly pinnatifid;
pods elliptic.—Limestone rocks, chiefly in the west of England ;
rare.—F]. March—May. Annual.
*28. Isatis (Woad).—Tall, erect, branched herbs; cauline
leaves sagittate ;flowers yellow; pods pendulous, indehiscent, 1-
chambered, rounded, compressed, broadly keeled, 1-seeded.
(Name, the Greek name of the genus.)
1.* J. tinctortia (Woad).—Glabrous, glaucous, 1—4 feet high ;
radical leaves, stalked, oblong ;flowers small, corymbose ; pods on

HUTCHINSIA PETRHA (Rock Hutchinsia).

lengthening racemes.—Waste places, not indigenous; rare.—FI.

July, August. Biennial—The ancient Britons stained them-
selves with this plant, and it is still grown as a dye.
29. CRAMBE (Sea-kale).—Perennia] herbs with stems stout,
branched ; /eaves broad; flowers white, in compound racemes;
pods indehiscent, 2-jointed, the lower joint seedless, the upper
globose, 1-seeded. (Name from the Greek, 4vambe, cabbage.)
1. C. maritima (Sea-kale). Glabrous, glaucous ; aves wavy,
toothed, fleshy. This is the plant which is so well known in
gardens as a vegetable. ‘The part eaten is the leaf-stalk blanched
58 CRUC{FERE
by being kept from the action of light. It is found on many
parts of the sea-coast, and differs in no respect from garden speci-
mens as they appear when the forcing is over.—Fl. June—August.
Perennial.
30. CaKfLE (Sea Rocket).—A large, fleshy, branched herb ;
flowers white or lilac; corymbose ; ods indehiscent, 2-jointed, 4-
angled, each joint 1-seeded. (Name of Arabic origin.)
1. C. maritima (Purple Sea Rocket).—The only British species,

G Vth
(Wy |a . F
Lap.
: H}) ( CL
“a

Was, N
i th

CRAMBE MARITIMA (Sea-kale).

common on sandy sea-shores, growing in a bushy manner, with

zig-zag branched s¢ems, bearing fleshy, variously-cut, glaucous
leaves, and corymbs of lilac flowers. The seed-vessels are of very
curious construction, each containing two seeds, of which the
lower is erect, the upper pendent.—Fl. June—September. Annual.
31. RAPHANUS (Radish).—Radical leaves lyrate ;flowers in long
racemes ; fefa/s purple-veined ; fod an elongated, inflated, smooth
lomentum with a slender beak. (Name of Greek origin, signify-
ing early appearance or rapid growth.)
1. R. Raphanistrum (Wild Radish, White Charlock).—A bristly
or almost prickly plant, 1—2 feet high, with horizontal, lyrate
Fig 6 Purple Sea Rocket

tCakile maritima)
 CABBAGE FAMILY 59

Jeaves, and rather large straw-coloured or white /fowers veined

with purple; well distinguished when in seed by its long-beaked
pods, which have from 3—7 one-seeded joints. Cornfields.—Fl.
May—September. Annual. This is the original of the garden
radish.
2. R. maritimus (Sea Radish).—Zeaves composed of small and
large segments arranged alternately (interruptedly pinnatifid);
flowers smaller, yellow, rarely white ;od with 2—4 joints, deeply

a\\\
CAKILE MARITIMA (Purdle Sea Rocket).

constricted.—Sea-cliffs in the south and west ; rare.—Fl. July,

August. Biennial.

Orp. VII.—RESEDACE®.— MIGNONETTE FAMILY

Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants, with scattered stipu-
late /eaves, and their flowers in bracteate racemes. Sepals 4—7,
persistent ; petals 4—7 ; disk large, hypogynous ; stamens 10—24,
inserted on the disk ; ovary of 3 united carpels, 1-chambered,
opening at the summit ; s¢zgma 3-lobed, sessile ; seeds many, on 3
parietal placentas ; /vwzt a capsule. Most members of the Order
60 RESEDACE

inhabit Europe and the adjacent parts of Asia and Africa. /Reséda
odordta (Mignonette), a native of Egypt, is a favourite garden
plant on account of the delicious perfume of its flowers.,
1. ReEsépA (Mignonette).—-/Zowers monosymmetric ; petals
unequal, with a broad claw and ligule, the posterior ones with a
multifid limb. (Name from the Latin zesedo, I calm, from
supposed sedative properties.)

RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM (Wild Radish).

1. R. hitea (Wild Mignonette).—A bushy plant, 1—2 feet high ;

Zeaves 3-cleft, lower ones pinnatifid; /owers in short, broad, conical
racemes, yellowish ; sefa/s 6, linear ;Zefa/s 6, very unequal.—On
chalky soil—F]. June—August. Biennial.
2. R. Lutéola (Weld, Dyer’s Rocket, Yellow-weed).—A taller
plant than the last, 2—3 feet high, with long, linear, blunt,
undivided, shining aves; long terminal racemes of yellowish
flowers ; sepals 4.—Waste places, especially on a chalk or lime-
stone soil. It was formerly used to dye wool yellow, or, with
indigo, green.—Fl. June—August. Annual or biennial.
 ROCK-ROSE FAMILY 61

3.* FR. alba (Shrubby Rocket), with glaucous pinnate /eaves,

white /fowers, and usually 5 sepa/s, not uncommon in gardens,
occurs as an escape.—Fl. June—August. Biennial.

Orp. VIII.—CistfiNE@.—-THE RocKk-RosE FAMILY

Mostly shrubby, but sometimes herbaceous plants, often with
viscid branches: /eaves opposite, entire; //owers conspicuous,

RESEDA LUTEOLA (Dyer’s Recke?).

polysymmetric, white, yellow, or red, lasting a very short time;

sepals 3 or 5, unequal, the three inner twisted in the bud ; fefads
5, twisted, when in bud, in a direction contrary to the sepals;
stamens indefinite ; carfels 3, united ; ovary 1-chambered; s/p/e
single ; s/zgmas 3; capsule 3-valved. The plants of this Order are
almost confined to the south of Europe and North of Africa.
The only species which possesses any remarkable properties is
Cistus Créticus, which affords the balsam called Gum Ladanum.

1. HELIANTHEMUM (Rock-Rose).— Sepals 5, the two outer

62 CISTINE®

either smaller or wanting ; petals 5; stamens numerous ; ovules

many ; capsule 3-valved. (Name from the Greek “és, the sun,
and anthos, a flower, because the flowers expand in the sunshine. )
1. 4. Chamecistus (Common Rock-Rose).—A beautiful little

HELIANTHEMUM CHAMC{STUS (Common Rock-Rose).

prostrate undershrub ; aves with fringed stipules, oblong, green

above, hoary beneath ; /owers in bracteate racemes, 1 inch across,
yellow ; the two outer sefa/s very small, the inner apiculate ; the
stamens, if pinched, spread out, and lie down on the petals.— Dry
places ; common.—Fl. July—September. Perennial.
There are four other British species of He/idénthemum, which are
all of local occurrence, and rare: A. guttdtum (Spotted Rock-
Rose), a herbaceous annual, with ebracteate yellow flowers, with a
blood-red spot at the base of each feta/, found in Cork and the
 VIOLET FAMILY 63

Channel Islands. A. Aréweri, differing from A. guttdtum chiefly

in having Jracts, found in Anglesea. . cénum (Hoary Rock-
Rose), a shrubby plant with aves very hoary beneath and exstipu-
late, and small bracteate yellow flowers, found on limestone rocks
in the west. A. folifélium (White Rock-Rose), a small shrubby
species, with stipulate /eaves, hoary on both surfaces and bracteate
white flowers, grows on Brean Down, Somerset, and near ‘Torquay.

VIOLA CANINA, amd V. ODORATA.

Orp. IX.—VIOLACEZ.—THE VIOLET FAMILY

A beautiful and important Family of herbs or shrubs, inhabiting
most regions of the world. Those which grow in temperate
regions are mostly herbaceous: but in the tropical regions of
South America there are many shrubby species. Leaves scattered,
stipulate, simple ; Zozwers monosymmetric ; sepals 5; Petals 5,
I-spurred ; stamens 5, with the connective produced beyond the
anther-lobes ; carfels, 3 ; ovary 1-chambered ; s¢y/e swollen above ;
stigma cupshaped ; ovu/es many, parietal ; capsule 3-valved. Most
64 VIOLACE

of the species possess emetic and laxative properties similar to

those of Ipecacuanha.

1. VioLa (Violet).—Sepads 5, auricled at the base; fetals 5,

the lower one spurred ; az¢hers united into a tube, the two lower
furnished with nectariferous tail-like appendages, which are
enclosed within the spur of the corolla. (Name, the Latin name
of some fragrant flower.) Some species have two kinds of flowers,
One Opening in spring, conspicuous, but yielding little or no seed; .
the other not opening (cleistogene) and often apetalous, produced,
on short peduncles, in autumn, and yielding abundant seed.

Stipules small. With cleistogene flowers

1. V. palustris (Marsh Violet)—AR/zzome creeping; “eaves
heart- or kidney-shaped, quite smooth ; often purplish beneath;
sepals obtuse ; petals delicate lilac, with darker veins ; spur very
short, obtuse.--Bogs ;common.—Fl. April—July. Perennial.
2. V. odordéta (Sweet Violet).—Aunners long ; leaves heart-
shaped, slightly downy, especially beneath ; Zefzo/es with deflexed
hairs; flowers fragrant, deep purple, lilac, pale rose-colour, or
white ; dvacts above the middle of the flower-stalks ; sepals obtuse ;
spur nearly straight, short, obtuse, inflated towards theend. One
of the most highly prized of all our wild flowers, unrivalled in
fragrance, delicacy, and variety of tinting, and doubly welcome
from its appearing early in spring. The flowers are sometimes
used as a laxative for children, as a sweetmeat, or as a chemical
test, being changed to red by acids and to green by alkalies.—FI.
March, April. Perennial.
3. V. hirta (Hairy Violet).—Pubescent, without runners ; /eaves
heart-shaped, rough ; fefzo/es with spreading hairs ; flowers scent-
less, pale violet or white ; dzacts below the middle of the flower-
stalks ; sepa/s obtuse ; spur long, compressed, hooked, obtuse.—
Common on dry, especially calcareous, soils.—Fl. April—June.
Perennial.
4. V. calcérea (Limestone Violet).—Rzzome branched, thick,
woody, without runners; /eaves small, ovate, cordate, pilose,
enlarging but little after flowering; flowers very small; sepals
oblong-ovate ; efa/s narrow, the four upper ones resembling a
St. Andrew’s cross, uniformly violet ; sfx very short, straight,
conical, almost imperceptible.—Dry limestone pastures in the
south.—Fl. April—June. Perennial.
5. V. silvéstris (Pale Wood Violet). Stem distinct, without
rhizome or runners; /eaves heart-shaped, lanceolate, nearly
 VIOLET FAMILY 65

glabrous, radical, rosulate; /lowering-branches axillary; flowers

scentless ; sepals acute; auricles minute ; fefals oblong, narrow,
lilac, lower with fewer parallel, nearly simple, veins at its base;
spur blunt, compressed, not furrowed, usually darker than the
petal— Common in copses and hedgerows.—Fl. April, May.
Perennial.
6. V. Riviniéna (Dark Wood Violet).—Szem distinct, without
rhizome or runners ; /eaves broadly heart-shaped, nearly glabrous,
radical, rosulate ; fowering-branches axillary; flowers scentless;
sepals acute ; auricles prominent, notched ; fefa/s broadly obovate,
blue, lower with many branched dark veins at its base; spur
blunt, thick, furrowed, usually yellowish-white-—More generally
distributed than the last, to which it is closely allied.—Fl. April,
May. Perennial.
7. V. rupéstris (Hill Violet)—A small compact plant, with
large flowers differing from the last mainly in the downiness of
the young “eaves, flower-stalks, and capsules ; 1s very rare, occur-
ring in upland pastures in Teesdale.—Fl. May, June. Biennial.
8. V. canina (Dog Violet).—Primary and lateral stems length-
ening and flowering, but without runners ; /eaves ovate-cordate,
acute ; flowers bluish-purple, scentless ; sepals acute ; spur obtuse,
yellow, longer than the auricles of the sepals.—Heaths and
sandy places; common. The popular name of this species
implies a reproach for its want of perfume.—Fl. April, May.
Perennial.
9. V. stagnina.—Rhizome slender, with runners; primary and
lateral stems flowering and elongating; aves ovate-lanceolate,
subcordate ; Aetzoles winged at the top; stzpules linear-lanceolate,
serrate ; petals pale lilac, or white; sfur very short, blunt.—
Turf-bogs ; rare.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

** Stipules leafy, pinnatifid. No cletstogene flowers

10. V. tricolor (Pansy Heartsease).—Szem ascending, angular,
branched ; “eaves long-stalked, ovate-oblong, crenate ; stzpuzles
large, lyrately pinnatifid ; dvac¢s minute, high up on the peduncle ;
petals spreading, unequal, pale yellow or purple, longer than the
sepals.—Cultivated fields, common. The cultivated varieties
are countless.—Fl. May—September. Annual.
11. V. arvénsts (Field Pansy).—An allied and almost equally
common form, differs chiefly in having erect, yellow or white
petals, which are not longer than the sepals. Annual.
12. V. Curtisi?, a rarer form, has a branched rhzzome with
runners, the feza/s rather longer than the sepals, the upper purple,
F
66 POLYGALACER

the lateral ones blue, and the lower yellow. It occurs on sandy
shores in the west of England and Ireland. Perennial.
13. V. hitea (Yellow Mountain Violet, or Mountain Pansy).—
Rhizome branched with runners; s/em angular, ascending ; eaves
oblong, crenate; s¢zpudes palmately pinnatifid, not lyrate, terminal
lobe narrow; fefals spreading, longer than the sepals, yellow,
purple, or parti-coloured.—Mountain pastures in the north.—
Fl. June, July. Perennial.

Orp. X. PoLyGALACE#.—THE MILKWoRT FAMILY

Herbs and Shrubs with bitter, emetic, and laxative properties.
Leaves scattered, exstipulate, simple ; j//owers in racemes, mono-
symmetric and often -showy; sepals 5, unequal, the two
inner larger and petaloid; jfefa/s 3—5, more or less united ;
stamens 8, diadelphous in two sets of four, epipetalous ; azthers
1-chambered, opening by pores at the summit ; carpels 2, united
into a two-chambered ovary; ovules one in each chamber;
placentation axile; fruit a capsule. Several species are said to
be valuable medicinally. Podjgala Sénega (Snake-root), a North
American plant, is reputed to cure snake-bites. <Avraméria
(Rhatany), obtained from South America, is an astringent, un-
doubtedly useful in cases of dysentery, and furnishes also a red
infusion, used to adulterate port-wine.
1. PoLtYcALA (Milkwort).—The British species are all small
herbs. Sepals 5, the two inner coloured, wing-shaped, persistent ;
petals 3—5, united, the lower one keel-shaped and crested; caf-
sule compressed, 2-valved ; seeds downy, with an aril at the base.
(Name from the Greek, signifying much milk, being supposed
to increase the yield in cows.)
1. P. vulgéris (Common Milkwort, Gangweed).—Sv/ems pros-
trate, ascending, leafy ; /eaves scattered, linear-lanceolate ; v~acemes
terminal ; dracts 3, at the base of each flower, the central one as
long as the pedicel, the lateral ones shorter ; //owers blue, pink,
or white, 1o—20 in a raceme; veins of wing-sepals branching
and reuniting freely, the central vein ending in a mucro or pro-
jecting point ; no cilia on bracts, sepals or capsule-—Common on
heaths and dry pastures, especially on chalky soil.—Fl. June—
August. Perennial.
2. P. oxjptera is a local form with more prostrate and spread-
ing growth, narrower /eaves, smaller, more distant, and more
deflexed /lowers, and narrower zwzng-sepals.
3. P. serpyllécea, more widely-distributed form, has a slender,
wiry, flexuose, prostrate stem ; /ower leaves opposite ; flowers few
 MILKWORT FAMILY 67

and small; zz#g-sepaés broad, with the principal veins with few
branches between them.—Common on heaths.
4. P. caledrea (Chalk Milkwort).—Zeaves tufted, the lower ones
large and fleshy, obovate; lowering-branches axillary ; flowers
large ; zzng-sepals broad, with prominent central vein united near
its middle with the branched lateral ones.—Chalk downs, chiefly
in the south-east of England.—Fl. May. Perennial.
5. £. amara, found in Kent and Surrey, has also its Zaves in a

POLYGALA VULGARIS (Common Milkwort).

rosette and fleshy ; but its fowervs are very small, distant, pinkish
or pure white; its zzmg-sepals narrow, linear-oblong ; and it is
only two or three inches high.
6. P. uligindsa, found on Cronkly Fell, Yorkshire, has larger
and more compactly grouped blue /owers.

Orp. XI. FRANKENIACEZ.—TBHE SEA-HEATH FAMILY

Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants with branched s¢ems,
whorled exstipulate eaves with a membranous sheathing base,
and numerous small axillary polysymmetric flowers. Sepads,
petals, and stamens 4—6 each, the sepals united and persistent,
the petals with claws and ligules ; carfels 2—5 ; ovary 1-cham-
bered ; ovudes many, parietal ; capsu/e 2—5-valved. The species
F 2
68 FRANKENIACEE

of the only genus in the Order inhabit temperate and sub-tropical

regions, mostly near the sea.

1. FRANKENIA (Sea-Heath).—S¢y% divided above into three

oblong lobes bearing the sé#gma. (Name from John Franken, a
Swedish botanist.)

FRANKENIA L&VIS (S700th Sea-ffeath). ;

1. &. Zevis (Smooth Sea-Heath).—A small procumbent plant,

with wiry szems ; Zeaves crowded, narrow, rolled back at the edges,
smooth, fringed at the base ; //owers rose-coloured.—Salt-marshes
on the south-east coast.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
Another species, / pulverulénta (Powdery Sea-Heath), with
obovate /eaves, pulverulent beneath, formerly grew on the Sussex
coast, but is now extinct.
 PINK FAMILY 69

Orp. XII. CARYOPHYLLACEZ.—THE PINK FAMILY

An extensive and well-marked Order of herbaceous plants,
chiefly Arctic, Alpine, European and W. Asiatic. The sfems,
which are sometimes woody below, are generally swollen at the
nodes or joints ; the aves always opposite and simple, and often
glaucous ; the /fowers polysymmetric, and frequently large and
ornamental, mostly red or white, in cymes. Sepals 4—5, distinct,
or with a calyx-tube below ; Ae/a/s 4—5, distinct ; s/amens 4—10,
usually twice as many as the petals, hypogynous ; carfels 2—5,
united into a 1-chambered or imperfectly 2—5-chambered ovary
with free-central placentation; s¢y/es 2—5; ovules numerous;
capsule opening by twice as many teeth or valves as there are
styles. ‘Though no members of the Order are put to much use,
the Pinks, Carnations, and Sweet Williams are favourite garden
flowers; and our hedges are much indebted for their showy
appearance in spring to the great White Stitchwort, and in sum-
mer to the Red and White Campions. Botanists subdivide this
large order into three sub-orders.
Sub-Order IL. Silénee.—Campion Tribe. Leaves exstipulate ;
sepals 5, united into a tube; petals 5, clawed ; stamens 10, united
at their base and inserted with the petals on the elongated axis
below the ovary ; styles distinct.
* Two or more imbricate bracteoles below calyx
1. DIANTHUS.—Styles 2 ; capsule 1-chambered, opening at the
top with 4 valves; seeds flattened.
** Wrthout bracteoles
*2, SaPONARIA.— Styles 2; capsule 1-chambered, opening at
the top with four valves ; seeds rounded.
3. SILENE.—Fefa/s generally with a ligule; s¢y/es 3, rarely 5;
capsule imperfectly 3-chambered, opening at the top with 3—6
valves.
4. LYCHNIS.— Styles 4—5; capsude 1- or imperfectly 5-cham-
bered, opening at the top by 4—10 teeth.
Sub-Order If. Alsinee.—Chickweed Tribe. Leaves exstipu-
late ; sepals distinct ; stamens not united ; ovary not stalked ; styles
atstinct.

5. Sactna.— Sepals 4—5; petals 4—5, minute, entire or

absent ;, stamens 4—10 ; styles 4—5 ; capsule 4—5-valved, many-
seeded.
70 CARYOPHYLLACE

6. Honxtnya.—Sepals 5 ; petals 5, large ; stamens 10, alternat-

ing with glands ; s¢y/es 3 ; capsule 3-valved, few-seeded.
7. MINUARTIA.—Sepals 4—5; petals 4—5 ; styles 3—4 ; cap-
sule 3—4-valved, many-seeded ; aves linear.
8. CHERLERIA.— Sepals 5 3 petals 5, minute or absent ; stamens
10; disk prominent, glandular, 5-lobed; styles 33; capsule 3-
valved, few-seeded.
9g. ARENARIA.—Sepals 5; petals 5, entire or slightly emargin-
ate; stamens 10, rarely 5; styles 3; capsule 6-valved, many-
seeded ; /eaves broad.
10. HoLéstEuM.—Sepals 5; petals 5, toothed at the margin ;
stamens 3—5 ; styles 3; capsule sub-cylindric, opening at the top
with 6 teeth, many-seeded.
11. STELLARIA.— Sepals 5; petals 5, deeply bifid; stamens usually
10; styles 3; capsule globose, opening with 6 valves or teeth,
many- seeded.
12. Myoséton.—Sepals 5; petals 5, bifid; stamens 10; styles
5; capsule opening with 5 bifid valves.
13. CERAsSTIUM.—Sepals 5; petals 5, bifid; stamens 4—10;
styles 3—5 ; capsule tubular, opening with 10 teeth, many-seeded.
14. M&ncu1a.— Sepals 4, erect ; petals 4, entire; stamens 4;
styles 43; capsule opening with 8 or 10 teeth, many-seeded.
Sub-Order ITT. Polycérpeea.—Spurrey Tribe. Leaves with mem-
branous stipules ; sepals 5, distinct ;petals 5 ; stamens 3—10 free ;
styles 3—5 ; capsule not stalked.
-15. SPERGULA.—Fefals entire; stamens 5—10; styles 5, free
capsule 5-valved, many-seeded.
16. ALtsf{nk.—Fetals entire; stamens 5—103 Styles 3, rarely
5, free ; capsule 3-valved, rarely 5-valved, many-seeded.
17. PotycArpon.— Sepals keeled at the back, hooded at the
end ; fefals emarginate ; stamens 3—5; styles 3 short, united at
base ; capsule 3-valved, many-seeded.
IT. jen eoeae (Pink).—Herbaceous plants with narrow, grass-
like Zeaves, often tufted ; lowers solitary or fascicled; calyx
tubular, 5-toothed, with bracteoles below it ; petals 5, long-clawed,
often toothed ; stamens 10, united at the base; ovary 1-cham-
bered ; sty/es 2; capsule opening with 4 valves at the top; seeds
flattened. (Name in Greek signifying flower of Jupiter, from its
beauty.)
* Flowers fascicled
1. D. Arméria (Deptford Pink).—Szems few, erect, 1—2 feet
high, downy ; /eaves linear, downy, lower obtuse, upper acute ; drac-
 PINK FAMILY Ft

teoles lanceolate-subulate, downy, as long as the calyx ; calyx 1—2

in. long; fefa/s rose-colour dotted with white, toothed.—Hedge-
rows on dry soil ; rare.—Fl. July, August. Annual or biennial.
2. D. proiifer (Proliferous Pink).— Stems few, erect, about a foot
high, smooth; /eaves roughish at the edge; 4racteoles brown,
membranous, pellucid; //owers opening
one at a time, rose-colour.—Gravelly
pastures; rare. — Fl. June— October.
Annual.
** Flowers not fascicled
3. D. deltoides (Maiden Pink).—A
much-branched plant, with stems 6—
12 in. high, roughish; J/eaves downy,
rough ; dracteoles 2, half as long as the
calyx ; flowers ? in. across, rose-coloured,
with white spots and a dark ring in
the centre, scentless ; petfa/s toothed.—
Gravelly banks; not common.—FI.
June—September. Perennial.
4. D. glaticus (Cheddar Pink).— Stems
many, 4—1Io0 in. high; aves glaucous,
with rough edges ; 4racteoles 4, roundish,
shortly pointed, one-fourth as long as the
calyx ; flowers solitary, I in. across, rose-
coloured, scented; fefa/s much cut.—
Limestone rocks, Cheddar, Somerset.—
Fl. June, July. Perennial.
5.* D. plumdrius (Common Pink).—
Stem about a foot high, 2—5-flowered;
leaves rough at the edge ; dracfeoles round-
ish-ovate, mucronate, one-fourth as long
as the calyx ; flower 1 in. across, pale pink,
or white, fragrant; calyx-teeth ciliate,
shorter than the capsule; pezZa/s downy,
cut as far as the middle of the blade.— DIANTHUS ARMERIA
Naturalised on old walls.—The origin of ica Sika
the garden Pinks.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
6.* D. Caryophyllus (Clove Pink, Carnation, or Clove Gilly-
flower).—Glabrous and glaucous, branched, 1—2z feet high ; aves
with smooth edges; lowers 14 in. across, rose-pink, fragrant ;
calyx-teeth not ciliate, longer than the capsule; fefa/s glabrous,
notched.—Naturalised on old walls.—The origin of the garden
Carnations.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
72 CARYOPHYLLACEE

*2, SaponAria (Soapwort).—Herbs with conspicuous flowers in

panicled or fascicled cymes ; ca/yx tubular, ebracteate ; capsudle
2-chambered at the base, 4-valved at the top; seeds rounded.
(Name from the Latin sapo, soap, the plant abounding in a
soapy juice.)
1.* JS. officindlis (Common Soapwort).—A robust, succulent
plant, 2—4 feet high, with broad, pointed, smooth /eaves, and

SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS (Comzemon Soapwort).

handsome flesh-coloured fZowers, which are often double.—Hedges

near villages ; not indigenous.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.
3. SILENE (Catchfly).—Herbaceous, often viscid, plants; calyx
ebracteate, inflated, 5-toothed, 1o-veined; petals 5, with long
narrow claws, and usually a double ligule at the base of the blade ;
styles usually 3; capsule usually 3-chambered in its lower half and
6-valved above. (Name said to be from the Greek séa/on, saliva,
Fig. 7. Soapwort (Saponana officinalis).
 PINK FAMILY 73
alluding, as does the English name, to the viscidity of some
species. This property protects the honey in the flowers from
“unbidden guests,” insects that crawl up the stem and would
not cross-pollinate the flowers; but these plants are apparently
not insectivorous, the captured insects not being digested or
ae )
S. latifolia (Bladder Campion, White Bottle).—Generally
Beers and glaucous; but a downy variety (var. pudbérula) is
occasionally found. Stem erect, from 1 to 2 feet high; aves oblong,
acute; jéowers many, drooping, panicled, scented at night;
calyx inflated, bladder-like, with a network of veins, often tinged

SILENE AMCENA (Sea Canzfion).

with purple ; Ae¢a/s white, deeply cloven, seldom with any ligule.
A common weed.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
2. S. ameéna (Sea Campion).— Szems numerous from the same
root, prostrate, spreading; /eaves oblong, acute;; flowers few or
solitary, larger than those of the last;peza/s slightly cleft into two
broad segments, each with a ligule at the base of the blade.—
Common on the sea-shore, less so by mountain streams.—FI. all
the summer. Perennial.
3.* S. Arméria, with a viscid stem, smooth faves, a many-
flowered corymbose cyme, and notched white /eZa/s with ligules,
occurs as a casual, but is not indigenous.—Fl. July. Annual.
4. S. cénica (Striated Corn Catchfly).— Stem erect, forked,
hairy, 6—12 in. high; aves narrow, downy; flowers small
 74 CARYOPHYLLACEE

numerous, erect ; ca/yx conical, with 30 furrows ; fefals rosy, cleft,

with ligules.—Sandy fields ; very rare.—Fl. May—July. Annual.
5. 9. dnglica (English Catchfly).—Hairy and viscid, 6—r12 in.
or more high; stem erect or branched; /eaves narrow ;flowers
small, in leafy racemose cymes ; ca/yx with green pubescent ribs
and bristle-like teeth; jefa/s white or pink, bifid, with ligules ;
capsules drooping.—Gravelly fields ; not uncommon.—Fil. all the
summer. Annual.
6. S. guinguevit/nera, found chiefly in the Channel Islands,
differs in its Aefals, which are white, with a red spot on each.
(whence the specific name meaning “ Five Wounds ”), and are not
cleit.
7. S. acaulis (Moss Campion).—Densely tufted, bright-green,
moss-like ; sfem much branched ; 4aves narrow, fringed at the
base ; florvers pink or white, short- stalked, solitary, erect, 4 in.
across ; ca/yx tubular, smooth, with 10 veins ;petals slightly notch-
ed with notched ligules. —Confined to the summits of our loftiest
mountains, where it forms a matted turf gay with blossoms.—F1.
June—August. Perennial.
8. S. Ofites (Spanish Catchfly).—Szem erect, about a foot high,
viscid, with whorled branches ; eaves few, narrow ;fowers small,
erect, yellowish ; Aefa/s narrow, not notched, without ligules;
stamens and carpels generally on separate plants.—Sandy fields in
the east of England.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
g. S. nétans (Nottingham Catchfly).—-Pubescent and viscid,
about 14 feet high; dranches opposite, 3-forked; flowers large,
white or pink, all drooping one way, most expanded and fragrant
in the evening; ca/yx tubular, swollen in the middle; Zefals
deeply cleft, with ligules—On limestone rocks and castle-walls ;
not common.—F. Perennial.
10.* JS. 7¢é/ica (Italian Catchfly), a tall, viscid, pubescent species,
with trichotomous erect panicles, bifid peta/s without ligules, and
a long stalk to the capsule, occurs as a casual in Kent.
11. S. noctiflora (Night-flowering Catchfly).—Softly pubescent
and viscid, about a foot high; sem erect, repeatedly forked;
flowers erect, reddish-white, rather large; ca/yx with Io green,
hairy ribs ; Zefa/s deeply notched, unrolling about sunset, and clos-
ing early in the morning, very fragrant during the night.— Sandy
and gravelly fields ; not common.-—Fl. July, August. Annual.

4. Lycunis (Campion).—Herbaceous plants differing in no in-

variable characters from Sz/éné ; but generally with 5 styes and 5
or 10 teeth to the capsule. (Name from the Greek Zuchnos, a lamp,
probably from the orange flowers of some species.)
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 PINK FAMILY 75

1. Z. dlba (Evening Campion).—Hairy, 1—3 feet high ; /eaves

ovate-lanceolate ;flowers in loose dichasial cymes, I in. across,
white, or rarely reddish, fragrant in the evening, dicecious ; calyx
greenish, inflated, teeth long ; peta/s deeply bifid, with ligules ; cap-
sude conical, 10-toothed, the teeth erect.—Fields and Hedgerows ;
common.—FI. all the summer. Biennial or perennial.
2. L. dioica (Red Campion).—A closely-allied species, differing

WtAy 9
(We
» AY

Ss —wae

LYCHNIS FLOS-CUCULI (Ragged Robin).

chiefly in its reddish ca/yx, with shorter teeth, Aefa/s red, rarely
white ; and sub-globose cafsu/e with recurved teeth.—Copses
and hedgebanks ; common.—Fl. May—July. Perennial.
3. L. HMos-ciculi (Ragged Robin).—A pretty and well-known
marsh plant, with a reddish-green angular stem, 1—2 feet high,
the lower part of which is roughish, with short stiff deflexed hairs,
the upper part slightly viscid ; eaves very narrow ; flowers loosely
dichasial, rose-coloured, or very rarely white; ca/yx tubular,
10-ribbed, with red veins ; feta/s deeply cut into linear diverging
76 CARYOPHYLLACE

segments, capsule 5-toothed.—F!. in May and June, when the

Cuckoo is in full song, whence its specific name. Perennial.
4. L.Viscdria (Red German Catchfly).—S¢em simple, about a
foot high, viscid at the nodes; /aves lanceolate, sub-glabrous;
flowers few, large, rose-red ; petals slightly notched ; capsule dis-
tinctly stalked, 5-toothed, 5-chambered when young.—Dry rocks
in North Wales and Scotland; very rare.—Fl. Jume—August.
Perennial.

LYCHNIS GITHAGO (Cornx Cockle).

5. L. alpina (Red Alpine Campion).—A small, tufted, glab-

rous species with red flowers, confined to the summits of northern
mountains.
6. L. Githago (Corn-Cockle).—Downy with dense white hairs;
stem erect, 2—3 feet high; /eaves narrow ; flowers solitary, 15—2
in. across ; calyx woolly, ribbed, with leafy teeth much longer than
the corolla ; Ze¢a/s bluish-pink, obovate, undivided, without ligules ;
capsule 5-toothed.—A handsome corn-field weed, the large seeds
 PINK FAMILY 7

of which are rather difficult to separate from corn ; less common

than formerly.— Fl. June—August. Annual.
5. SAGiNA (Pearl-wort).—Very small tufted plants with awl-
shaped /eaves united at their bases ; small stalked tetramerous or
pentamerous flowers ; petals shorter than the sepals, sometimes
minute or absent; ovuw/es many. (Name in Latin signifying
Jattening meat, totally inapplicable to these minute plants.)
* Sepals, stamens, Styles, and valves of capsules 4:
petals minute or absent
1. S. maritima (Sea Pearl-wort).—A creeping, ascending,
glabrous plant; sem slender and forked, with long internodes,
brittle, often reddish ; “aves fleshy, blunt or apiculate ; pedzcels
erect ; sepals broad, blunt, with incurved tips, sub-erect in fruit.—
Sea-shores ;common.—Fl. May—September. Annual.
2. 8. apéfafa (Annual Pearl-wort).— ranches slight, hairy,
ascending; /eaves linear, awned, ciliate at the base ;pedicels erect;
sepals blunt, spreading in fruit in the form of a cross.—Dry places.
—Fi. May—September. Annual.
3. . cilidta (Ciliate Pearl-wort). —Nearly glabrous, prostrate;
Jeaves linear, awned, ciliate ; sepa/s adpressed to the ripe capsule.
—Heaths and dry places, at) May, June. Annual.
4. S. procimbens (Procumbent Pearl-wort).—Glabrous, _pros-
trate; branches spreading from
a central rosette ; /eaves usually
fascicled, finear, awned ; fed?-
cels curved downwards after
flowering, but afterwards erect ;
sepals sometimes 5, spreading iF
in fruit.—Well known to gar-
deners as a troublesome and #% wa
prolific weed in gravel paths. ¢ SE
Fl. all the summer. Perennial. oe
5. S. Boyd (Braemar Pearl- -
wort). — Glabrous, densely SAGINA PROCOMBENS, apd 5. APETALA.
tufted, forming cushions; 77-
ternodes very short ; Zeaves recurved ; peduncles short, erect ; sepa/s
4 or 5, always erect; fefa/s absent ; capsule globose.—A very
distinct form, found in Braemar. Perennial.
** Sepals, petals, styles, and valves of capsules usually 5:
stamens 10: petals at least half as long as sepals.
6. S. saginoides (Alpine Pearl-wort) distinguished from 5.
procumbens by its longer fetals, 10 stamens and sepals adpressed
78 CARYOPHYLLACE

to the capsule.—Highland mountains ; rare.—Fl. June— August.

Perennial.
7. S. nivalis (Snow Pearl-wort).—Glabrous, densely tufted;
leaves acuminate ; pedicels always erect ; fefa/s smaller than in S.
Linne?.—Highland mountains; very rare.—Fl. June—August.
Perennial.
8. S. subuldta (Awl-shaped Pearl-wort). — Glandular-hairy,
tufted ; aves linear, awned, ciliate ;fedzve/s curved after flower-
ing. Closely allied to S. Linnéi,—Dry places ; frequent.—FI.
June—August. Perennial.
9. S. mnoddsa (Knotted Spurrey).—The largest and _largest-
flowered species, 3—4 in. high, glabrous or glandular-hairy ;upper
leaves tufted ; peduncles axillary, always erect, 1—2-flowered;
flowers + in. across ; fe¢a/s much longer than the sepals.—Wet
sandy places ; common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
6. Honkféinya (Sea Purslane).—A small succulent glabrous
perennial shore-plant, with broad aves; flowers small, poly-
gamous ; sepals 5; petals 5, relatively
large ; désk of 10 interstaminal glands;
stamens 10; Styles 3; capsule large, glob-
ose, 3-valved, r—2-seeded. (Named
after G. A. Honckeny, a German
botanist who died in 1805.)
1. Hf. peploides (Sea Purslane).—A
low, succulent, dark-green, glabrous,
marine plant; rhizome creeping;
branches ascending, forked, 4—8 in.
high ; /eaves decussate, ovate, acute,
sessile, recurved ; fowers small, in the
forks of the stem, often dicecious;
sepals obtuse, with membranous mar-
gins; capsule large, globose, fleshy ;
seeds 1—2, large.—Forming tangled
masses on sandy sea-shores.— Fl. May
—September. Perennial.
7. MinuArTIA (Lesser Sandwort).—
Small annual or perennial herbs with
HONKENYA PEPLOIDES
(Sea Purslane). awl-shaped eaves ; sepals and petals 4
—5; disk ring-shaped; stamens 10;
styles 3—4; capsule with 3—4 entire valves; seeds numerous.
(Named in honour of Sr. Minuart, apothecary, of Madrid.)
1. MZ. vérna (Vernal Sandwort).—A small tufted plant; eaves
subulate, acute, 3-veined ;/owers nearly solitary, comparatively
 PINK FAMILY 79
large, 4 in. across, on slender stalks ; e¢a/s longer than the sepals.
—Rocky places in mountainous districts; rare—Fl. May—
September. Perennial.
2. M. rubéiia (Alpine Sandwort).—Smaller in all its parts, more
yellow-green and less compact in growth, with blunt aves, and
petals shorter than the sepals, is very rare, being confined to the
summits of some of the Scotch mountains.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
3. WZ. stricta (Bog Sandwort).—A_ loosely-tufted form with
ascending s/ems, veinless eaves and flowers 1—3 together, on
slender stalks.—Grows by a stream in Teesdale.—Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
4. M. tenurfolia (Fine-leaved Sandwort).—An erect, slender
plant, 4—6 in. high ; sem much forked ; aves acute, 3—5-veined ;
flowers small, numerous, in the forks of the stem ; AeZ/a/s shorter
than the sepals.—Dry places, chiefly in the eastern counties ; rare.
—Fl. May—August. Annual.

8. CHERLERIA (Cyphel).—A tufted perennial mountain plant,

with awl-shaped /eaves, solitary flowers generally apetalous and
dicecious ; sepals 5; disk of
5 interstaminal — glands;
stamens 10; Styles 3; cap-
sule 3-valved, few-seeded.
(Named in honour of Jean
Henri Cherler, a botanist
who died in 1610.)
1. C. seddides (Mossy
Cyphel).—A densely-tufted,
yellow-green prostrate plant
forming cushions 6—12 in.
across, with a long tap-root ; \
leaves crowded, narrow, CHERLERIA SEDOIDES (Mossy Cyphel).
ciliate; flowers solitary,
greenish, being generally apetalous and dicecious; cafsu/e and
seeds small.—Summits of Scottish mountains.—Fl. June—August.
Perennial.

g. ARENARIA (Sandwort).—Small herbs often tufted, with

broad eaves and white flowers in dichasial cymes ; sepals 5 ; petals
5, entire or slightly notched ; @s& annular ; stamens to, rarely 5 ;
styles 3; capsule short, with 3 valves, which are bifid, many-seeded.
ay from the Latin avema, sand, many species growing in
sand.
80 CARYOPHYLLACE

1. A. /rinérvia (Three-veined Sandwort).—A weak, straggling,

downy plant, about afoot long, approaching the Chickweed
(Stelléria média) in habit, but at once distinguishable by its
undivided fetals; leaves ovate, acute, 3—5-veined, ciliate, the

HOLOSTEUM UMBELLATUM (Usmbelliferous Jagged Chickweed).

lower ones stalked ; fowers solitary, from the forks of the stem
and axils, on long slender stalks ; sepa/s longer than the petals, 3-
veined, the central vein hairy—Damp shady places ; common.
—Fl. May, June. Annual. |
2. A. serpyliifolia (Thyme-leaved Sandwort).—A_ repeatedly-
forked, sub-erect, grey-green, downy plant, 3—6 in. high, with
recurved hairs ; eaves ovate, acute, roughish, sessile, 1—3-veined ;
 PINK FAMILY SI

fowers inconspicuous; sefads acute, with 3 hairy veins.—Dry

places ; common.—Fl. June—August. Annual.
3. A. ciliéta (Fringed Sandwort) is a small, matted, prostrate,
downy species, with spathulate ciliate /eaves and large, nearly
solitary flowers, growing on limestone mountains in co. Sligo.—
Fl. June, July. Perennial.
4. A. norvégica (Norwegian Sandwort).—Differs mainly in being
more succulent, and nearly glabrous, its eaves not being ciliate.
It occurs in Unst, in the Shetland Islands.—FI. July, August
Perennial.
5. 4. gothica (Gothland Sandwort), more tufted, less succulent,
more downy, with aves ciliate at the base with curved hairs, is
closely allied.—On limestone in West Yorkshire.—Fl. June—
September. Annual (?).

to. HoLéstEuM (Jagged Chickweed).—Annual, viscid herbs

with lowers on umbellate cymes; sepals 5, petals 5, toothed;
stamens 3—5, rarely 10; styles 3, rarely 4 or 5; capsule cylindric,
6-, or rarely 8- or 1o-toothed, many-seeded. (Name in Greek
signifying a// done, of uncertain application.)
1. H. umbelldtum (Umbelliferous Jagged Chickweed).—The
only British species, 4—5 in. high ; s¢ems smooth below, hairy and
viscid above ; /eaves ovate ; flowers in terminal umbellate cymes
about 5 together, their pedicels bending downward after flowering
and rising again in fruit ; sefa/s white with membranous edges ;
petals white or pale pink, a little longer.—Old walls in Norfolk
and Suffolk ; very rare.—Fl. April. Annual.

II. STELLARIA (Stitchwort).—Slender, usually glabrous herbs,

with /eaves grass-like or short and broad; /owers white, in
dichasial cymes; sepals and fefals 5 each, rarely 4, the latter
bifid ; stamens 10, rarely 8; styles 3, ovules many; capsule 6-
valved. (Name from the Latin s/e//a, a star, from its star-like
blossoms.)
1. S. 2émorum (Wood Stitchwort)—A much-branched, strag-
gling plant, hairy or glabrous ; aves rough on the upper surface ;
flowers $— in. across, on very slender stalks in a loose, much-
branched cyme; sefa/s with narrow membranous margins.—
Damp woods, chiefly in the north.—Fl. May—August. Peren-
nial.
2. S. média (Chickweed).—Prostrate or ascending, varying
considerably in size; s¢em with a line of hairs alternating from
side to side ;/eaves glabrous, succulent, ovate, shortly pointed, the
lower ones with ciliate stalks ; /7owers small, axillary ; sepals hairy,
G
82 CARYOPHYLLACE®

with a narrow membranous margin as long as the petals; Aesals

deeply 2-cleft, or absent ; stamens 3, 5, or 10.—Waste places and
as a weed in gardens; abundant.—Fl. all the year round.
Annual.
3. S. neglecta (Perennial Chickweed).—A more erect, slender,
glabrous form, with ovate-acuminate /eaves and glabrous sepals.—
Shady places ; not common. Perennial.
4. S. Holostea (Greater Stitchwort, Satin-flower, or Adder’s-

STELLARIA HOLOSTEA (Greater Stitchwort).

meat). Stem 1—2 feet high, nearly erect, 4-angled, rough-edged,

brittle at the nodes; /eaves sessile, narrow, tapering to a long
point, ciliate ; fowers few, # in. across, in leafy dichasial cymes,
with slender stalks; jefa/s deeply 2-cleft—Among the most
ornamental of our spring flowers, scarcely less conspicuous with
its delicate green leaves than its snow-white petals. The stems do
not die down to the ground in the winter, as is the case with most
herbaceous perennials, but though dead to all appearance, they
send out delicate green tufts very early in the year, so that the
 PINK FAMILY 83
flowering stems, especially in bushy places, seem to have made an
unusually rapid growth.—FI. April—June. Perennial.
5. S. palistris (Glaucous Marsh Stitchwort).—Glabrous,
glaucous; sem slender, erect, 4-angled, 6—12 in. high; aves
sessile, narrow, tapering, entire ; //owers few, in a loose cyme,
4—-# in. across; dracts and sepals with membranous margins;
petals very deeply 2-cleft, much longer than the 3-veined sepals.—
Marshy places ; not common.—Fl. May——August. Perennial.
6. S. graminea (Lesser Stitchwort).—Glabrous, not glaucous ;
stem straggling, 1—3 feet high, 4angled; “eaves sessile, very
narrow, acute, ciliate ; #/owers smaller than in the last two species,
in loose cymes; ¢racts membranous ; fe/als very deeply cleft,
scarcely longer than the 3-veined sepals.—Dry heathy places;
common.—F]. May—August. Perennial.
7. S. uligindsa (Bog Stitchwort).—Slender, straggling or erect,
3—18 in. high; s/em 4-angled, glabrous ; aves broadly lanceolate,
with astiff tip, smooth, sometimes ciliate ;/owers few, + in. across,
in loose cymes ; fefa/s deeply 2-cleft, shorter than the 3-veined
sepals.— Boggy places ;common.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

12. MyosdTton (Great Chickweed).—A straggling perennial

herbaceous plant, resembling Sve//déria némorum, covered with
glandular hairs, with ovate /eaves ; flowers in the forks of the
fem; “sepals 5; -pefais_s,.: bifid, longer. than the sepals;
stamens 10, Styles 5; capsule with 5 bifid valves, many-seeded.
(Name from the Greek, meaning mouse-ear.)
1. MZ. aguadticum (Great Chickweed).—A much-branched, strag-
gling plant; s¢em angular, brittle, 1—3 feet long, covered with
glandular hairs ; “aves ovate-cordate, acute, ciliate, the lower ones
stalked ; jowers solitary in the angles of the stems.—Wet places,
but not general.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

13. CerAstium (Mouse-ear Chickweed).—Pubescent, or rarely

glabrous, herbs, white /ozwers in terminal dichasial cymes; sefads 5;
petals as many, bifid ; stamens 10, sometimes 5 or 4; styles usually
3 or 5; ovules many ; capsules tubular, often incurved, 10-toothed.
(Name from the Greek 4evas, a horn, from the shape of the capsule
in some species.)
Capsule nearly straight. Annual
1. C. tetrdndrum (Four-stamened Mouse-ear Chickweed).—
Hairy and viscid, 4—12 in. high; s/em forking from the base;
feaves oval or oblong ; Jdracts broad, oval, leafy ;fowers 1 in.
across ; sefa/s acuminate with narrow membranous margins;
G2
84 ‘ CARYOPHYLLACE&

pedicel 2 or 3 times as long as the capsule.—Dry places near the

sea.—Fl. April—October. Annual.
2. C. pumilum (Dwarf Mouse-ear Chickweed).—Viscid ; s¢em
branched at the root ; aves spathulate ;/owers in terminal forked
cymes ; upper bracts and sepals with narrow membranous margins ;
pedicel short, curved in fruit ; capsude slightly curved.—Dry banks
in the south ; rare.—Fl. April, May. Annual.
3. C. semidecéndrum (Five-stamened Mouse-ear Chickweed).
—Downy, sometimes viscid ; s/em erect or decumbent, 1—1o in.
high, branched from the base: /eaves broadly ovate; dracts with
their upper half membranous; sefa/s with broad membranous
margins ; stamens, 4, 5, or 10; pedicel at first reflexed, afterwards
erect.—Dry places ; common.—Fl. April, May. Annual.
Tt Capsules curved
4. C. viscdsum (Clustered Mouse-ear Chickweed).—Szem erect,
hairy; deaves ovate; flowers in
By Nie tufted cymes, short-stalked ; bracts
ir 4g leafy, hairy ; sepa/s with narrow
5 membranous margins, hairy.—
Dry places ; common.—F1. April
ii 4 —September. Annual.
% fl 5. C. vulgdtum (Wayside
ee Mouse-ear Chickweed).—Szems
mostly procumbent, downy, or
a with lines of pubescence ; aves
4 oblong-lanceolate ; /lowers few,
: in loose cymes, on lengthening
stalks ; secondary bracts some-
times with membranous margins ;
sepals obtuse, with broad mem-
branous margins; stamens 5 or
1o. A common weed, with incon-
FE spicuous white flowers and strag-
; gling stems, generally covered
with dust. ‘The seed-vessels,
4 when ripening, lengthen and
oy ROPES, CaneeOe curve.—- Fl. all the summer.
(Wayside Mouse-ear Chickweed). Biennial or perennial.

TTT Sepals half as long as the petals. Perennial

6. C. alpinum (Alpine Mouse-ear Chickweed).—Pubescent with
white silky hairs; s/em prostrate or ascending; aves broadly
ovate ; flowers few, sometimes an inch across; dvacts and sepals
 PINK FAMILY 85

obtuse, with narrow membranous margins. Alpine rocks in the

north.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
7. C. drceticum (Arctic Mouse-ear Chickweed).—Pubescent
with short yellowish hairs; s/em prostrate, tufted ; owers usually
solitary; sepals with broad membranous margins. Otherwise
resembling C. a/pinum.— Mountains of Wales and Scotland ; rare.
Fl. May—August. Perennial.
8. C. arvénsé (Field Mouse-ear Chickweed).— Hairy, prostrate,
ascending ; branches 6—10 in. high; /eaves linear-lanceolate ;
_ flowers numerous, equalling and resembling those of Ste//aria
Flolostea, in forked cymes; dracts and sepals acute, with mem-
branous margins.—Dry fields ; not common.—Fl. April—August.
Perennial.
g. C. cerastoides (Alpine Stitchwort).—
Sm 4—-8 in. long,
slender, decumbent, much branched below, with a line of pubes-
cence shifting from side to side at each node; eaves small,
narrow, oblong, glabrous ; flowers 4 in. across, on very slender
stalks, 1—3 in a cyme.—By Scotch Highland streams ; rare.—FI.
July, August. Perennial.
14. Mcdkncu1A.— Glabrous, glau-
cous herbs, with linear /eaves
and few, but relatively large,
Jtowers, with their parts mostly
in 4’s; sepals longer than the
petals; jfefa/s not notched;
capsule 8-toothed, many-seeded.
(Named in honour of Conrad
Meench, Professor of Botany at
Hesse-Cassel.)
ter ee erica (Upright
Meenchia).—Glabrous, glaucous,
erect, 2—6 in. high; Jeaves
linear, acute, rigid ; owers few,
relatively large, opening only in
sunshine ; sefa/s 4, acute, with
broad white membranous mar-
gins ; petals, stamens, and styles
4 each; capsule 8-toothed.—
Dry places. — Fl. May, June. MCENCHIA ERECTA
Annual. (Upright Menchia).

15. SPERGULA (Spurrey).—Annual herbs with forked dranches ;

whorled J/eaves with small membranous s¢ipules; flowers in
panicled cymes, pentamerous; /efa/s entire; seeds numerous.
86 CARYOPHYLLACEE

(Name from the Latin sfarvgo, I scatter, from scattering its

seeds.)
1. S. arvéns’s (Corn Spurrey).—More or less pubescent and
viscid ; stem 6—18 in. high, with many knee-like bends; eaves
eae cylindrical, rather fleshy ;
2 flowers white, + in. across,
= on slender stalks which
p bend down in fruit.—A
. & of common weed in sandy
Y a : cornfields, and occasionally
4, 8 | cultivated. — Fl. June —
August. Annual.
16. ALsfN& (Sandwort-
Spurrey).—Prostrate plants,
~ differing chiefly from Sér-
gula in having only three
i valves to their capsules,
/ and generally three s¢yJZes.
(Name of unknown ety-
mology.)
' 1. A. ribra (Field Sand-
VG. wort-Spurrey).—A small,
a ae branching, pubescent plant;
\ feaves linear, flat, pointed;
stipules united, lanceolate,
hs silvery, torn ; /lowers rosy,
\ ¥ + in. across.—Common in
\. Vx bee sandy places.—Fl. June—
MG September. Annual.
f 2. A. margindta (Sea-
side Sandwort-Spurrey).—
SPERGULA ARVENSIS (Corn Spurrey).
A nearly allied, glandular-
pubescent form ; /eaves fleshy, blunt ; spu/es broadly triangular,
usually entire ;flowers pink with a white base; /e/al/s shorter
than the sepals ; stamens less than 10.—Near the sea.—Fl. June
—September. Annual.
3. A. média (Perennial Sandwort-Spurrey).—A nearly allied, but
glabrous, larger, and stouter form; flowers } in. across; petals
lilac or white, as long as the sepals ; stamens 10..-Muddy salt-
marshes.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.
4. A. rupicola (Rock Sandwort-Spurrey).—A nearly allied, but
glandular-pubescent form, with /eaves fascicled and pointed, which
occurs rarely on rocks near the sea.—Fl. June—September.
Perennial.
 PURSLANE FAMILY 87

17. PoLycARPON (All-seed).—Annual herbs with flat Zeaves ;

membranous s/7pu/es ; minute /owers in crowded, bracteate cymes ;
sepals keeled ;petals emarginate ; stamens 3—5; styles 3; ovules
many. (Name from the Greek polis, many, wie fruit.)
1. L. tetraphyllum (Four-leaved All-seed).—A small prostrate
branched plant; /ower /eaves in whorls of 4, upper opposite;
fiowers many, minute, greenish-white ; stamens 3.—On the south-
west coast ; rare.—Fl. June, July. Annual.
Orp. XIII. PortruLAce#.—THE PursLANE FAMILY
Smooth, succulent herbs or shrubs with simple, entire /eaves ;
and monosymmetric flowers opening only during sunshine. Sefa/s
2, united at the base; fe/a/s usually 5 ; stamens 3—5; carpels 3,
united into a 1-chambered ovary, witha style usually 3-fid, few
ovules and basal placentation. The capsules open either trans-
versely or by 3 valves. Many species have large showy flowers ;
but those of the British representatives of the Order are small and
white. The common Purslane (fortulica olerdécea) has been cul-
tivated in warm countries as a pot-herb from very early times, and
Ee weed at Richmond, Surrey.
. CLrayTénia.—Perals free ; stamens 5.
2.erase opis united at the base ; stamens 3.
*1, CLayTonta.—Naturalised North American plants with
stalked radical leaves, exstipulate ;fowers in terminal cymes ;
sepals 2, united at the base, persistent ;Aefa/s 5, not united;
stamens 5, epipetalous ; capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded. (Named in
honour of John Clayton, an early :
collector in Virginia.)
1.* C. stbirica.—Often a foot
high ; radical /eaves ovate, acumin-
ate ; cauline leaves opposite, sessile;
petals lilac, bifid.—A garden
escape. aaa, April—July. Annual
or perennial.
a G. perfolidta.—4—12 in
ah: radical leaves rhomboid,
fleshy ; cauline Jleaves connate ;
petals nearly or quite entire, white.
—A garden escape.—Fl. April— _ ;
July. Annual. MONTIA FONTANA (Water Blinks).

2. Montia (Blinks). A small annual herb; aves opposite,

or nearly so; flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes ; sepads 2
united at the base, persistent ; covo//a of 5 united petals, 3 smaller
than the rest, ‘we split to the base in front ; s¢amens 3, inserted in
88 TAMARISCINE®

the throat of the corolla ; stigmas 3, caspule 3-valved, 3 seeded.

(Named in honour of J. de Monti, an Italian botanist.)
1. M. fonténa (Water Blinks).—The only species, an unpre-
tending little plant, tufted and pale green, with spathulate entire
leaves, well marked by the above characters and common in wet
places.—Fl. May—August. Annual.
Orp. XIV. TAMARISCINEZ.—THE TAMARISK FAMILY.
Shrubs with whip-like dzazches, minute scale-like eaves, and
lateral spikes of small flowers ; sepals 5, rarely 4, imbricate, per-
sistent; petals “5, warely 4 3
imbricate ; stamens 4 — 10,
with versatile anthers; caf-
sule 3—5-valved ; 1-chamber-
ed; seeds many, tufted with
down at the extremity. They
are found only in the eastern
half of the northern hemi-
sphere, and are most numer-
ous on the shores of the
Mediterranean; but though
preferring the seaside, they
are not unfrequently found on
the banks of rivers, and occur,
also, in the desert, especially
where the soil is impregnated
with salt, as in the neighbour-
hood of Mount Sinai, where a
species of Tamarisk, very like
the common one, produces
a sugary substance called
Manna by the Arabs. The
bark is astringent, and several
species are remarkable for the
large quantity of sulphate of
soda contained in their ashes,
and for the galls which they
bear on their branches.
These are highly astringent,
TAMARIX GALLICA (Common Tamarisk). and are used both in medicine
and in dyeing.
*1. TAMARIX.—Séyles 3—4, spreading ; stigmas feathery ; seeds
basal. (Name from Tamaris, a river in Spain, now the Tambra,
where Tamarisk abounds.)
 WATERWORT FAMILY 89

1.* Z. gallica (Common Tamarisk).—A handsome evergreen

shrub or small tree, with long flexible reddish évanches, and closely
adpressed scale-like /eaves which give the tree a light feathery
appearance. The /lowers are rose-colour.—Though extensively
planted on the south and east coasts, this shrub is not in-
digenous.—Fl. July—September.

Orp. XV. ELATiINE2.—THE WATERWORT IFFAMILY

Mostly minute aquatic annual herbs, with prostrate s/ems, root-
ing at their nodes ; and opposite, stipulate aves ; sepals, petals,
and carpfels 2—5, each; sepals free or united ; stamens equalling,
or twice as many as, the petals ; ovary syncarpous, 2—5-chambered,
with as many s¢y/es and va/ves to the ripe capsule ; seeds wrinkled,

ELATINE HEXANDRA (Sz2x-stamened Waterwor?).

numerous ; p/acentation axile. These plants are found in most

parts of the world.
1. ELatfné (Waterwort).—Very small glabrous plants ; aves
spathulate ;fowers minute, axillary; seeds cylindric, furrowed,
and transversely striated. (Name of Greek origin.)
1. £. hexandra (Six-stamened Waterwort).—A minute plant,
forming turfy beds on the margin of lakes, or entirely submersed.
When left by the subsiding water it assumes a bright red hue.
Flowers inconspicuous, stalked, 3-merous ; stamens 6. Rare.—
Fl. July—September. Annual.
2. E. Hydropiper (Eight-stamened Waterwort, Water Pepper).
—Differing in having sessile, 4-merous flowers; stamens 8.
Growing in similar situations to the preceding, but even rarer.—
I'l. July, August. Annual.
90 HYPERIC{INEE

Orv. XVI. HyprericfNE#.—THE St. JoHN’s-worT FAMILY

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite, exstipulate, simple /aves,
generally dotted with pellucid glands, and conspicuous yellow
polysymmetric flowers, generally in cymes; sepads 5, rarely 4,
imbricate ; fefa/s of the same number as the sepals, twisted when
in bud ; stamens 3 or 5, much branched near the base and known
as polyadelphous ; cavfels 3—5, syncarpous ; styles 3—5; fruit a
capsule or nuculane, 3—5-chambered and valved, the valves
curved inwards; seeds numerous, minute. Most of the species
are aromatic and resinous, and some contain a yellow juice, which
has purgative, astringent, and tonic properties. They occur in
most parts of the world, the only British genus being that which
gives the Order its name, Hypericum.
1. Hypféricum (St. John’s-wort).—Zeaves sessile ;flowers in
cymes ; sepals 5; petals 5, usually very oblique; s/amens 3 or 5,
much branched; styles 3, rarely 5; /vuzt 3 or 5-chambered.
(Name from the Greek Azzpereikon, Pliny also using Aypericum,
though usage has made it Aypéricum.)

* Shrubs: sepals unequal: petals deciduous : stamens 5,

branch.d at the base
1. H. Androsémum (Tutsan).—A handsome, shrubby, glabrous
plant, 2—3 feet high ; stem compressed ; /eaves large, ovate, with
a strong resinous smell, which they retain for some time after
drying ;flowers # in. across, in conspicuous cymes ; fefa/s very
oblique ; styZes 3, recurved ; frwzt glossy, black, berry-like-—Woods
and hedges ; not common, except in Devon and Cornwall.—FI.
June—August. Perennial.
2.* H. hircinum,a taller, more-branched shrub, with flowers
14 in. across and narrow, acute, deciduous sefa/s, occurs in
shrubberies, but is not indigenous.—Fl. July—September.
Perennial.
3.* H. eldétum, a closely allied species with a 2-edged stem and’
winged peduncle, occurs under similar circumstances.
4.* H. calycinum (Large-flowered St. John’s-wort, Park-leaves).
—A low glabrous shrub, about a foot high; stem square ; /eaves
2—4 in. long: oblong, blunt, leathery ; Zowers solitary, terminal,
3—4 in. across, very handsome ; s¢y/es 5.—Common in gardens
and shrubberies, and naturalised in several places.—-Fl. July—
September. Perennial.
Fig. 10. = John’s Wort. (Hypericum perforatum)
Small upright St. John’s Wort. (Hypericum pulchrum).
 ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY QI

** Herbs: sepals united, not fringed : petals persistent: stamens 3,

branched at the base: styles 3
5. H. perfordtum (Common St. John’s-wort).—Szem erect, 2
feet high, 2-edged ; aves elliptic-oblong, copiously dotted with
pellucid glands, veins opaque; sefaZs erect, lanceolate, acute.—
Woods and hedges; common. This plant and its congeners
derive their popular name from coming into flower about the feast
of St. John Baptist
(O.S.).—Fl. July—Sep-
tember. Perennial. Sig ww
6. A. maculatum (Im- cS
perforate St. John’s- WT N(i *Ss a
wort).—Very like the ~
last, but with stem 4- YY ws Ay
sided, with 4 elevated
lines; “eaves with pel-
lucid veins, but few
glands ; sepfads reflexed,
ovate, blunt, with black
glands on the back.—
Moist places ; not com-
mon,—Fl. July, August.
Perennial. jure
1. Hl. quadringulum mi / ”
(Square - stalked _—Stt. =a | ~€/
John’s-wort).—An allied ’ ms 72
species with 4-winged, . \ ak
branched szem; leaves \P —
with many pellucid a’ in
glands and veins; and KN
sepals erect, lanceolate, im
acuminate.—Wet places; pee ;
HYPERICUM PERFORATUM
common. — FI. July, (Perforated St. John’s-wort).
August. Perennial. .
8. Hf. undulétum (Wavy St. John’s-wort).—Another closely-
allied form, with a 4-edged stem; deaves with wavy edges, many
pellucid glands and veins ; 4/ack glands on the edges of the stem,
the under surface of the leaves, and the sepals ; /ozwers in loose
cymes ; and sefa/s erect, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.—In bogs in
Devon and Cornwall; rare.—FI. ae Perennial.
9. H. humifiisum (TrailingSt. John’s-wort)—A prostrate,
glabrous species ; stems spreading, eae 2-edged, 3—9 in. long;
leaves oblong, obtuse, with minute pellucid glands and black
glands under their revolute margins ; sepads unequal ; stamens 5—
92 MALVACE®

7-branched.—Walls and gravelly banks; common.—Fl. July,

August. Perennial.

*** Flerbs: sepals fringed with glands: stamens 3, branched :

o styles 3
10. Hl. “inarifolium (Narrow-leaved St. John’s-wort).—Stem
erect, terete, 6—12 in. high; /eaves linear, blunt, revolute ; sepals
lanceolate, acute, with glandular teeth and black glands below;
stamens about 1o-branched.—Devon, Cornwall, and Jersey; very
rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
11. Hl. pilchrum (Small Upright St. John’s-wort).—A slender,
glabrous plant ; s¢em erect, round, 12—18 in. high ; eaves cordate-
amplexicaul, with pellucid glands ; fozwer-buds stained with red ;
sepals obtuse, fringed with sessile glands; fefa/s fringed with
glands.— Heaths and woods; common.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
12. Hf. hirsutum (Hairy St. John’s-wort).—Szem erect, round,
hairy, about two feet high ; aves slightly stalked, pubescent, with
pellucid glands ; sefads narrow, acute, fringed with stalked glands.
—Woods, especially on calcareous soil.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
13. Hf. monténum (Mountain St. John’s-wort).—A_ similar
plant, but glabrous, with sessile aves, with black glands on their
margins.—Limestone hills; not common.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
14. Hf. eldes (Marsh St. John’s-wort).—A shaggy plant; stems
creeping, ascending ; eaves roundish, densely clothed in shaggy
down ; flowers few, pale yellow; sefads fringed with red-stalked
glands.—Spongy bogs; common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

Orp. XVII. MALvAcEH.—THE MALLOW FAMILY

A large and important family of herbaceous plants, shrubs and
trees, with scattered, stipulate /eaves, which are palmately veined
and lobed. The /owers are polysymmetric and generally con-
spicuous, and are in most cases furnished with an efzcalyx or
involucel of bracts ; sepa/s 5, more or less united at the base,
valvate in bud; Aefa/s 5, twisted in bud ; stamens originally 5, but
much branched and carried up on a tube, so as to appear indefinite
and monadelphous ; cavfe/s many in a whorl, generally united,
each 1-seeded ; s¢y/es as many as the carpels, distinct or united;
Jruitaregma. There are about a thousand species in the Order,
mostly natives of tropical regions, where they form a large pro-
portion of the vegetation, the number of species gradually
 MALLOW FAMILY 93

decreasing towards the poles. They all agree in containing a

large quantity of mucilage, and being totally destitute of unwhole-
some qualities. In some species, this mucilage, extracted by
boiling the plant, especially the root, is employed medicinally in
allaying irritation, both external and internal, as, for instance, in
the manufacture of guimauve lozenges. The inner bark of several
tropical species is used as a substitute for hemp; but the less
strong, though most valuable of all textile substances, cotton,
consists of the long unicellular hairs on the seeds of various species
of the genus Gossjpium,
which belongs to this Order.
The MHollyhock (A/theéa
résea), several species of
Liibiscus, Mdalopé, and other
genera, are favourite orna-
mental garden flowers.
1. ALTHEA. L£ficalyx of
6—g connate bracts.
2. LAVATERA. <£picalyx
of 3 connate bracts.
3. MAtva. L£fzcalyx of 3
distinct bracts.
+, ALTHAA (Marsh Mal
low). — Hairy herbs, with
lobed Zaves,; axillary or e RNS
racemose flowers ; an efpi- — 7X
calyx of 6—g united bracts ; ee \
sepals and petals 5 each; oy \
\Ye SS

staminal tube long; styles "

. Rise a : ALTHA OFFICINALIS
many; /rw¢ dividing into (Common Marsh Mallow).
indehiscent 1-seeded cocci.
(Name from the Greek @/tho, I cure, from its healing properties. )
1. A. officinédlis (Common Marsh Mallow).—Hoary with stel-
late down; stem 2—3 feet high; eaves shortly stalked, thick,
sub-orbicular, 3—5-lobed; //owers in axillary cymes, I—2 in.
across, blush-pink.—Marshes near the sea; local. ‘The starry
down is a beautiful object for the microscope.—Fl. August,
September. Perennial.
2. A. hirsuta (Hispid Marsh Mallow).—A hispid or bristly
plant, about a foot high, with /eaves long-stalked, reniform,
3—5-lobed, and solitary axillary rose-pink //owers, an inch across,
occurs near Cobham, Kent.—Fl. June, July. Annual or
biennial.
94 MALVACEAE

2. Lavatéra (Tree-Mallow).—Tall hairy plants, with more

or less lobed Zeaves ; axillary fowers,; an epicalyx of 3 united bracts ;
and other characters mainly as in A/ti@a. (Named in honour of
the two Lavaters, Swiss physicians, friends of Tournefort.)
1. LZ. arborea (Sea Tree-Mallow).—A tall and handsome plant,
3—12 feet high, with a thick woody stem ,; soft, downy, 7-angled

LAVATERA ARBOREA (Sea Tree-Mallow).

leaves ; and abundance of rose-coloured flowers, with darker veins,

1} in. across, resembling those of the Common Mallow (J/é/va
sylvéstris), but of a deeper colour towards the centre.—On sea-
cliffs and stacks ; rare.—Fl. July—October. Biennial.
2.* LZ. sylvéstris, a smaller, herbaceous species, closely re-
sembling J/d/va sylvéstris, but differing in being hispid with
stellate hairs, giving it a grey-green colour, and in having the
 ey
a

ray
-

4 .
Fig. 11. Mallow. Malva sylvestris).
 MALLOW FAMILY 95
bracts of its efzca/yx united, occurs, perhaps introduced in ballast,
in the Scilly Isles, in Cornwall], and in Dorset.—Fl. June, July.
Annual or biennial.
3. MAtva (Mallow).—Glabrous or hairy herbs; /eaves angled
or lobed ; flowers axillary ; eficalyx of 3 distinct bracts ; and other
characters mainly as in the two preceding genera. (Name from
the Greek mé/aké, soft, in allusion to its emollient mucilage. )
1. A/. moschéta (Musk Mallow).—Hairy, light green, s/em
erect, /eaves long-stalked, deeply palmately 5—7-lobed, lobes

MALVA SYLVESTRIS (Common Mallow).

pinnatifid, with a faint musky odour when rubbed, especially in

hot weather; flowers large, handsome, rose-coloured, crowded
towards the top of the stem ; /7wz¢ hairy.— Hedges and borders of
fields ; frequent. A white variety is occasionally found and is
grown in gardens.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
2. M. sylvestris (Common Mallow). — A_ robust, erect,
branched, herbaceous, downy plant ; /eaves lobed, but not deeply
divided, crenate-serrate ; ffowers showy, lilac with crimson veins;
Jrut glabrous.—Waste ground ; common.—Fl. June—September.
Perennial.
As the season advances, the leaves lose their first deep-green
96 TILIACEA

hue, and the stems put on a ragged appearance. Children gather

and eat the unripe seed-vessels, which they call ‘‘ cheeses”: they
are insipid, but not unwholesome. The pollen is a beautiful
object for the microscope, being studded with minute prickles,
which cause it to adhere to the hairy legs of bees visiting the
flowers. The crimson veins on the petals serve the insects as
‘“‘honey-guides ”: the stamens ripen and discharge their pollen
before the circle of styles mature their stigmas, and subsequently
these styles bend over so that the stigmas can collect pollen,
brought from other flowers by insects, off the withered recurved
filaments.
3. MW. rotundifolia (Dwarf Mallow).—A _ smaller prostrate
species ; /eaves roundish, heart-shaped, with 5 shallow lobes;
Jiowers less than an inch across, pale pink, without honey-guides ;
Jruit downy.—Waste places, common. Its flowers are seldom
visited by insects, and mature their anthers and stigmas simul-
taneously.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.
*M. verticilléta, an erect species with fe/a/s not longer than its
sepals ; JZ. pusi//a, a prostrate annual form resembling JZ. rotun-
difolia, but with shorter fefals ; and *AZ. parviflora, a branched
form with acutely-lobed /eaves and short feta/s, occur occasionally,
but are not indigenous.
Orv. XVIII. TitiActa.—THe LINDEN Pat
A considerable family, mostly tropical, of trees, shrubs, and,
rarely, herbs; /eaves scattered, stipulate; /owers cymose, poly-
symmetric; sepals 5, rarely 4, valvate when in bud; feZals
equalling the sepals in number, often with a scale and pit at their
base, sometimes wanting; s¢amens numerous; carfels 2—10,
syncarpous ; s¢y/e single ; s¢gmas and chambers of ovary as many as
carpels ; frwzt dry or. baccate, with one or more seeds in each
chamber. ‘They all have a mucilaginous, wholesome juice, and
many of them are remarkable for the toughness of their fibrous
inner bark. Jute, for example, is the product of the East Indian
genus Cdérchorus, and Russian bast is obtained from the Linden
( Zilia).
1. TiLra (Linden).—Trees with oblique, cordate, serrate aves ;
cymes with a large leafy bract adherent to the peduncle; sepals
5, deciduous; fefals 5; stamens many; ovary 5-chambered,
capsule 1-chambered, indehiscent, 1—2-seeded. (Name, the
Latin name of the tree. The English name, now generally written
Lime, was Line in Shakespere’s time.) A peculiar interest
attaches to the Linden from its having given a name to the
 -FLAX FAMILY 97

immortal Linnzus. It is questionable whether any species of the

genus is indigenous in Britain.
1. Z. platyphyllos (Large-leaved Linden), a large tree, with
its young shoots hairy ; /eaves thin, downy beneath, longer than
their stalks ; and /ruet Wigaek 5-angled and downy. Old rocky
woods in Walesand
the west of Eng-
land. — Fl. June,
oa
ike Me UL a ky
(eee Lime),
the chief form in
our parks and
avenues, glabrous
except woolly tufts
at the branching of
the veins on the
under side of the
leaves ; eaves thin,
twice as long as
their stalks; /ruzt
woody, not ribbed
TILIA VULGARIS (Common Lice).
or angled when
ripe, downy.—Hedgerows and plantations.—FI. June, July.
3. ZL: cordé/a (Small-leaved Linden), which has most claim to be
considered indigenous, glabrous except woolly tufts, as in the last;
deaves thick, leathery, scarcely longer than their stalks ; /rwz¢ faintly
ribbed, thin, brittle, downy.—Old woods.—Fl. July, August.
Orp. XIX. Linea&.—THE FuLAx FAMILY
Herbaceous, rarely shrubby plants, with slender s/ems ; narrow,
simple, entire /eaves ; and polysymmetric, 3—5-merous /fowers ;
sepals imbricate, persistent ; fefaZs twisted when in bud, falling
off very soon after expansion ; s¢amens alternate with the petals ;
united at the base into a ring with staminodes between them ;
capsule approaching a globular form, 3—5-chambered, each
chamber incompletely divided by the in-growth of the mid-rib of
the carpellary leaf; seeds 2 in each chamber. The flowers are in
many cases highly ornamental, providing our gardens with vivid
blue, crimson, orange, and white blossoms; but the most useful
characters of the Order are the toughness of the fibre contained
in their stems, the mucilaginous nature of the outer coat of their
seeds, and the oil obtained from the seeds themselves when
crushed. The flax of commerce, Zzzum usttatisstmum, has for
H
08 L{NEA

ages supplied the valuable textile substance which derives from it the
name ‘‘ linen” ; the mucilaginous seeds are employed in “linseed ”
poultices ; and, when crushed, yield ‘linseed oil,” the chief oil
used in painting, and the refuse ‘ oilcake,” used as food for cattle.
1. RADIoLA.—/lowers tetramerous ; sepads trifid.
2. Linum.—//owers pentamerous ; sepa/s entire. :
1. RApioLa (Flax-seed, All-seed).—A minute annual herb;
stem filiform, repeatedly forked ; #owers terminal and in the forks ;
sepals 4, deeply and acutely 3-cleft, united
below ; fezals 4, fugacious. (Name, a dimi-
nutive from the Latin rddzus, a ray, from
the radiating branches.)
1. &. “indides (Common Flax-seed), the
only species, a minute plant, never exceed-
ing four inches in height, bearing ovate-
acute /eaves and a large number of minute
m °
RADIOLA LINOIDES
white flowers, which, as the plants generally
:
(Common Flax-seed). grow many together, often prevent its being
overlooked.—Damp heaths; frequent.—
Fl. July, August. Annual.
2. Linum (Flax).—Herbs or small shrubs; “aves scattered,
or rarely opposite; /Zowervs in cymes, pentamerous; sepals 5,
entire ; petals 5, fugacious ; ask of five glands opposite the petals ;
stamens 5, with 5 staminodes between them ; ovary 5-chambered,
chambers divided almost into 2; styles 5; ovules 10; fruit cap-
sular. (Name, the Latin name of the plant, perhaps of Keltic origin.)
1. L. cathérticum (Cathartic Flax).—A very slender, much-
branched, glabrous plant, rarely exceeding 6 in. in height ; aves
mostly opposite, linear-oblong ; /lowers numerous, } in. across,
white, in dichasial cymes, drooping before expansion; sepals
pointed, 1-veined.—Dry pastures ; common.—Fl. June—August.
Annual.
2. L. perénne (Perennial Flax).—A slender plant about a foot
high, with wiry sfems; very narrow, scattered, sessile /eaves,
tapering to a point; sepals obovate, obtuse, obscurely 5-veined,
glabrous ; feza/s a beautiful sky blue, but so fugacious as scarcely
to bear being gathered. Chalky places; rare—Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
3. L. angustifolium (Narrow-leaved Flax).—Like the last; but
irregularly branched and distinctly marked by its sharp-pointed,
elliptical, 3-veined sefa/s, and by the lighter, more lilac, blue of
its fowers.—Dry pastures in the southern and western counties ;
frequent.—F1l. May—September. Annual or Perennial.
 CRANE’S-BILL FAMILY 99

4.* L. usitatissimum (Common Flax), though not a native plant,

is not unfrequently found as an escape from cultivation. It is
distinguished from the preceding by its stems being mostly solitary,
instead of several from the same root, by its somewhat broader
and more distant aves, by its ciliate, ovate, 3-veined, pointed
sepals, by its notched, blue Ze/a/s, and by its larger size—Fl. June,
july. Annual.

LINUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM and L. CATHARTICUM.

Orp. XX. GERANIACEZ.—THE CRANE’S-BILL FAMILY

A considerable Order, two tribes of which, the Oxa/idee and
Balsaminee, are sometimes treated as distinct Orders. ‘They are
mostly herbaceous; their aves are usually stipulate; /fowers
conspicuous, either polysymmetric or monosymmetric, and usually
pentamerous ; sepals, petals, and carpels 3—5 each; stamens
5—-10; ovary 3—5-chambered, with 1, 2, or more seeds in each
chamber. The Order takes its name from the elongated axis or
carpophore, to which the styles of the members of the Tribe
Gerdniee adhere in the flower, and from which they separate and
curl up when the carpels are ripe. ‘The members of this tribe are
often astringent and aromatic, abounding in volatile oil; those of
the Oxalidee are remarkable for the quantity of oxalic acid con-
H 2 ;
100 GERANIACEE

tained in their foliage, and some have edible tubers. All three
tribes furnish beautiful plants to our gardens. Most of the species
grown as Geraniums, which are derived mainly from South Africa,
belong truly to the allied genus Pe/argénium, which differs in
having the posterior sepal wider than the rest, and provided with
a tubular spur containing nectar, which is adherent to the flower-
stalk, so that the flower is monosymmetric.

Tribe [. GERANIER.— Zhe Crane’s-bill Tribe.-—Hlowers poly-

symmetric: sepals imbricate: fruit a beaked regma separating into
five indehiscent cocci: styles persisting as awns.
1. GERANIUM.—Sfamens 10; awns recurved, smooth.
2. ERODIUM.— Stamens 5; staminodes 5; awns spiral, bearded.

Tribe If, OxatfpE®.—TZhe Wood-Sorrel Tribe.-— Flowers poly-

symmetric: sepals imbricate.: stamens 10: fruit a capsule
3. Oxatis.—Leaves ternate ; seeds with an elastic testa.

Tribe II. Batsamfnex.—The Balsam Tribe.—Flowers mono-

symmetric: sepals petaloid, the posterior spurred: stamens 5 : fruit
a capsule, bursting elastically.
4. ImpATIENS.—Leaves simple; sepals 3; petals 3.
1. GERANIUM (Crane’s-bill).—Herbs with swollen nodes, rarely
shrubs ; /eaves simple, stipulate, lobed ; flowers on 1—2-flowered
axillary peduncles ; stamens 10, 5 of which are alternately larger,
and have glands at their base; sfy/es persisting as smooth awns
which curve upwards from the long beak (carpophore) of the
fruit. (Name from the Greek gévanos, a crane, from the beaked
fruit.)
* Perennial
1. G. sanguineum (Bloody Crane’s-bill).— An _ exceedingly
handsome plant with hairy stems ; abundant foliage, radical leaves
nearly round, with 7 deeply-cut lobes, each of which is 3-cleft,
cauline leaves 5- or 3-lobed ;1. flowers 1—14 in. across, crimson or
pink, solitary, on long stalks.—Dry rocks and shores ;not common.
—FIl. July—September.
2.* G. versicolor, with slender, erect, hairy sem, 18 in. high,
and 2-flowered peduncles bearing white, red-veined flowers, occurs
as an escape.
1 Particular care should be taken when comparing specimens with the above descriptions,
to examine the radical leaves, for the cauline leaves vary even on the same plant to such
a degree as to defy description.
 CRANE’S-BILL FAMILY IOI

3.* G. nodésum, a similar species, with glabrous s¢em and red

jiowers, is also an escape.
4.* G. pheum (Dusky Crane’s-bill).—A tall, erect plant with
leaves 5—v7-lobed, serrate; dingy, purplish-black /fowers with
mucronate sepals ; and carfels hairy below, wrinkled above, not
uncommon in gardens, occurs also as an escape in plantations.—
Fl. May, June. Perennial.
5. G.sylvdticum (Wood Crane’s-bill).—A tall, erect, hairy species;

GERANIUM PRATENSE (Meadow Crane’s-6ill).

leaves palmate, 7-lobed, lobes cut and serrate; lowers purplish-

blue or rose-colour; fefa/s with bearded claws; s/amens awl-
shaped, fringed; carpels hairy ; fruit-stalks erect.—Woods and
pastures, chiefly in the north ; rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
6. G. praténsé (Meadow Crane’s-bill).—The largest British
species, erect, downy, sometimes 4 feet high; differing from the
last in having stalks to the caudine leaves ; narrow stipules ; larger,
blue-purple /owers, over an inch across ; very large points to the
sepals ; more slender and less hairy filaments ; and deflexed fruit-
102 GERANIACEE

stalks.—Moist meadows and river-sides; common.—Fl. June—

September. Perennial.
7. G. pyrendicum (Mountain Crane’s-bill).—Stem spreading, 2
feet high, downy, with long hairs intermixed; vadzcal leaves
reniform, 7—9-lobed, lobes oblong, obtuse, 3-cleft and toothed at
the end ; flowers 4 in. across; sepads mucronate ; feZa/s notched,
twice as long, bright red.—Road-sides and meadows ; uncommon,
seldom indigenous.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
—**® Annual or Biennial
8. G. méllé (Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill).—Prostrate, very softly
pubescent ; /eaves roundish, lobed and cut; flowers $—43 in.
across, rose-colour or lilac ; sefazs mucronate ; petals bifid ; fruzt
wrinkled, glabrous.—Fields and waste places ; common.—F1. all
the summer. Annual.
9. G. pusillum (Small-flowered Crane’s-bill).—Resembling the
last, but smaller, prostrate, very softly pubescent ; /eaves roundish,
more deeply lobed ; /fZowers + in. across, lilac ; sefads mucronate ;
petals notched ; carpels keeled, downy with adpressed hairs, not
wrinkled.— Waste ground ; common.—F1. all the summer. Annual.
10. G. vrotundiféium (Round-leaved Crane’s-bill)—Also re-
sembling G. mé//, downy, with more distant hairs ; flowers $—4
in. across, flesh-pink ;ZefaZs not notched ; carpels keeled, with
spreading hairs, not wrinkled.—Waste places ; not common.—F1.
June, July. Annual.
11. G. disséctum (Jagged-leaved Crane’s-bill).—Hairy, not
downy ; stems spreading ; aves roundish, divided almost to the
base in 5—7 segments with linear lobes ; peduncles very short ;
flowers +—4 in. across, bright red ; sepa/s with long points ; fezads
bifid ; carfels not wrinkled, with erect hairs.—Waste places ;
common.—F. all the summer. Annual.
12. G. columbinum (Long-stalked Crane’s-bill).—.S¢ems spread-
ing, nearly glabrous ; dranches 1—2 feet ; /eaves similar to those of
the last but on much longer stalks; jeduncles longer than the
leaves ;pedicels very long and slender ; flowers +—# in. across,
often drooping, bluish rose-colour; sefa/s with long points ;
petals emarginate ; carfe/s with few small hairs.—Dry hedgerows ;
not very common.—FI. June, July. Annual.
13. G. licidum (Shining Crane’s-bill).—A beautiful and distinct
species, a few inches high, glabrous and glossy ; stems and /eaves
generally tinged with red; aves nearly round, 5-lobed ; flowers
small, rose-colour; sefa/s wrinkled, with long points; fetads
shorter, entire.—Old walls and stony places; common.—FI. all
the summer. Annual.
Shining Crane’s-bill. ; Jagged-leaved Crane’s-bill.
(Geranium lucidum). Pig 12, (Geranium dissecium).
 CRANE’S-BILL FAMILY 103

14. G. Robertidnum (Herb Robert).—One of the most generally

diffused and best known species, well distinguished by its red,
hairy, succulent, spreading s¢ems ; ternately or quinately divided
Zeaves with pinnatifid segments, acquiring in autumn the same red-
dish hue ; and bright pink elegantly-veined fowers 4 in. across, with
long, pointed sefa/s, viscid with glandular hairs, and obovate,
entire fefals. There is a white-flowered. variety. The whole
plant has a strong smell.—Hedgerows and waste ground; very
common.—Fl. all the summer. -Annual.

2. ERdp1uM (Stork’s-bill).—Herbs with swollen nodes; aves

stipulate; lowers on 1—many-
flowered axillary peduncles ; pezads
rather unequal, sometimes defi-
cient ; stamens 5, with alternating
staminodes, with glands at the
base of the former ; szy/s persist-
ing as spirally twisted awns
furnished with long elastic bristles
on the inner side.t (Name from
the Greek evédios, a stork, from
the beaked fruit.) }
1. £. cicutérium (Hemlock
Stork’s-bill). — Szems prostrate,
hairy; Zeaves bi-pinnatifid, with
lanceolate stipules; . peduncles
many-flowered ; flowers in umbel-
late cymes, rosy or white ; fesads
entire, rather unequal, two often
spotted at the base, fugacious.—
Waste places, especially near
the sea; common.—Fl. all the
summer. Annual.
2. £. moschdtum (Musk Stork’s-
bill).— A larger and_ stouter
species, of a deeper green, covered
with spreading hairs, somewhat
clammy to the touch, and emit- ;
ting, when handled, a strong scent Ceminee Cader
of musk; eaves less deeply cut,
1 These awns, which become spirally twisted when ripe, often spring to a considerable
distance from the parent plant. Being hygroscopic they uncurl when moistened. The com-
bined action of the awn and the bristles on it thus gives to the carpel the power of locomo-
tion at every change in the moisture surrounding it, and serves to bury the seed-vessel. A
twisted carpel, if moistened and laid on a sheet of paper, will soon crawl an inch or more
away from the spot on which it was laid,
104 GERANIACEE

with broadly-ovate, obtuse stipules ; //owes pink.—Waste places ;

rare, not indigenous inland.—FIl. June, July. Annual.
3. £. maritimum (Sea stork’s-bill).—A small plant, roughish,
with minute hairs, and sending out several leafy stems, which lie
remarkably close to the ground; the /eaves are not pinnate, as in
the other British species, but ovate, cordate, and crenately lobed ;
and the peduncles bear, one or two minute, generally apetalous,
fiowers.—Sandy places near the sea, especially in the west of
England; rare. Like many other seaside plants, it is not un-
frequently met with in inland, mountainous districts, occurring
plentifully on Dartmoor, in Devonshire, many miles from the sea.
—Fl. all the summer. Perennial.
3. OxaLis (Wood-sorrel).—Acid herbs with sensitive, ternate
leaves; flowers on axillary, 1- or more-flowered peduncles,
polysymmetric ; sepads 5, united
below, imbricate ; petals 5, often
united below, convolute ; stamens
10, monadelphous, the 5 outer
ones shorter; ovary 5-cham-
bered ; styles 5 ; fruzt a capsule ;
seeds with an elastic testa, which
splits hygroscopically, throwing
the body of the seed to a distance.
(Name from the Greek oxis,
acid.)
1. O. Adcetosélla (Common
Wood -sorrel, Alleluia). -- An
elegant little plant with a creep-
ing vAizome and delicate, radical,
trefoil, hairy J/eaves, which,
though not so sensitive as some
foreign species, fold together ver-
SS tically at night, being thus pro-
OXALIS ACETOSELLA (Common Wood-sorrel). tected from radiated cold. The
peduncle has two bracts about
the middle and is single-flowered ;and the flowers have obovate
white or lilac-veined Zefads. Apetalous, cleistogene seed-yielding
flowers are produced later in the season, as in the violets (see
p. 64).—Woods and shady places ; common.—Fl. April—August.
Perennial.
2.* QO. stricta, a downy plant with prostrate branched s¢em
without runners, and 2—3-flowered peduncles bearing yellow
flowers, may be indigenous in Devon and Cornwall.—F I.June—
September. Annual.
 CRANE’S-BILL FAMILY 105

3.* O. corniculdta, a nearly glabrous erect plant with runners

and 2—8-flowered peduncles bearing yellow flowers, occurring also
in the west, is not indigenous.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.
4. IMPATIENS (Balsam).—Succulent herbaceous plants with
simple /eaves and monosymmetric flowers; sepals 3, petaloid,
deciduous, imbricate, the posterior one forming a wide-mouthed

IMPATIENS NOLi-TANGERE (Balsam).

spur ; petals 3, the anterior one broad, symmetrical, the two

lateral ones unequally 2-lobed ; stamens 5, with short coherent
' filaments ; ovary 5-chambered, many-ovuled ; /rwz¢t a capsule with
5 elastic valves. If the capsule be touched when approaching
ripeness, its valves instantaneously curl into a spiral form, and
spring with considerable force many feet from the plant, dropping
the seeds by the way. Cleistogene flowers also occur. (Name
106 ILIC{NEA

from the Latin zmpatens, referring to the sudden movement of

the valves of the capsule.)
1. L. Woli-téngere (Touch-me-not), an elegant plant 1—2 feet
high; stem swollen at the nodes; aves ovate, coarsely serrate,
obtuse : peduncles 1—3-flowered ; flowers large, yellow spotted
with orange ; spur slender, loosely recurved.— Moist shady woods
and river banks in mountainous districts in the north ; rare.—
Fl. June—September. Annual.
2.* J. bifléra, a North American species, 2—3 feet high, with
acute, ovate, serrate /eaves, orange flowers, turquoise-blue seeds,
and a spur closely recurved and emarginate, is, since 1822, natur-
alised by the Tillingbourne, the Wey, and the Thames in Surrey, -
the Colne in Middlesex and Bucks, and elsewhere.—Fl. June—
August. Annual.
3.* L. parviflora, a Russian plant, 6—18 in. high, with 3—12-
flowered peduncles, and small yellowish /owers with a short straight
spur, is naturalised in many places.—Fl. July—September.
Annual.

Orv. XXI._ Inicfne®.—Tue Hotty TRIPE

This Order, which is also known as Aguwzfolidcee, consists of -
trees and shrubs with scattered, simple, and generally evergreen
and leathery aves, and axillary cymes of small, white, or greenish
flowers ; sepals gi united, imbricate, persistent; ‘petals AO,
deciduous, imbricate ; s¢amens equalling the petals in number,
and alternate with ‘them ; filaments awl-shaped; anthers 2-
chambered, opening lengthwise ; ovary superior; 2—6-chambered :
style short or absent; sézgma nearly sessile, lobed; /ruzt
drupaceous, fleshy, indehiscent, containing 2—6 bony, one-seeded
“stones.” They occur in various parts of the world, the common
Holly being the only European species. Nearly all the members
of the Order possess astringent, tonic properties, the leaves of the
Holly, for instance, being used as a substitute for quinine in
cases of intermittent fever. The leaves of Z/ex paraguayénsts, a
South American species, furnish Paraguay or Maté Tea, which is
extensively used throughout South America. The tea itself is
properly known as yerba de mate, maté being the name for the
gourd which is used as a teapot. The leaves of the common
Holly are used as tea by the peasantry in the Black Forest.
1. ILEx (Holly).—Trees and shrubs; sefa/s 4 or 5 ; petals 4 or
5, generally united as a rotate corolla ; stamens 4 or 5, adherent
to the corolla-tube ; stigmas 4 or 5; Jerry round, containing 4 or
5 stones. (Name applied by the Latins to some tree, probably
Quércus flex, the Holm Oak, but not to our Holly.)
 HOLLY TRIBE 107

1. L. Aguifolium (Common Holly).—The only British species,

a shrub or small tree, with smooth ash-grey bark and slightly
downy twigs; /eaves evergreen, glossy, with cartilaginous waved
spinous margins, those on upper branches often having only the
one spine at the apex ; flowers white, sub-dicecious ; /rwzt scarlet,
rarely yellow. The wood, which is white, and remarkably close-
grained, is much used by cabinet-makers for inlaying and
ebonising ; and the bark furnishes bird-lime. Zhe berries, zt should

{LEX AQUIFOLIUM (Common Holly).

be borne in mind, are Poisonous. The name Aguzfoium means

needle-leaved, and Holly may be a corruption of the word “ holy,”
from the use to which its boughs are applied in ornamenting
churches at Christmas. The Holly is particularly abundant on
sandy soil, under the trees of our old forests.—Fl. May—August.
Series IT. CALYCIFLORE. Orb. XXII.—XXXVI
Petals and stamens perigynous or epigynous ; ovary superior or
inferior.
§ Stamens perigynous ; ovary generally superior
TOSh 4 .: CELASTRINEX

Orp. XXII. CELASTRINEZH.—THE SPINDLE-TREE FAMILY

A rather large and widely distributed Order of trees and
shrubs, containing only one British species, and not many others
of much interest. They have simple /caves, and small cymose
flowers ; sepals 4—s, united, imbricate ; pefa/s and stamens both

FLOWER OF EUONYMUS EuROPAUS (Common Spindle-tree),

equal in number to the sepals ; ovavzy sunk in the disk, 2—5-

chambered ; ozz/es 2 in each chamber ; seeds usually wrapped in
a fleshy aril.
1. Euénymus (Spindle-tree).—Trees or shrubs with opposite
leaves ; flowers in axillary cymes, with a broad 4—5-lobed fleshy
disk ; fruit a fleshy 3—5-angled capsule, with 3—5 chambers and
 SPINDLE-TREE FAMILY 3569
valves ; seeds solitary in each chamber. (Name from the Greek
eudnumos, lucky, in allusion to the poisonous character of the fruit,
as fairies are called “ good people,” from fear.)
1. £. europeus (Common Spindle-tree, Prickwood).—A shrub
well marked by its smooth, green, angular dvanches ; glossy, ovate-
lancealate, minutely serrated eaves; loose clusters of small

FRUIT OF EUONYMUS EUROPA&US (Common Spindle-tree).

greenish, usually tetramerous, jZowers ; and, above all, by its

deeply-lobed capsules, which, when ripe, are rose-coloured, and
split so as to disclose the seeds covered by a scarlet aril, which
Tennyson describes as—
‘* The fruit that in our autumn woodlands looks a flower.”’

The wood was formerly used for skewers, spindles, and charcoal.
—Il. May, June.
IIO RHAMNEX

Orv. XXIII. RHAMNEA&.—THE BUCKTHORN FAMILY

Trees or shrubs, with simple eaves, minute s¢zpules, and small
greenish flowers ; sepals 4 or 5, united, valvate; petals 4 or 5,
inserted in the throat of the calyx, or absent ; stamens 4 or 5,
Opposite the petals ; ovary superior or half superior, 2—4-cham-
bered, surrounded by a
fleshy disk ; fruit fleshy
and indehiscent, or dry
type and separating into three
divisions; seeds one in
each chamber. Zizyphus
Lotus is reputed to have
been the food of the
ancient Lotus-eaters, the
Lotophagi mentioned by
Homer in the “ Odyssey.”
It is a_ prickly shrub
with numerons purplish
berries, of the size of sloes,
with mealy pulp of a de-
licious flavour, and large
stones. Other species of
this genus produce the
jujube, well known in
this country as a sweet-
meat. Z. spina-Christ
and Paliurus aculedtus,
prickly shrubs, common
in the East, are severally
believed by many persons
to have formed our
Blessed Saviour’s crown
of thorns. The berries
of species of ARhdmnus
are used as dyes, in
RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS (Common Buckthorn).
making sap-green paint,
and in medicine, an ex-
tract of A. Purshidnus being considerably employed under the
name Cascara sagrada, “sacred bark” ; but they are too violent
and uncertain in their effects to be used with safety. Two species
of this genus are the only British representatives of the Order.
1. RuAmMNus (Buckthorn).—Shrubs or small trees; J/eaves
scattered ;flowers sometimes unisexual ; ca/yx urceolate ; fruit
 MAPLE FAMILY III
drupaceous, with 2—4 1-seeded stones. (Name from the Greek
rhamnos, a branch.)
1. R. cathdrticus (Common Buckthorn).—A stiff, much-branched
shrub, 5—ro feet high ; ranches opposite, terminating in spines ;
eaves ovate serrate ; flowers in crowded axillary cymes, yellowish-
green, tetramerous, dicecious ; séy/e 4-cleft; frwzt with 4 stones,
black, powerfully cathartic. These, if gathered before they are
ripe, yield a yellow dye ; when ripe they form, if mixed with lime-
water and gum-arabic, the pigment known as Sap- or Bladder-
green.—Woods, chiefly on chalk.—Fl. May—July.
2. R. Frdngula (Alder Buckthorn, Black or Berry-bearing Alder).
—A shrub, 6—10 feet high, with rather slender, smooth, dark,
spineless 4ranches not opposite one another ; obovate, entire, deep
green /eaves ; greenish-white /Zowers ; style simple ; fruzt with 2
stones. Used under the name Dogwood for gunpowder charcoal.
—Woods ; not uncommon.—F1. May, June.

Orp. XXIV. AcER{NE&.—THE MAPLE FAMILY

Strictly speaking, a tribe in the large Order Safinddcee, to
another division of which the Soap-berry, the Horse-Chestnut, and
the Litchi belong. The Maple Tribe are trees with opposite,
stalked, deciduous /eaves palmately-veined ; racemose, polysymme-
tric flowers, which are often polygamous, the lower ones being
usually staminate and the upper perfect ; ca/yx divided into 5 parts
(occasionally 4—12), imbricate, deciduous ; Zefals of the same
number, imbricate or absent; s¢amens usually 8, inserted on a
ring-shaped ask beneath the ovary ; ovary laterally compressed
2- (rarely 3—4) lobed and chambered ; style 2-lobed ; fruzt a
2-winged, 2—4-seeded samara. North America is rich in Maples,
their vividly tinted leaves giving a great charm to autumn wood-
lands. Several species, especially Acer saccharinum, abound in
sweet sap, from which maple sugar is manufactured; and the
timber of some species is valuable. Bird’s-eye Maple is a knotty
variety of A. saccharinum ; the white wood of the Sycamore (4.
Psetido-plétanus) is largely used in Scotland, under the misleading
name of Plane, in turnery, for bread-platters, butter-dishes, and
moulds, &c. ; and knarled specimens of the Common Maple (2.
campéstré) were formerly employed in making the rare and beau-
tiful ‘ mazer” bowls.
1. AcER (Maple).——Zeaves simple, lobed ; sepals and fetals 5
each ; carpels 2, each with a long wing. (Name the Latin acer,
which it is suggested may have been connected with the Keltic ac,
112 ACER{INE

a point, maple-wood having been used for spears or other pointed

instruments. )
1.* A, Psetido-pldtanus (Greater Maple or Sycamore).—A large
and handsome tree, introduced into England before the fourteenth
century, and now completely naturalised ; /eaves 4—8 in. across, 5-

eS
=.
x

%..

ACER PSEUDO-PLATANUS (Greater Maple or Sycamore).

lobed, unequally serrate ; racemes pendulous ; ovary hairy ; wags

of samara scimitar-shaped, divergent, each 13 in. long. ‘The name
Sycamore is due to an erroneous identification of this tree with
Ficus Sycomébrus, the Mulberry- or Sycamore-Fig of Palestine.—
Woods.—Fl. May, June.
2. A. campéstré (Common or Hedge-Maple), a small tree, with
 PEA FAMILY ; T13

very rugged, corky, fissured bark ; aves 2—4 in. across, 5-lobed,
lobes obtuse ; vacemes erect ; wings of samara oblong, horizontally
divergent, each 4 in. long.—Woods and hedges ; common.—F1.
May, June.
The leaves of both species of Maple are commonly spotted with
round black patches produced by a parasitic fungus, Ahytisma
acerinum.

ACER CAMPESTRE (Common Maple).

Orv. XXV. LEGUMINOSZ.—THE PEA FAMILY

The second largest Order of Dicotyledons, containing nearly
7,000 species, ranging in size from minute herbs to huge trees, is
yet a very natural one. They have scattered and usually stipulate
Zeaves, which are seldom simple; of the 5 more or less united
sepals, forming the inferior calyx, the odd one is anterior; there
is only a single carpe/, which usually forms a 1-chambered ovary,
ripening to a /egwme, or dry pod dehiscing down both sutures ;
and the seeds are exalbuminous. Though agreeing in these
characters the Order as a whole is subdivided into three sub-orders,
only one of which, the Pafzlionacte, is represented by British
species. This sub-order is marked by the additional characters
that its 7owers are monosymmetric ; that the corolla of 5 petals is
papilionaceous ; and that there are 10 stamens, either monadel-
I
114 LEGUMINOS

phous or diadelphous, 9 being united by their filaments and the

posterior one separate. In a few exotic species the legume
becomes fleshy and drupaceous; but then the papilionaceous
flower remains as a means of identification, whilst in the sub-orders
in which the flower is not papilionaceous the fruit remains the
characteristic legume. Among British species the chief varieties
of form in the pod are those of the Bird’s-foot (Ovnithopus) and
others, where it is imperfectly jointed, and in Medick (AZedzcdgo),
where it is often spirally twisted, so as to resemble a snail-shell.
Many members of the Order display peculiar irritability in their
leaves. Almost all the plants of the Order which have compound
leaves fold them together in what is called “sleep” at night ; but
the species of AZimésa, particularly AZ, piidica and M. sensiiiva,
which are known as Sensitive plants, close up in a remarkable
manner when touched; whilst those of the Telegraph plant
(Hedysérum gyrans) are in constant motion. ‘The Order is repre-
sented in all parts of the world and competes with the Grvaminee
and Pal/mdcee in its great and varied utility toman. ‘The seeds of
many species, under the general name of pulse, afford most
nutritious food, exceptionally rich in nitrogen, for man and other
animals—Peas, Beans, and Lentils, for example; others supply
valuable fodder, such as Clover, Vetches, and Lucerne ; the Rose-
woods are the best known of many excellent timber-trees ;Gum
Arabic, Gum Tragacanth, and the Wattle Gums of Australia are
products of the order ; Wattle-bark, Catechu, and Kino are among
the valuable astringent substances used in tanning ; Logwood and
indigo are the chief dyes in the Order. Nota few are poisonous,
especially in the seed, of which the Laburnum isa familiar example.
Others, the seeds of which are eminently nutritious, have proper-
ties of an opposite nature residing in other parts of the plant. ‘The
roots of the Kidney Bean, for instance, are dangerously narcotic.
Many species are used in medicine, such as Tamarinds, Liquorice,
and Senna. ‘The excessively poisonous Ordeal Bean of Calabar
(Physostigma) contains an alkaloid which is of use in ophthalmic
surgery, as it contracts the pupil of the eye. The sweet pods of
the Carob-tree (Cervatinia Siligua) are known as Locust beans, or
St. John’s Bread, being supposed by some to have been the food
of St. John the Baptist in the wilderness. ‘They are eaten by
children ; but are chiefly used to fatten cattle. There are about
eighty British species in the Order, the species of Genist¢a, Furze,
Broom, and Restharrow—about ro in all—being shrubby or woody,
and the rest herbaceous. For convenience of reference the British
genera are arranged in three groups, comprising six tribes, as
follows :—
 PEA FAMILY 115

Group I.—Leaves without tendrils, of 1—3 leaflets

Tribe 1. Gentstee.—Shrubs: leaflets entire: stamens monadel-
phous
1. GENista.—Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip deeply 2-cleft,
the lower with 3 teeth.
2. ULEX—Ca/yx 2-lipped, yellow.
3. SAROTHAMNUS.—Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip with 2
minute teeth, the lower with 3.

Tribe 2. Trifiliee. Herbs (rarely shrubs): leaflets 3, generalty

toothed: stamens usually diadelphous
4. Ononis.—Herbs or shrubs: calyx 5-cleft: stamens mona-
delphous.
5. TRIGONELLA.—facemes short: fod longer than calyx,
curved, dehiscent.
6. Mepickco.—Racemes short: fod usually spiral.
7. MreLiLoétus.—Racemes long: pod short, indehiscent.
8. TriF6Lium.—Flowers capitate: god short, indehiscent.

Group I1.—Leaves without tendrils, imparipinnate : leaflets 5, or

more
Tribe 3. Lotee.—Herbs : leaflets entire: stamens monadelphous or
diadelphous: pod 2-valved, without a longitudinal septum
9. ANTHYLLIS.—Calyx inflated, enclosing the short fod:
stamens monadelphous.
to. Létus.—Calyx not inflated: stamens diadelphous: fod
longer than calyx.

Tribe 4. Astragale.—Herbs: leaflets entire: stamens diadel-

phous: pod 2-valved, with a longitudinal septum
tr. AstRAGALUS.—Keel of corolla blunt.
12. OxyTropis.—Keel of corolla pointed.

Tribe 5. Hedyséree.—Herbs : stamens diadelphous: pod inde-

hiscent, jointed.
13. ORNiTHOPUS.—/fod compressed, curved, with many oval,
1-seeded joints: pinnate af below umbel: 4ee/ blunt.
14. CoronfLLa.—fod little, if at all, compressed, contracted
at joints: ee/ pointed.
15. ARTHROLOBIUM.— fod straight, compressed, many-jointed,
scarcely contracted at joints: with no /af below umbel.
Be
116 LEGUMINOSAE

16. Hippocrépis.—
fo7 with many crescent-shaped, 1-seeded
joints.
17. ONOBRYCHIS.—/od straight, 1-seeded.

Group I1l—Leaves paripinnate, often ending in a tendril

Tribe 6. Vicee— Herbs : leaflets often toothed: stamens diadel-
phous: pod 2-valved
18. Vicia.—Sty/e thread-like.
19. LATHYRUS.—S¢yé flattened.

1. Genfsta.—Shrubs, sometimes spinous; “aves simple,

entire ;flowers in racemes, bracteate, generally yellow; calyx
shortly 2-lipped, upper lip deeply 2-cleft, lower lip with 3 teeth;
stamens monadelphous, 5 short with versatile anthers, and 5
alternating with them, long with basifixed anthers. (Name said
to be connected with the Keltic gez, a shrub.)
1. G. dnglica (Petty or Needle Whin).—A low shrub, about
a foot high, with tough curved dvanches, armed at intervals with
slender, very sharp re-curved spines, the upper branches leafy,
without thorns and flowering ; /eaves ovate-lanceolate; racemes
short ; 4eguwmes smooth, inflated. ‘The yellow flowers (like some
others belonging to this Natural Order) turn green in drying.
—Heaths ;common.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
2. G. pilosa (Hairy Green-weed).—A low shrub with pros-
trate, furrowed, much-branched, spineless s¢ems ; obovate /eaves,
silky beneath; small yellow silky flowers in short racemes ; and
downy /egumes.—Dry heaths in the south ; rare.—Fl. May and
again in autumn. Perennial.
3. G. tinctéria (Dyers Greenwood, Woad-waxen).—A low
shrub, about a foot high, with tough, erect, spineless, glabrous
branches ; bright green, lanceolate, ciliate /eaves ; flowers yellow,
in long racemes, glabrous ; and Zegwames smooth. It grows chiefly
in pastures on a clay soil, and was formerly used as a yellow dye.
This was probably the //dénza genista that formed the badge of
the Plantagenet family.—Fl: July—September. Perennial.
2. ULex (Furze).—Densely spinous shrubs; aves in the
seedling ternate, afterwards spinescent ; flowers axillary, yellow,
with small dracts ; calyx yellow, deeply 2-lipped, upper lip obscurely
2-toothed, lower 3-toothed; s/amens monadelphous, alternately
short with versatile anthers, and long with basifixed ones ; legume
swollen, few-seeded, scarcely longer than the calyx. (Name said
to be connected with the Keltic ec or ac, a prickle.)
 Fig. 13

Dyer’s Greenweed, Woad-waxen.

 PEA FAMILY 117

1. U. europeus (Common Furze, Gorse or Whin).—A much-

branched, spreading shrub, copiously beset with branched spines,
almost leafless ; dvacts ovate, not adhering closely to the calyx;
calyx shaggy, very obscurely toothed ; w7mg-ferals longer than the
keel; fod black, with brown hairs, bursting elastically with a
crackling sound, especially in hot weather, scattering the seeds on

S\ AN x y
AY |. SS
w.

| Iss
i\ 1
Zi S

GENISTA TINCTORIA ULEX EUROP£US

(Dyers Greenweed, Woad-waxen). (Common Furze).

all sides —Commons, everywhere. Perhaps no plant is so charac-

teristic of English scenery. It attains maturity in about four
years, but in sheltered places grows until it reaches a height of 10
or 12 feet. It will not thrive in hot or in very cold climates,
being uncommon even in the Highlands of Scotland.—Fl.
Tebruary—June, and again August, September. Perennial.
2. U. Gdllii (Larger Dwarf Furze).—A shrub, 2—5 feet high
Trs LEGUMINOSZE

with ascending dranches with strong curved spines ; drac/s very

minute, adpressed ; flowers small, orange; ca/yx downy, with
diverging teeth ; zzng-fetals rather longer than the keel.—Heaths ;
common.—Fl. August—November. Perennial
3. U. minor (Lesser Dwarf Furze).—A smaller, more prostrate
shrub, with short, straight,
weak spines ; dvacts very
minute, adpressed;
Jiowers small, pale yellow ;
calyx downy, with diverg-
ing teeth; wéing-petals
shorter than the keel.—
Heaths, chiefly in the
south ; less common than
U. Géllii—F\. July—
September. Perennial.
3. SAROTHAMNUS
(Broom).—Shrubs, rarely
spinous ; /eaves simple or
ternate, with minute s/-
pules ; calyx 2-lipped, the
upper lip minutely 2-
; , toothed, the lower 3-
f
DYy toothed ; standard petal
4 broadly ovate; stamens
monadelphous; style
curved or coiled; pod
flat, many-seeded. (Name
from the Greek saréo, I
sweep, ¢idmmnos, a shrub.)
1. S. scopdrius (Com-
mon Broom).—The only
British species, well dis-
tinguished by its numer-
SAROTHAMNUS SCOPARIUS (Commzon Broont). ous, slender, erect, green,
angular dvanches, small,
scattered, simple or ternate eaves, large yellow flowers, with
spirally-coiled styles, and black jods, which are hairy at the
margin.—Sandy places ;common.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
* The Laburnum is a member of an allied genus.
4. Ononis (Rest-harrow).—Small shrubs, rarely herbaceous,
hairy and generally viscid; /eaves pinnate; /eaflets 3, toothed;
stipules adnate to the petiole ;fowers pink ; calyx 5-cleft ; standard
 PEA FAMILY 119g

broad ; 4ee/ incurved, pointed ; stamens monadelphous; séyle

curved ; fod not compressed. (Name of Greek origin, connected
with vos, an ass.) .
1. O. répens (Creeping Rest-harrow, Wild Liquorice)—A
prostrate, shrubby plant with runners, hairy, viscid, most com-
monly without spines ; 4aflets oblong ; flowers axillary, solitary,
and of a handsome bright pink ; fod shorter than the calyx. The
plant has a powerful odour and derives its name of Rest-harrow
from its tough branches.—Dry pastures and sandy shores;
common.—Fl. all the summer. Perennial.
2. O. spinosa (Erect
Rest-harrow).—A sub-erect
species, without runners,
with two lines of hairs, less
viscid and less _ strongly
scented than the last,
usually spinous; /eaflets
oblong; jfowers differing
slightly from those of O.
répens ; pod \onger than the
calyx.—Waste places; fre-
quent.—F. all the summer.
Perennial.
3. O. reclindta (Small
Spreading Rest-harrow) is
a small, spreading, herba-
ceous species, viscid and
hairy, with reflexed Jods,
which has only been found
in Alderney, Devon, and
Galloway.—-Fl. June, July.
Annual.
ONONIS REPENS (Creeping Rest-harrow).
5. TRIGONELLA (Fenu-
ereek).—Herbs, often strongly scented; eaves as in Ondnis ;
flowers solitary or in short racemes; calyx 5-toothed ; stamens
diadelphous ; fod compressed, longer than the calyx, many-seeded.
(Name, the old Greek name denoting //ree-angled, from the form
of the corolla.)
1. Z. ornithopodioides (Bird’s-foot Fenugreek).—A small, slen-
der, prostrate, glabrous plant, with small pink and white /fowers,
1—3 together, and straight, 6—8-seeded ods, twice as long as the
calyx, dehiscent.—Dry sandy places ; not common.—Fl. June—
August. Annual or biennial.
120 LEGUMINOS

The name Féxugreck comes from fenum grecum, Greek hay,

this plant being used to scent inferior hay.
6. Mep:cAco (Medick).—Herbs with aves as in the two pre-
ceding genera; small yellow or violet flowers, in short racemes;
calyx 5-toothed ; stamens diadelphous ; fod sickle-shaped or spirally
coiled, often spiny, generally indehiscent. (Name of Greek
origin, denoting that the plant so named was introduced from
Media.)
* Perennial : sometimes monadelphous : pods
dehiscent, without spines
1.* M. sativa (Lucerne).—An erect species, 1—2 feet high ;
sem hollow ; /eaflets oblong, toothed, apiculate ; j/owers large, in

iw wy, J (D:

A Wig

MEDICAGO ARABICA (Spotted Medtck).

short, close racemes, usually purple ; od in 2—3 loose spiral

coils, downy. A cultivated plant, said to have been introduced
into Greece from Media by Darius.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
2. WM. sylvéstris (Wood Medick).—An allied form, with more
solid stem; large yellow or dark green //owers , and’ compressed
pods, semicircular or ring-shaped, downy.—Sandy places in
Norfolk and Suffolk.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
3. M. falcdta (Sickle Medick).—An allied but prostrate form,
with large yellow flowers and a falcate or sickle-shaped pod.—
Found in similar situations.—FI]. June, July. Perennial.
** Annual or biennial: pods indehtscent, often spiny
4. MM. lupulina (Black Medick, or Nonsuch).—A prostrate
spreading herb; J/eaflets inversely egg-shaped, finely toothed ;
 PEA FAMILY Ea

flowers small, yellow, sub-sessile, in dense oblong heads; pods

black, kidney-shaped, 1-seeded. Resembling some of the smaller
Clovers, from which it may be distinguished by its pods not being
enclosed within the calyx. In pastures ; common.—FIl. June—
August. Annual or biennial.
5. Mf. denticuldta (Toothed Medick).—A glabrous species;
leaflets inversely heart-shaped ; stipules jagged; flowers yellow,
solitary, or 2—5 together ; Zods in 2 or 3 loose spiral coils, with
a double row of spines.—Sandy places ; rare.—F 1. April—August.
Annual.
6. M. ardbica (Spotted Medick). wg
—A glabrous species; /eaflets in- M
versely heart-shaped, with a purple
heart-shaped spot in the centre;
stipules toothed; flowers yellow,
solitary, or 2—4 together ;fods in
2—6 compact spiral coils, with a
double row of spines, forming a
prickly ball.—On gravelly soil in
the south and west of England ;
not uncommon. In Cornwall,
under the name of Sfotted Clover,
this plant is considered very in-
jurious to pasturage.—Fl. May—
September. Annual.
7. M. minima (Little Bur- f
SH)
Medick). —- A. downy prostrate /<Ptow

species; J/eaflets inversely egg-

shaped ; stipules slightly toothed ;
Jiowers yellow, solitary, or 2—6
together ; pods in 4 or 5 compact
spiral coils, with a double row of
spines.—Sandy places; rare.—FI. : 5
teas Adirmnal Pee
Geeon
7. Me.itétus (Melilot).—Tall, annual or biennial, fragrant
herbs, with aves as in the preceding genera; small, drooping,
yellow or white /owers in long racemes ; calyx 5-toothed ; stamens
diadelphous ; Zods short, straight, indehiscent. (Name of Greek
origin, from me/, honey, and /o/os, the plant so called.)
1. MZ. altissima(Common Yellow Melilot).—An erect, branched,
slightly woody plant, 2—3 feet high ; Zaffets light green, linear-
Ovate, toothed; /owers small, yellow, in long, erect, 1-sided
racemes ; ods compressed, ovoid, acute, hairy, black when ripe,
122 LEGUMINOS

1—z2-seeded. While drying, this plant smells like woodruff, or

new hay.—Waste places; not uncommon.—Fl. June—August.
Annual or biennial.
2.* M. alba (White Melilot), differing in having smaller white
flowers and smooth ods, is much less common and doubtfully
native.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.
3.* M. officinalis, a biennial species, with pale yellow or white

TRIFOLIUM STRICTUM, SUBTERRANEUM, REPENS, avd ARVENSE,

Jlowers and smooth fods, becoming olive-brown when ripe;

and
4.* MW. indica, a small, slender annual with very small pale
yellow flowers and smooth, globose fods, becoming olive-green
when ripe, occur in waste places.
8. TRiF6LIUM (Clover, Trefoil).—-Herbs with ternate /eaves ;
stipules adnate to the petiole ; fowers sessile or sub-sessile, in
heads or spikes, rarely solitary, red, white, or rarely yellow; calyx
unequally 5-toothed ; Aeza/s persistent ; stamens diadelphous ; fod
 “-

. :
> i A a %". Oe”
we :
*
‘
‘,
‘

¢
" ot : : S
bad - a 4

' ‘
® ae

£ ~

pa 5 7 2
i4 ¢ i 4
 ( White or Dutch Clover. (Trifolium repensy..
Fig. 14.
Purple Clover. (Trifolium pratense
 PEA FAMILY 123
small, nearly enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1—4-seeded.
(Name from the Latin ¢z, three, and /odiwm, a leaf.)
* Heads few-flowered, axillary : throat of calyx naked
1. Z. subterrdneum (Subterranean Clover).—A_ curious little
plant, with prostrate, branched, hairy s¢ems ; and small axillary
heads of white fowers, 3—5 together, with numerous 5-toothed
abortive calyces which cover the ods, as the head bends abruptly
downwards after flowering, burying itself in the ground.—Dry
sandy places; uncommon.——Fl. May, June. Annual.
** Heads manyflowered, terminal: throat of calyx with a
ring of hairs: pod 1-seeded
+ Heads ovoid or globose
2. T. praténsé (Red Clover).—LZeaffets broad, notched or
entire; stipules broad, terminating abruptly in a long bristle ;
flowers red, or sometimes white, in terminal, sessile, dense
roundish-oblong /eads ; calyx hairy, its bristle-like teeth half as
long as the corollaa—The common clover of meadows, where it
forms a valuable part of the hay crop. There are also improved
cultivated varieties. The corolla tubes abound in honey, on
which account children often call them Honeysuckles. The
flowers are very sweetly-scented.—F1. all the summer. Perennial.
3. Z. médium (Zigzag Clover).—Not unlike the last, but dis-
tinguished by its more slender, erect, zigzag habit; narrower,
elliptical, slightly hairy Za/éets ; lanceolate, not abrupt, s¢pud/es;
and loose, stalked, round feads of ffowers.—Dry pastures and
bushy places; common. It thrives better than 7: praténsé in
dry soils.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.
4. TZ. ochroleticon (Sulphur-coloured Trefoil).—Erect, 6—18 in.
high, downy ; Zower /eaves on very long stalks ; fowers cream-
coloured, turning brown as they fade, in terminal, stalked, dense
heads, which are at first globose, afterwards ovate.—Dry pastures
in the eastern counties ; rare.—F]. June—August. Perennial.
5. ZT. squamésum (Teazle-headed Trefoil).—Szem spreading,
usually procumbent ; stipules awl-shaped, very long; lowers
small, pink, in terminal, stalked, roundish “ead ; calyx-teeth
awl-shaped, ciliate, shorter than the corolla, finally becoming
enlarged, broad and spreading.—Salt marshes in the south of
England.—Fl. June, July. Annual.
+t Heads cylindric, during or after flowering
6.* ZT. zncarndtum (Crimson Clover).—Erect, downy, with
spreading hairs; /eajflets obovate ; stipules ovate, blunt ; lowers
124 LEGUMINOS

deep crimson, in solitary, terminal, stalked, cylindric heads 1—3

in. long ; cadyx-teeth hairy, shorter than the corolla, spreading in
the fruitA common fodder crop, sometimes escaping.—FI.
June, July. Annual.
7. LT. Molinérii (Large-headed White Trefoil)—Perhaps the
original wild form of the preceding, from which it differs in being
shorter, and in having adpressed hairs and white or pink flowers
in conical heads about 1 in. long.—On the cliffs at the Lizard,
Cornwall.—Fl. June, July. Annual.
8.* TZ. stellétum (Starry-headed Trefoil).—A prostrate form with
terminal, stalked, globose heads of small cream-coloured flowers,
and hairy calyx-teeth spreading remarkably in a star-like manner in
fruit—Occurs as a casual on the shingle near Shoreham, Sussex.—
Fl. June, July. Annual.
9. Z.arvénsé (Hare’s-foot Trefoil).—Softly hairy, erect, branched;
flowers small, pale pink, in terminal, stalked cylindric Aeads about
1 in. long, and almost concealed in the long, very soft, russet hairs
of their caZyces.—A very distinct species ;common in sandy places.
—Fl. July—September. Annual.
*** Tleads many-flowered, terminal and axillary
+ Throat of calyx with a ring of hairs: pod 1-seeded
10. Z. Boccénet (Boccone’s Trefoil).—A small pubescent erect
species, 2—6 in. high, with oblong s/pu/es with bristly points, and
sessile dense conical /eads, usually 2 together, of small white
flowers.—Grows in dry places at the Lizard.—Fl. July. Annual.
11. Z. stridtum (Soft-Knotted Trefoil).—A prostrate, ascending,
silky species with small rose-coloured //o-vers in sessile, terminal
and axillary, ovate downy /eads ; and a ribbed calyx swelling after
flowering —Dry places, especially near the sea; frequent.—Fl.
June, July. Annual:
12. Z. scdbrum (Rigid Trefoil)—A small downy, prostrate
plant, with inconspicuous white /fowers in sessile, dense, ovoid,
terminal and axillary Zeads, which become prickly from the rigid,
spinescent, spreading ca/yx-teeth when in fruit.—Dry places ; often
growing with the preceding, but less common.—Fl. May—July.
Annual.
t Zhroat of calyx glabrous: pod 2—4-seeded
13. Z. glomératum (Smooth Round-headed Trefoil).—Very
similar to the preceding, but glabrous and with rounder /eads of
purplish jowers and more leafy broad calyx-teeth, which are
spinescent and reflexed in fruit——Gravelly places near the sea;
rare.—Fl. June. Annual.
 PEA FAMILY 125

14. Z. suffocdtum (Suffocated Trefoil)—A small, slender, gla-

brous, prostrate plant, with its sem usually buried in sand;
small white jZowers in ovoid heads, which are often confluent;
calyx-teeth \anceolate, longer than the corolla, recurved but-not
spiny in fruit.—Sandy sea-shores ; rare.—Fl. June, July. Annual.
15. Z: strictum (Upright Round-headed Trefoil)—A small,
ascending, glabrous species; /ea/le¢s linear-lanceolate, toothed;
flowers small, rose-coloured, in stalked globose heads ; calyx-teeth
subulate, spreading—Rocks, Jersey and the Lizard, where it was
first found by the Rev. C. A. Johns in 1847 ; very rare.—FI. June,
July. Annual.
**** leads manyflowered, axillary : throat of calyx
glabrous ; pod 1—6-seeded
16.* Z. hybridum (Alsike Clover).—A tall, erect, branched,
glabrous plant; jfetioles long; stipules leafy, ovate-lanceolate;
flowers white or pale pink, becoming brown, in stalked, globose,
drooping heads ; caZyx-teeth nearly equal, subulate, erect.—A cul-
tivated plant, introduced from Alsike, near Upsala, Sweden.—Fl.
June—September. Perennial.
17. Z: répens (White or Dutch Clover).— Stem creeping ; /eaflets
often with a white band and a purplish spot near the middle;
flowers stalked, white, sometimes tinged with pink, fragrant, fading ~
to brown and bending downwards, in roundish feads ; pod 4-
seeded.—Abundant in meadows, where it forms excellent pasture.
In a variety commonly cultivated in gardens, under the name of
Shamrock, nearly the whole of the centre of each leaflet is tinged
with dark purple. The real Shamrock is probably this species or
any other ‘‘ 3-leaved grass” ; but some antiquarians contend that,
as Ireland was well wooded _in St. Patrick’s time, it was probably
a leaf of the Wood-Sorrel (Oxalis Acetostda) that the Saint selected
to illustrate the doctrine of the Trinity. On St. Patrick’s Day
(March 17th) the distinctive characters of the trefoils are scarcely
developed.—FI. all through the summer. Perennial.
18. Z! fragiferum (Strawberry-headed Trefoil) has the habit of
the preceding ; but the /fowers are rose-coloured, and the large
globose eads of inflated calyces, enclosing the 1—2-seeded fods
and often tinged with pink, are not unlike the fruit from which the
plant is named.—Damp meadows; not very common.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.
19.* Z. resupindtum, a similar species, but with shorter peduncles,
smaller drvacts, and reversed (resupinate) /fowers, occurs as a
casual.—Fl. July. Annual.
20. Z: procumbens (Hop Trefoil).—A small, downy plant with
126 LUGUMINOS

dense oval heads of about 40 yellow flowers, resembling Medicago

Jupulina in habit, but at once distinguished when in fruit by the
tawny, hop-like heads of withered flowers, the standard petals per-
sisting and arching over the ods ; sty/e shorter than the pod:
Dry pastures ; abundant.—Fl. June—August. Annual.
21.* ZT. agrérium, a closely-allied form with the s#y/e as long as
the pod and the Heads larger, occurs as a casual.
22. ZT. dibium (Lesser Yellow
Trefoil), with much smaller /eads
than Z. procimbens, 4 — 20-
‘flowered, turning dark brown, is
even more common in dry places.
—Fl. June—August. Annual.
23. TZ. filiformé (Slender Yellow
Trefoil).—A small, prostrate, very
slender, slightly hairy species, with
very small 2—v7-flowered ioose
heads, is much less common.—F.
June, July. Annual.
9. ANTHYLLIS (Kidney-Vetch).
Herbs or shrubs; aves im-
paripinnate ; /éowers in capitate
cymes ; ca/yx inflated ; petals with
long claws; s¢amens monadel-
phous ; fod enclosed in the calyx,
t-seeded. (Name of Greek origin.)
1. A. Vulnerdria (Kidney-Vetch,
Lady’s Fingers).—The only British
species, a handsome, herbaceous,
silky plant, with pinnate /aves
(the terminal leaflet largest), and
yellow flowers, with pale inflated
calyces. 'Thedense, many-flowered
heads of flowers grow two together
‘TRIFOLIUM PROCUMBENS (Hop Trefoil. at the end of each stalk, like the
two lobes of a kidney. There are
white and red-flowered varieties—Dry pastures—Fl. June—
August. Perennial. :

10. Lérus (Bird’s-foot Trefoil)—Herbs or undershrubs; /eaves

of 4 or 5 leaflets ; s#/pudes minute or absent ;//owers in long-stalked,
capitate or umbellate, cymes ; ca/yx not inflated ; stamens diadel-
phous ; fod longer than the calyx, straight, cylindric, many-seeded.
(Name of Greek origin.)
 ~

rig. 15: Kidney Vetch or Lady's Fingers. (Anthyllis Vulneraria).

 PEA FAMILY 127

1. ZL. corniculdtus (Common Bird’s-foot Trefoil)—A_ pretty

familiar flower ; s¢ems prostrate, ascending ; Zeaves usually almost
glabrous, or with few or many long soft hairs ;#owers in umbellate
cymes, 5—10 together on long Aeduncles and*very short pedicels,
generally deep orange in the bud, and varying in the same umbel from

ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA (Common Lady's Fingers).

bright yellow to deep brownish-orange ; ca/yx-feeth erect in bud,

two upper ones converging ; fods about an inch long, diverging
like the toes of a bird.—Pastures ; abundant—Fl. June—Septem-
ber. Perennial.
2. L. tenuis (Slender Bird’s-foot Trefoil), differing in its more
slender, thread-like stem, narrower, pointed /eaffefs, and fewer and
smaller //ozwers, grows in damp places, and is less common.
728 LEGUMINOS&

3. L. uligindsus (Greater Bird’s-foot ‘Trefoil).—Generally hairy,

but sometimes glabrous, 1—3 feet high ; séems tubular, weak, and
usually supported by surrounding plants ; 4aflets obovate ; peduncles
very long ; flowers deep yellow, 5—12 together ; calyx-teeth, while
in bud, spreading like a star, two upper ones diverging — Damp
places ; common.—FI. July, August. Perennial.
4. L. angustissimus (Least Bird’s-foot Trefoil)._-A much smaller
plant than Z. corniculdtus, prostrate, hairy, with shorter peduncles;
Jiowers solitary or 2 together, small, yellow, fading green ;pods an
inch or more in length.—South of England,
near the sea; very rare.—Fl. July, August.
Annual.
5. L. hispidus (Hispid Bird’s-foot Trefoil),
a closely-allied, more silky form, with lowers
2——4 WSs uss not fading green, and Jods not
more than 3 in. long, occurs very rarely, near
the sea, in ‘Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall.—
FI. July, August. Annual.

11. ASTRAGALUS (Milk-Vetch). — Herbs

with stipulate, imparipinnate eaves ; flowers
in axillary racemes or spikes; cadyx with
5 sub-equal teeth; covol/a with blunt keel; _
stamens diadelphous ; fod with a longitudinal
septum, 2-valved. (Name from the Greek .
astrdgalos, a pastern bone, but not applicable
to this genus.)
1. 4. alpinus (Alpine Milk-vetch).—A
slender, prostrate, hairy plant, with 10—12
pairs of oblong /aflets; free stépudes ; shortly-
Lorus cornicurAtus Stalked, close racemes of a few drooping
Si cela A flowers, which are white or pale blue, tipped
with purple ; and pendulous /ods covered
with black hairs.—Occurs very rarely on Scottish mountains.—
Fl. July. Perennial:
2. A. dénicus (Purple Milk-vetch).—A similar species, with
8—10 pairs of éaffets; connate stipules, opposite the leaf;
peduncles longer than the leaves; /fowers many, ascending, in
ovoid heads, purple; and erect fods.—Dry soil, in the eastern
counties; rare. Fl. June, July. Perennial.
3. A. glycyphillos (Sweet Milk-vetch).—A much larger species;
stems 2—3 feet long, stout, prostrate, zigzag, glabrous ; afée/s in
5—6 pairs; stipules free; flowers in short-stalked, dense, short
racemes, creamy-yellow ; Aods erect, curved, smooth.—Thickets
 PEA FAMILY 129
on a chalky or gravelly soil; uncommon.—Fl. June, July. Pe-
rennial.
12. OxYTropis.— Herbs, distinguished from Astrvdgalus mainly
by having a mucronate point to the ee/ of the corolla. (Name
from the Greek oxzs, sharp, /70f7s, a keel.)
1. O. uralénsis (Hairy Mountain Oxytropis)—A low plant;
leaves radical ; leaflets in about 12 pairs ; peduncles longer than the
leaves, erect, silky, 6—10-flowered ; f/owers bright purple ;fods
erect, silky. — Dry mountain
pastures in Scotland ; rare.—F'l. — rs (2
June, July. Perennial. Liege
2. O. campéstris (Yellowish bY LY WW
Mountain Oxytropis).—-A larger, 4.4). we
hairy, but less silky species, with mer, JV AV
peduncles scarcely longer than the J jn
leaves, and yellowish flowers , :
tinged with purple. Occurs only =X . ne
in the Clova mountains.—FI. a) aN
June, July. Perennial. @ fy Sz bY
13. ORN{THOPUS (Bird’s-foot).
—Slender, hairy herbs; aves
imparipinnate ; /fowers few,
- minute, in long-stalked wméels,
with a pinnate leaf below each
‘-umbel; 4ee/ blunt; stamens
diadelphous ; ods curved, in-
dehiscent, with many oval, 1-
seeded joints. (Name from the =
Greek fozs, a foot, ornithos, of oy
a bird, from the shape of the A
fruits.) B
1. O. perpusillus (Common
Bird’s- foot). — A pretty little ,
plant, with spreading, prostrate, ~ Common Birdsfooi).
slender szems; downy /eaves of
13—-25 leaflets ; exceedingly small cream-coloured /fowers, veined
with crimson, with a leaf below each head; and curved 7—9-
jointed fods ending in a claw-like beak.—Sandy heaths ; frequent.
—Fl. May—August. Annual.
14. CoRON{LLA (Crown-vetch).—Perennial herbs or shrubs,
with imparipinnate /eaves ; flowers on long-stalked, axillary wmdéels ;
calyx-teeth unequal, the two upper united; fefa/s rather
long-clawed ; 4ee/ beaked; stamens diadelphous; Zod cylindric,
K
130 LEGUMINOS

4-angled, or slightly compressed, straight or curved, contracted

at the joints. (Name, a diminutive from coréna, a crown, from
the form of the inflorescence.)
1. C. véria (Crown-vetch).—A trailing plant, with creeping
roots ; stems slender, angular, 1—5 feet long ; aves 2—3 in. long,
of 11—13, oblong-elliptic, cuneate, mucronate /eafleds, the lower
pair remote from the stem, glabrous, pea-green; s/pules free;
umbels 3— 20- flowered :
\ Gi yy fitowers pink and white, or
AS white, generally with dark
3S gj violet beak to the keel;
Sih<5 petals rather long-clawed;
pedicels longer than the calyx.
—On waste ground, or dry
wood-sides on_ limestone,
often naturalised, but appar-
ently indigenous in Kent.—
June—November. Pe-
rennial.

15. ARTHROLOBIUM (Joint-

vetch).—Slender, glabrous
herbs, with imparipinnate
leaves ; small yellow flowers
in stalked axillary «wmbe/s
without leafy bracts; calyx
tubular ; 4ee/ blunt ; stamens
diadelphous ; fod slender,
straight or curved, sub-
cylindric, many - jointed,
4
scarcely contracted between
LG | the joints. (Name from the
Gi: Lhy D Greek arthros, a joint, 4dbos,
aes a pod.)
1. A. pinndtum
HIPPOCREPIS COMOSA (Tufted Horseshoe-vetch).
(Sand
Joint -vetch).—A — small,
nearly glabrous, glaucous plant, with small yellow flowers ; no leaf
below the head of flowers; and 10—14-jointed, straight fods,
scarcely constricted at the joints.—Occurs in the Scilly and
Channel Islands.—Fl. June—August. Annual.

16. Hippocrépis (Horseshoe-Vetch).—Low-growing, glabrous

herbs ; Zeaves imparipinnate; /eaflefs many ;flowers yellow ; petals
long-clawed ; keel incurved, pointed ; stamens diadelphous pod
 PEA FAMILY I31

flat, breaking up into 3—6 1-seeded horseshoe-shaped joints.

(Name from the Greek hippos, a horse, krépzs, a shoe.)
. Hf. comosa (Tufted Horseshoe- vetch). — The only British
Bear a nearly prostrate plant, with long, much-branched séems,
woody at the base; /ajlets 717; and umbellate heads of rata
to yellow flowers. It might be
mistaken for Létus corniculdtus;
but the pinnate leaves and pods
resembling a series of horse-shoes,
united by their extremities, serve
to distinguish it.—Chalky banks
in the south of England.—Fl.
May—August. Perennial.
17. ONO6BRYCHIS (Sainfoin).—
Herbs; /eaves imparipinnate ;
stipules membranous ; flowers in
axillary spikes or racemes;
stamens diadelphous ; fod com-
pressed, indehiscent, straight, 1-
seeded. (Name from the Greek
6nos, an ass, brucho, I bray.)
1. O. victefolia (Common Sain-
foin, Cock’s-head).—The only
British species, a handsome plant ;
pubescent with adpressed hairs ;
stems 1—2 feet long, ascending
stout; leaflets 17—25, oblong
apiculate ; fowers in ovoid, com-
pact racemes, rosy-red, with darker
veins; fod semicircular, toothed
along its lower (curved) margin.—
Chalky and limestone hills, per-
haps indigenous in the south-east
of England; but often cultivated
as fodder.—FI. June—August. eS ee
Perennial. OUWWMOH NAIWJOinH).

18. Vicra (Vetch).—Herbs, generally climbing by the ¢endrz/s

which terminate their paripinnate leaves ; /ea/éets generally many ;
flowers in axillary racemes ; s¢amens diadelphous; s¢y/e thread-
like, with a small ring of down near the extremity, or a tuft on
the under side ;fod compressed, 2-valved. (Name, the classical
Latin name, originally derived, according to Théis, from Keltic
ewig; German Wricken, Greek bikion, French vesce.)
K 2
132 LEGUMINOS&

* Annuals: leaflets few: flowers few: style with a

ring of down (‘Tares)
1. V. herstita (Hairy Tare).—A slender, much-branched, hairy
plant, forming tangled masses of stems and leaves ; /eafiets 12—
16 ; flowers 1—6 together, minute, pale blue ;Aods sessile, hairy,
2-seeded.—Fields and hedges; very common. This, though a
mischievous weed, is not the Tare of Holy Scripture, which is
supposed to be the Darnel (Lédum temuléntum).—¥|. May—
August. Annual.
2. V. tetraspérma (Smooth Tare).—More slender, less branched,
almost glabrous ; /eaflets 6—12; flowers 1—2 together, minute,
pale blue; Jods shortly stalked, glabrous, 3—5-seeded.—In

vicra HIRSUTA (Hairy Tare).

similir situations with the last, but less common.—Fl. May—

August. Annual.
3. V. gracilis (S'ender Tare), a closely-allied form, with 6—8
leaflets ; flowers twice as large, 1—4 together and ods longer,
s—8-seeded, occurs in the south of England.—Fl. May—
August. Annual.
** Perennials : leaflets many: flowers very many : style
with a ring of hairs
4. V. Crécca (Tufted Vetch).—Leaflets about 20, narrow,
pointed, silky, with branched tendrils ; s#f/es half-arrow-shaped,
entire ; fowers crowded in 1-sided, 10—30-flowered racemes, blue
and purple.—Bushy places; very common. One of the most
ornamental of British plants, adorning the tops of the hedges with
its bright flowers.—Fl. June—August. Perennial. |
5 V. Orobus (Bitter Vetch).—A branched, herbaceous plant,
with many prostrate sfems; Jeaflets 14— 20, oblong, acute, with-
 PEA FAMILY 133
out tendrils ; s¢zpu/es half-arrow-shaped, slightly toothed ; flowers
in loose, 1-sided, 6—z0-flowered racemes, purplish-white.—
Rocky woods, mostly in the north.—Fl. May—September.
Perennial. es
6. V. sylvatica (Wood Vetch).—A large and beautiful species,
with a long stem, 3—6 feet high, climbing by means of its
branched tendrils; /affets about 16, elliptical, abrupt, with a
short point ; s/wdes crescent-shaped, deeply toothed at the base ;

victa CRAcCA (Tufted Vetch).

flowers in loose, 1-sided, 6—18-flowered racemes, cream-coloured,

with bluish veins.—Mountainous woods; not common.—FI.
June—August. Perennial.
***® Leaflets many: flowers few : style tufted below stigma
on one Side
7. V. sépium (Bush Vetch).—Zeaflets 12—16, ovate, obtuse,
decreasing in size towards the apex of the leaf; flowers in nearly -
134 LEGUMINOS

sessile axillary clusters of 4—6, bluish-purple ; ods smooth.—

Woods and hedges, very common.—-F]. May—August. Perennial.
8. V. hitea (Rough-podded Yellow Vetch).—About 2 feet long,
prostrate ; /eaffets 10—14; flowers solitary, sessile, rather large,
pale yellow; ods hairy.—Sea-coast; rare—Fl. June—August.
Perennial.
9.* V. levigdta (Smooth-podded Vetch), a smaller form,
which is glabrous, and has pale blue or whitish flowers, has been
found on the beach at Weymouth.
10.* V. hybrida, differing from V. Zévea in having reddish-
yellow flowers with a hairy standard petal, is recorded from
Glastonbury Tor and from Swan Pool, near Lincoln.
11.* V. sativa (Common Vetch).—-S/em stout, about 2 feet
high ; /eaffets 10—14, oblong, mucronate, the lower ones often
obcordate ; stfules half-arrow-shaped, toothed at the base, often
with a dark blotch ; fowers large, in pairs, blue and purple or
red ;fods ascending, parallel to the stem, 2—3 in. long, linear,
silky.—Fields ; common as an escape, being extensively cultivated
as fodder for cattle—Fl. April—June. Annual.
12. V. angustifolia (Narrow-leaved Vetch).—A slender form,
closely allied to the preceding, but with very narrow /eafleés, red
fiowers, and spreading fods. Occurs truly wild.—Dry places;
common.—Fl. May, June. Annual.

EE Teaflets few: flowers few: style tufted below stigma

on one Side
13. V. lathyroides (Spring Vetch).—Nearly allied to the last,
but very much smaller, prostrate, and rarely exceeding 6 in. in
length ; zeaffets 2—6 ; stipules entire, not marked with a dark
spot ; owers solitary, sessile, small, purple ; fods glabrous.—Dry
places ; not common.—Fl. April—June. Annual.
19. LATHYRUs (Vetchling).—Herbs, closely allied to Vica, but
with fewer /eaffets, broader fefa/s,and a flattened, Iongitudinally
bearded sty/e. (Name of Greek origin.)
* Annuals: no true leaflets: flowers solitary
1. L. Aphaca (Yellow Vetchling).—A pretty trailing, glabrous
plant, remarkable for being entirely destitute of /ea/le/s, the place of
which is supplied by a pair of very large ovate-hastate stzpu/es at the
base of each tendril ; //owers yellow.—Sandy and gravelly fields in
the south ; rare.—Fl. May—August. Annual.
2. L. Nissétia (Crimson or Grass Vetchling).—A beautiful and
well-marked species, with upright slender s/ems, 1—3 feet high;
 PEA FAMILY 35
Jeaves reduced to grass-like, linear, parallel-veined phyllodes, 3—6
in. long, without tendrils ; //owers small, deep crimson.—Grassy
places in the south ; not common.—Fl. May—July. Annual.

\
LATHYRUS PRATENSIS (Meadow Vetchling).

** Leaflets 2: with tendrils: flowers rarely solitary

3. L. hirsiitus (Rough-podded Vetchling), with its /Zowers pale
blue, with a crimson standard, in pairs, and hairy ods, occurs, very
rarely, in Essex and Surrey.—Fl. June, July. Annual.
4.* L. sphéricus, with solitary flowers, has been found in
Hertfordshire.
 136 LEGUMINOS

5. L. praténsis (Meadow Vetchling).—A climbing plant, 2—3

feet long, with angular stem; lanceolate /eajle/s ; large, arrow-
shaped stzpules ; short tendrils ; long peduncles ; flowers 3--12
together, pedicellate, showy, bright yellow, all turning one way.—
Hedges and meadows; very common.—Fl. June—September.
Perennial.
6.* L. latifolius (Everlasting Pea), with broad oval /eafle¢s and
pink flowers, more than an inch across, occurs only as an escape
from gardens.
7. L. tuber dsus (Peas Earth-nut), with edible tuberculate zoo/s ;
angled s/em ; ovate /eaflets ; large half-arrow-shaped s¢zpules ; and
long peduncles bearing 2—5 crimson flowers, ¢ In. across, Occurs

LATHYRUS MONTANUS (Tuberous Bitter Vetch). _

rarely in Essex, where it may have been introduced by the Dutch

in the sixteenth century.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
8. L. sylvéstris (Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea).—A clambering
plant, glabrous and glaucous ; s¢ems winged, 2—6 feet ; /eajlets
_ sword-shaped ; flowers 2 in. across, with rose-coloured standard and
greenish-yellow wings tinged with purple, not so handsome as those
of the garden species——Rocky thickets; not uncommon.—F!.
June—September. Perennial.
*** Perennials: leaflets 4—10: tendrils short: flowers
2—10 dogether.
9. L. palistris (Blue Marsh Vetchling)—A chmbing plant,
smaller than the last; sem winged ; /eaflets 4—8, very narrow,
 ROSE FAMILY 137

acute ;flowers bluish-purple, 2—6 together.—Boggy meadows;

rare. Fl. June—August. Perennial.
10. L. maritimus (Seaside Everlasting Pea).— Stem prostrate,
glabrous, glaucous, angled, not winged ; /eaffe¢ts 6—10, egg-shaped ;
peduncles shorter than the leaves, 5—10-flowered ;lowers purple,
variegated with crimson and fading to blue.—Pebbly sea-shores;
rare.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.

EE Perennials: leaflets 4——12; without tendrils: flowers

2—8 together. (Bitter Vetches.)
11. LZ, montdnus (Tuberous Bitter Vetch).— oot tuberous;
stem simple, erect, winged ; /eafle/s 48, cblong, glaucous beneath ;
stipules half-arrow-shaped ; flowers axillary, purple, variegated with
purple, fading to green or blue-—Woods; common. A pretty
spring Vetch, growing in sim#ar situations with the Wood Anemone,
but appearing somewhat later. It may be at once distinguished
by being destitute of tendrils, the place of which is supplied by a
soft, bristle-like point. The tubers were eaten in the Scottish
Highlands, under the name of Cormez//e, a very small quantity being
said to allay hunger.—Fl. May—August. Perennial.
12. L. niger (Black Bitter Vetch), distinguished by its branched,
angled, but not winged sem, and its very narrow s/epu/es, occurs
rarely in rocky woods in Scotland. It turns black when dried.
—Fl. June—August. Perennial.

Orp. XXVI. RosAcE&%.—THE ROSE FAMILY

A large and important Order occurring in all parts of the world,
and comprising more than a thousand species of trees, shrubs,
and herbs. They mostly agree in having scattered, stipulate
leaves ; polysymmetric and generally pentamerous flewers ; ae)
united, usually 5, the odd one being posterior, occasionally 4, 8
or 10; fefals 5, perigynous; and stamens indefinite. In the
number of the carfels, their cohesion, and still more their
adhesion, and in the forms of fruit resulting from their fertilisation,
the members of the Order present great diversity; so that,
natural as is the Order as a whole, it is subdivided, as naturally,
into seven tribes. The /rdémee are trees and shrubs of the
North Temperate Zone, the bark of which often exudes a some-
what insoluble gum; the leaves are simple and, with the seeds,
generally yield a considerable quantity of the deadly poison,
prussic or hydrocyanic acid; and the fruit is a drupe or stone-
fruit, consisting, that is, of ‘one carpel with a skin or epicarp,
flesh or mesocarp, stone or endocarp, and containing one kernel
138 ROSACE

or seed. Plums, Cherries, Apricots, Almonds, Peaches, and

Nectarines belong to this tribe, as do also the common Laurel, or
Cherry-Laurel, as it is best to call it, and the Portugal Laurel.
Our cultivated Plums are varieties of Primus doméstica, the fruit
of which has a waxy bloom. Cherries are the fruit of various
species of a sub-genus Cérvasus, said to be named from a city of
Pontus, whence the Roman general Lucullus introduced a
superior kind, 67 B.c. ‘They have a polished epicarp, as have
also the evergreen Cherry-Laurel (?. Lauvo-cérasus) and Portugal
Laurel (P. Zust/énica). ‘The crushed leaves of the Cherry-Laurel
give off a vapour containing prussic acid, and are therefore used
by entomologists for killing insects. 2. Armeniaca, with woolly
epicarp and smooth stone, is the Apricot; Ampgdalus pérsica,
with a wrinkled stone and a woolly epicarp, the Peach, of which
the Nectarine is a smooth variety ; and A. communis, with woolly
skin, stringy flesh, and a punctured surface to the stone, the
Almond. ‘This species is wild from Afghanistan to the Barbary
States, and is extensively cultivated in the South of Europe.
There are two varieties, one yielding the sweet, the other the
bitter Almond. Jordan Almonds, which are considered the best
sweet almonds, are brought from Malaga; bitter almonds from
Mogador. Many fatal cases are recorded of poisoning by the Oil
of Bitter Almonds. The S/ivee are herbs or shrubs, the fruit of
which consists of a ring of follicles. Several species of Sfzv@a are
ornamental garden plants. The Adee are mostly shrubs, and
their fruits, which include the well-known Raspberry and Black-
berry, are etzrios of drupels. ‘The shoots of the brambles are
astringent. The Podentillee, which include the Strawberry (/ragd-
via), are mostly herbs, and their fruits are eteerios of achenes, the
1-seeded carpels being dry and indehiscent, though borne in the
Strawberry on a fleshy outgrowth from the receptacle. Some
members of this tribe are astringent and tonic. The Poteriée are
herbs, often without petals, and sometimes wind-pollinated,
which have their 1—3 achenes enclosed within the calyx-tube.
The dsee are shrubs with a characteristic form of etzerio of
achenes, the numerous carpels being enclosed in a fleshy calyx-
tube. Rose-water and Attar of Roses are made from the petals
of Rosa centifolia and R. damascéna, 100,000 Roses, the produce
of 10,000 bushes, being said to yield only nine drams of Attar.
This costly perfume is largely adulterated with “ Oil of Gera-
nium,” the produce of a fragrant grass. A conserve used in
medicine is prepared from the pulp of the fruit of the Rose, or
“hip” as it is called. Lastly, the Pome are trees or shrubs with
the characteristic fruit known as a pome, in which the 1—5
 ROSE FAMILY 139

horny or stony carpels are imbedded ina fleshy adherent calyx-

tube, comprising the Apple, Pear, Quince, Medlar, Rowan, and
Hawthorn. All the cultivated varieties of Apple are derived from
the wild Crab, Pyvus AZaé/us, and the Pears from a thorny tree,
with a hard astringent fruit, P/rws communis. The wood of the
Pear is very close-grained and is used in making T-squares.
The fruit of the Rowan, and some other species, yields. malic
acid, and the leaves as much prussic acid as those of the Cherry-
Laurel.
Tribe 1. Priunee—Leaves simple: calyx deciduous: fruit a
drupe.
1. PRUNUS.—SZone smooth.

Tribe 2. Spiree.—Calyx persistent: carpels 5 or more: fruit an

eterto offollicles.
2. Sprr#®#a.—Sepals 4—5 ; carpels 5—12.

Tribe 3. Ribee.—Calyx persistent: carpels many : frutt an eterio

of drupels.
3. Rtsus.—Receptacle convex, spongy; ovules 2 in each
carpel.

Tribe 4. Potentillee.— Calyx persistent, with an epicalyx : carpels

4 or more: ovules 1 in each carpel: fruit an eterio of achenes.
3. Dryas.—Leaves simple ; scape 1-flowered ; styles becoming
feathery.
5. GEuM.—Leaves pinnate; scape several-flowered ; styles be-
coming hooked awns.
6. FracAria.—JLeaves ternate ; achenes on fleshy receptacle;
style not elongating.
7. PoTENTILLA.—Leajlefs 3, 5, or many, palmate or pinnate ;
stamens many ; achenes many, on dry flat receptacle; s¢y/e not
elongating.
8. SIBBALDIA.—Leaves ternate ; stamens 5; achenes 5—10, on
dry concave receptacle.
g. COmMARUM.—LZeaves pinnate ; sfamens many ; receptacle coni-
cal, becoming large and spongy, persistent.
Tribe 5. Poterite—FPetals 5 or absent : carpels 1—5 : fruit 1—>5
achenes (1-seeded) enclosed in-smal! dry calyx-tube.
10. ALCHEMILLA.— Sepals 4 or 5, with an epicalyx; petals
absent ; stamens 1—4 ; achenes 1—5.
140 ROSACE

11. AGRIMONIA.— Sepals 53; petals 53; stamens 12—20;

achenes 2.
12. PoTERIUM.—Sefals 4; peta/s absent; stamens 20—30;
achenes 2—3 ; some flowers unisexual.
13. SANGUISORBA.—/Vowers perfect; sepals 4; petals absent ;
stamens 43 achenes 1—2.
Tribe 6. Rosee.—Fetals 5: carpels many, 1-seeded, enclosed in
the large fleshy calyx-tube.
14. Résa.—Sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens indefinite.

PRUNUS SPINOSA (Sloe or Blackthorn).

Tribe 7. Pimee.—FPetals 5: carpels 1—5, 1—2-seeded: fruit a

pome.
15. Pyrus.—/ruct 2—5-chambered ; chambers 2-seeded ; cove
horny, enclosed.
16. Méspitus.-—Fruit 5-chambered ; chambers 1-seeded ; core
bony, exposed.
17. CraT&GuS.—f/ruit 1—5-chambered ; core stony.
18. CoronEASTER.—/ruit 2—5-chambered ; cove stony, pro-
jJecting.
 ROSE FAMILY I4l

1. Prunus (Plum, Cherry).—Trees or shrubs; aves simple,

serrate, with glands on the petiole ; sefa/s 5, deciduous ; Petals 5,
white ; stamens 15—20; fruit a drupe with a smooth stone.
(Name classical )
* Leaves convolute: drupe glaucous
1, 2. spinosa (Blackthorn or Sloe).— ranches very spinous with
blackish bark ; eaves narrow, elliptical, smooth above, slightly
downy near the midrib
below; jZowers mostly
solitary, app-aring before
the leaves ; frwzt nearly
round, 4 in. in diameter,
black and very austere.
—Woods and hedges:
abundant. A well-known
bush deriving its name
from the hue of its bark,
which is much darker
than that of the Haw-
thorn or Whitethorn, as
it is often called. The
leaves are said to be used
to adulterate tea, and the
fruit, which is so austere
that a drop of its juice
placed on the tongue
will produce a roughness
on the throat and palate
perceptible for a long
time, is said to enter
largely into the composi-
tion of spurious port
wine.—FI. March, April. prbnus Avium (Gean).
Perennial.
2. P. insititia (Bullace).— Branches ending in a spine, with
brown bark ; aves elliptical, downy beneath ; flowers in pairs,
appearing with the leaves ; fruzt globose, pendulous, nearly 1 in.
in diameter, black or yellow, more palatable than the sloe.—
Woods and hedges. Larger than the last—Fl. April, May.
Perennial.
3.* P. doméstica (Wild Plum).—A small tree without spines,
with brown bark; eaves downy on the veins beneath ; /ruct
oblong, an inch or more in diameter, sweet.—The original of our
142 ROSACEE

cultivated Plums, not indigenous in Europe.—Fl. April, May.

Perennial.
** Leaves conduplicate: drupe polished
4. P. Avium (Wild Cherry, Gean).—A tree 20—30 feet high,
with smooth bark and few or no suckers ; eaves drooping, abruptly
pointed, downy beneath ; flowers in umbels ; calyx-fude contracted
above; /rwi¢t heart-shaped, bitter, black, or red.—Woods and

PRUNUS PADUs (Bird Cherry).

hedges; common. A highly ornamental tree, not only on

account of its elegant white flowers in spring, but even more so in
autumn, when its leaves assume a bright crimson hue. As soon
as it is ripe the fruit is greedily devoured by birds. This species
is the origin of the Morella Cherry.—Fl. May. Perennial.
5. 2. Cérasus (Dwarf or Red Cherry).—A shrub not more than
8 feet high, with redder bark and many suckers; aves not
drooping, smooth on both sides ; flowers in umbels ; calyx-tube
not contracted ; fruit round, juicy, acid, and red. The origin of
 ' * .“
&

.
(

a ie =
- ' 5

ba“:

+ .

Pi

a -

2 * ~

é .
+ +

tJ

:. * . *

33 = >

S 7
’
) ~
i , 4
d ‘
2 <a 4
Fig. 16. Meadowsweet. | Spiraea Ulmania)
 ROSE FAMILY 143

the sweet varieties of cultivated cherries.— Hedges ; less common.

—Fl. May. Perennial.
6. . FPdédus (Bird Cherry).—A handsome small tree ; aves
narrow, egg-shaped ; fYowers in pendulous racemes ; fruz¢ ovoid,
black, bitter—In the north of England not uncommon in a wild
state, and common else- =
where in shrubberies. Vibe
The clusters of flowers :
and drupes are not un-
like those of the Portu-
gal Laurel, a_ nearly
allied species, but the
leaves are not evergreen.
—Fl. May. Perennial.

2. Spir&#A. — Herbs
or shrubs ; eaves scatter-
ed, generally stipulate ;
Jjiowers numerous, small,
in cymes ; sepals 4 or 5,
persistent ; cavpels 5 or
more ; ovu/es 2 or more
in each carpel; fruct a
ring of follicles. (Name
from the Greek sfézra, a
coil.)
1.* S. salcifolia (Wil-
low-leaved Spirzea).—A
shrub with simple exsti-
pulate eaves and spike-
like clusters of rose-
coloured flowers. —
Moist woods in the
north and in Wales ; not
indigenous.— Fl. July,
August. Perennial. | 2
2. S. Ulmaria (Mea- SPIREA ULMARIA
dow-sweet, Queen ene (Meadow-sweet, Queen of the Meadows).

Meadows).—A tall, herbaceous plant, 2—4 feet high; aves

interruptedly pinnate, white and downy beneath, terminal leaflet
very large and lobed ; /owers in densely crowded, erect, compound
cymes, creamy-white, very fragrant.—Moist places; common.—
Fl. June—August. Perennial.
3. S. Lilipénduia (Dropwort).—A herb about a foot high, with
144 ROSACE

short rhizome and nodulose rootlets ; deaves interruptedly pinnate,

leaflets cut into narrow serrated segments ; fowers in crowded,
erect, compound cymes, pink externally in bud, when open, white
and scentless.—Dry pastures on a limestone soil. Distinguished
from the preceding by its elegantly cut foliage, pink buds, and
whiter, scentless blossoms. A double flowered variety is common
in gardens.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

3. RUsus (Bramble).—Shrubs or herbs, usually prickly ; aves

scattered, stipulate ; /ozevs in terminal and axillary clusters, rarely
solitary, white or pink; sepa/s 5, persistent; petals 5; carpels
many, on a convex, spongy receptacle ; ovules 2 in each carpel ;
fruit an eteerio of 1-seeded drupels. (Name classical.)
1. A. Jdeus (Raspberry).—A shrub with many suckers, and
nearly erect, round, glaucous, prickly sem, J/eaves pinnate, of
3—5 leaflets, white and hoary beneath ; fowers drooping ; fruzt
hoary, red, or amber-coloured, separating from the receptacle
when ripe.—Rocky woods; common. The origin of the garden
raspberry, which differs but little from it—Fl. May—August.
Perennial.
2. R. fruticdsus (Bramb!e or Blackberry).—The collective name
for a large number of closely allied forms, which, though many
of them have fairly definite distinctive characters, are difficult to
discriminate. They agree in being shrubs, without suckers, with
prickly stems; eaves of 3—5 leaflets arranged palmately or
pedately ; flowers in erect compound panicles ; and /rwzt claret-
colour or black, not separating from receptacle when ripe. Nearly
a hundred species have been described as British, besides many
named varieties ; but it will be sufficient here to describe the
nine main groups under which these puzzling forms are arranged.
Group I., Swberécti—Stems usually sub-erect, rarely rooting at the
tip, glabrous or very slightly hairy, without bristles or gland-tipped
hairs, with prickles mostly equal and confined to the angles of the
stem ; stipules linear ; Zeaves, when mature, green beneath ; sepals
green, with narrow white margin ; drupfe/s numerous. Group II.,
Rhamnifolii——Stems high-arching, often rooting from a callus at
the tip and thus giving rise to a multitude of individuals, glabrous,
or with few hairs, usually without stalked glands ; prickes mostly
equal and confined to the angles; sefa/s grey, or white-felted,
with no conspicuous white margin, often reflexed in fruit ; frwz¢
large, black, juicy. Group III., Déscolores—Stems arched or
prostrate, rooting at the end, with adpressed hairs and equal,
strong prickles, with no stalked glands ; /eaves quinate, white-felted
beneath ; sefa/s grey, reflexed in fruit ;efals often pink; drupels
 4 ales 5
Wale Ser
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‘314
 ROSE FAMILY 145
small. Group IV., Sz/vdtici—Stems arched, prostrate, rooting at
the end, with spreading hairs, moderate-sized nearly equal prickles,
and few stalked glands or bristles ; eaves usually green beneath;
sepals usually reflexed in fruit; fefa/s sometimes deep pink.
Group V., gvégii—Stems arched or prostrate, generally with
some scattered stalked glands and bristles, with sub-equal prickles
chiefly on the angles; //ower-s/a/ks with some stalked glands;
sepals seldom reflexed. Group VI., Adédu/e—Stems generally
low-arching and_ root-
ing, rough throughout
with numerous bristles
and stalked glands, with
subequal prickles, the
larger ones nearly con-
fined: to. the angles;
flower - stalks with
numerous short-stalked
glands and _ bristles.
Group VII., <Koehleri-
dni—Stems low-arching
or prostrate, rooting,
clothed with very un-
equal scattered prickles,
bristles and stalked
glands, the larger
prickles strong ; fezads , Yy J

Wy
often pink. Group hi
=—S

VIII. Bellardiéni—
S
SoS

Usually small, low-

growing plants; s/ems
mostly prostrate and
roundish, rooting and
often glaucous, densely
clothed
elec with unequal
Sede Preeti A e FRUTICOSuUS (Blackberry).
RUBUS peas

and weak prickles ; /a/éets all stalked ; s/7pudes filiform. Group

IX., Césit (Dewberry)—.Stems low-arching or creeping, roundish
or slightly angular, rooting, glaucous, with prickles mostly
slender ; flowers large; fruit of a few large drupelets, often with
a grey gloom.—Most of the species flower from June to August,
and ripen their fruit in September and October.
3. &. saxdiilis (Stone Bramble).—A small herbaceous species;
stem rooting, 1—2 feet high, with few scattered bristles, or none ;
leaves of 3 leaflets ; flowers few together, umbellate ; AezaZs small
L
146 ROSACEA

white ; fruit of 1—4 distinct scarlet persistent drupels on a flat

receptacle.—-Stony places, chiefly in the north.—F1.June—August.
Perennial.
4. R. Chamemorus (Cloudberry).—A very distinct species, with
a long subterranean rhizome ;, flowering-branch erect, 4—8 in.
high, without prickles ; Zeaves obtusely 5—7-lobed ; flowers large,
terminal, solitary, white, dicecious ; /rwzt of a few large drupelets,
first red, then orange, with the colour, fragrance and taste of
apricots.—Alpine peat-bogs in the
north. This fruit, the avrons of
Scotland, moltebeere of Norway, or
maroshka of northern’ Russia,
makes a delicious preserve.—F.
June, July. Perennial.

4. Dryas (Mountain Avens).—

® Prostrate tufted herbs ; “aves simple,
white beneath ; s¢zpudes adnate to
the petiole ; Wozwers large, solitary;
sepals 8 or 9 in one whorl, valvate,
persistent ; Aefals 8 or 9; carpels
many, sunk in the calyx-tube, one-
ovuled ; s¢y/es persistent, feathery;
Jruit an eterio of achenes. (Name
from the Greek drias, from the re-
semblance of the leaves to those of
the oak.)
1. D. octopétala (Mountain
Avens).—The only British species;
Zeaves oblong, coarsely crenate-
serrate, hoary beneath ; flowers an
Aan inch or more across, white ; petals
i ie A 8.—In mountainous, chiefly lime-
DRYAS OCTOPETALA (Mountain Avens), stone, districts in the north ; rare.
An easily recognised and handsome
flower.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

5. GéumM (Avens).—Erect herbs ; aves lyrately-pinnate ; stipules

adnate to the petiole; scafe usually several-flowered ; sepals 5,
persistent, with an epicalyx of 5 bracteoles; petals 5; carpels
many, 1-ovuled ; s¢y/es persistent, jointed, hooked ; /vuz¢ an etzerio
of achenes. (Name from the Greek gewo, I taste, the roots being
aromatic.)
1. G. urbdnum (Common Avens, Herb Benet).—An erect,
 ROSE FAMILY TAY
hairy plant, 1—2 feet high ; vadtcal “eaves pinnate ; cauline leaves
ternate ; s¢ipudes leafy, rounded and cut ; flowers erect, }—#? in.
across, yellow; upper joint of the stiff persistent s/y/e shorter,
smooth.—Hedges and thickets; common.—Fl. June—August.
Perennial.
2. G. rivdlé (Water Avens).—A handsome plant, stouter and
more hairy than the preceding, differing in having smaller stipules ;
drooping flowers, 1—1} in. across ; reddish-brown sepals; obcord-

GEUM URBANUM (Common Avens, Herb Benet).

ate, yellow, pink-tinged, veined fefals; a stalk or carpophore

below the fruit; and the two joints of the persistent s¢y/e equal
and hairy—Damp places; not uncommon.—Fl. May—July.
Perennial.
G. intermédium, partaking of the characters of both the above
species, is probably a hybrid between them.
6. FRaGARIA (Strawberry).—Herbs with runners; aves
generally ternate; stipules adnate to the petiole; sepals 5,
persistent, with an epicalyx of 5 bracteoles, valvate; petals 5;
L2
148 ROSACEE
t

carpels many, 1-ovuled ; s¢yZes lateral, persistent ; fruit an eteerio of

achenes which are sunk in the surface of a fleshy receptacle.
(Name from the Latin /raga, strawberries, which is probably con-
nected with fragrans, fragrant.)
1. & vésca (Wood Strawberry).—Zeafets sessile, bright green,
hairy ;peduncle erect, few-flowered, with spreading hairs ; pedicels
drooping in fruit, with adpressed hairs; //owers white, 4
in. or more across ; ca/yx reflexed in fruit.—Woods and thickets ;
common. A_ well-known plant, distinguished by the above
characters from the Barren Strawberry (Podentilla Fragaridstrum),
which is often mistaken for it by young botantists. The Straw-
Ss
Bi
Tih

FRAGARIA VESCA (Vood Strawberry).

berry apparently derives its name from the custom of laying straw
between the rows of plants in gardens.—Fl. April—July.
Perennial.
2.* F moschdta (Hautboy Strawberry), a garden escape,
probably or'ginally derived by cultivation from the preceding, is
larger, more hairy, with spreading hairs, and has stalked /eafleds
and some dicecious flowers.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.

7. POTENT{LLA (Cinquefoil).—Herbs, rarely shrubby; eaves

p'nnate or palmate of 3, 5, or more leaflets ; s/pwdes adnate to the
petiole ; /owers generally yellow or white; sepals 5, or rarely 4,
 ROSE FAMILY 149
persistent, with an epicalyx of 5 or 4 bracteoles ;petals 5, rarely
4; stamens many; carfels many, 1-ovuled; /rwt an eterio of
achenes on a small dry receptacle ; sty/e not elongating. (Name
-
from the Latin fofens, powerful, from the medicinal properties of
some species, especially, perhaps, of P. palustris, an astringent
tonic.) .
* Achenes glabrous or nearly so: receptacle concave
1.* P. norvegica, with stem erect, 8—10 in. high; eaves
palmate ; and flowers yellow in crowded terminal racemes, has
been found in Burwell Fen,
Cambridgeshire, and in York-
shire, but has probably been in-
troduced with Norwegian timber.
Annual.
2.* P. hirta, with sfem erect;
leaves of 5—7 much-toothed
leaflets, obovate on the radical
and linear on the cauline leaves,
is also not indigenous.
3. LP. stérilis (Barren Straw-
berry).—Prostrate, without run-
ners, silky ; /eaves ternate ; /ea/lets
obovate, crenate, very hairy
beneath ; peduncles slender ;
flowers white, not more than $ in.
across; jpeta/s short, notched.—
Banks and hedges; abundant.
One of the earliest spring flowers,
often confounded by beginners
with the wild strawberry, from
which the above characters serve
to distinguish it.—Fl. January—
May. Perennial. POTENTILLA ERECTA (Common Tormentil).
4. P. vérna (Spring Cinque-
foil).—A small woody hairy plant, about 5 in. long; /eaves of 5—7,
obovate serrate /eaflefs, hairy on the edge and on the veins
beneath; flowers yellow, 2—3 together, 4 in. across.—Dry
pastures; not common.—Fl. April—June. Perennial.
5. P. Crantzii (Alpine Cinquefoil).—A larger, more erect, but
closely allied species ; stew: 4—10 in. high; flowers 1 in. across.—
Alpine rocks in Scotland, Wales, and the north of ae
rare.—F]. June, July. Perennial.
6. P. erécta (Common Tormentil).—A small, sub-erect plant;
rhizome woody ; stems 6—10 in, high, slender, leafy, with curly
I50 ROSACEE

hairs ; Zeaves of 3, or rarely 5, cuneate, lobed leaflets ; cau/ine

leaves sessile ; stipules leafy, deeply cut ; /Zowers in corymbose
cymes, not more than # in. across, yellow, usually with 4 sepals
and 4 petals.—Banks and heaths ; very common.—FI. all the
summer. Perennial.
7. P. procumbens (Trailing Tormentil).—A very closely allied
form, differing chiefly in a more prostrate habit, the cauwdine leaves
being stalked and the /Zowers being solitary, or nearly so, and
rather larger.—Woods and banks ; common.—Fl. June—August.
Perennial,

POTENTILLA ANSERINA @zd P. REPTANS,

8. P. réptans (Creeping Cinquefoil).—Szem slender, creeping,

rooting at the nodes; /eaves quinate, stalked; /eajfets obovate,
serrate, hairy ; /Zowers solitary, about an inch across, yellow ; sepads
and petals 5 each.—Meadows and waysides ; common. Hybrids
between this species and the two preceding occur.—Fl. June—
August. Perennial.
g. £. Anserina (Silver-weed, Goose-grass).—A familiar, easily
recognisable plant, with runners ; eaves interruptedly pinnate;
leaflets deeply serrate or pinnatifid, densely silky, with white hairs
 ROSE FAMILY I51

on the under side or on both surfaces ; owers solitary, yellow,

much as in the precedings— Roadsides; common.—Fl. June—
August. Perennial.
to. PB. rupéstris (Rock Cinquefoil), a tall erect species, 1—2
feet high, with pinnate /eaves of 3—7 leaflets and large white

COMARUM PALUSTRE (Marsh Cinguefoit).

fiowers, is found only on limestone rocks in Montgomeryshire.

—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
11. P. argéntea (Hoary Cinquefoil).—Szem nearly prostrate;
Jeaves quinate, white underneath with adpressed wool, their edges
rolled back ;flowers small, yellow, several together.—Dry gravelly
places ;not common.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
ie ROSACEE
** Achenes hairy : receptacle very hairy
12. P. fruticosa (Shrubby Cinquefoil).—A much-branched shrub,
2—4 feet high; eaves pinnate, of 3—5 leaflets, silky, revoluted.
flowers large, yellow, several together, terminal.—Rocky places in
the north of England and west of Ireland ; rare.—Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
8. SIBBALDIA.—A_ prostrate alpine plant, with ternate /eaves ;
small yellow flowers ; petals 5—7 ; stamens 4—10 ; achenes 4—10,
ona dry concave pubescent vecepfacle. (Named in honour of Sir

SIBBALDIA PROCUMBENS (Procumbent Sibbaldia).

Robert Sibbald, first Professor of Medicine in the University of

Edinburgh.)
S. procimbens (Procumbent Sibbaldia).—-A small prostrate
plant ; /eaves ternate ; /eaffets wedge-shaped, ending in 3 points,
hairy ;fowers few, small, yellow, in crowded terminal cymes.—
Dry summits of Highland mountains; rare.—Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
Cémarum (Marsh Cinquefoil).—A perennial marsh plant,
with pinnate /eaves of 5—7 leaflets ; sepals 5, large; petals small ;
stamens many ; achenes many, on a conical dry spongy pubescent
receptacle. (Name of ancient Greek origin.)
 ROSE FAMILY 153

1. C. palistré (Marsh Cinquefoil).—A_ stout, herbaceous plant,

about a foot high ; 7/zzome woody ; s¢ems ascending, reddish brown,
leafy ; eaves pinnate, of 5—7 leaflets ; stipules large, membranous ;
flowers few together, large, dingy purplish-brown ; sepa/s larger
than the petals.—Peat-bogs ; frequent.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
to. ALCHEM{LLA (Lady’s Mantle).—Herbs with simple, orbi-
cular, more or less divided stipulate aves; flowers minute, in corym-
bose cymes, generally tetramerous, apetalous ; calyx, with an epicalyx,
persistent ; sfamens 1—4, inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube ;
disk annular at the mouth of the calyx-tube ; carfels 1—5, 1-ovuled ;
styles lateral ; fruzt, 1—4 achenes
within the calyx-tube. (Name
said to indicate the value of the
genus in alchemy.)
1. A. arvénsis (Parsley Piert,
Field Lady’s Mantle).—A small
inconspicuous hairy weed, 3—8
in. long; J/eaves small, 3-lobed,
lobes wedge-shaped, and cut, as
also are the stipules; flowers
minute, crowded in the axils of
bracts, greenish, concealed by the
leaves.— Dry places ;common.—
Fl. May—August. Annual.
2. A. vulgaris (Common Lady’s
Mantle). — A herbaceous plant
about a foot high; /aves large,
kidney-shaped, plaited, softly
downy, 7—9 lobed, on _ long
stalks, serrate ; s¢zpuz/les ochreate, ALCHEMILLA ARNENSIS
toothed ; flowers set ee small, eo Geli Saas
yellowish-green, in loose branching cymes.—Moist hilly pastures ;
common.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
3. A. alpina (Alpine Lady’s Mantle).—A beautiful plant with
small palmate /eaves of 5—7 oblong, serrate leaflets, lustrously white
and satiny, almost metallic underneath ; //owers inconspicuous.—
Mountains ; not common.—FIl. June—August. Perennial.
4. A. argéntea (Silver Lady’s Mantle).—An allied form, differing
in having larger, suborbicular, peltate /eaves, the lobes of which
only extend two-thirds of the distance from their margin to their
base.—Occurs in the north of Scotland.—F'. June, July.
Perennial.
11, AGRIMONIA (Agrimony).—Herbs with stipulate, pinnate,
154 ROSACEZ
serrate /eaves and terminal bracteate spike-like racemes of small
yellow flowers ; sepals 5, imbricate, persistent ; pe/als 5 ; stamens
12—20 ; carpels 2, 1-ovuled, within the spinous calyx-tube ; /ruzt
of 1 or 2 achenes. (Name of Greek origin.)
1. A. Eupatoria (Common Agrimony).—A slender, herbaceous
plant, 1-—2 feet high, shaggy with soft hairs ;eaves interruptedly

AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA (Comimon Agrimony). POTERIUM SANGUISORBA (Salad Burnet).

pinnate, deeply toothed ;#owers shortly stalked and distant on the

long, tapering spike-like raceme ; calyx-tube obconic, deeply fur-
rowed, spinous round its mouth, woody in fruit.—Fields and road-
sides ; common.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
2. A. odordta (Scented Agrimony).—A closely allied species,
more branched, with an aromatic resinous scent, with flowers
larger and closer, and the ca/yx-/ube bell-shaped and not furrowed,
 ROSE FAMILY 155

Less common.—Fl. June, July. Perennial. These two species

are said to be tonic, and are made into tea by village herbalists.
12. Porérium (Salad-Burnet). — Erect herbs with pinnate
leaves ; stipules adnate to the sheathing petiole ; //oqwers small, in
dense long-peduncled capitate cymes, often polygamous ; calyx-tube

YA—
re

SANGUISORBA OFFICINALIS (Greaé Burnet).

persistent, with 4 winged angles in fruit; sepads 4, imbricate,

deciduous ;fefals absent ; stamens 20—30 with slender filaments
and pendulous exserted anthers ; carfe/s 2—3, 1-ovuled, only one
ripening ; s//gma tufted ; achenes solitary, enclosed in the hardened
calyx-tube. (Name from the Greek fofévion, a tankard, one
species being used in cool drinks.)
156 ROSACEE

P. Sanguisbrba (Salad-Burnet).—Glabrous, or nearly so,

cer a foot high; Zeaves of 5—10 pairs of oblong, coarsely serrate
leaflets, having the taste and smell of cucumber ;peduncle angular;
Jfiower-heads reddish, the upper flowers producing their crimson
stigmas before the lower ones produce their 20—30 pendulous
stamens ; calyx-tube with netted veins between the 4 wings.—Dry
pastures, especially on a calcareous soil.—Fl. June—August.
Perennial.
2. P. polygamum (Prickly Salad-Burnet).—A_closely-allied
species with a larger /rwzt and prickly wings to the calyx-tube.—
Cultivated on chalky soil.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
13. SANGUISORBA (Burnet).—A herbaceons perennial with hori-
zontal rhizome; leaves pinnate, of 9—13 distinctly stalked
leafiets ; flowers all perfect, in cylindric heads, an inch or more in
length, containing honey ; sepals 4; petals o ; stamens 4 ; achenes
1—2. (Name from the Latin séuguzs, blood, sorbeo, I absorb, the
plant having been used to stanch bleeding.)
1. S. officinalis (Great Burnet).—A tall erect branched plant;
deaves pinnate of 9—-13 oblong-cordate, serrate, distinctly stalked
leaflets ; flowers in oblong or cylindric, long-stalked heads,
purplish-brown, all perfect ; stamens 4, not exserted ; calyx-tude in
fruit smooth between the 4 wings.—Damp meadows; not un-
common.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
14. R6sA (Rose).—Shrubs, usually prickly ; /eaves pinnate,
serrate ; stzpu/es adnate to the sheathing petiole ;Zowers terminal ;
calyx-tube persistent, fleshy, contracted at the mouth, with 5 leafy,
imbricate sepals ; petals 5 ; stamens indefinite, inserted on the disk
at the mouth of the calyx-tube ; cavfe/s generally numerous, in the
bottom. of the calyx tube, 1-ovuled ; /vzzz¢, an eteerio of achenes.
(Name Classical.)
Botanists differ widely in their conceptions of the species of this
difficult genus; but the indigenous British forms fall into some
twelve or thirteen fairly distinct groups, most of which are ac-
cepted by all authorities and their sequence generally agreed
upon. Hybrids, however, occur between members of different
groups. In collecting herbarium specimens of Roses, a twig
bearing a fully-formed fruit, with the sepals still on it, should be
prssenved
1. 2. spinosissima (Burnet or Scotch Rose). —An erect, much-
branched shrub, 1—4 feet high, covered with very unequal, nearly
straight prickles, passing into stiff bristles and glandular hairs;
/eaves of 7—9 simply serrated, smooth leaflets ;flowers solitary,
white ;sega/s undivided, smooth ; fruit subglobose, dark purple.—
Bld 81 ) 129MS “IBUG
) jouing ‘asoyy

VSOY) “\DIAajUD]SA
vsoxyy *(pinjoaul
 ROSE FAMILY 157

Dry sandy places, especially near the sea; common.—Fl. May,

June. Perennial.
2. R. involita differs in having its eaves usually doubly serrate
and downy, and glandular beneath ; its fozwers 1—3 together ; and
its fruzt red.—Chiefly in the north.—Fl. June. Perennial. *
3. R. hibérnica (Irish Rose) has stout, curved prickles ; /eaflets
simply serrate, glabrous above, glaucous and slightly pubescent
beneath ; fowers 1—12 together; sepals pinnate, smooth ; fruzt
red. Chiefly in the north; rare.-—Fl. May—August. Perennial.

ROSA SPINOSISSIMA (Burnet-leaved Rosé)

4. R. villosa (Soft-leaved Rose).—A tall, erect bush with

scattered, uniform, nearly straight, slender prickles ; /ea/le¢s ovate,
doubly serrate, softly downy, especially beneath; flowers 1—3
together, deep rose colour ; sefa/s slightly pinnate, persistent, con-
nivent in fruit ; /rwzt globose, glandular, red.—In the north.—F’.
June, July. Perennial.
5. FR. tomentésa (Downy-leaved Rose).— Stem erect with stout,
arching branches, 6—10 feet long, with mostly uniform, slender,
straight or slightly curved prickles ; /ea/le¢s doubly serrated, downy,
especially beneath ; /fowers 1—3 together, pink or white; sefads
158 ROSACEA

very pinnate ; /rwé¢ oblong-urceolate, red.—Hedges and thickets;

common.—Fl. June, July. Perennial. . i
6. 2. eglaniéria (Sweet Briar).—An erect, compact bush with
many prickles, the larger ones hooked, the smaller unequal, straight ;
leaflets doubly serrate, downy, and glandular beneath, mostly
rounded at the base; very fragrant ;/owers 1—4 together, deep
rose-colour ; sepa/s very pinnate, persistent; /rwtt pear-shaped,
becoming globose, red.—Chiefly on chalk. The Eglantine of
the poets, with the exception of Milton, whose “ twisted eglantine”
is the Honeysuckle.—Fl. May—July. Perennial.

ROSA CANINA (Dog-Rose).

7. R. micrdntha (Small-flowered Sweet Briar).—A small bush

with long arched branches, equal hooked prickles, and faint odour ;
Jeaves doubly serrate, downy and glandular beneath, rounded at
the base ;lowers 1 in. across, on bristly stalks, pale rose-colour ;
Jruit small, urceolate, scarlet—Not common.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
8. £&. agréstis (Slightly-scented Briar)—A_ similar species,
differing in having rather unequal hooked prickles intermixed
with a few bristles and glandular hairs ; aflets less rounded at
the base ; flowers usually with smooth stalks; sepa/s more
Fig. 19 Dog Rose (Rosa canina\
 ROSE FAMILY 159
pinnate and persistent. — Local ; uncommon. — Fl. June.
Perennial.
9. R. obtusifolia (Blunt-leaved Rose). 7 large bush with
long, arching, glabrous branches, and large hooked prickles;
leaflets doubly serrate, broadly rounded at the base, glandular and
with prominent veins beneath ; //ozwers white or pale pink, gen-
erally with smooth stalks; sepals reflexed and deciduous ; and
fruit small, sub-globose. These forms, not very sharply separated
from the following, seem to be local.
10. &. canina (Dog-Rose).—Large bushes with long arched
branches with uniform hooked prickles ; /ea/fets mostly without
glands, or with a few on the veins beneath ; flowers few together
or solitary, generally on smooth stalks ; sefa/s pinnate, reflexed,
falling before the fruit changes colour ; s¢y/es free-—Hedges and
bushy places; abundant. ‘This is the common Hedge Rose, a
flower belonging exclusively to summer, and welcomed at its first
appearance scarcely less warmly than the early Primrose in
spring. The colour of the flower varies from white to a deep
blush, and the leaves also differ considerably ; but the above
characters will be found to include all the principal varieties.— Fl.
June, July. Perennial.
11. £. glatica (Glaucous Rose), a group more locally repre-
sented, differs in having its /eaffe/s often glaucous, and not gland-
ular beneath, and its sefa/s ascending after the fall of the petals,
and not falling until after the fruit has become crimson.
12. fe. stylésa (Close-styled Rose).—A tall, erect bush with
uniform, stout, strongly-hooked prickles; leaflets églandular,
pubescent beneath ; peduncles long, bristly ;sepad/s pinnate, reflexed,
deciduous ; s¢y/es united into a central column.—Uncommon.—
Fl. June, July. Perennial.
13. £&. arvénsis (Trailing Rose).—-A glabrous, trailing species
with purple branches ; /ajflets glaucous beneath ;flowers white ;
sepals purple, slightly pinnate, reflexed, deciduous ; s¢y/es united
in an exserted column; /vwz¢ sub-globose, small.—Woods and
hedges ; common in the south of England.—Fl. June—August.
Perennial.

t5. Pyrus (Service, Pear, Apple, Medlar, and Rowan).—

Trees and shrubs ; /eaves deciduous, simple or pinnate ; s¢zpudes
deciduous; /owers in terminal cymes; calyx-cube urceolate ;
sepals 5; petals 5 ; stamens many ; carpels 2—5, imbedded in the
calyx-tube, 2-ovuled ; /rwzt a 2—5chambered pome ; core brittle,
horny or bony ; chambers 1—2-seeded. (Name classical.)
1. £. tormindlis (Wild Service Tree).—A small tree with downy
160 ROSACEH

twigs ; eaves glabrescent, simple, 6—10-lobed, cordate, serrate;

lobes triangular ;//owers many, small, white, in compound corym-
bose cymes ; /rwz¢ small, green, spotted with brown, 2-chambered,
2-seeded ; core brittle.—Woods and hedges in the south of
England; uncommon. The mottled fruit is sold under the name
of Chequers.—-Fl. April, May. Perennial.
2. P. Aria (White Beam).—A shrub or small tree; eaves
large, egg-shaped, irregularly lobed and serrate, snowy-white-felted
beneath, with 5—14 veins on each side ; flowers and fruz¢t much

PYRUS TORMINALIS (Wild Service Tree).

, , r* .

as in the preceding ; but the latter dotted with red.— Chalky banks
and limestone rocks.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
P. rupicola includes those forms with fewer veins and smaller
fruit.
3. P. létifolia (Round-leaved White Beam), differing chiefly
in its Zeaves, which are rounded at the
base, more lobed and
greyish beneath, and its brown /rwz¢, occurs rarely in woods in the
west.
4. P. minima (Least White Beam).—A small, spreading, much-
branched, slender shrub ; eaves linear-oblong, pinnately 3—4q-
lobed, ashy-felted beneath ; jZowers small, creamy white; /vuz¢
 ROSE FAMILY 161

small, globose, coral-red, bitter.— Limestone rocks, Breconshire.—

Fl. June. Perennial.
5. P. itermédia (Broad-leaved White Beam).—A small tree
with eaves similar to those of the preceding, with 5—9 veins on
each side ; but with dark or reddish-brown /vwzt—Occurs rarely, in
hilly woods.—Fl. May. Perennial.
6. P. fennica with /eaves pinnate at the base, deeply pinnatifid
at the apex, and grey-webbed beneath, may be a hybrid between
the preceding species and the Rowan.—Arran in the Clyde.
Perennial.

pyrus Aria (White Beam.

7.* P. domestica (Service-tree).—A small tree with pinnate,

serrate eaves, downy beneath, and a smalli pear-shaped /ruz4, did
occur in Wyre Forest, Worcestershire ; but was not indigenous.—
Fl. May. Perennial.
8. P. Aucupdria (Rowan-tree, Mountain Ash, Fowlers’ Ser-
vice).—One of the most elegant of British trees, small, with smooth
roan or ash-grey bark ; /eaves pinnate, of 13—17 leaflets, serrate,
glabrescent ; flowers small, cream-white, in large, corymbose
cymes ;fruzts globose, scarlet, with yellow flesh, 2—4-chambered.
—Mountainous woods; common. The fruit is eaten in northern
Europe, and is used as a lure by fowlers, whence it derives one of
its English names and its specific name, from the Latin awceps, a
fowler.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
M
162 ROSACEA

9. P. comminis (Wild Pear).—A shrub or small tree, often

bearing spines at the extremities of its branches; /eaves simple,
ovate, serrate ;//owers an inch across, white, in corymbose cymes;
jrut tapering at the base, s-chambered, woody and worthless
when wild ; core horny.—Woods and hedges ; uncommon. The
origin of garden Pears.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.
o. £. cordéta (Lesser Pear) is a small form of bushy habit,

PYRUS AUCUPARIA (Fowlers’ Service-tree).

with cordate /eaves and more globose /rwzf, found near Plymouth.
— Hl. May. .-Perennial.
11. 2. Mélus (Crab Apple).—A small spreading tree without
spines ; J/eaves simple, ovate, serrate; flowers white, delicately
shaded with pink, in a sessile umbellate cyme; s¢y/es united
below ; /rwzt globose, with a hollow at the insertion of the stalk,
yellow or reddened, intensely acid, 5-chambered.—Woods and
hedges ; common. Formerly used in making verjuice and poma-
tum, so called from pomum, an apple.—Fl. May. Perennial.
 ROSE FAMILY 163

16. Méspitus (Medlar).—A small spinous tree, with large

simple /eaves ; solitary flowers ; sepals 5, large, leafy, persistent ;
Jruit, a globose pome, with 5, 1-seeded carpfels forming a bony
core exposed at the top. (Name of Classical Greek origin.)
1. AZ. germdnica (Medlar).—A_ small, much-branched, spin-
ous tree, with large, simple eaves, white fowers, 14 in. across, on
short stalks, and a remarkable globose /rwzt, with large, leafy,
persistent sepa/s and 5 bony 1-seeded carpe/s exposed at the top.

pYRus comMUtnis (Wild Pear).

—Hedgerows; but probably not truly wild. Well known in a

cultivated state.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
17. CraT&cus (Hawthorn).—Shrubs or small trees, often spin-
ous ; Zeaves simple, lobed ; stfuzles deciduous ; flowers in terminal
corymbose cymes; sepals 5; petals 5 ; stamens many ; carpels
I—5, enclosed in the calyx-tube, each 2-ovuled ; fruwzt a pome with
abony core. (Name from the Greek 4va¢os, strength, alluding
to the hardness of its wood, which is the best substitute for box-
wood for engraving purposes.)
M 2
164 ROSACE

1. C. Oxyacantha (Hawthorn, Whitethorn, or May).—A small

round-headed, much-branched, spinous tree, which, though it
varies considerably in its mode of growth, shape of leaf, and
colour of flower and fruit, is so well known as hardly to need
description. Its /eaves are deeply pinnatifid and appear before
the blossoms ; the fozwers are generally white and heavily scented,
the anthers pink with brown fo//en, and the /vwzé usually sub-

pyrus MALus (Crab Afpie),

globose, scarlet, or crimson, of 1—3 carpels. The name Haw-

thorn is derived from aeg, a hedge; although, therefore, the
fruit is generally called a Zaw, that name is derived from the tree
which produces it, and the tree does not, as is frequently sup-
posed, take its name from the fruit which it bears.—Fl. May.
Perennial.
18. CoTONEASTER.—Shrubs or small trees ; s/zpz/es deciduous ;
jiowers solitary, or nearly so, small ; sepals 5 ; petals 5; stamens
 ROSE FAMILY 165,

many ; carpels 2—5, adherent at their backs to the calyx-tube, but

not coherent ; /rwz¢ a 2—-5-chambered pome with a bony core.
(Name Classical.)
1. C. tntegérrimus.—A small pubescent shrub, with roundish
Zaves ; minute rose-pink lowers, few together; and small,

y)))
WE
i H)
WHET! |

it /)X/ y

PYRUS GERMANICA (Common Medlar).

pendulous, globose, shining red /ruz¢s.—Occurs on limestone

rock at Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire.—F]. May, June.
Perennial. .

Orb. XXVII. SAxIFRAGEH.—THE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

Shrubs and herbs abounding in temperate and cold climates,
but within the tropics confined to lofty mountains. They have
166 SAXIFRAGEE

polysymmetric and generally 5-merous //owers ; sepals 5, rarely

4, united at the base, and generally partly adherent to the carpels ;
petals equal in number and alternate to the sepals, imbricate, or
rarely absent; sfamens 4—10, perigynous ; carpe/s usually 2,
rarely 3—4, united below; s¢y/es usually distinct ; ovw/es many;
fruit of two follicles, a 1—2-chambered capsule, or a berry.
Most members of the Order have slightly astringent properties,
and some few are bitter and tonic. Several species of the genus
Ribes have berries with an agreeable acid flavour ; others are
mawkish. The extensive genus Saxifraga contains many tufted
mountain plants that contribute greatly to the beauty of alpine
vegetation.

,
CRATAGUS OXYACANTHA (/lawthorn).

1. SAXfFRAGA.—Herbs ; petals 5; stamens 10, rarely 53; ovary

2-chambered ; styles 2.
2. CHRYSOSPLENIUM.—Small succulent herbs ; fefa/s absent;
stamens 8 or 10; ovary 1-chambered ; styés 2.
3. ParnAssia.—Herbs ; flowers large, solitary ; petals 5;
stamens 5, with five alternating staminodes ; ovary 1-chambered ;
stigmas 3 OF 4.
4. RfpEs.—Shrubs; petals 4 or 5; Stamens 4 OY 53 Ovary
1-chambered ; styles 2; fruit a berry.
1. SaxfrrRaca (Saxifraga).—Herbs, mostly perennial; aves
both radical and cauline, with sheathing feftoles ; flowers in cymes,
white, yellow, or rarely purple or red; sepals 5, imbricate ;petals
5 3 Stamens 10, rarely 5 ; carpels 2, united below, forming a superior,
 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY iTS9)

or half-inferior, 2-chambered ovary, with parietal A/acentation,

numerous ovules, and 2 styles ; fruit of 2 follicles or united below
into a capsule. (Name in Latin signifying vock-breaker, many of
the species growing in crevices of rocks.)

* Flowers purple
1. S. oppositifolia (Purple Mountain Saxifrage).—A low-growing,
tufted, glabrous plant, with trailing s/ems ; small, opposite, and
decussate fleshy ‘aves; and relatively large, solitary, bright
purple /owers.—Alpine rocks in the north.—Fl. April, May.
Perennial.
** Flowers crowded, white
2. SS. nivalis (Clustered Alpine Saxifrage)—An alpine plant,
3—6 in. high; J/eaves all radical, obovate, crenate, thick, red
beneath ; fowers rather large, white, 4—12 together, in a compact
head. High mountains in the north; rare.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
*** Flowers in loose cymes white, with two coloured dots
on each petal.
3. S. stedddris (Starry Saxifrage).—A mountain plant, 3—5 in.
high ; Zeaves in a rosette, scarcely stalked, oblong, wedge-shaped,
coarsely toothed ; flowers rather large, few, white, with two yellow
spots on each petal.—By mountain rivulets in the north.—FI.
June, July. Perennial.
4. S. Géum (Kidney-shaped Saxifrage), with reniform, tufted
leathery, toothed Zeaves and small white fowers dotted with pink.
5. S. Airstita, more hairy, with oval /eaves ; and
6. S. umbrosa (St. Patrick’s Cabbage, London Pride, or None-
so-pretty), with obovate /eaves, are closely allied, rare species,
occurring on mountains in the west and south-west of Ireland.
The last is a well-known garden plant, making itself at home even
in the smoky gardens of London, and occurs in many places as a
naturalised escape.—Fl. June. Perennial.
**E* Flowers yellow
7. S. Hirculus (Yellow Marsh Saxifrage).—A handsome species,
about 6in. high, with runners ; stem erect, branched, leafy, downy
above ; xadzcal leaves in a rosette, lanceolate ; caudine /eaves linear ;
flowers large, solitary, or nearly so, yellow, spotted with scarlet.—
Wet moors ; rare.—F]. August. Perennial.
8. S. atzdides (Yellow Mountain Saxifrage).—A smaller, more
tufted, prostrate and branched species ; /eaves very narrow, fleshy,
168 SAXIFRAGE

fringed ; flowers like those of the preceding, but smaller. Wet

places in the mountains in the north, in Wales, and in Ireland.
Fl. June—September. Perennial.
#¥*** Teoaves broad, palmately-lobed : flowers white
9. S. tridactylites (Three-fingered Saxifrage)—A small, very
hairy, and viscid species with
glandular hairs, rarely more
than 3 in. high, usually
tinged with red, branched;
Zeaves palmately 3—5-lobed,
segments linear - oblong;
flowers minute, numerous,
scattered.—On walls and dry
places; common. Generally
covered with dead flies,
though there is in its case
no evidence that they are
digested or assimilated.—F.
April—July. Annual.
10. S. rivuldris (Alpine
Brook Saxifrage).—A small,
tufted, slender, succulent,
slightly glandular, prostrate
species; /eaves reniform,
palmately 5-lobed, ‘on slen-
der stalks ; flowers 1—3
together, small, white.—By
streams near the summits of
Highland mountains ; rare.
—Fl. July, August. Peren-
nial.
11. S. cévnua (Drooping
SAXIFRAGA GRANULATA Bulbous Saxifrage). POR:
(White Meadow Saxifrage). small, erect, unbranched
species, with scaly bulbs in
the axils of its stalked, reniform, palmately-lobed /eaves and a
solitary, drooping /fozwer, which in Scotland is generally replaced
by a reddish bulbil.—Occurs only on the summit of Ben Lawers.—
Fl. June—August. Perennial.
12. S. granuldta (White Meadow Saxifrage).—A pretty plant,
closely allied to the preceding ; s/ems slender, leafy, 1o—12 in.
high, with numerous brown, downy, bulb-like tubers, as big as
peas, at their base ; radical /eaves stalked, reniform, palmately-
 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 169

lobed ; cauline leaves sessile, more deeply cut into more acute
segments ; flowers in a loose cluster, 1 in. across, inclined, pure
white.—Gravelly banks and meadows; not uncommon, A
double variety is grown in gardens.—Fl. April—June. Perennial.
EKEEE Tufted plants with leaves palmately cut into
narrow segments: flowers white
13. S. cespitisa (Tufted Alpine Saxifrage), distinguished by
the obtuse lobes of its /eaves, with few small, crowded lowers,
occurs very rarely on alpine summits, forming bright green
cushions.—Fl. May—August. Perennial. -
14. S. Sternbérgit, a very hairy glandular species, with 3—4-
3

CHRYSOSPLENIUM OPPOSITIFOLIUM (Common Golden Saxifrage).

lobed Zeaves, the lobes lanceolate, acute, fringed, occurs on alpine

rocks in the south-west of Ireland.—Fl. July. Perennial.
15. .S. vosdcea, a Closely-allied form, with 3—7-lobed leaves,
the lobes abruptly acuminate, occurs in North Wales.
16. S. grenldndica, another closely-allied form, 1—z in. high,
densely tufted, with few cauline. leaves ; “eaves broadly wedge-
shaped, palmately 3—s5-fid, with ovate-lanceolate acute lobes,
and few flowers, has been recorded from Ben Lawers.
17. S. hirta (Hairy Saxifrage), with 3—5-lobed aves, very
finely cut into bristle-pointed lobes and /fowers 2—4 together,
with subulate sefa/s and oblong 3-veined /efal/s, the sides of
which are inflexed, occurs on the Galtee Mountains.—FI. July.
Perennial.
18. S. hypnoides (Mossy Saxifrage).—With trailing barren
shoots and erect flowering ones; /eaves mostly 3-cleft, bristle-
pointed, with narrow fringed segments with narrow triangular

so
i70 SAXIFRAGEE

acute sepals:—Occurs somewhat frequently in mountainous dis-

tricts, and is often grown in gardens.—Fl. May—July. Perennial.
2, CHRYSOSPLENIUM (Golden
Saxifrage).—Small — succulent
herbs ; JZeaves _ exstipulate ;
flowers minute, green or
yellow, apetalous ; sepals 4—5,
obtuse, imbricate; stamens
8—10, epigynous; ovary in-
ferior, 1-chambered ; styZes 2 ;
ovules many, parietal; fruzt a
capsule. (Name from _ the
Greek chrisos, golden, and
splen, the spleen, probably from
some supposed medicinal
virtues.)
1. C. oppositifolium (Com-
mon Golden Saxifrage).—A
small aquatic plant about 2—6
in. high, with a creeping sem,
rooting below; J/eaves bright
green, opposite, orbicular ;
flowers minute, 4- merous,
yellowish green, in flat terminal
clusters.—Damp shady places ;
common. — Fl. April — July.
Perennial.
2. C. alternifélium (Alter-
nate-leaved Golden Saxifrage).
—A very similar plant with an
erect sem, alternate, reniform
feaves and deeper yellow
flowers, grows in similar situ-
ations, but is less common.
These little plants sometimes
form a true peat.—Fl. April—
June. Perennial.
PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS f
(Common Grass of Parnassus), o PARNASSIA (Grass of Par-
; nassus).—Glabrous herbs, with
radical, exstipulate, entire /eaves and large solitary flowers on
slender, erect peduncles ; sepals 5, imbricate, persistent ; petals
5, thick; stamens 5, alternating with 5 staminodes; ovary
superior, 1-chambered ; ovu/es many, parietal; stigmas 3—a,
 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY Mia

sub-sessile ;fruzt a capsule. (Named, frem its beauty, after

Mount Parnassus, the home of the Muses.)
1: P. palistris (Common Grass of Parnassus).—An_ exqui-
sitely beautiful plant ; Zeaves ovate-cordate, long stalked ; flowers
I in. across, ivory-white, beautifully veined, on peduncles
8—t1o in. high; staminodes, fan-shaped scales, fringed with
9—13 white hairs terminating in yellow wax-like glands.—Bogs,
principally in the north.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.
4. Rises (Currant and Gooseberry).—Shrubs, sometimes
spinous ; /aves scattered, lobed, plaited; /fowers solitary or in

RIBES NiGRUM (Black Currant).

bracteate racemes ; sepals 4 or 5, superior ; fefacs and stamens

equal to the sepals in number ; ovary inferior, 1-chambered ;
styles 2; fruit a berry ; seeds with a pulpy testa. (Name Arabic,
applied originally to the Rhubarb.)
1.* R. Grossuldria (Gooseberry), well distinguished by its spines
below the leaf-buds, either single or 2—3 together; J/eaves
plaited, 3—5 lobed, crenate; /fowers 1—3 together, greenish,
drooping ; sefa/s marcescent; f/efals minute, white; /ruzt
glandular-hairy or glabrous.—Hedges and woods, an escape.
The variety Uva-crispa, with smooth berries, may be wild.—FI.
April, May. Perennial.
2. R. alpinum (Tasteless Mountain Currant).—Without spines
and almost glabrous; with dicecious yellowish ffowers in erect
racemes, very long lanceolate Jvacts, and scarlet, insipid berries.
ize CRASSULACE

—Mountainous woods in the north; rare.—Fl. April, May.

Perennial. .
3. &. rubrim (Red Currant).—Without spines ; /eaves bluntly
5-lobed ; vacemes pendulous or erect, glabrous or downy; dracts
short, ovate.—Truly wild in woods in the north. The origin of
the Red and White Currants of our gardens.—Fl. April, May.
Perennial.
4. Fe. nigrum (Black Currant).—Without spines ; aves acutely |
3—5-lobed, dotted with glands beneath ; #owervs in downy pen-
dulous racemes, with a separate single-stalked flower at the base
of each; calyx downy; éerry black.—Damp woods; occasion-
ally wild. Easily distinguished, at all seasons, by the strong
perfume of its buds and leaves.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.

Orvp. XXVIII. CRASSULACEH.—THE STONECROP FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs, remarkable for their thick, fleshy, simple

/eaves and generally succulent habit, and for their star-like poly-
symmetric fowers, inhabiting most parts of the world, especially
South Africa, and growing in the driest situations, where not a
blade of grass can live, on naked rocks, old walls, or hot sandy
plains alternately exposed to the heaviest dews of night and the
fiercest rays of the noonday sun. ‘They have the power of laying
in during the rainy season a large store of moisture, which they
obstinately retain, requiring no further nourishment, save what
they derive from the atmosphere. A common British species,
Sédum Teléphium, Orpine or Livelong, will grow for months, if
suspended by a string from the ceiling of a room, without being
once supplied with water. An African species, L7yophpllum
calcinum, will not only grow if similarly treated, but if its leaves
be gathered, they will send out young shoots or offsets from the
notches on their margin. Herbarium specimens of members of
this Order had better be plunged for a short time in boiling water
before being pressed or they wil continue to grow. Sepals
3—20, more or less united at the base; /efa/s equal in number
to the sepals, perigynous ; s/amens the same, or twice as many in
two whorls, those of the inner whorl shorter ; ovaries as many as
the petals, 1-chambered, free ; frwzt a ring of follicles; seeds ina
double row. One or two species are used in medicine, their
roots being astringent. The leaves are generally acrid, contain-
ing malic or tartaric acid.
1. TiLL#a.—Leaves opposite ; sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
3—5 each ; follicles 2-seeded.
 STONECROP FAMILY e734

2. CotyvL&epon.—JLeaves scattered ; sepals, petals, and carfels

5 each ;fefals united ; stamens 10.
3. SEDUM.—Sepals, petals and carpels 4—6 each; fetals free;
stamens 8—I2.
*4, SEMPERVivuM.—Leaves scattered ; sepals, fetfals, and carfpels
6— 20; stamens 12—40.

COTYLEDON UMBILICUS-VENERIS siDUM ROSEUM (Rose-r002).

(Wall Pennywort).

1. Titt#a.—Small herbs; aves opposite, entire; flowers

minute ; sepals, and sometimes the fefa/s, united below; sefad/s,
petals, stamens and carpels, 3—5 each ; follicles 2 or more seeded.
(Named after Michael Angelo Tilli, an Italian botanist.)
1. Z: muscisa (Mossy Tilleea).—A minute, tufted, prostrate
smooth plant with small, opposite, oblong, blunt aves and solitary,
subsessile, 3-merous, or rarely 4-merous, greenish white //owers,
tipped with red.—On sandy heaths in the south and east. It has
174 CRASSULACEE

somewhat of the habit of a Sagiza, from which, however, it is

very distinct.—Fl. June, July. Annual.
2. CoTyLEDON (Pennywort).— Mostly succulent herbs with
scattered, peltate eaves ; flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, 5-
merous ; fefals united ; stamens in 2 whorls ; carpels each with a
hypogenous scale at its base; s¢y/es slender, fo//icles many-seeded.
(Name from the Greek £étulé, a dish, from the shape of the leaves.)
1. C. Umbilicus-Véneris (Wall Pennywort).—A remarkably
succulent, glabrous plant, with orbicular, crenate, peltate /eaves,
depressed in the centre; and terminal racemes 6—18 in. high, of
short-stalked, pendulous, greenish-yellow /fozwers.—Walls and rocks,
chiefly in the west. The plant often takes a pink tinge in fading,
and the leaves are well-known to children by the name of “ penny
pies.” —F]. June—August. Perennial.
3. SEDUM (Stonecrop).—Succulent herbs; fowers usually
cymose, 5-merous, rarely 4-merous ; fefals free; stamens in 2
whorls ; Zypogynous scales entire or notched. (Name from the
Latin sédeo, I sit, from the prostrate habit of the genus.)

* With a thick rhizome: leaves broad and flat

1. S. vdseum (Rose-root).—RfAzzome 2—3 in. long, branched,
woody, having the scent of rose-water ; sfems 6—10 in. high,
annual, unbranched; éeaves broad, glaucous, acute ; flowers in
compact terminal cymes, greenish-yellow, 4-merous, dicecious.—
On mountains in the north and in Ireland, and on sea-cliffs ; not
common.—Fl. May—August. Perennial.
2. S. Teléphium (Orpine, or Livelong).—The largest British
species, growing about 2 feet high, and well distinguished by its
large, broad, ovate, serrate /eaves and terminal dense corymbose
cymes of crimson 5-merous /lowers.—Rocky thickets; not un-
common, but often an escape from gardens.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
** Leaves nearly cylindric: flowers white
3. S. villosum (Hairy Stonecrop).—A small species with hairy,
viscid stems and J/eaves; and pinkish white flowers, few
together.—Wet mountain pastures in the north.—Fl. June, July.
Biennial.
4. S. dlbum (White Stonecrop).—A glabrous species with
prostrate barren stems and erect reddish flowering stems 6—1o in.
high ; Zeaves sub-cylindric, blunt, $ in. long, bright green ; flowers
white, in many-flowered corymbose cymes.—Rock and walls;
not common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
Fig. 20. Wall Pennywort

\Cotyledon Umbilicus-Veneris).
 STONECROP FAMILY 175

5.* S. dasyphjllum (Thick-leaved Stonecrop).—A small, very

glaucous, pink-tinged, slightly viscid, and prostrate species with
fleshy, almost globular aves, and white j/owers, often streaked
with pink.—Occurs as an escape on old walls.—Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
A small plant 3—4 in.
high, with stems prostrate, ascending ; Jeavés small, scattered,
crowded, fleshy, spurred at the base beneath, pale green or tinged
with red ; flowers star-like, white, spotted with red, in two-forked
cymes; Zezals very sharply pointed; azthers bright red.—Rocky and
sandy places, especially near the sea.—Fl. June—August. Annual.

sépuM AcRE (Biting Stonecrop).

*** Leaves nearly cylindric: flowers yellow

7. S. dcré (Biting Stonecrop, Wall- -pepper).—Very like the
preceding in habit and growing in similar situations ; but distin-
guished by its thicker, more crowded, and intensely acrid eaves and
golden-yellow flowers in 3-cleft cymes.——Wall, rocks, and sandy
ground ;common.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
8.* S. sexanguléré (Tasteless Yellow Stonecrop), distin-
guished from the preceding by its crowded aves more dis-
tinctly in 6 vertical rows, and by its acute sepad/s, occurs
on old walls, chiefly in Kent, but is not indigenous.—FI. July.
Perennial.
9." S. refléxum (Recurved Yellow Stonecrop).—Easily distin-
aise from any of the preceding by its slender but tough szems,
6—io in. high, with spreading, or reflexed, awl-shaped, pointed,
176 CRASSULACE

and sometimes glaucous /aves ; flowers often 6-merous, bright or

pale yellow.—Walls and dry banks ; not uncommon, but seldom,
if ever, indigenous.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
io. SS. xvupéstré (Rock Stonecrop), an allied species, with
densely imbricated, adpressed, glaucous “aves, slightly flattened,
and flowers in corymbose cymes, occurs wild on limestone at St.
Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol ; Cheddar ; and the Great Orme’s Head ;
and elsewhere generally asan escape.—I'l. June, July. Perennial.
11. S. Forsteridnum
(Welsh Stonecrop), a
species very closely
allied to the preceding,
but with bright green,
not glaucous /eaves
and flowers in round-
topped or capitate
cymes, grows on wet
rocks in Wales, Shrop-
shire, and Somerset.—
Fl. June, July, 2eren-
nial.

*4, SEMPERVIVUM
(House-leek). — Suc-
culent plants with
dense rosettes of ses-
sile radical /eaves, giv-
ing off offsets from
their axils ; fowers in |
branched cymes, 6—
20-merous ; stamens in
2 whorls, the inner
| usually barren; Ayfo-
SEMPERVIVUM TECTORUM (Cowmzemon House-leek). Svmous scales fringed ;
follicles many-seeded.
(Name from the Latin semper, always, vivo, I live.)
1.* S. ¢ectorum (Common House-leek).—A common but
scarcely indigenous plant, growing on the roofs of cottages and
outhouses. The /aves are thick and juicy, edged with red-purple,
ciliate, mucronate, and in compact rosettes. The dull red-purple
flowers are in scorpioid cymes, and are usually 12-merous. The
inner whorl of stamens frequently have anthers containing ovz/es,
like those in the carpels, which, however, never mature as seeds.
The leaves contain malic acid.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
 SUNDEW FAMILY 77

Orp. XXIX. DROSERACE#.—THE SUNDEW FAMILY

An interesting group of herbaceous marsh plants widely
dispersed over the globe, but specially common in Australia.
They will grow on wet sand or moss, depending only for
water on the substratum, and their voofs are accordingly small.
Their chlorophyll is often little dev eat the whole plant being
reddish, and the /eaves in
several genera covered
with insectivorous glan-
dular hairs. The flowers
are polysymmetric and
usually 5-merous, the
sepals and petals being
imbricate, the stamens in
1—-4 whorls, the carfels
sometimes reduced in
number, with distinct
styles, and forming a
1—5-chambered, many-
seeded capsule. In Dro-
sera, the largest genus
and the only one repre-
sented in Britain, the
leaves have many-point-
ed lobes or ‘¢entacles,
each ending in a gland
exuding a viscid fluid,
especially when the sun
is shining, so that they
appear as if tipped with
dew, whence the various
names of these plants. by
These tentacles are at présera ROTUNDIFOLIA (Round-leaved Sundew).
first spreading and the
fluid neutral ; but on capturing a small fly, or on contact with any
nitrogenous substance, the fluid becomes acid and the tentacles
bend towards the centre of the leaf, where the flyis digested.
Dioneéa muscipula (Venus’ Fly- trap), a native of Carolina, has
non-glandular tentacles round the margin of the leaf and a few
long hairs on its upper surface. When these hairs are touched by
an insect the two halves of the leaf close together instantaneously
by an electrical action, the tentacles interlocking like the teeth of
agin and an acid digestive fluid is then exuded by glands on the
Ly
178 DROSERACE®
surface of the leaf. It has been experimentally demonstrated that
the Sundews benefit by the animal food thus obtained.
tr. DRosERA (Sundew).—S“#fules membranous, adnate to the
petiole ;Zozwers in 1-sided sympodial cymes, curled up circinately
when in bud; sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each; styles 2—5,
deeply 2-fid; capsule 1-chambered, 2—5-valved. (Name from
the Greek drésera, dewy.)
1. D. rotundifolia (Round-leaved Sundew).—An exceedingly
curious little bog plant, 2—6 in. high ; /eaves all radical, petiolate,
spreading horizontally, round, with tentacles on the petiole, upper
surface, and margin; //owers on a slender, wiry leafless scape,
small, white, cleistogene, or opening very rarely in sunny weather.
—Spongy bogs and heaths; common.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
2. D. dnglca (Great Sundew).—A larger, stouter species ;
Zeaves all radical, on very long stalks, which. are destitute of
tentacles, erect or nearly so, obovate.—In simular situations to
the last, but much less frequent.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
3. D. longifolia (Long-leaved Sundew).—Very similar to the
last, but smaller; /eaves spathulate, not more than 2 in. long;
peduncles curved at the base.—Occurring with D. rotundifolia, but
less frequent.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

Orb. XXX. LYTHRARIEZ.—-THE LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with 4-angled dranches ; simple, entire,
exstipulate, and generally opposite eaves, and usually polysymmetric
flowers ; sepals and petals 3—6 each ; stamens equalling the petals
in number, or 2—4 times as many ; carpfels 2—6 ; fruit a many-
seeded capsule, covered by the calyx, but not united to it.—Most
members of the Order are tropical, and many of them possess
astringent properties which are utilised in dyeing. Lazsonza
mérmis is the Henna of Egypt, which has been used for ages by
the people of that country to stain their nails of an orange colour.
It is also used to dye Morocco leather a reddish-yellow.
1. P&PLIs.—Ca/yx bell-shaped, with 12 divisions, alternately
smaller ; peza/s 6, minute, fugacious or absent; stamens 6 or 12;
style very short.
2. LYTHRUM.—Calyx cylindric, with 12 divisions, alternately
smaller ; petals 6; stamens 6 or 12 ; style long.
1. Pépitis (Water Purslane).—Small, weak, annual herbs ;
flowers minute, axillary ; ca/yx campanulate, 12-lobed, the alternate
lobes smaller ; Aezads, perigynous. fugacious or absent ; s/amens 6
 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY 179

or 12; style short ; capsule 2-chambered, 2-valved, many-seeded.

(Name from the Greek fep/on, purslane, not originally referring
to this genus.)
1. P. Pértula (Water Purslane).—A humble, glabrous, cre2p-
Frey)

PEPLIS PORTULA (Vater Purslane). LYTHRUM SALICARIA (Purple Loosestrife).

ing, aquatic plant, with 4-angled s/ems ; opposite, obovate, obtusc

Jeaves ; and inconspicuous, solitary, axillary /fowers.—Wet places
common. The plant is usually tinged with red, especially when
the ground in which it grows drie up.—Fl. July, August. Annual.
2. LyruHrum (Purple Loosestrife)—Herbs or shrubs with
4-angled branches ; entire Jeaves ; flowers in spikes of axillary 1- or
N 2
F8o0 HALORAGER

more-flowered cymes ; calyx-lube cylindric, with $—12 ribs and

teeth, the alternate teeth smaller ; Ae/a/s 4—6, or absent ; sfamens
8—12 in 1 or 2 whorls often lying to one side; ovary superior,
2-chambered ; s¢y/e long, thread-like ; capsule very many-seeded.
(Name from the Greek “éthron, gore, from the colour of the
flowers.)
1. LZ. Salicdria (Purple Loosestrife).—An exceedingly hand-
some plant, 2—4 feet high’; ~A/some creeping ; stem 4—6-angled
or winged ; eaves opposite, or in whorls of 3— 4, decussate,
lanceolate, cordate, acute; //owers in tall, tapering, leafy spikes
of axillary glomerules or sessile cymes, about 1 in. across, red;
calyx-tube 12-ribbed 3;petals wrinkled ; stamens 12 in 2 whorls, both
differing in length from the style ; s/ye in some plants longer than
all the stamens, in others shorter than all of them, and in others
intermediate between the two whorls.—River banks and ditches;
common. Growing among sedges and rushes, its flower-spikes
might, at a distance, be mistaken for Foxgloves, which, however,
would scarcely grow in such a situation. ‘The trimorphism of the
flowers is connected with cross-pollination by insects, Darwin
having shown that the pollen from any of the stamens most readily
fertilises the stigma of a style of the same length, one, that is, on
another plant. Long-styled, medium-styled, and _ short-styled
plants grow together, and are equally numerous.—Fl. July—
September. Perennial.
2. L. Hyssopifolia (Hyssop-leaved Purple Loosestrife) is a much:
smaller, mostly prostrate, glabrous plant 6—18 in. high, with alter-
nate narrow /eaves ; small, pink //owers solitary in the axils; and
6 stamens.—It grows in moist, often inundated, places; but is
rare.—Fl. June—October. Annual.
S$ S/amens epigynous ; ovary syncarpous, inferior

Orv. XXXI. HALorAGE&.—THE MAre’s-TAIL FAMILY

A small Order, comprising about 80 species of plants, mostly
herbaceous aquatics, with exstipulate /eaves, generally whorled
and inconspicuous flowers, often destitute of AezZa/s, and in several
species having the stamens and carpe/s in separate flowers. The
calyx is generally superior, adhering to the ovary and having some-
times 2 or 4 sepals; petals 2—4, or absent; stamens 1—38;
carpels 1—4 ; capsule 1—4-chambered, indehiscent ; seeds solitary
in each chamber, pendulous. No member of this Order has any
important use or known properties.
1. Hipptris.—ZLeaves whorled, entire ; szpaZs 2, superior ; petals
absent ; stamen 1; carpel 1.

ai
 MARE’S-TAIL FAMILY 18I

2. MyRIOPHYLLUM.—JLeaves mostly whorled, pinnate ; sefa/s

4, superior ; fefa/s 4, or absent ; stamens2, 4, or 8, often in separ-
ate flowers from the carpels, but on the same plant (moncecious) ;
carpels 4.
3. CALLITRICHE.— Leaves opposite, entire; sepals and fefals
absent ; stamen 1 ; carfe/s 4 (moncecious).
1. Hipptris (Mare’s-tail)—Glabrous, aquatic herbs, with
erect, unbranched, leafy sv¢ems; whorled,
narrow, entire /eaves ; minute, axillary, solitary %
flowers ; calyx forming a minute, indistinctly i
2-lobed rim to the ovary; fefals absent; Uy
stamen 1; carpel 1, 1-seeded; fruzt nut-like, Si
indehiscent. (Name from the Greek Azpfos,
a horse, owva, a tail.) ly
1. Hf. vulgdris (Common Mare’s-tail.)— 1,
The only British species, a singular plant, with 2
erect, unbranched, jointed szems, tapering to
a point, bearing whorls of 6—10 narrow “eaves
with hard tips, and inconspicuous /lowers
sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, and
often without stamens.—Not uncommon in
stagnant water. Not to be confounded with
the genus Lguzsétum (Horse-tail), a plant
allied to the Ferns, which also has a jointed
stem and whorled, rigid leaves, but bears its
fructification in terminal cones.—Fl. June,
July. Perennial.
2. MyRIOPHYLLUM (Water Milfoil).—
Glabrous, submerged plants; ‘eaves mostly
whorled and pinnately divided into numerous
hair-like segments ; ffowers small, solitary or
in spikes, the lower often apetalous and pistil-
late, intermediate ones perfect, and the upper
staminate, so that the inflorescence
.
is poly-
.
;
HIPPURIS
:
VULGARIS
gamous ; sepals 4, rarely 2, united, SUPETIOr ; (Common Mare's-iail).
petals 4, 2, or absent; s¢famens generally 8,
rarely 2 or 4; carfe/s 4, with feathery styles; fruzt dividing into
4, nut-like, indehiscent, one-seeded cocci. (Name from the Greek
murios, countless, pkul/on, a leaf, from its much-divided leaves.)
1. MW. verticillétum (Whorled Water Milfoil)—AAzzome creep-
ing; stems floating, leafy; with short internodes; /eaves with
distant hair-like segments, collapsing when removed from the
water ; flowers white, in whorls of about 5 each, forming an
182 HALORAGE

elongated erect spike ; Jrac/s pinnatifid, longer than the: flowers,

the upper ones without flowers in their axils.—Stagnant water ;
not common. ‘The whole plant is submerged with the exception
of the spikes of inconspicuous flowers, which rise a few inches
above the surface.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
2. M. spicdtum (Spiked Water Milfoil)—A very similar plant,
with Zeaves 4 in a whorl and very small dracts, of which only the
lower are pinnate, so that the whorls of //owers form a slender,

by
.

S f!
ys :
L: : ———_
LS
= meS =
Sr
Ru
:
op——

Ale 2 jb
WeeWY
PANS
poe
y,
\
a]

MYRIOPHYLLUM SpPICATUM (Spiked Water Milfoil).

erect, and apparently leafless spike-—More common than the

preceding.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
3. M. alterniflérum (Alternate-flowered Water Milfoil).—
Another similar plant, but more slender; /eaves 3 or 4 in a
whorl ; dracts at the base of the spike in whorls of 3 or 4, pinnate,
longer than the axillary pistillate /ozwers ; those higher up opposite
or alternate, entire or serrate, shorter than the staminate flowers,
which thus appear to form a leafless spike which is nodding
when in bud. The most frequent species.—Fl. May—August.
Perennial.
 MARE’S-TAIL FAMILY 183

3. CatiftRicHE (Water Starwort).—Slender, submerged,

aquatic plants ; /eaves exstipulate, opposite, simple, entire, the
upper ones sometimes floating and often forming a rosette ;
flowers axillary, solitary, minute, moncecious, without calyx or
corolla, but usually with 2 white dvac/s beneath, consisting either
of one stamen, or very rarely two, with a slender f/ament and a
one-chambered anther dehiscing transversely, or of a 4-angled,
4-chambered ovary, with 2 slender styles ; fruct of 4-winged, 1-
seeded, indehiscent cocci. (Name from the Greek alos, beautiful,
thrix, hair.)
1. C. palustris (Spring Water Starwort).—Svems long, slender,
sending out long thread-like silvery roots from the joints; the
upper /eaves ovate-spathulate, floating in a light-green star-like
SSO SS
EASES EE
ee

CALLITRICHE PALUSTRIS (Spring Water Starwort).

rosette, the stamens being the only parts of the plant actually above
water ; dracts straight, deciduous ; s¢y/es erect ; fruzt sessile, with
carpels swollen and bluntly keeled at the back.—Ponds and slow
streams ; common.—Fl. April—October. Annual or perennial.
2. C. stagndélis (Spring Water Starwort).—A terrestrial form,
with the upper eaves broad roundish, in a close rosette, or absent ;
bracts sickle-shaped, persistent ; s¢y/es erect in flower, reflexed in
fruit ; cavfels flattish, winged.—Chiefly on mud ; common.—F!.
May—September. Annual or perennial.
3. C. polymérpha, as yet only recognised in a few localities, is
similar, its dvacts being persistent ; but has s/zgmas 2—4 times as
long as the ripe fruit, and carvfel/s scarcely winged.
4. C. hamuldta, usually very small; /eaves mostly inear ;
bracts sickle-shaped, deciduous ; s¢y/es long, diverging ; carfels
184 ONAGRAR{E&

flattish with a blunt keel.— Marshes, lakes, and streams.—FI.

June—September. Annual or perennial.
5. C. obtusdngula has obovate /eaves in a rosette ; persistent
bracts and styles ; and unkeeled carfe/s.—Ditches ; apparently not
common.—Fl. May—September. Annual or perennial.
6. C. autumndlis (Autumn Water Starwort).—Zeaves all sub-
merged, linear, obtuse, dark green; dvacts absent ; styles spread-
ing ; frwzt large, dark brown ; carfe/s with a broad wing.—Lakes ;
rare. Fl. June—October. Annual or perennial.
7. C. truncata, differing in having lighter, more translucent
Zeaves and bluntly keeled carvfe/s, has only been observed in a
few localities.

Orp. XXXII. ONAGRAR{EZ.—THE WILLOW-HERB

FAMILY
Herbs, or rarely shrubs or trees, principally inhabiting the tem-
perate parts of the globe, with simple, exstipulate eaves, and gener-
ally conspicuous, polysymmetric fowers, mostly 4-merous ; sepals 4
or 2, valvate ;petals 4 or 2, contorted in the bud, or absent ; séamens
2—8 ; ovary 1—6-chambered, usually 4-chambered ; /rwz¢ a berry,
or 4-chambered capsule. To this Order belongs the beautiful genus
fuchsia, with its coloured 4-cleft calyx and edible but insipid
berries, natives of Mexico, Peru, Chili, and New Zealand. Many
species of @nothéra, natives of America, with the exception of one
Tasmanian species, are cultivated as garden plants, some bearing
flowers 3 or 4 inches in diameter. Those with yellow or white
flowers, which open in the evening, are called Evening Primroses.
No member of the Order has any known properties of importance.
tr. Eprtépium.—Sepals 4; calyx-tube not prolonged above the
ovary ; petals 4, red, pink, or white; stamens 8.
2. Lupwfcta.— Sepals 3—5; petals 3—5, short, or absent;
stamens 3—5.
*3. CENOTHERA.—Sepals 4; calyx-tube prolonged above the top
of the ovary ; Zetfa/s 4, yellow, white, or red ; stamens 8.
4. Circ#a.— Sepals 2; petals 2, white ;stamens 2.
1. Epiré6prum (Willow-herb).—Herbs or under-shrubs_ with
runners ; /éowers red or pink, rarely white or yellow; sepads 4,
deciduous, springing direct from the top of the ovary ; fezals 4,
usually 2-lobed ; stamens 8, in two whorls, differing in length ; s¢y/e
thread-like ; capsule very long and slender, 4-chambered and
4-valved ; seeds numerous, tufted with down. (Name from the
Greek ef7, upon, /obos, a pod, the corolla springing from the top
of the long pod-like inferior ovary.)
 we

Vey.

a9

Yeu

-
Fig. 21.. Rose-bay or French Willow.

'(Epilobium angustifolium \
 WILLOW-HERB FAMILY 185

* Petals unequal tn size: stamens bent downwards

1. £. angustifolium (Rose-bay or French Willow).—A_ hand-
some species, 2—6 feet high; sfem erect, round, unbranched;
leaves scattered, stalked, lanceolate, slightly toothed, glaucous
beneath ; //owers 1 in. across, rose-coloured, in a long, loose
bracteate raceme ; cafsu/e 1—4 in. long.—Damp woods, frequent :
but sometimes an escape
from gardens. Caution VW
should be used in ad- re,
mitting it into a small
garden, as its rhizomes
ro
(}

creep extensively, and

are very difficult to
eradicate. — Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

%* Stem round: petals

all equal: stamens
erect: stigma 4-cleft
2. £. hirsitum (Great
Willow-Herb, Codlins /
and Cream).—A_ hand-
some downy species, 3
—6 feet high, producing
underground _ suckers;
Zeaves opposite, oblong-
lanceolate, clasping the
stem, serrate; /fowers
neatly an inch across,
deep rose-colour, fra-
grant ; petals broad.—
Wet places by ditches
and rivers; common.—
Fl. July, August. Peren-
nial EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLTUM
: Ae (Rose-bay, or French Witiow%,
3. £. parviflorum
(Small-flowered Hairy Willow-Herb).—Svem erect, 1—2 feet high,
little branched, downy, producing runners in autumn; eaves
mostly scattered, sessile, lanceolate, toothed, hairy ; duds erect;
flowers small, pink.— Damp places ;common.—FI. July, August.
Perennial.
4. £. monténum (Broad Smooth-leaved Wiliow-Herb).—A
small species, about a foot high; sem downy ; /eaves mostly
186 ONAGRARIEH ;

opposite, ovate, acute, serrate, glabrous or downy along the edges

and veins only, the lower ones slightly stalked, sometimes in
whorls of 3; duds drooping ; flowers small, pink.—Dry places ;
common.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
5. £. Jlanceolétum (Spear-leaved Willow-Herb).—A rather
larger species, with an erect, branched, obscurely angled svem,
pubescent with recurved hairs; /eaves stalked, flaccid, mostly
pendulous, oblong-lanceolate, toothed ; dvds drooping ;flowers
small, pink.—Stony places in the south; rare. Fl July—
September. Perennial.

*** Stem more or less 2—4 angled : petals all equal:

stamens erect: stigma knobbed, not 4-cleft
6. E. roseum (Pale Smooth-leaved Willow-Herb).—Szem 1—2
feet high, branching, with 2 sharp and 2 blunt angles; /eaves
long-stalked, ovate, toothed, glabrous; duds drooping ; flowers
small, rose-coloured.—Moist places, chiefly in the south.—TIl.
July, August. Perennial.
7. £. tetrdgonum (Square-stalked Willow-Herb).—Sztem 1—2
feet high, usually much branched, 2—,-angled ; /eaves sessile,
decurrent, linear-oblong, much toothed, flat, yellow-green ; duds
erect ; flowers small, rose-pink.—Damp places; frequent.—F1.
July, August. Perennial.
8. £. obscurum, a similar plant, produces its copious thread-
like runners in summer with leaves not in rosettes ; its /eaves are
ovate-lanceolate, slightly toothed and dull; and its lowers small,
with short, narrow, rose-red Zefa/s.— Damp places ; more common
than the preceding.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
9. £. Lémyz, as yet only recognised in a few localities, is allied
to £. adndtum ; but differs in its /eaves being shortly stalked,
more shining, dark blue-green, smaller, more distant, and less
toothed ; and its /owers larger and earlier in appearance.—Damp
places.— Fl. June, July. Perennial.
10. £. palistré (Narrow-leaved Marsh Willow-Herb).—Szem
6—18 in. high, round, with two lines of down on opposite sides
producing slender, small-leaved runners in summer, ending in
bulbs inautumn ; /eaves narrowly lanceolate, wedge-shaped at the
base, sessile ; dvds drooping ; flowers small, pink.—Bogs ; com-
mon.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
11. £. alsinifolium (Chickweed-leaved Willow-Herb).—A low
tufted, almost glabrous species; s/ems succulent, withtwo raised lines
of down ; /eaves stalked, ovate, acute, serrate, glabrous, very thin,
bright green, shining ; dvds drooping ; flowers } in. across, bright
 WILLOW-HERB FAMILY 187

rose-coloured.—By mountain streams in the north.—Fl. July,

August. Perennial.
12. E. anagallidifolium (Alpine Willow-Herk).—A still smaller
form, with slender, not succulent stem ; obtuse, pale green /eaves ;
and 1—3 pale rose-coloured lowers drooping in bud.—In similar
situations to the preceding.—Fl. July. Perenniat.

CENOTHERA BIENNIS (Common Evening Primrose).

These plants are by no means easy to distinguish; they vary

considerably in many of their characters, and, where two species
grow near to one another, hybrids between them occur frequently.
2. Lupwfc1a (Isnardia)—Herbs with entire /eaves ; axillary,
solitary, bracteate owers, usually 4-merous; sepals 3—5,
persistent ; petals 3—5; or absent ; stamens 3—53; ovary 3—5-
188 ONAGRAR{IEA

chambered ; s¢y/e short ; s#@gma 3—5-lobed ; ovules many ; /fruzt

a capsule. (Named in honour of Carl Ludwig, Professor of
ee at Leipsic.)
L. pahistris (Marsh Isnardia).—The only British species,a
eal prostrate, glabrous plant, 6—1r1o in. long, with 4-angled,
branched s/ems, rooting
at the nodes; opposite,
stalked, ovate, acute, shin-
ing /eaves; and minute,
axillary, sessile, apetalous,
4-merous //owers.—Boggy
pools in the New Forest
and formerly in Sussex.
—F]. June, July.

*3, CENOTHERA (Even-

ing Primrose).—American
herbs, with scattered
leaves ; large 4 - merous
flowers ; calyx-tube pro-
longed above the top of
the ovary and constricted
so as to form a _ honey-
chamber; sepals decidu-
ous; stamens 8. (Name
in Greek oznothéras, em-
ployed by Theophrastus,
signifying “catching the
flavour of wine.”)
1.* &. biénnis (Com-
mon Evening Primrose).
A tall, stout herbaceous
plant, 2—3 feet high, with
lanceolate smooth /aves ;
large, pale yellow, fragrant
ioe
CIRCAA
’
LUTETIANA
flowers, which open in
D -
(Common Lnchanter's Nightshade). the evening, and wither
towards the middle of the
next day; and a long capsu/e bluntly 4-sided and widest near its”
base. It is a native of North America, and is naturalised in a few
places.—Fl. July—September. Biennial.
2.* . odoréta (Fragrant Evening Primrose), differing mainly
in having brighter green leaves, deeper yellow flowers, and a cap-
sule widest near the top, is a native of Patagonia, naturalised at

i
Fig. 22. Evening Primrose.

‘CEnothera biennis).
 GOURD FAMILY 189
some points on the south-west coast.—Fl. July—September.
Biennial.
4. Circ#a (Enchanter’s Nightshade).—Slender, erect herbs
with creeping rhizomes; /eaves opposite, stalked, toothed;
Jlowers in racemes, small, white, 2-merous; sefa/s reflexed,
deciduous ; s¢y/e slender ; stzgma 2-lobed; ovules 1 or 2; fruit
indehiscent, covered with hooked bristles. (Name from Circe,
the enchantress who bewitched Ulysses and his companions.)
1. C. futeidna (Common Enchanter’s Nightshade).—A
slender herbaceous plant, pubescent with glandular hairs, 1—2
feet high, with round-stalked, ovate, spreading, dull eaves, and
loose terminal and lateral racemes of minute white /owers, with
pink s/amens, succeeded by 2-lobed bristly /raz/s——Damp shady
places ;common, often a troublesome weed in damp gardens.—
Fl. June—August. Perennial.
2. C. alfina (Alpine Enchanter’s Nightshade).—Closely re-
sembling the last, but smaller, not exceeding 8 in. in height,
less hairy, less branched ; eaves cordate, shining, more deeply-
toothed, and with flat stalks. They are so delicate as to be
nearly transparent when dried. The /rwzt is less bristly and r-
seeded.—Mountainous woods in the north.—Fl. July, UE USE
Perennial.

Orp. XXXIII. CucurBITACER.—THE GOURD FAMILY

A large and important Order, chiefly tropical, but having only
one British representative. They are herbaceous plants with juicy
stems, climbing by means of tendrils ; scattered, exstipulate eaves
which are usually lobed and rough; pentamerous fowers which
are often large, yellow, red, or white, and imperfect ; and /ru¢
either a berry or a gourd (pepo), horny externally when ripe.
The ca/yx is superior and 5-toothed ; the coro//a so united to the
calyx-tube as to be sometimes scarcely distinguishable ; the 5,
more or less united, stamens, with twisted anthers, in distinct
flowers from the 1-chambered ovary of 3 united carfels, either on
the same plant (moncecious) or on different plants (dicecious).
The s¢y/e is short, the s/zgmas are thick, lobed and velvety, and
the seeds flat. A great number of species are cultivated in Europe
either for use or ornament. Many of them are bitter and violent
purgatives, of which the common medicinal Colocynth (Cztrdéllus
Colocijnthis) is an example. This species bears an oval fruit of a
very bitter taste, and grows in sandy and desert_places. It is
almost certainly the wild cucumber mentioned in 2 Kings iv. 39,
4o, as it still grows in profusion at Gilgal, and as its leaves, ten-
190 CUCURBITACE

drils, and fruit, though somewhat smaller, are so similar to those

of the garden cucumber (Crvicumzs sativus) that it might easily
happen that the man sent out by the disciples of the prophet took
them for a harmless plant and prepared a meal of them. The
bitter taste made the disciples at once fear that it was poisonous,
such a taste being generally believed by the Hebrews to indicate
poison. (See Rev. vill. 10, 11.) The Colocynth may also be
the vine of Sodom of
Deuteronomy xxxil. 32.
The Squirting Cucum-
bers (£cbélium), the
fruit of which, when ripe,
detaches itself from its
stalk, squirting its juice
and seeds backwards, is
also a very powerful
drug known as Elate-
rium. A case is éven
recorded of a _ person
being taken dangerously
ill from having merely
carried a specimen in his
hat. Many species of
the Order, however, pro-
duce edible fruit, as, for
instance, the numerous
varieties of the Cucum-
ber (Cucumis sativus),
Melon (Czicumzs Melo),
and Water Melon (Czcu-
mis Citrillus), and one
of our finest vegetables,
the Vegetable Marrow
BRYONIA DIOICA (White Bryony). (Cucirbita ovifera). The
only british member of
the Order, the White Bryony (47yénia drdica), partakes of the
properties of Colocynth, and its root is used in medicine. It is
said that its tender shoots may be eaten boiled, and resembles
Asparagus in flavour ; but the shoots of the Black Bryony (Zémus
communis), a widely different plant, belonging to another Order,
may have been meant; and, in either case, the experiment is a
dangerous one. °

1. BryéniA (White Bryony).—Slender climbing herbs, with

 ]
f

_
a
—_ 4
+e

‘
Fig. 23. Bryony. (Bryonia dioica\.
 PARSLEY FAMILY Ig!I

palmately 3—5-angled or lobed eaves ; calyx-tube campanulate ;

corolla rotate or campanulate ; sZamens 5, united in 3; style 3-
cleft ; fruzt a globose berry. (Name from the Greek 47uo, I shoot,
from the rapid growth of the shoots.)
1. B. dioica (White Bryony).—The only British species, an
elegant climbing plant, densely clothed with white hairs ; tendri/s
unbranched ; eaves large, light green, palmately 5-lobed, rough ;
towers dicecious, whitish, with greenveins. The fertile (pistillate)
flowers can be at once distinguished from the barren (staminate)
ones by the presence of the globular ovary below the calyx.
These are succeeded by globular scarlet dervzes, which hang about
the bushes after the stems aud leaves have withered. ‘The berries
of the Black Bryony (Zamus communis), a twining plant without
tendrils, are larger and elliptical. Both should be avoided as
probably poisonous.—Hedgerows ; frequent, except in the north
and west.—F]. May—September. Perennial.

Orp. XXXIV. UMBELL{FERZ.—THE PARSLEY ~

FAMILY
A large and very natural Order of herbaceous plants, compris-
ing about 1500 species, in 152 genera, mostly natives of the
temperate region of the Northern Hemisphere. They have
hollow or solid jointed szems, and in most cases pinnately divided,
often decompound, /eaves, more or less sheathing at the base.
The flowers are usually small, polysymmetric, 5-merous, white,
and grouped in compound umbels: each flower, that is to say, is
stalked, the stalks radiating from one point. Such a svmple umbel
occurs in three British genera—AMydrocétyk, Eryngium, and
Astrdéntia ; but in the others several such umbels, then known as
secondary or partial umbels or umbellules, are collected into one
primary or general umbel. There is generally an znzvolucre of
bracts at the base of the primary umbel, and znvoluce/s at the
bases of the secondary ones. The ca/yx is superior, 5-toothed, or
more often reduced to a mere margin ; the 5 fefa/s usually end in
inflexed points; and the 5 stamens (which, like the petals, with
which they alternate, are epigynous) also bend inwards in bud, but
commonly mature before the stigmas. The 2 carfels are
situated antero-posteriorly, one at the back, that is, and one at
the front of the flower, and are united into an inferior, 2-cham-
bered ovary, crowned by a fleshy ask, which bears the petals
and stamens ; and there are 2 distinct s¢y/es. In the fruit, which
is known as a cremocarp, the 2 carpels cohere by their flattened
inner faces, which form what is termed the commissure, to a
192 UMBELLIFERAE

central axis or ¢carpophore, which is often Y-shaped, and from

which, as they ripen, they separate from below upward. The
fruit is often flattened, either dorsa//y, from front to back, that is,
or in a direction at right angles to the commissure, so that this
lateral plane is broad, or /ateral/y, from side to side, or ina
direction parallel to the commissure, which is, therefore, narrow.
Each carpel or mericarp is marked by vertical 77d@ges, normally 9
in number, 5 f7zmary, usually the more prominent, and 4 secondary
alternating with them. Of the 5 primary ridges, the 2 nearest
the commissure are termed J/a/era/, and are often expanded into
wings ; the midrib down the back of the carpel is the carzzal or
dorsal ridge; and the two to the right and left of it are called
the zutermediate ridges. ‘The spaces between the primary ridges

Diagram Section of Fruit of Umbellifer. C commissure ; @y, dorsal or carinal ridge;

zr, intermediate ridge ; “7, lateral ridge ; 47, primary ridge ; s7, seconcary ridge ;_/, furrow;
v, vitta 3 sv, solitary vitta ; cv, commissural vitta BayAon flat seed ; gs, grooved seed.

are called furrows. In the wall of the fruit there are often
long narrow sacs called w/e or stripes containing coloured
essential oil. They generally occur between the ridges, rarely in
them. Normally there are 6 in each carpel, 4 between the
primary ridges and 2 in the commissural face; but instead of
being thus so/z/ary in each furrow, they may be 2, 3, or more
together, or they may be fewerin number. ‘There is one pendulous
seed in each carpel, containing horny a/éiémen and it is import-
ant to notice whether it is flat or grooved along the side facing
the commissure. The ridges, vittee, and seeds are best examined
by alens on a cross section of a fruit ; the so-called Caraway-seed,
for instance, which is, accurately speaking, a mericarp or carpel.
The order being, as has been said, a very natural one, its genera
agree in almost all their more obvious characters, and can only be
accurately discriminated by minute differences, chiefly in the ripe
 PARSLEY FAMILY 193
fruit, such as the number, position, and shape of the ridges, the
presence or absence of vittz, and the form of the seed. This
renders the group a very difficult one for the young botanist. It
has been divided into 9g tribes, six of which are represented by
British plants. ‘There are about 70 British species belonging to
40 genera.
Among so large a number of species one would naturally expect
to find a variety of properties, and such is to a certain extent the
case ; but from this point of view the members of the Order may
be conveniently arranged in four groups. The first group com-
prises plants abounding in an acrid, watery sap, which is more or
less narcotic and poisonous. Among these is the Hemlock
(Conium), the Water Hemlock (Czcizta), the Fool’s Parsley
(Zthisa), and the Water Dropworts (@zdnthé). Every part of the
Hemlock, especially the fresh leaves and green fruit, contains the
alkaloid Conia, which is very poisonous. It acts on the nervous
system, and is a valuable medicine in certain cases. Of all
British Umbelliferze, the most dangerous, perhaps, are the Water
Dropworts (xdu¢hé), their large, tuberous roots, resembling
those of the Dahlia, being commonly exposed on the muddy
banks of streams, and being thus easily got at by children and
cattle.
The second group comprises plants the stems of which
abound in a fcetid gum-resin. Among these the first place is held
by Asafwtda, the hardened milky juice of various species of 7érwla
inhabiting Persia and the neighbouring countries. This drug was
held in high repute among the ancients for its medical virtues : it
was supposed to be an antidote to poison, to restore sight to the
blind, and youth to the aged ; and was besides considered a certain
specific against various diseases. Gum Gdlbanum is the product
of other species of /éruZa, natives of the East.
The third group comprises plants the fruits of which abound in
wholesome aromatic oils. The principal of these are well known
under the names of Caraway, Coriander, Dill, Anise and Cumin.
The fourth group comprises plants which contain some of the
above principles in a very slight degree, or so modified as to form
wholesome esculent vegetables. Among these, Carrots and
Parsnips occupy the first place: Celery and Alexanders, in their
wild state, are too acrid to be used as food ; but, when blanched
by being earthed up or covered over, become mild and agreeable:
Parsley, Fennel, and Chervil, the last now almost out of use, are well-
known pot-herbs : Samp/zre affords the best of pickles: the sweet,
aromatic, and tonic root of Z7yngo and the stem of Angelica
(A rchangélica offictnd/is) are candied as sweetmeats ; and the root
O
194 UMBELLI{FERZ

of the latter, which is fragrant and sweet when first tasted, but
leaves glowing heat in the mouth, is valued by the Lapps both
as food and as medicine. Several species produce underground
tubers, which, under the name of fvg-nuts or earth-nuts, are eaten
by children and pigs.
Tribe 1. LHydrocotylte.—Umbel simple: fruit much compressed
laterally : commissure narrow : no carpophore or vitte
1. HyprocétTyL&.—Creeping ; /eaves simple, peltate.
Tribe 2. Sanicilee.— Umbel simple, capitate or irregularly com-
pound: fruit slightly dorsally compressed: commissure broad : no
carpophore.
2. ERYNGIuM.—Leaves spinous ; wmbe/s in dense heads ; frazt
scaly, without ridges or vittee.
*3, ASTRANTIA.—Leaves palmatifid; Jdracts large, often
coloured ; frwt without vittee.
4. SanfcuLa.—Leaves palmatifid ; wmdbe/s sub-globose, irregularly
compound ; /ruzt covered with hooked bristles, without ridges ;
vitt@é numerous.
Tribe 3. Amminee.—Umbels compound: fruit laterally com-
pressed : commissure narrow : primary ridges most conspicuous : vitte
usually obvious.
* Fruit short, not winged : seed grooved in front
5. DanAa.—/ruit globose, bladder-like, with slender thread-like
ridges and solitary vedfe.
6. Confum.—J/ruz¢t ovoid, each carpel with 5 prominent wavy
ridges ; carpophore undivided.
7. SMYRNIUM.—/Vowers yellow ; carpels kidney-shaped, each
with three prominent sharp ridges (dorsal and intermediate);
wtte numerous ; carpophore forked.
** Fruit short, not winged : seed flat in front
8. BupLEGRUM.—Erect ; /eaves undivided; jfowers yellow;
petals with an inflexed point ; carpophore forked.
9. Trfnta.—-Leaves pinnate; jlowers white, dicecious; carfo-
phore forked ; witte 5, large, in the bases of the thick primary ridges.
1o. ApluM.—JZeaves pinnate or ternate ; bracts absent ; dracteoles
many or absent ; fowers white, perfect ; sepa/s inconspicuous;
petals entire ; rzdges slender, prominent ; ve solitary.
11. PETROSEL{NUM.—B#racts few; bracteoles many; _ sepals
minute ; fe/a/s roundish, entire, with a narrow incurved point ;
carpophore forked ; ridges slender.
 PARSLEY FAMILY 195

12, CictTa.—Zeaves pinnate; dracts few or absent ; dracteoles

several, small, unequal ; sepa/s ovate, acute ; Ae/a/s white, obcor-
date, with a long inflexed tip; cavpophore forked ; ridges flat;
vitte solitary, long.
*13. AmMMI..—Zeaves pinnate ; dracts with 3—5 linear segments ;
sepals absent ; fe/a/s white, obcordate, with a long inflexed tip;
carpophore forked ; ridges slender ; vz/t@ solitary.
14. CARUM.—Leaves pinnate; dracts few or absent; sepals
inconspicuous ; fefa/s white, pink, or yellow; deeply notched
with a long inflexed tip ; carfophore forked ; vzdges slender, blunt ;
witte solitary, rarely 2 together, as long as the fruit.
15. Sfson..—Resembling Cdrvum, but with the upper /eaves less
divided, and w:tte very short.
*76. FaLtcAr1A.—Glabrous ; ower /eaves ternate, wpfer pinnati-
sect ; drac/s and bracteoles many ; flowers white, often imperfect ;
petals curved ; vitte solitary ; carpophore forked,
17. Sfum.—JLeaves pinnate ; 4racts and dbracteoles many ; sepals
acute ; f2fa/s white, entire, with an inflexed tip; carpophore not
forked ; 7zdges prominent, slender, blunt; w#e 3 or more
together, long.
18. A‘corpopIuM.—Leaves biternate ; dvac/s and bracteoles few or
absent ; sepals absent ; Aezfa/s white, broad, unequal, with inflexed
tip ; zzd@ges slender ; vztte absent.
19. PIMPINELLA.—Zeaves pinnate; dvacis generally absent ;
sepals inconspicuous ; fefa/s white or yellow, deeply notched with
a long inflexed tip ; carpophore forked ; rzdges slender, prominent ;
vitté many together, long.
*** Fruit more or less beaked: seed grooved in front
20. Myrruis.—Leaves decompound ; brac/s absent ; dracteoles
membranous ; sefa/s inconspicuous ; fefa/s white, obcordate with
a very short inflexed point ; /rwzt elongate but hardly beaked;
ridges sharp, prominent, almost winged ; z¢/@ absent.
21. CHHROPHYLLUM.—Leaves decompound ; dracteoles several ;
sepals inconspicuous ; fe/a/s white or yellow, obcordate, with
inflexed tip; /rwzt hardly beaked; 7zd¢ges blunt, not prominent ;
vitte solitary.
22. ScANDIx.—Leaves decompound ; éracteoles several ; sepals
inconspicuous ; feZa/s white, often unequal; /rw¢ 1—3 in. long;
ridges prominent, blunt.
Tribe 4. Seselinee—Umbels compound : fruit globose or ovoid, not
laterally compressed, prickly nor beaked : commissure broad: primary
ridges the most conspicuous : lateral ridges distinct, rarely winged :
witte usually obvious.
O 2
196 UMBELL{FERZ

23. SESELI.—Leaves 2-, 3-, or more, pinnate ; dvacteoles many,

entire ; sepals small, acute ; pefa/s white, obcordate with long
inflexed tip ; fruz¢ slightly dorsally compressed ; carpophore forked ;
ridges thick, blunt, prominent ; vz¢¢@ solitary or 2 together; seed
flat in front.
24. FanfcuLuM.—Leaves decompound ; éracts and bracéeoles
absent ; sefa/s inconspicuous ; fe/a/s yellow, roundish, with a short,
blunt, inflexed tip; carpophore forked ; ridges prominent, blunt;
vitte solitary.
25. CritHmMuM.—Fleshy ; deaves 2—3-ternate ; drac/s and brac-
teoles many, short; sepals inconspicuous; fefa/s minute, white,
broad, with long inflexed tip ; carpophore forked ; ridges thick, acute,
slightly winged ; w/¢e many ; seed loose, flat in front.
26. CENANTHE.—Zeaves pinnate ; bracts few or none; dbracteoles
many, whorled ; sefa/s lanceolate ; fefa/s white, obcordate with
long inflexed tip ; carfophore absent ; sty/es.sub-erect ; 7zd@ges blunt,
the lateral ones forming acorky rim round the carpel; we
solitary ; seed flat in front.
27. A©THUSA, differing mainly in having the bracts and bracteoles
drooping and all on one side, a slender forked carpfophore, and
reflexed stydes.
*28. SfLER.—Leaves 3-ternate ; bracts 1—3 ; bracteoles several;
sepals distinct ;pefazs obovate, with inflexed tip; /vuzt dorsally
compressed ; z#/@ one under each secondary ridge.
29. SitAus.—Leaves decompound ; dracteoles many ; sepals in-
conspicuous ; fefa/s yellowish, broad, with incurved tip ; cavpophore
forked ; vzdges slightly winged ; wzt¢e many, obscure ; seed flat in
front.
30. Mtum.—Leaves decompound; Jéracts linear; bracteoles
many ; sefa/s inconspicuous ; fefa/s yellowish, narrowed at both
ends, inflexed ; carpophore forked ; fruit much as in Sz/dus, but
dorsally compressed ; seed concave in front.
31. Haoscfas.—Zeaves 1—3-ternate; bracts few; bracteoles
many ; sepals small ; pe¢a/s white or pink, with short claw, notched,
with long inflexed point ; carpophore forked ; ridges acute, some-
what winged ; wit¢e 2 or more together ; seed almost flat in front.
32. SEL{NUM.— Leaves 2-pinnate; brvac/s usually absent; dracteoles
many, subulate ; sefa/s inconspicuous ; petals white, obcordate,
notched, inflexed ; carpophore forked ; fruzt dorsally compressed ;
ridges with membranous wings, the lateral longest, diverging ; wtte
solitary. —
33. ANGELICA.— Leaves 2-ternate ; bracts few ; bracteoles many ;
sepals inconspicuous ; fefa/s white, notched, with short inflexed
tip ; carpophore forked ; fruz¢t much dorsally compressed ; /ateral
 PARSLEY FAMILY 197

ridges with membranous wings, parallel, thin ; wztfe solitary or 2

_ together.
*34 ARCHANGELICA, differing mainly in having minute sefa/s,
thicker dorsal and intermediate 7zd@ges, no vite and loose seed.
Tribe 5. Peucedinee.—Umbels compound: fruit much dorsally
compressed: primary ridges most conspicuous, the lateral ones with
broad wings closely face to face, the others slender: vitte usually obvious.
35. PEUCEDANUM.—Leaves pinnate ; évac¢s absent, few or many ;
bracteoles many ; sepals small or inconspicuous ; Zezals yellow or
white, with an inflexed point ; carfe/s flat; /ateral ridges forming
thin, flat, contiguous, parallel wings ; dorsal and intermediate ridges
slender ; v¢te as long as the fruit, linear.
36. PASTINACA. —
Leaves pinnate’ with
broad segments ; dvacts,
bracteoles and calyx-teeth
absent ; fefals yellow,
roundish, entire, with an
acute involute point ;
lateral ridges of carpels
forming thin, flat, distant
wings.
37. HERACLEUM.—
Leaves pinnate with
_ broad segments; ozter
flowers irregular ; petals
white or pink, obcordate (Connon WRG, Marsh Pensyuiord)
with an inflexed point ;
Fruit as in Peucédanum, but vitte short, club-shaped.
*38, TorpyLium.—Leaves pinnate; dracts and bracteoles as
many as the pedicels, linear ; sefa/s subulate ; Aeza/s white or pink,
sometimes 2-lobed, with inflexed tip; /atera/ ridges forming thick,
flat, contiguous, parallel wings; dorsal and intermediate ridges
slender ; wzt/e@ 1—3 together. -
Tribe 6. Caucalinee.—Umbels generally compound: secondary
ridges more prominent than the primary, often prickly : vitte solitary,
under the secondary ridges.
39. Cor1IANDRUM.—Leaves decompound ; 4racts absent ; bracie-
oles few, thread-like ; sepals acute ; petals white or pink, 2-lobed,
often irregular, point inflexed ; /rwzt globose ; carpfe/s coherent ;
ridges low ; vitte obscure ; seed curved.
* 40. Datcus.—Leaves decompound; Jdracts and dracteoles
198 UMBELLIFERA

usually many, pinnatifid ; sepals slender; petals white or red,

notched, often irregular, with inflexed lobe; 4 secondary ridges,
each bearing a row of prickles ; seed flat in front.
41. Catca.is.—Leaves pinnate ; dracts few, entire or absent ;
bracteoles many; sepals acute or absent; pefal/s as in Dazicus ;
primary and secondary ridges with 1—3 rows of prickles each ; seed
deeply grooved in front.
42. Toritis.—Differing from Cazca/’s mainly in having the /ruat
covered with prickles between the ridges.

y '
ERYNGIUM MARITIMUM (Sea Evyugo, Sea Flolly).

1» HyprocotyLé (Marsh Pennywort).—Small creeping herbs;

leaves simple, peltate, orbicular ;//ozrers in simple umbels ; fruit
roundish, flattened. (Name fom the Greek hudor, water, and
kotulé, a dish, from the shape of the leaves and place of growth.)
HT. vulgéris (Marsh Pennywort, White-rot)—The only
British species, very unlike other Baran Umbelliferee, with round,
smooth, shining, crenate /eaves, 1—14 in. across, with hairy stalks;*
 PARSLEY FAMILY 199

and inconspicuous heads of a few, minute /fozwers, which never rise

above the leaves, and require a close search to be detected at all.—
Marshes and bogs ;common.—Fl. May—August. Perennial.
2. ERYNGIUM (Eryngo).—Stiff, branched, often glaucous plants ;
Zeaves reduced to spinous sheaths ; /owers sessile, in dense heads
with a spinous zzvolucre ; fruit covered with chaffy scales. (Name
of uncertain etymology.)
1. £. maritimum (Sea Holly,
Sea Eryngo).—A stout, stiff,
prickly, glaucous plant, with
more of the habit of a Thistle
than of the Order to which it
belongs. The large, fleshy,
brittle ~Azzomes extend several
feet into the sand. The stems
are trichotomous and often pros-
trate; flowers grey-blue. —
Sandy sea-shores ;_ frequent.
The rhizomes used formerly to
be candied as a sweetmeat.—FI.
July, August. Perennial.
2. EL. campéstré( Field Eryngo),
a taller, more erect, more slender,
more branched and less glaucous
species, with pinnatifid eaves,
occurs on waste ground and
ballast-heaps ; but is very rare.—
Fl. July, August. Perennial.
*3. ASTRANTIA. — Erect
plants ; Zeaves palmatifid ; umbels
simple or irregularly compound, sANiCULA EUROP#A (Wood Sanicile).
with zzvolucres of large, simple
bracts, which are often coloured; sefad/s leafy ; pefacs white or
pink, with along inflexed point ; frwzt ovoid with 5 wrinkled
toothed vzdges and no vitte. (Name from the Greek astron, a
star, from the star-like involucres.)
1.* A. mdjor (Greater Astrantia).—Stem 1—2 feet; /eave
3—7-lobed, serrate, with bristly teeth; dracts ovate-lanceolate,
white below, green tinged with pink above ; flowers white or pink.
Naturalised in woods near Ludlow and Malvern.—Fl. June—
August. Perennial.
4. SANfCULA (Sanicle).—Slender, erect plants ; eaves palmately-
200 UMBELL{FERZ

lobed ; wmbecs small, irregularly compound, of few pedicels ending

in capitate secondary umbels ; dzvacts leafy ; outer flowers without
stamens, the zz#er without carpels ; frwzt covered with hooked
prickles. (Name, a diminutive from the Latin sazo, I heal, from
supposed healing qualities.)
1. S. europea (Wood
Sanicle). — The only
British species, a_ gla-
brous plant about a foot
high ; aves 3—5-lobed,
lobes 3 - fid, _ serrate,
glossy; flowers dull
‘white, in small rounded
heads.—Woods ;_ com-
mon, often in dense
shade.—Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
5. DanAa_ (Bladder-
seed). — Erect plants ;
leaves 3-ternate ; leaflets
wedge -shaped ; umbels
compound ; éracts and
bracteoles few, linear ;
fowers white; fruit
broader than long, blad-
der-like; seed loose.
(Name in honour of Pro-
fessor Dana of Turin.)
1. D. cornubiénsts
(Cornish Bladder-seed).
—A_ glabrous plant,
| about 2 feet high, with
| ribbed, round, branched
stem, long-stalked, 3-
ete

DANAA CORNUBIENSIS (Cornish Bladder-seed). ternate leaves with

downy margins and
veins ; and long-stalked, terminal and axillary wmbée/s.—It is found
only near Bodmin, Cornwall, and Tavistock, Devon.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.
6. Confum (Hemlock).—Tall, glabrous plants ; /eaves pinnate ;
umbels compound ; dracts and bracteoles many, small ; sepals absent ;
petals white, blunt, or with shortly inflexed tip. (Name from the
Greek honézon, hemlock.) |
 PARSLEY FAMILY 201

1. C.maculdétum (Common Hemlock).—The only British species,

a much-branched, gracefully growing plant, usually from 2—4 feet
high, but in sheltered situations sometimes more than double
that height, with a slender, perfectly smooth, furrowed stem
spotted with red; finely tripinnate aves, which are also smooth ;

conium: MacuLATUM (Common Hemlock).

bracteoles on one side only of the base of the secondary umbels;

and white fowers.—Hedges and waste places ; common. Country
people are in the habit of calling many Umbelliferee by the name
of Hemlock ; but the true Hemlock may be readily distinguished
by the above characters and by its foetid smell. It is extremely
poisonous.—Fl. June, July. Biennial.
202 UMBELL{FERZ

7. SMYRNIUM (Alexanders).—Stout, erect, smooth plants;

leaves 3—4-ternate, with broad segments; wmde/s compound;
bracts and bracteoles few or none; sefa/s minute or none; fezals
yellow. (Name from the Greek sauvna, myrrh, from the scent
of some species.)
1. S. Olusdétrum (Common Alexanders).—A stout plant, 3—4
feet high ; s/em smooth, furrowed, and hollow ; /eaves broad, bright
green, glossy, 3—4-ternate ; «mde/s many, large, rounded ; flowers
greenish-yellow ; /rwz¢ dark brown or nearly black when ripe,

SMYRNIUM OLUSATRUM (Common Alexanders).

aromatic.—Waste ground, especially near the sea and among ruins.

It was formerly cultivated, its young shoots being boiled and
eaten.—Fl. April—June. Biennial.
8. BupLEURUM (Buplever).—Erect, smooth plants; eaves
reduced to simple, entire sheaths ; «smde/s compound ; bracts and
bracteoles sometimes numerous and leafy; sepals absent ;petals
yellow, inflexed ; fruit oblong ; carfe/s with 5 usually prominent
ridges. (Name said to be from the Greek dows, an ox, and pleuron,
a rib, from the ribbed leaves of some species.)
1. B. rotundifolium (Common Hare’s-ear or Thorow-wax).—
A singular plant, well distinguished by its branched szem ;
 PARSLEY FAMILY 203

perfoliate, roundish, ovate, glaucous /eaves, and large greenish-

yellow, bristle-pointed éracteoles, thrice as long as the minute
yellow /lowers.—Cornfields on chalky soil; rare.—Fl. July.
Annual.
2. B. opdcum (Narrow-leaved Buplever), a small plant, 3—6
in. high, with pale, sword-shaped, 3—5-veined, rigid eaves, and 3
—5 large, sharp-pointed drac-
teoles concealing the umbels
of greenish /owers, occurs on
sandy banks near Torquay
and Eastbourne, and in the
Channel Islands.—Fl. June,
July. Annual.
3. B. tenuissimum (Slender
Buplever). — Stem _ slender,
wiry, about a foot high ; /eaves
linear, acute, 3-veined ; wmde/s
small; dracts and bracteoles
narrow, subulate; lowers
minute, yellowish.— Salt
marshes ; rare.—Fl. August,
September. Annual.
. B. falcdtum (Sickle-
leaved Buplever). — Stem
erect, slender, hollow, 1—4
feet high; /eaves oblong-
lanceolate, curved, acute, 5—
7-veined, wmbels small ; bracts
and bracteoles 2—5, as long
as the minute yellow //owers.
—Near Ongar, Essex, and
Herts.—Fl. August, Septem-
ber. Perennial.

C TRINIA (Honewort).— BUPLEURUM ROTUNDIFOLIUM

Glabrous, branched plants ; (Common Thorow-wax, Hare's-ear),
Jeaves tripinnate ; wdbe/s com-
pound, few-rayed ; dracts and bracteoles 1—3 cach ; flowers white,
dicecious ; sefa/s inconspicuous ; fefa/s with an inflexed tip, those
of the staminate plants lanceolate, those of the pistillate plants
ovate ; vf solitary, in the bases of the primary ridges. (Named
in honour of Dr. Trinius, a Russian botanist.)
1. Z: glatica (Honewort).—Glaucous, 3—8 in, high; stem
solid, stout, grooved ; dranches divergent ; /eaves spreading, with
204 UMBELLIFERZ

slender stalks and linear segments ; Jvac¢ solitary, 3-cleft, or absent ;

bracteoles 2—3-linear ; flowers minute.—Dry limestone rocks,
Bristol and South Devon ; very rare.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

ro, Aprtum.—Glabrous ; /eaves pinnate or ternate ; 2mbels com-

pound, often in the forks of the stem ; dvac¢s absent; bracteoles many
or absent ;_ sepals
absent ; jezals en-
tire. (Name, the
Classical name of
this or some allied
genus.)
1. A. gravéolens
(Wilda ehery
Smallage). — Stem
usually 1—2 feet
high, furrowed,
branched, and
leafy, but some-
times nearly pros-
trate; /eaves pin-
nate; lobes cut;
umbels sessile or
nearly so, terminal
or axillary ; dracte-
oles absent ; flowers
greenish - white,
small.— Moist
places near the sea ;
not uncommon.
The origin of the
garden celery, and
unmistakably dis-
tinguished by its
strong flavour and
Av1umM GRAVE£OLENS (Wild Celery, Smailage). rank odour. In its
wild state, or until
the leaf-stalks have been blanched by the exclusion of light, it is
not eatable.—Fl. June—August. Biennial.
2. A. nodiflorum (Procumbent Marsh-wort).—S¢em prostrate
and rooting, hollow ; /eaves pinnate ; /eafe/s ovate, serrate, acute;
umbels sessile, or nearly so; vays unequal; dracteoles many,
membranous ; flowers small, white-——Ditches and_ rivulets;
abundant. Growing with Watercress, this plant is sometimes
 PARSLEY FAMILY 205

mistaken for it; but its hollow stem and serrate Jeaves at once dis-
tinguish it, even when not in flower.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
3. A. tnunddtum (Least Marsh-wort).—A small, usually sub-
merged, occasionally creeping plant; s/em stout, crooked ; swé-
merged leaves in hair-like segments ; floating leaves pinnate with
wedge-shaped leaflets ; wmbe/s above water, very small, of 2—4
unequal rays ; flowers small, white—Ponds ; common.—F1. June,
July. Perennial.

APIUM NODIFLORUM (Procumbent Marsh-wort).

11. PETROSEL{NUM (Parsley).—Branched herbaceous plants

with fusiform voofs ; pinnate /eaves; umbels compound ; bracts
few ; dracteoles many ; flowers yellow or white; sepals minute;
petals roundish, entire, with a narrow, incurved point ; carfophore
forked ; fruit ovoid, with 5 filiform equal ridges and solitary ve
between them. (Name from the Greek /é¢ros, a rock, selinon,
parsley.)
1. P. sativum (Common Parsley).—A glabrous, shining, erect,
much-branched plant; stem 1—2 feet high, solid, ribbed ; eaves
tripinnate ;flowers yellow.—A garden-escape, chiefly found on
old walls. Fl. June—August. Biennial.
206 UMBELL{FER

2. P. ségetum (Corn Parsley).—Well distinguished by its

slender, branched sem, which is remarkably tough and wiry ; its
small pinnate /zaves, of which the lower ones wither early, while the
cauline ones are few, small and inconspicuous ; and the irregular,
few-rayed umbe/s and small whitish /ozwers.—Cornfields and waste
places ;not uncommon.—Fl. August, September. Biennial.
1 2: (SG ae sr a
RF y, " (Water-Hemlock ).—
iy maa Tall, glabrous plants;
ee ) leaves 2—3-pinnate ;
j umbels compound,
610 _ many-rayed ; — bracts
eae hy A ,P I—2, very narrow,
|
: or none; Jdracteoles
several, small, un-
NY | equal; sepals ovate,
SNe | / acute ; petals white,
AV \ y with an inflexed tip ;
\V\ VA fruit constricted,
“~) f with two globose
\\ f carpels. (Name, a
\\ / Classical Latin name
V) for Hemlock.)
| t. “OR gerone
(Water - Hemlock,
| Cowbane). — Loot
fibrous ; stem stout,
i hollow ; lower leaves
| long-stalked, 2—3-
| pinnate; upper
leaves 2 -ternate;
i leaflets lanceolate,
PETROSELINUM te (Corn Parsley). 2 - serrate ; umbels
large, long-stalked,
flat-topped ; flowers minute, white.—Ponds and ditches; rare.
Very poisonous, as are also the species of zdnthé, to which also
the name Water-Hemlock is often applied.—FI. July, August.
Perennial.
*13. Amt, represented by the one species, 4. mdjus, a glau-
cous, scentless, and tasteless plant, 6-—24 in. high, repeatedly
forked with diverging dranches ; pinnate dower leaves with obovate,
finely serrate leaflets, decompound wffer /eaves with linear seg-
ments ; and stalked ro—3o-rayed wmbels of white /lowers, with
 PARSLEY FAMILY 207

rough stalks, 3-—5-lobed drac¢s with linear segments, and linear

bracteoles, is only a casual introduction on ballast-heaps and in
cornfields.

14. CArum.—Glabrous plants with pinnate or decompound

leaves ; compound umbels of white, pink, or yellow /owers, with
many, few, or no dracts and
bracteoles, and deeply-notched
petals ; and oblong frat with
slender ridges. (Name said
to be derived from Caria, in
Asia Minor.)
1. C. verticillétum (Whorl-
ed ' Caraway). — An erect
plant, 1—2 feet high, with
Jeaves pinnately divided into
very many hair-like segments
and so crowded as to appear
whorled ; zde/s flat-topped ;
pedicels slender; bracts and
bracteoles many, short, re-
flexed ; flowers white or pink.
—Wet meadows, chiefly in
the west; rare. Fl. July,
August. Perennial.
2. C. mdjus (Common
Pig-nut).—A very slender
plant, about a foot high,
bearing a few finely divided,
3-ternate /eaves and terminal
umbels of white flowers. ‘The
tuber, which resembles a
small potato in shape, and is
covered by a thin, easily re-
movable, brown skin, is eat-
able, but only fit for the food CARUM MAJjuS (Coszmon Pig-nut).
of the animal after which it is
named. The plant much resembles Cdrum Bulbocdstanum, but
differs in its brown, not black, tuber, its smaller size, ternate, not
pinnate leaves, fewer or absent bracts and bracteoles, large disk
and erect styles.—Sandy pastures; common.—Fl. May, June.
Perennial.
3.* C. Cérvt (Common Caraway).—fooft spindle-shape ; stem
1—2 feet high, much branched ; eaves bipinnate, cut into linear
208 UMBELL{FERZ

lobes ; wmbe/s rather large and irregular, with rarely more than
one bract; flowers white. The aromatic carpels are the well-
known “caraway seeds.” It is a naturalised escape from culti-
vation.—Fl. June, July. Biennial.
4. C. Bulbocdstanum (Tuberous Caraway ).— Root black,
tuberous, as large as a
chestnut ; szem _ erect,
1—2 feet high, much
branched ; “eaves 2—3-
pinnate ; deafle¢s cut into
few slender lobes ; dracts
and bracteoles many,
small, narrow; lowers
white. Chalky fields in
Cambridgeshire, Bed-
fordshire, Hertfordshire,
and Buckinghamshire,
and so abundant about
Baldock, in Hertford-
shire, that “the farmers
turn their pigs upon the
fallows to feed upon the
roots.” (Hooker and
Arnott.) — Fl. June,
July. Perennial.

15. Sison “(Stone

Parsley). — _ Differing
from Cérum chiefly in
having less divided
cauline leaves and very
short, club-shaped w/a.
(Name, the Greek for
some allied plant.)
1. S. Ambmum
(Stonewort, Stone Pars-
sium ERECTUM (Narrow-leaved Water-Parsnip). ley).— A. slender plant,
much like Petroselinum
ségetum, 2—3 feet high, with a wiry, branched s¢em ; pinnate or
bipinnate /eaves with narrow leaflets ; umbels few-rayed, irregular;
bracts 2—4, subulate ; secondary umbels small; bracteoles 2—4;
flowers cream-coloured, very small.—Damp places on a chalky
soil. The whole plant has a nauseous smell.—Fl. August,
September. Biennial.
 PARSLEY FAMILY 209

*16. FALCARIA, represented by / wu/gdris, a stout, glabrous

plant with evenly serrate /eaffets, resembling Ciciéita virbdsa, which
occurs as a cornfield casual in Kent and Hampshire. Perennial.
17. Sfum (Water-Parsnip).—Glabrous plants; /eaves pinnate,
serrate ; wmbe/s compound ; dracts and bracteoles many, flowers
white. (Name said to be connected with a Keltic word szzw, water.)
1. S. datifolium (Broad-leaved Water-Parsnip).—A stout plant,
with a furrowed stem, 3—5 feet high; pinnate /eaves of 5—13
large, distant, lanceo-
late, acute, evenly ser-
rate /eaffets ; and large,
flat-topped, many-rayed
umbels of small white
Jiowers, with large leafy
lanceolate bracts and
bracteoles. —- Watery
places ; not common.
—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
2. S. eréctum (Nar-
row-leaved Water-Pars-
nip). — Smaller than
the last, and resemb-
ling Apzum nodifiorum,
from which it may be
distinguished by its
very irregularly serrate
cauline leaves, its um-
bels, which are not only
opposite the leaves,
but also stalked and
larger, and its reflexed,
and often cut, bracts ZGOPODIUM PODAGRARIA (Common Gout-weed).
and dracteoles.—Watery
places ;common.—Fl. August. Perennial.
18. AXcopépiuM (Gout-weed).—Glabrous ; /eaves 2—3-ternate,
with broad /ajflets ; umbels compound, many rayed; dracts and
bracteoles few or none; flowers white. (Name from the Greek
atx, a goat, pous, a foot, from some fancied resemblance of the
leaves.)
1. 4. Podagradria (Gout-weed, Bishop’s-weed, Herb Gerard).—
Rhizome creeping, white, pungent, aromatic ; s/em about a foot
high, hollow, furrowed ; /eaves mostly radical, large, 2—3-ternate;
P
210 UMBELL{FER

leaflets oblique, serrate-—A common and very troublesome weed

in shrubberies. The leaves used formerly to be boiled for food ;
but their flavour is strong and disagreeable.—Fl. May—July.
Perennial.
19. PimpINéLLA (Burnet Saxifrage).—Zeaves pinnate; wmbels .
compound ; drvacfs none, or rarely one ; flowers generally white;
fruit oblong, crowned with the swollen bases of the reflexed styles.
(Name said to be from the Latin dpennuda, in allusion to the
bipinnate leaves.)

PIMPINELLA SAXIFRAGA (Common Burnet Saxifrage).

1. 2. Saxifraga (Common Burnet Saxifrage).—A slender plant,

1—2z feet high ; stem round ; ower /eaves long-stalked, pinnate;
leaflets orbicular, sharply cut ; caw/zne deaves bipinnate, with linear
acute segments.—Dry pastures ; common.—Fl. July—September.
Perennial.
2. £. mdjor (Greater Burnet Saxifrage).—Stouter and larger
than the last; stem angular; /eaves all pinnate; /eaflets ovate
serrate, the terminal one 3-lobed.—Shady places ; not common.—
Fl. July, August. Perennial.
20. Myrruis (Cicely).—Downy ; aves decompound ; wmébe/s
 PARSLEY. FAMILY 272

compound, many-rayed; érac/s absent; bracfeoles many, mem-

branous ; flowers white ; /ruzt long, contracted at the sides with a
deep furrow between the carpels ; 77@ges sharp, prominent, almost
winged. (Name from the Greek murrfa, myrrh, from the fragrance
of the leaves.)
1. MW. odorata (Sweet
Cicely).—Stem 2—3 feet
high, furrowed, and hollow;
/eaves large, tripinnate, cut,
slightly downy; wmdels
terminal, downy ; dracteoles
whitish, ciliate; /owers
white; fruit remarkably
large, an inch long, becom-
ing dark brown.— Mountain
pastures in the north. Re-
markable for the sweet and
highly aromatic flavour of
the leaves and fruit—FI.
May, June. Perennial.

21. CHZROPHYLLUM
(Chervil).—Hairy plants;
leaves decompound ; wmbe/s
compound, many -rayed ;
bracts absent or very few;
bracteoles several; flowers
usually white ; /rwz¢t shortly
beaked, contracted at the
sides ; 7zdges blunt. (Name
from the Greek chazro, I
rejoice, and phullon, a leaf,
from the agreeable odour of
the leaves in some species.)
1. C. Anthriscus (Com- CHZROPHYLLUM TEMULUM (Rough Chervil).
mon Beaked Parsley).—
Stem 2—3 feet high, smooth, polished, slightly swollen at the
nodes; eaves 3-pinnate, with blunt segments, slightly hairy
beneath ; wmde/s lateral, on rather short stalks, opposite the
leaves ; dracts absent ; dracteoles 5 or 6, with fringed edges ; fruzt
bristly with hooked bristles—Waste places ;common.—FIl. May,
June. Annual.
2. C. sylvéstré (Wild beaked Parsley or Chervil).—Szem slightly
downy below, smooth above; /eaves 3-pinnate, coarsely serrate ;
P 2
 -

212 UMBELL{FERZ

umbels terminal on long stalks; 4vacts absent ; 4racteoles about 5,

ovate-lanceolate, fringed ; frwzt smooth.—Hedges ; common.
One of our early spring flowers. —Fl. April—June. Perennial.
3. C. témulum (Rough Chervil).—Szem slender, 2—3 feet high,
rough with short hairs, spotted with purple, and swollen below the
nodes; /eaves bipinnate, deeply lobed and cut, hairy, often mak-
ing the plant conspicuous in autumn by their rich purple hue;
umbels terminal, drooping when in bud ; érac¢s absent or very few ;

CHROPHYLLUM SYLVESTRE (Wild Beaked-Parsley).

bracteoles several, fringed and deflexed ; flowers white.—Woods

and hedges ; very common.—FI. June, July. Perennial.
4.* C. Cerefolium (Garden Chervil), is not a native plant, though
sometimes found near gardens. It may be distinguished from
the preceding by having only 3 dracéeoles, lateral sessile umbels
and smooth /frwi/.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
22. ScANDIx (Shepherd’s Needle).—Herbs with pinnately decom-
pound /eaves, no bracts, several bracteoles, petals white and often
 PARSLEY FAMILY 213

unequal, and frwzt produced into a very long slender beak. (Name,
the Greek name for some allied plant.)
1. .S. Pécten- Véneris (Shepherd’s Needle, Venus’ Comb).—A
small plant, 3—g in. high, with finely-cut bright-green /eaves ;
few-rayed umbels of small white /owers ; and long, beaked /rutzs.
—A weed in cultivated ground; common. But for the ovary
being inferior, this plant might be mistaken for an Lr0di:wm.—
Fl. June—September. Annual.

SCANDIX PECTEN-VENERIS (Shepherd’s Needle, Venus’ Comb).

23. SESELI (Meadow Saxifrage).—Erect branched plants ; aves

2—3- or more-pinnate ; wmbe/s compound ; bracts and bracteoles
many, entire ; flowers white sepals acute ; fruzt short, with no
beak or bristles and blunt ridges. (Name of Greek origin.)
1. S. Libanotis (Mountain Meadow Saxifrage).—A stout plant,
1—2 feet high, with a solid, furrowed stem ; bipinnate /aves ;
hemispherical wmdbels ; hairy fruzt ; and persistent, reflexed sty/es.
—Chalk-hills, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, and Sussex.—F.
July, August. Perennial.
24. Fa:nicuLuM (Fennel).—Tall, smooth plants, with decom-
214 * UMBELLIFERA

pound, pinnate leaves with very narrow segments ; ebracteate,

compound wmbels of yellow flowers with roundish entire fe¢ads with
a short, blunt, inflexed tip. (Name, a diminutive from the Latin
fenum, hay, to which it has been compared in smell.)
1. & vuledré (Common Fennel).—A well-known plant, with
an erect stem, numerous /eaves, deeply divided into soft, hair-like
segments, and large terminal wmbels of yellow /owers.—Waste

Gi? esel, A ?)
+ SSRs SEY
\
DA |PKS
Ne \“J
e] Pac

FENICULUM VULGARE (Common Fennel).

places, especially near the sea. The whole plant is aromatic, and
the chopped leaves are used in sauce for fish.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
25. CriTHMuM (Samphire).—A smooth, fleshy, much-branched
plant, with 2—3-ternate /eaves ; compound many-rayed wmbels of
minute white /fowers ; and short, smooth fruit with many w¢te
and loose seeds. (Name said to be from the Greek crithé, barley,
from a fancied resemblance in the fruit.)
Fig 24. Ccmmon Fennel ‘Feniculum vulgarel.
 PARSLEY FAMILY 215
1. C. maritimum (Rock Samphire).—Well distinguished by its
long, glaucous, fleshy /eaflets—Rocks by the sea. It hasa powerful
aromatic scent. The young leaves, if gathered in May, make, when
sprinkled with salt and preserved in vinegar, one of the best of
pickles. On those parts of the coast where Samphire does not
occur, other fleshy-leaved plants, especially SaZcérnia herbdcea, are
sometimes sold under the same name.—F1. July, August. Perennial.

26. CENANTHE (Water-Dropwort).—Smooth plants, mostly

aquatic ; /eaves 1—3-pinnate ; wmbe/s compound ;flowers white, the
outer ones being often
irregular and staminate ,
Jruit surrounded by the
corky lateral ~zdges, and
crowned with the long
erect styles. (Name
from the Greek. oznos,
wine, anthos, a flower,
from the wine-like smell
of the blossoms. )
1. @. fistulésa (Com-
mon Water-Dropwort).
—foot of many fleshy
fibres ; stem sending out
runners, hollow, thin-
walled, smooth; “af
stalks hollow; ower
Jeaves submerged, 2—3-
pinnate, with flat leaf- {>
lets ; upper leaves pin- hg
nate, hollow, with )
distant, thread-like seg- criTHMUM MARiTIMUM (Rock Samphire).
ments; umbels small,
few-rayed, ebracteate, globose in fruit, on hollow peduncles.—
Ditches and marshes ; frequent.—Fl. July—September. Perennial.
2. G&. pimpinelloides (Callous-fruited Water-Dropwort).—oor-
jibres tuberous ; stem furrowed ; radical eaves bipinnate ; upfper-
most leaves reduced to hollow stalks ; wmbe/s 6—12-rayed, compact,
flat-topped, with many linear dracts ; fruit with a swollen, corky
base.—Pastures in the south ; rare.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
3. CG. peucedanifolia (Sulphur-wort, Water Dropwort).—A
larger, stouter plant ; root-fibres fusiform ; leaves bipinnate with
linear, acute leaflets ;fewer-rayed, less crowded umbels with no
bracts, but numerous bracteoles ; fruit much as in the last, but
216 : UMBELL{FERZ

those in the middle of the umbel without the corky base.—

Marshes, chiefly in the south-east.—
Fl. June, July. Perennial.
4. i. Lachendlit ( Parsley Water-Dropwort ). — Root-fibres
fleshy, but not tuberous ; radical leaves bipinnate, bluntly lobed,
soon withering ; cauline leaves with linear acute leaflets ; secondary
umbels distinct, spherical ; fruzt without a corky base.—Marshes ;
common.—Fl. July—September. Perennial.
5. 2. crocdta (Hemlock Water-Dropwort).—A large, stout

CENANTHE CROCATA (Hemlock Water Dropwort).

plant, 3—5 feet high, with large clustered tuberous roots, some-
what like those of the Dahlia; leaves spreading, 3-pinnate, with
sheathing petioles and stalked, variously cut, glossy leaflets, and
large, many-rayed umbels with long pedicels.—Watery places;
common. ‘This plant, which is often known as Water-Hemlock,
and is sometimes mistaken for Celery, is very poisonous, and
should not be allowed to grow in places where cattle are kept, as
cows have often been poisoned by eating the roots.—Fl. July.
Perennial. :
6. GH. aquatica (Fine-leaved Water-Dropwort, Horsebane).—
 PARSLEY FAMILY 217

Root of whorled fibres ; stem erect, 2—3 feet high, very thick at
its base, with runners; leaves 3-pinnate, the lower ones sub-
merged with diverging, hair-like segments ; umbels lateral, sub-
sessile-—Ditches and ponds; frequent.—Fl. July—September.
Biennial. .
7. G. fluviatilis (River Water-Dropwort).— A floating form,
with 2-pinnate leaves, the submerged ones pellucid with parallel,
‘many-veined Jeaflets—In running water, in the south.—Fl. July—
September. Biennial.
27. AETHUSA (Fool’s Parsley). — A
smooth, leafy annual, distinguished by
having a brac and 1—5 bracteoles drooping
and all on the outer side of the umbel, a
globose fruzt with sharp ridges and reflexed
styles. (Name from the Greek aztho, I
burn, from its acrid character.)
1. 4. Cyndpium (Fool’s Parsley).—A
-slender plant, about a foot high, with dark
‘green, 2-pinnate leaves and terminal umbels
of white flowers, with 3 very long, narrow
bracteoles hanging down on the outer side
of each secondary umbel.—An _ evil-
smelling, poisonous, but common garden
weed.—F]. July, August. Annual.
*28. SILER is represented by S. ii-
lobum, with long-stalked, 3-ternate smooth
radical leaves; ternate cauline leaves ;
large terminal bracteate wmbels ; and large
compressed fruits with one vitta under
each secondary ridge, which is naturalised ee
at Cherry Hinton, Cambridgeshire. psy ;
“ETHUSA CYNAPIUM
29. SitAus (Pepper Saxifrage).—Gla- (Hool's Parsley).
brous plants; Jeaves pinnately decom-
pound ; umbels compound ; bracts 1, 2, or none ; bracteoles many ;
flowers yellowish ; fruit ovoid, with slightly winged ridges. (Name,
the Latin name of some allied plant.)
1. S. flavéscens (Pepper Saxifrage, Sulphur-wort).— Stem angular,
1—2 feet high ; leaves 3-pinnate, with narrow opposite leaflets ;
umbels terminal ; flowers.dull, pale yellow, small ; fruit dark brown.
Meadows; frequent—‘“The whole plant being fcetid when
bruised, is supposed in some parts of Norfolk to give a bad flavour
to milk and butter.” (Sir /. E. Smith.)—Fl. June—September.
Perennial.
218 UMBELLf{FER

30. Méum (Spignel).—A smooth, aromatic plant; leaves pin-

nately decompound with crowded bristle-like segments ; umbels
compound, bracteate ; bracts linear; flowers yellowish; petals
narrowed at both ends, in-
flexed. (Name, the Greek
for this or some allied plant.)
1. M. athamanticum (Spig-
nel, Meu, or Bald-money).—
Well distinguished by its
bipinnate leaves cut into
numerous crowded, acute,
bristle-like segments.— Dry
mountainous pastures in the
north. The whole plant, and
especially the root, which is
eaten by the Highlanders, is
highly aromatic, with a
flavour like Melilot, which it
communicates to milk and
butter when the cows feed on
its leaves in spring.—“ Bald,
or Bald-Money, is a corrup-
tion of Balder, the Apollo of
the Northern nations, to
whom this plant was dedi-
cated.” (Sir W. J. Hooker.)
—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

31. Hatdsctas (Lovage).

—Smooth plants ; leaves 1—
3-ternately pinnate; umbels
compound, bracteate ; petals
white or pink, notched, with
a short claw and long inflexed
tip; fruit short, somewhat
winged; seeds loose. (Name
from the Greek scias, an
MEUM ATHAMANTICUM umbel, halos, of the sea.)
(SAzenel, Meu, or Bald-Money).
1. H. scéticum (Scotch Lov-
age).—Stem little branched,
about 14 feet high, tinged with red; leaves dark green, glossy,
biternate with large, broad, serrate leaflets ; flowers reddish-white,
with both bracts and bracteoles——Rocky coasts in Scotland and
Northumberland.—Fl. July. Perennial.
 PARSLEY FAMILY 219

32. SELf{NuM.—Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid ; wmbel com-

pound, many-rayed; bracts absent ; bracteoles many, subulate ;
flowers white ; fruit 1o-winged ; lateral ridges broadest, diverging;
vitte solitary. (Name from the Greek selinon, parsley.)
1. S. Carvifélia (False Milk Parsley).—Root-fibres stout, fusi-
form ; stem erect, solid, 2—4 feet high, angular, furrowed ; lower
leaves with short sheath and very long, channelled stalk, dull, dark
green, greyer beneath ; Jeaflets finely serrate, with a bristly apex ;

ANGELICA SYLVESTRIS (Wild Angelica).

umbels terminal, large, compact, 20—3o-rayed, flat-topped ; bracts

absent or 1.—Moist, shady places, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire
and Cambridgeshire. Resembling Peucédanum palustre, the
Milk Parsley.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
33. ANGELIcA.—Tall plants, with ternately bipinnate leaves
with large segments ; umbels compound, many-rayed ; bracts few
or none ; bracteoles many, small; sepals indistinguishable ; petals
white ; lateral redges with membranous, parallel, thin wings ; vzite
solitary or 2 together. (Name from its asgelic medicinal pro-
perties. )
220 UMBELLIFER®

1. A. sylvéstris (Wild Angélica).—A tall, stout plant, 2—4 feet

high ; stem furrowed ; slightly downy, especially above, tinged with
purple ; leaves bipinnate; leaflets stalked, obliquely ovate, serrate;
umbels large, with bracts and bracteoles ; flowers white, tinged with
pink.—Wet places ; common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
*34. ARCHANGELICA, differing from Angélica mainly in having
minute sepals, thicker dorsal and intermediate ridges, no vitte, and
loose seeds, 1s repre-
sented by A. offict-
nadlis, a larger plant
than Angélica sylvés-
iris, with leaves 2—3
feet across, decurrent
leaflets and greenish-
white flowers, culti-
vated for the sake of
its aromatic stems
(which are candied as
a sweetmeat), and
occurring only as an
escape. — Fl. July—
September. Peren-
nial.
35. PEUCEDANUM
(Hog’s Fennel). —
Leaves pinnate or ter-
nate; umbels com-
pound, many-rayed;
bracts and_ bracteoles
absent, few or many ;
sepals small or incon-
1 spicuous ; petals yel-
PASTINACA SATIVA (Common Parsnip). low or white frutt
flattened ; lateral
ridges forming thin flat contiguous parallel wings; vite linear,
as long as the fruit. (Name of Greek origin.)
1. P. officindlé (Sulphur-wort, Sea Hog’s-Fennel).—Smooth;
stem 2—3 feet high, round ribbed ; leaves 3—5 ternate ; leaflets
long, linear, flaccid ; umbels large, on diverging branches,
many-rayed ; bracts few, deciduous ; flowers minute, yellow.—Salt
marshes in Kent and Essex; vary rare.—Fl. July—September.
Perennial.
2. P. palusiré (Milk Parsley, Marsh Hog’s-Fennel).—Smooth,
 PARSLEY FAMILY 221

with abundant milky juice, drying to a brown resin; stem 3—>

feet high, furrowed, hollow ; leaves 3-pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid
with narrow acuminate segments ; bracts many, deflexed, persist-
ent ; flowers white.—Marshes, chiefly in the south and east; rare.
—F]. July, August. Perennial.
3." P. Ostruthium (Masterwort).—A smooth, stout plant, 1—3
feet high; stem round, furrowed, hollow; leaves long-stalked,

HERACLEUM SPHONDYLIUM (Common Cow-Parsnip, Hog-weed).

biternate ; leaflets few, large, broadly-ovate, cut and toothed;

umbels large ; bracts absent ; flowers white—Moist meadows in the
north ; rare. Formerly cultivated and now only an escape.—F.
June—August. Perennial.
36. PastinAca (Parsnip).—Tap-rooted annual or biennial herbs,
with pinnate leaves ; leaflets broad, sessile ;umbels compound ;
 222 UMBELL{FERZ

_ bracts, bracteoles and calyx-teeth absent ; petals yellow, roundish,

entire, with an acute, involute point ; fruzt much dorsally com-
pressed ; lateral primary ridges forming thin, flat, distant wings ;
vitte solitary, linear. (Name, the Classical Latin name of the
plant.)
1. P. sativa (Common Parsnip).—A downy erect plant, 2—3
feet high, with tap root; stem angular, hollow ; leaves pinnate,
glossy, downy beneath; leaflets 5—-11, sessile, ovate, serrate;
umbels terminal, ebracteate ; flowers small, bright yellow.— Banks
on calcareous soil; not uncommon. Differing from the culti-
vated form chiefly in its smaller root.—Fl. July, August. Bien-
nial.
37. HerAcLteum (Cow-Parsnip).—Large plants ; eaves 1—-3-
pinnate ; leaflets broad, lobed ; umbels compound, many-rayed ;
bracts deciduous ; flowers white or pink, the outer ones irregular ;
fruit as in Peucédanum, but with short, club-shaped witte. (Named
after the hero Heracles.)
1. H. Sphondjlium (Common Cow-parsnip, Hog-weed).—A very
tall and stout plant, with a channelled hairy stem, 4—6 feet high ;
large, irregularly cut, rough leaves ; and spreading umbels of con-
spicuous white flowers.._Hedgerows ; common. In spring the
plant is remarkable for the large pale oval tufts formed by the
sheathing bases of the cauline leaves distended with the flower-
buds. In the outer flowers the symmetric enlargement of one
deeply 2-lobed and inflexed petal, and the unsymmetric modifica-
tion of those on either side of it, should be noticed. ‘This, like
many other Umbelliferee, is often confounded by farmers with the
poisonous Hemlock ; but cattle eat it with impunity.—F. July.
Perennial.
A gigantic, handsome Siberian species, //. gigdneum, is com-
monly grown in shrubberies, and may occur as an escape.
*38. TorpyYLium (Hartwort).—Hairy annuals with pinnate
leaves, linear dracteoles and thick wings to the /ruz¢ formed by the
lateral ridges, is represented by Z: mdximum, a slender, hispid plant
with reflexed hairs and small, 6—8-rayed wmbels of pink flowers,
which occurs in waste places at Oxford, Eton, and Isleworth ; but
is not native. —Fl. June, July. Annual.
*39, CortANDRUM (Coriander), also slender annuals, but
glabrous, with pinnately decompound /eaves, few-rayed compound
umbels with no bracts, few thread-like Jdracteoles, petals often
irregular, and very globose, slightly ridged /rwi, is represented by
C. sativum, an occasional escape from cultivation in the south and
 PARSLEY FAMILY 223

east. ‘The name is derived from Greek oris, a bug, from the
foetid smell of the plant ; but the pleasantly aromatic fruit is con-
siderably used in confectionery.—Fl. June. Annual.
40. Datcus (Carrot).—Hispid plants ; aves pinnately decom-
pound ; we/s compound, many-rayed, the outer arching over the
inner when in fruit; dvacts
and bdracteoles usually many,
pinnatifid ;/rw7t with 8 rows
of prickles, one row on each ye
secondary ridge. (Name, the is =
Greek name of the plant.) Bea
iD ~ Caréla. (Wild 2
Carrot). — A tough, erect,
bristly plant, with much-cut
leaves and large concave
umbels of dull white flowers,
the central fower or second-
ary umbel deep red, in scent
and flavour resembling the
Garden Carrot. — Fields;
common.—Fl. June—Au-
gust. Biennial.
2. D. gummifer (Seaside
Carrot).—Fields ; differs in
being more prostrate, rather
fleshy, having the umbel
convex when in fruit.—Sea-
shores in the south ; rare.—
Fl. July, August. Biennial.
41. Catcaiis (Bur-Pars-
ley).—Hispid plants; leaves A\
I—3-pinnate; umbels com- a
pound, or rarely simple,
usually few-rayed ; bracts few
or none; bracteoles many ; Daucus CAROTA (Wd Carrot).
fruit with 1— 3 rows- of
prickles on each primary and secondary ridge. (Name, the Greek
name of the plant.)
1.* C. latifolia (Great Bur- Parsley). —Stem 1—2 feet high,
rough ; leaves pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, serrate, decurrent ;
umbels 2—4-rayed ; secondary umbels 4—6-rayed : flowers large,
rose-coloured ; fruit large, oblong, very prickly, with 2—3 rows
of recurved prickles on each secondary ridge.-— Cornfields,
224 UMBELL{FERE

especially on calcareous soil; very rare, not native-—Fl. July.

Annual.
2. C. daucéides (Small Bur-Parsley).—A somewhat bushy plant;
stem deeply furrowed, hairy at the nodes ; leaves 2—3 pinnate;
umbels terminal and lateral, of about 3 rays, without bracts ; second-
ary umbels of about 3 rays, with bracteoles ; flowers small, pinkish ;

TORILIS ANTHRiscuS (Upright Hedge-Parsiey).

fruit large, with one row of prickles on each secondary ridge.—

Chalky fields; not common.—Fl. June, July. Annual.
42. TOriLis (Hedge-Parsley).—Hispid plants ; leaves bipinnate ;
umbels compound ; bracts and bracteoles few or absent ; flowers white
or pink ; fruit covered with bristles between the ridges. (Name
of unknown etymology. )
1. Z. arvénsis (Spreading Hedge-Parsley)—A hispid, much-
branched plant, 6—18 in. high ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets ovate-
 IVY FAMILY 225

lanceolate, cut and toothed ; wmbels compound, long-stalked, term-

inal, 2—8-rayed ; bracts 1 or none; bracteoles linear ; flowers white
or pink ; fruit covered with spreading hooked bristles.— Hedges ;
common.—F'I. July, August. Annual.
2. I. Anthriscus (Upright Hedge-Parsley).—A tall, slender
plant, 2—3 feet high, with a solid rough stem ; hairy, bipinnate
leaves ; ovate-oblong, cut and toothed leaflets ; long-stalked term-
inal 5—12-rayed umbels with several bracts and bracteoles ; flowers
small, white or pinkish ; fruit covered with incurved, not hooked,
bristles. Hedges; abundant.—Fl. July, August. Annual.
3. T. noddsa (Knotted Hedge-Parsley).—Well distinguished
from all other British umbelliferous plants by its prostrate stem,
its very small, almost globular, simple, lateral, and nearly sessile
umbels of small pinkish-white flowers, and by the outer fruits in
each umbel being covered with hooked bristles, while the inner
are warty.—Fl. May—July. Annual.

Orv. XXXV. ARALIACE#.—THE Ivy FAmMILy

Shrubs or trees, often downy with stellate hairs, chiefly tropical,

and closely resembling the Umbelliferze in the structure of their
flowers, though not partaking of their dangerous properties,
Calyx superior, 5-cleft ; petals 5—10; stamens, 5—10, epigynous ;
ovary 2- or more-chambered, with styles as many as the chambers,
and 1 ovule in each chamber ; fruit generally a berry. Only one
species is a native of Britain; but this one, the Ivy, is so
universally diffused as to be familiar to cvery one. Ginseng, the
favourite medicine of the Chinese, is the root of Panax Ginseng,
a member of this Order; and their celebrated Rice-paper is the
pith of Fdtsia papyrifera, a native of Formosa, also belonging to
the Araliaceze.
1. H&pERA (Ivy).—Climbing shrubs; leaves exstipulate, simple,
scattered ; flowers in simple umbels, 5-merous, polysymmetric;
berry 5-chambered, 5-seeded, with a parchment-like endocarp
lining each chamber; albumen ruminate. (Name, the Classical
Latin name of the plant.)
1. H. Hélix (Common Ivy).—A woody plant with a stem some-
times ro inches in diameter, trailing or climbing by adventitious
simple rootlets; l/eaves evergreen, leathery, dark green, glossy,
and distinctly veined above, 5-lobed on the climbing stem, ovate
and undivided on the free upper branches ; umbels confined to
the upper free branches, globose, simple, downy with stellate
Q
226 CORNACE

hairs; flowers greenish-yellow ; berries black; endocarp lilac.—

Banks, woods, rocks, and old walls; general—Fl. October,
November. Perennial.

HEDERA HELIX (Common Toy).

Orv. XXXVI. CorNACE&.—THE DoGwoop FAMILY

A small order, mostly shrubs or trees, inhabiting the temperate
regions of the Northern Hemisphere. ‘They have mostly exsti-
pulate, opposite, simple leaves, small, polysymmetric flowers, which
are generally tetramerous, and 1—4-chambered berry-like fruit,
with stony endocarps; sepals 4, superior, valvate; petals 4—5,
epigynous; stamens 4—5, epigynous; style single, thread-like ;
stigma simple or lobed. ‘The Order contains few plants of
interest. ‘The evergreen known as the Spotted Laurel (Aucuba
japonica), now common in our gardens, is a member of the Order.
The spots are a disease which is only slightly transmitted by seed ;
but the plant, being dicecious, is largely multiplied by layers.
The staminate plant is now grown separately, or it can be grafted
on the pistillate shrub, so that the red berries are now commonly
produced. Benthdmia fragifera, a handsome shrub from the
 DOGWOOD FAMILY 227

mountains of Nipal, was introduced into Cornwall in 1825, and,

flowering and fruiting freely, is a pleasing addition to the
shrubbery. Cdrnus fldrida, the American Dogwood, a native of
the United States, furnishes a wood useful for turnery and
engraving, and the bark of this and other species 1s used asa
substitute for quinine. The Cdérnus of the* ancients was the
Cornelian Cherry, Cérnus mdscula, whose little clusters of yellow

cérnus SANGUINEA (Wild Cornel, Dog-wood).

starry flowers are among the earliest heralds of spring. Its fruit
is like a small plum, with a very austere flesh, but after keeping
it becomes pleasantly acid. The Turks still use it in the manu-
facture of sherbet, and the bark of the same species furnishes the
red dye for their fez. Two species of Cornus are the only British
representatives of the Order.
1. Cérnus (Cornel).—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves usually
opposite ; flowers small, white or yellow; petals valvate ; ovary
2-chambered. (Name from the Latin, referring to the horny
hardness of the wood.)
1. C. suécica (Dwarf Cornel).—Herbaceous ; rhizome woody,
Q2
s
228 CAPRIFOLIACE

creeping ; sfems annual, erect, about 6 in. high, slender; leaves

opposite, decussate, ovate ; flowers in a terminal umbel, minute,
dark purple; bracts 4, large, ovate, yellow, tipped with purple,
forming an involucre; fruit, a red berry.—Alpine moors in
Scotland, and the north of England; rare. ‘The fruit is said by
the Highlanders to create appetite, and hence is called Lus-a-
chraots, plant of gluttony.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
2. C. sanguinea (Wild Cornel, Dogwood).—Very different in
habit from the preceding; a bushy shrub, 5—6 feet high, with
opposite, ovate, acute leaves, and terminal, many-flowered,
corymbose cymes of cream-white flowers ; berries small, black-
purple.—Hedges and thickets, especially on a chalk or lime-
stone soil; common. ‘The wood, with that of the Spindle-tree
(Eudnymus européus) and Guelder Rose (Viburnum), which has
a similar texture, and is therefore confused under the same name
Dogwood, was used formerly for skewers or ‘‘dagges.” The
leaves assume blood-red and dark purple tints early in autumn.—
E. June; ~ Perennial.

Sup-CLass II. GAMOPETALZE

Having both calyx and corolia, and the petals of the latter
united.

Series I, EPIGYNAL.—Orps XXXVI

Ovary inferior
§ Stamens epipetalous

Orp. XXXVII. CaApriFoOLIACEa.—THE Hones

FAMILY
A small but very varied Order, comprising trees, shrubs, and
herbaceous plants, principally confined to the Northern Hemi-
sphere. ‘The leaves are usually exstipulate and opposite; the
flowers conspicuous and sometimes monosymmetric ; sepals 3—5,
superior ; petals 3—5, united; stamens 4—10, usually equal in
number to the petals and alternate with them; ovary 3—5-
chambered ; fruit in most cases a berry. Such favourite plants
as the fragrant Honeysuckle, the Guelder Rose, the Elder, and
the elegant little plant upon which Linneeus fixed to commemorate
his name, make the Order an interesting one.
1. Ap6xa.—Herbs ; leaves ternate ; flowers small, green, 5 ina
head ; corolla rotate; stamens forked; berry with 4 or 5 1-seeded
chambers,
Fig. 25. Wild Cornel

:Cornus sanguinea),
 = ae
ee
eo

—- Bae a a Sey
,
 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 229

2. SamBtcus.—Trees or shrubby herbs ; Jeaves pinnate ; flowers

small, in umbellate cymes, 5-merous ; corolla rotate ; berry with
3—5 1-seeded chambers.
3. VipURNUM.—Shrubs; leaves simple; flowers in cymes,
s-merous ; corolla rotate or bell-shaped ; berry 1-seeded.
4. LINNEA. —
Herb ; leaves simple ; Re
flowers in pairs; ~ Paeee
corolla bell-shaped;
stamens didynamous;
fruit dry, 1-seeded.
5. LoNICcERA.—
Shrubs; leaves sim-
ple; flowers in cy-
mose heads; corolla
monosymmetric;
here Of + 2 Or 3
several-seeded cham-
bers.

tr. ADOxA (Mos-

chatel).—A small
glabrous, succulent
herb ; rhizome creep-
ing, scaly ; leaves 2,
radical, ternate;
flowers in a_ long-
stalked terminal
head of 5, small,
green, the 4 lateral
ones 5-merous, the
terminal one 4-mer-
ous; corolla rotate;
stamens 4 or 5, bifur-
cating at the base;
anthers dimidiate; ADOXA MOSCHATELLINA (Common Moschatel),
berry with 1-seeded
parchment-like chambers. (Name from the Greek signifying
inglorious, from its humble growth.)
1. A. Moschatellina (Common or Tuberous Moschatel).—The
only species, an interesting little herbaceous plant, 4—6 in. high;
stem 4-angled; radical leaves long-stalked, ternate; Jeaflets tri-
angular, lobed ; cauline leaves or bracts 2, smaller, with sheathing
petioles ; flowers arranged as if on 5 sides of a cube.—Hedgerows ;
230 CAPRIFOLIACEE

local, but widely diffused. The whole plant diffuses a musk-like

scent, which, however, is not perceptible if the plant be bruised.—
Fl. April, May. Perennial.
2. Sambucus (Elder).—Trees, shrubs, or large herbs, remark-
able for the large quantity of pith in the young branches ; leaves
pinnate ; flowers small, 5-merous, in umbellate cymes; sepals

“samBucus NicRa (Common Elder).

3—5 ; corolla rotate ; stamens 5 ; ovary 3-—5-chambered ; ovules 1 in

each chamber ; fruit a berry with 3—5 parchment-like endocarps.
(Name from the Greek sambukeé, a musical instrument, in making»
which elder-wood is supposed to have been employed.)
1. S. nigra (Common Elder).—Stem woody, forming a small
tree ; bark corky ; leaves with a strong, unpleasant odour ; cymes
with 5 principal branches ; flowers cream-white, of a sickly smell ;
berry small, globose, purple-black, polished, rarely green or white,
 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 231

—Hedges; common. The blossoms are used for making

perfume ; the berries for wine. Evelyn, speaking in its praise,
says: “If the medicinal properties of the leaves, bark, berries,
&c., were thoroughly known, I cannot tell what our countryman
could ail for which he would not find a remedy, from every hedge,
either for sickness or wound.”—Fl. June. Perennial.
2. S. Hbulus (Dwarf Elder, Danewort).—A large herbaceous
plant, 2—4 feet high, with ovate, serrate, leafy stzpules, 3 principal

VIBURNUM OpuULUS (Guelder Rose, Water Elder).

branches to its cymes, and pink tips to its petals——Bushy places;

not uncommon.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
3. VIBURNUM (Guelder Rose).—Shrubs ; leaves simple ; flowers
5-merous, white or pink, in cymose clusters, small, or the outer
ones male or neuter with large corollas; corolla rotate or bell-
shaped; sizgmas 3, sessile; berry 1-seeded. (Name, the Latin
name for this or some similar plant.)
1. V. Opulus (Guelder Rose, Water Elder).—A shrub or small
tree ; bark very acrid ; leaves smooth, 3—5-lobed, stipulate, with
glands at the upper end of the stalk, assuming a rich vinous hue
before falling ; flowers in flat-topped cymes, the outer ones neuter
232 CAPRIFOLIACEE

with large snow-white corollas, rendering the bush conspicuous ;

berries slightly flattened, translucent, blood-red.—Moist woods
and hedges; common. The berries are said to be sometimes
fermented and eaten, a statement scarcely credible to any one who
has chanced to smell them. In the garden variety, known as the
Snowball-tree, all the flowers are neuter and the cyme has become
globular.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
2, Ve Lanidna
(Mealy Guelder Rose,
Wayfaring-tree). — A
shrub, pubescent with
stellate hairs ; leaves
elliptical, cordate,
serrate, very downy
beneath, exstipulate ;
cymes termina ;
flowers small, white,
all perfect: berries
SN
\ HIS

Woss SS
SO
much flattened, scar-
let, turning — black
ff
when fully ripe.—Dry
\
| hedgerows, chiefly on
calcareous soil; not
general. —Fl. May,
June. Perennial.

4. Linnaja. — A
very slender creeping
plant; Jeaves ever-
green, _— exstipulate ;
flowers in pairs on
ascending, 2-bracte-
ate peduncles, with
VIBURNUM LANTANA
drooping> 2-bracteol-
(Wayfaring-tree, Mealy Guelder Rose). ate pedicels ; corolla
bell-shaped ; petals 5,
slightly unequal; stamens 4, 2 longer than the others; fruit
seldom formed in Britain. (Name in honour of Carl yon Linné,
the great Swedish botanist.)
1. L. boredlis._-The only species, almost glabrous ; leaves ovate,
obtuse, thick; flowers fragrant and of a delicate pink colour,
crimson within.—Fir-woods in Scotland and at Hartburn, North-
umberland. Deservedly regarded with peculiar interest as being
the “little northern plant, long overlooked, depressed, abject,
 - ®
7 ’ = @
7
i
4
é
—
‘ =

7 «
: ‘
ra 7 b
‘ cy i i
‘ ’ r

i - :
‘

; ‘
‘

'
.
.
* .
*
s ‘ .

/
+ ,
4 -

'
.

ae “
"Sy
Bi Jas)« -
+ Whatiade

3
J
'

i
- z <P
F rs = 4
.
o

if a
‘

4
= *
5 |
a
Fig 26 iWoodbine or Honeysuckle.
Pale Honeysuckle ‘Lomcera
(Lonicera Periclymenum).
Caprifolium).
 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 233

flowering early,” which Linnzeus himself selected as therefore

most appropriate to transmit his name to posterity.—Fl. July.
Perennial.
5. LonicErA (Honeysuckle).—Erect, prostrate or twining
shrubs ; leaves exstipulate, entire, sometimes connate; flowers
generally in cymose heads, sometimes united by their ovaries;
sepals 5; petals 5, united in a tubular or funnel-shaped corolla
with a bilabiate limb ; stamens 5 ; berry of 2 or 3 several-seeded

, , .
LINN/@A BOREALIS (Linnea).

chambers. (Named in honour of Adam Lonicer, a German

botanist.)
1. L, Pertclymenum (Honeysuckle, Woodbine).—Stem twining;
leaves ovate or oblong, glabrous or slightly pubescent, glaucous
below, not united at the base, sometimes lobed ; flowers in stalked
terminal heads, gaping, red outside, yellow within, very fragrant;
berry globose, translucent, crimson. A common and favourite
twining shrub, the first to expand its leaves in spring, or rather in
winter, and almost the last to blossom in autumn. Though
highly ornamental to our woods, it is decidedly injurious to
234 RUBIACEE

young trees, clasping them so tightly as to distort their growth.

Handsome twisted walking-sticks (generally Hazel) are thus
formed, but the growth of the tree is generally checked.—FI.
July, and again in October. Perennial.
* Two other species of Honeysuckle are occasionally found in
copses, but are not natives of Britain: L. Caprifolium (Pale Per-
foliate Honeysuckle), distinguished by having the upper leaves
connate, or united by their bases, and the flower-heads sessile;

LONICERA PERICLYMENUM (Honeysuckle, Woodbine).

and L. Xylésteum (Upright Fly Honeysuckle), an erect shrub,

with downy, stalked leaves, and pale yellow, scentless flowers,
which grow in pairs in the axils.

Orv. XXXVIII. RupiAcE#.—TuHE BrEpsTRAW FAMILy

Taken in its widest extension, this is a very large Order, con-
taining more than 2,800 species, characterised by having opposite
leaves, interpetiolar stipules, gamopetalous corollas, epipetalous
stamens alternate with the petals. and an inferior ovary of 2
 BEDSTRAW FAMILY 235

carpels. The majority, forming the tribe Cinchénea, are tropical

trees and shrubs with small stipules, and comprise not a few
species noted for the fragrance and beauty of their flowers, and
some of the highest utility to man, as food or medicine. Among
the food-plants, the Coffee (Cdffea ardbica and C. libertca) holds
the first place, the seeds filled with horny albumen being the
coffee-beans of commerce. Several species of Cinchéna, a genus
native to the Andes, furnish Peruvian or Jesuits’ Bark, from
which Quinine is prepared; and Ipecacuanha is the root of
Cephdélis Ipecacudnha, a small shrub growing in the damp forests
of Brazil. The British species, however, all belong to a very
distinct type. They are herbaceous plants, with slender angular
stems, and leaves with such large stipules between them as to form
a star-like whorl, whence they have been separated as the tribe
Stelldte. Their flowers are small, polysymmetric and 4—6-merous ;
the sepals sometimes indistinguishable ; corolla rotate or tubular;
ovary 2-chambered ; ovule; 1 in each chamber; fruzt dry, con-
sisting of 2 indehiscent cocci. They belong to temperate and
cold latitudes and possess no remarkable properties, except that
_of containing a red colouring matter in their roots, which is used
as a dye. The most important is Rubia tinctdria, the Madder,
the roots of which, besides yielding the valuable dye, possess
the singular property of imparting a red colour to the bones
of animals that feed on them. Rubia cordifdlia is the Manjit,
another valuable red dye, a native of India. None of the British
species are of any great value, through the fragrance of the leaves
of the Woodruff, when dried, is well known, the flowers of the
Lady’s Bedstraw (Gdlium vérum) were used as rennet to curdle
milk, and the seeds of the genus Gdlium are said to be, when
roasted, a good substitute for coffee.
1. Rtpia.—No distinct sepals ; corolla wheel-shaped, or bell-
shaped, 5-lobed ; fruit fleshy.
2. GALiuM.—No distinct sepals ; corolla wheel-shaped, 4-lobed ;
fruit dry.
3. ASPERULA.—No distinct sepals; corolla bell-shaped, 4-lobed ;
fruit dry.
4. SHERARDIA.—Sepals 4—6 ; corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed;
fruit dry.
1. RtUpra (Madder).—Herbs with axillary and terminal cymes
of small flowers ; calyx-limb ring-shaped or absent; corolla rotate
or campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens 4; styles 2, short ; fruit a 2-
lobed berry. (Name from the Latin ruber, red, from the dye
obtained from some species.)
236 RUBIACE&

1. R. peregrina (Wild Madder).—The only British species, a

long straggling plant, many feet in length; stems 4-angled, with
recurved bristles on the angles; leaves 4—6 in a whorl, ovate,
glossy above, with recurved bristles on midrib and margin, nearly
evergreen ; flowers yellowish, in panicled cymes ; corolla 5-cleft ;
berries black, about as large as currants, remaining attached till
late in winter.—Rocky places in the south and west ; uncommon.
—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
2. GALIUM (Bedstraw).—Herbs differing chiefly from Rubia in
having a rotate, 4-lobed, rarely 5-
lobed, corolla and a dry fruit of
2 1-seeded carpels. (Name from
the Greek gala, milk, some species
being used to curdle it.)
* Leaves 3-veined
1. G. boredlé (Cross-leaved Bed-
straw).—Stem erect, 1—2 feet
high ; leaves 4 in a whorl, smooth,
lanceolate ; flowers many, white;
fruit rough, with hooked prickles.
—Damp rocky places in the north.
—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
2. G. Crucidta (Crosswort).—
Prostrate, about a foot long, hairy ;
leaves 4 in a whorl, elliptic, soft
and downy; flowers yellow, in
6—8-flowered axillary cymes, very
fragrant, upper ones having pistils -
only, lower, stamens only; /ruct
? smooth.—Dry banks ;common.—
RUBIA PEREGRINA (Wild Madder). FI. May, June. Perennial.

** Leaves 1-veined: flowers in axillary and terminal panicles : fruat

smooth : perennial
3. G. vérum (Lady’s Bedstraw).—Leaves about 8 in a whorl, very
narrow (almost thread-like), revolute, downy beneath ; flowers
golden-yellow, rarely pale or green, in dense axillary and terminal
panicles.—Dry banks ; abundant. The Highlanders use the roots,
in conjunction with alum, to die red, and the flowers to curdle
milk —Fl. June—September. Perennial.
4. G. eréctum (Upright Bedstraw).—Sub-erect ; leaves 6—8 in a
whorl, lanceolate, with bristly margins; cyme with ascending
 BEDSTRAW FAMILY 237

branches ; flowers white-—Banks and pastures; not common.—

Fl. June and September. Perennial.
5. G. Mollugo (Hedge Bedstraw).—Stem ascending, square,
thickened at the nodes, smooth or hairy ; leaves 6—8 in a whorl,
oblong, with a bristly point and weak bristles on the margins;
cyme with the lower branches horizontal or reflexed ; flowers
white.—Common everywhere in England, but rare in Scotland
and Ireland.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
6. G. saxdtilé (Heath Bedstraw)—A small, prostrate, much-
branched species; stem smooth;
leaves about 6 in a whorl, obovate, wey
mucronate, fringed with a_ few <
prickles, which point forwards;
cymes numerous, small, compact; a 4
flowers white.—Heaths ; abundant. .
—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
7. G. dsperum (Mountain Bed-
straw).—A similar but more erect
and stiff species ; leaves 6—8 in a
whorl, linear, awned, with prominent
midrib and marginal hairs, not
bristles —Limestone hills; rare.—
Fl. June—August. Perennial.
8. G. palustre (Water Bedstraw).
—Siems 1—3 feet high, weak,
straggling, branched, smooth or
rough with recurved prickles ; leaves
4—6 in a whorl, blunt, linear, or
on dry ground, oblong, frequently
unequal, shining, with or without
rough edges; flowers in_ loose,
spreading panicles, white.—Watery ft
places; common. — Fl. June —
August. Perennial. GALIUM APARINE (Goose-grass).
9. G. uligindsum (Rough Marsh
Bedstraw).—A smaller species ; stems slender, brittle, about a foot
high, with recurved prickles on the angles ; leaves 6—8 in a whorl,
narrow, bristle-pointed, with recurved prickles on the margins;
cymes few-flowered.—Watery places; common.—Fl. July—
August. Perennial.
*** Teaves 1-veined: cymes mostly axillary: flowers white: fruit
hispid or tubercled: annual.
2 10. G. dnglicum (Wall Bedstraw).—A small, spreading, slender,
238 RUBIACE&

brittle species ; leaves about 6 in a whorl, narrow, mucronate, with

forward-pointing bristles on the margins and recurved ones on
the stems; cymes small, bifurcating, few-flowered ; flowers greenish ;
fruit minute, tubercled.—Old walls and dry places in the south-
east ; rare.—Fl. June, July. Annual.
t1. G. Apariné (Goose-grass, Cleavers).—Light green, strag-
gling, 3—4 feet long; stem and leaves very rough with recurved
prickles ; leaves 6—8 in a whorl; flowers 2—3 together, white,
axillary ; fruit covered
with short hooked
prickles. — Hedges;
very common. ‘The
stems, leaves, and bur-
like fruits cling to the
coat of any animal
that touches them;
whence is derived the
popular name _ of
Cleavers or Clivers.
The plant is greedily
devoured by geese.—
Fl. June — August.
Annual.
12. G. Vasllanii,
differing chiefly in
having its flowers very
minute, greenish and
3—9 together, occurs
only in fields near
Saffron Walden, Essex.
—Fl. July. Annual.
13 Ge tg ORaS
(Rough - fruited Corn
Bedstraw). — Resem-
ASPERULA ODORATA (Sweet Woodruff).
bling G. Apariné, but
smaller and chiefly
distinguished by its large fruit, which has a granulated, not
bristly, surface, and is borne on a recurved pedicel.—Dry chalky
fields ;not uncommon.—Fl. June—October. Annual.
3. AspiruLa (Woodruff).—Herbs differing from Gdlium mainly
in the longer tube which makes the small corolla bell-shaped
or funnel-shaped. It may be white, pink, or blue. (Name, a
diminutive from the Latin asper, rough, from the roughness of
the leaves of some species.)
 BEDSTRAW FAMILY 239

1. A. odordta (Sweet Woodruff).—Almost glabrous, about 6

in. high, erect ;leaves 6—g in a whorl, lanceolate, with forward-
pointing prickles on their margins; flowers white, in stalked,
terminal panicles; fruit rough with hooked hairs——Woods;
common. A deservedly favourite plant for its agreeable scent,
when dried, of new-mown hay.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
2. A. cyndnchica (Quinsy-wort)—Smooth, prostrate ; leaves4 in
a whorl, linear, unequal ; flowers in loose clusters, white or pink.
—Dry banks and pastures, especially on a chalky or limestone
soil; local. It derives its name from having been formerly used
as a remedy for quinsy or squinancy.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
* Two other species, A. taurina, with 4 elliptic 3-veined leaves
in a whorl, and A. arvénsis, with 6—10 narrow leaves in a whorl
and blue flowers, occur occasion-
ally, but are not native.
4. SHERARDIA (Field Madder). wei
‘ My
=,

—aA prostrate herb with whorled yj

leaves, terminal sessile umbels of NU
lilac flowers, 4—6 sepals, 4-lobed (5 a A. WUZ
corolla, and dry fruit. (Named SN 1s ae
—
in honour of William Sherard,
founder of the chair of Botany at <=

Oxford.)
1. S. arvensis (Field Madder).
—A small, branched, spreading
plant; leaves narrow, pointed, 4—
6 in a whorl; and flowers minute, gy
lilac, resembling Aspérula arvensis,
but differing in its pointed leaves | SHERARDIA ARVENSIS (Field Madder).
and distinct sepals.—Cultivated
land ; aburndant.—Fl. April—October. Annual.

Orp. XXXIX: VALERIANEZ.—THE VALERIAN FAMILY

A small Order of plants which are mostly herbaceous, with
opposite, exstipulate Jeaves, and small, usually asymmetric flowers
in dichasial, often crowded cymes. The calyx is superior, be-
coming finally a border, or pappus, to the fruit ;the corolla, of
3—6 united petals, is tubular and sometimes pouched or spurred
at the basc; stamens 1 or 3, rarely 5, epipetalous ; ovary with
1—3 chambers, forming a dry indehiscent fruit, which is I-
seeded, two of the chambers being empty. The Order chiefly
inhabits temperate countries, and the plants forming it are often
strong-scented or aromatic. Many of them possess properties
240 VALERIANEE

worthy of notice, but by far the most remarkable is Nardostdchys

Jatamdnsi, the Spikenard of Scripture, and the Nardus of the
ancient Classical authors. It grows in Bhotan, in India, where
it is called /atamanst. Even when green the young shoots are
pleasantly fragrant ; but its odorous quality is much strengthened
by drying the plant. ‘The radical leaves surrounding one of the
young tufted shoots are torn up, along with a part of the very
fragrant root, and having been dried in the sun, or by artificial
heat, are sold as a drug. In ancient times this drug was con-
veyed by way of Arabia to Western Asia, and thus reached the
Hebrews. Judas valued the box of ointment with which Mary
anointed our Blessed Lord’s feet at two hundred denarii (£6
gs. 2da.). By the Romans it was considered so precious that
the poet Horace promises Virgil a cadus, or about three dozen
modern bottles, of wine for a small onyx-box full of spikenard.
It was a Roman custom in festive banquets, not only to crown
the guests with flowers, but also to anoint them with spikenard.
Other members of the Order still valued for a similar use are
Valeridna céltica and V. saliunca, which are believed to be the
Saliunca of Virgil and other ancient writers. ‘They are natives
of the mountains of Styria and Carinthia, where their roots are
grubbed up with danger and difficulty by the peasants from
rocks on the borders of eternal snow. ‘They are then tied in
bundles, and sold at a very low price to merchants, who send
them by way of Trieste to Turkey and Egypt, where they are
retailed at a great profit, or passed on to India and the interior
of Africa. They are used to scent baths. The roots of our
common Valerian (Valeridna officindlis) are used in medicine,
being a powerful stimulant to the nervous system in cases of
hysteria or epilepsy. “They have a very remarkable effect on cats,
producing a kind ofintoxication. ‘The seeds of the Red Spur-
Valerian (Kentrdnthus ruber) were used in former times in the
process of embalming the dead ; and some thus employed in
the twelfth century, on being removed from the cere-cloth in
the nineteenth century, and planted, are said to have germinated.
The young leaves of Lamb’s Lettuce (Valerianélla) are eaten
as salad, as also in Sicily are those of Kentrdnthus.

1. VALERIANA.—Corolla 5-lobed, pouched at the base ; stamens

3; fruit 1-chambered, crowned with a feathery pappus.
*2, KentrAntuus.—Corolla 5-lobed, spurred at the base;
stamen 1; fruit t-chambered, crowned with a feathery pappus.
3. VALERIANELLA.—Corolla 5-lobed, obconic ; stamens 3; fruit
3-chambered, crowned with 3—5 small sepals.
 VALERIAN FAMILY 24T

VALERIANA (Valerian).—Flowers in corymbose, capitate, or

Ces cymes, with bracteoles, sometimes sub-dicecious ; pappus
deciduous; corolla generally monosymmetric with an * obconic
tube, pouched at its base. (Name said to be from the Latin
vdleo, I am well, from its medicinal vi. tue.)
V. dioica (Small
Marsh Valerian).—
Erect, unbranched,
about a foot high with
runners ; radical leaves
stalked, ovate; cauline
leaves pinnatifid, with a
Jarge terminal lobe;
flowers pinkish, in a ter-
minal corymbose cyme ;
stamens and ovaries on
different plants, the
latter in smaller, more
crowded, deeper col-
oured flowers.—Marshy
ground ; frequent.—F'l.
May, June. Perennial. A
2. V. officinalis (Great N

Wild Valerian).— Much ‘\

taller and stouter than
the last, but resembling
it in habit and in the
colour and smell of the
flowers; with suckers;
leaves all pinnate, of 13
—21 leaflets, which are
lanceolate, dentate.—
Damp places ; not com-
mon. This is the
species used in medi-
cine, and the roots of KENTRANTHUS RUBER (Red Spur-Valerian).
which are so attractive
to cats, and, it is said, also to rats.— Fl. June, July. Perennial.
3: V. sambucifolia ((Elder-leaved Valerian).—Differs mainly in
having runners and fewer (g—13), broader leaflets.
4.* V. pyrendica (Heart-leaved Valerian).—A large, coarse
a with very large, stalked, cordate, serrate leaves, some-
times occurring naturalised in plantations. —Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
R
242 VALERIANE

*2, KentrAntuus (Spur-Valerian).—Glabrous, leafy plants;

flowers in terminal, panicled cymes, bracteolate; pappus deciduous ;
corolla with 5 unequal lobes, a long compressed tube, and a
spur. (Name from the Greek heniron, a spur, anthos, a flower.)
1.* K. ruber (Red Spur-Valerian).—Glaucous, 1—2 feet high;
leaves entire, ovate, acute; flowers crimson, deep rose-red, or
white.—Chalk-pits, railway-banks, limestone-quarries, and old
garden-walls ;common, but not indigenous. A very handsome
garden plant.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.
» 2.° K. Caletivapa; ditferme
j chiefly in having pinnatifid
cauline leaves, occurs as a
garden escape at Eltham, Kent.
. VALERIANELLA (Corn-
salad).—Small plants, repeat-
edly forked; leaves simple;
flowers minute, solitary or in
crowded bracteate cymes in
the forks of the branches ;
calyx generally distinguishable
as teeth on the fruit ; corolla s-
lobed, obconic, polysymmetric;
fruit generally of 2 empty
barren and 1 fertile (1-seeded)
chambers. (Name, a diminu-
tive of Valeridna.) |
1: V. olitoria (Common
Corn-salad, Lamb’s Lettuce).
— Smooth, flaccid, _ brittle,
4—12 in. high ; leaves long and
narrow, a little toothed near
VALERIANSLLA OLITORIA
the base, the upper ones clasp-
(Conemon Corn-salad, Lanib’s Lettuce).
ing the stem; flowers very
minute, pale lilac, in dense terminal leafy heads; the fertile
chamber of the ovary thick and corky at the back, crowned by
the 3 calyx-teeth.-Cornfields; common. It is sometimes
cultivated as a salad.—Fl. May, June. Annual.
2.* V. ertocadrpa (Woolly-fruited Corn-salad), differing in
having a hairy fruzt, crowned by a large, nearly regular, campanu-
late calyx, and with its fertile chamber not corky, occurs
occasionally, but is not native.—Fl. June. Annual.
3.* V. carindta Keeled-fruited Corn-salad), differing in its
blue flowers and oblong, boat-shaped fru, crowned by 1 sepal,
with its fertile chamber not corky and the two barren ones in-
Fig. 27. Spur-Valerian
\Kentranthus ruber’
yoy
: - Or ;
ae
ale c *
 TEAZLE FAMILY 243

flated, occurs rarely on banks, but is not native —Fl. April—

June. Annual.
4. V. rimosa (Sharp-fruited Corn-salad).—About a foot high,
more slender than V. olitoria ; flowers solitary in the forks of a
loose cyme, pale blue; fruit sub-globose, crowned by 1 erect
tooth, with its barren chambers inflated and larger than the fer-
tile one, which is not corky.—Cornfields; rare.—Fl. June—
August. Annual.
s. V. dentdta (Toothed Corn-salad).—Similar to the last; leaves
much toothed towards the base ; flowers flesh-coloured ; frutt not
inflated, crowned with the same unequally 4-toothed calyx.—Corn-
fields and banks ; common.—Fl. June—August. Annual.

Orv. XL. DresAceE@2.—THE TEAZLE FAMILY

A small Order of herbaceous plants inhabiting temperate
regions, and possessing no remarkable properties. The leaves are
generally opposite and exstipulate, and the flowers, like those of
the Composite, are crowded together in heads with an involucre
of bracts; but each flower is also surrounded by a calyx-like
involucel of several more or less rigid bracteoles. The calyx is -
superior, expanding into a cup-shaped tube generally with a
pappus; corolla tubular, with 4—5 unequal lobes; stamens 4,
‘epipetalous, not united ; frwct dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded. The
most striking distinction between the members of this and those
of the following Order is the 4 free stamens is each flower, or
floret, as it is often called. Dipsacus Fullonum is the Fuller’s
Teazle, a plant with large cylindric heads of flowers, which are
embedded in stiff, hooked bracts. These heads are set in frames
and used in dressing broad-cloth, the hooks catching up and
removing all loose particles of wool, but giving way when held
fast by the substance of the cloth. This is almost the only
process in the manufacture of cloth which it has been found
impossible to execute by machinery; for although various
substitutes have been proposed, none has proved on trial exactly
to answer the purpose.
1. Dfpsacus.—Inner bracts spinous and prominent, forming
rigid awns all over the head.
2. ScaBiésa.— Inner bracts inconspicuous scales or hairs ;
common receptacle cylindric.
3. Knattia.—Common receptacle hairy, hemispherical.
1. Dfpsacus (Teazle).—Erect prickly plants ; stems angular ;
leaves usually connate at the base ; heads usually elongated ; with
a columnar common receptacle ; stiff spreading tnvolucral bracts ;
R 2
2A4 DIPSACEA

prominent, spinous inner bracts; involucel 4-angled ; calyx-tube

cup-shaped ; petals 4, unequal. (Name from the Greek dzpsao,
I thirst, in allusion to the water which usually collects in the
hollows formed by the pairs of united leaves. This serves as a
moat to prevent insects crawling up the stem to steal the honey
in the flowers, which is destined for flying insect visitors who will
carry pollen from flower
to flower.)
1, D. sylvéstris (Wild
Teazle).—A stout plant,
3—6 feet high, with an
erect prickly stem ;
large, bright — green
leaves, which are prickly
underneath and united
at the base; heads
large, conical, covered
with straight bristles;
involucre curved up-
wards ;_ flowers lilac,
expanding in one or two
bands half-way up the
head and then _ both
downwards and_ up-
wards.—Waste places;
common. — Fl. July—
September. Biennial.
2.* D. Fullonum
(Fuller’s Teazle) differs
from D. sylvéstris mainly
in having a more cylin-
drical head, a reflexed
involucre, and hooked
bristles on the receptacle.
It is not known out of
pipsacus syLvéstris (Wild Teazie). cultivation, except as an
occasional escape, and
is probably only a form of D. sylvestris.
3. D. pilosus (Small Teazle, Shepherd’s Rod).—Smaller than
D. sylvestris in all its parts, rough with bristles ; leaves stalked,
with a small leaflet at the base on each side; heads small, nearly
globose, drooping in bud; involucre reflexed ; flowers white.—
Moist shady places; not common.— Fl. August, September.
Biennial. .
 Be
bien
oe niont eclpharexe RLS
MSN
fe

Fig. 28.
RRR Gy

Wild Teazle.
hd

(\Dipsacus sylvestris.)
 TEAZLE FAMILY 245

2. Scapidsa (Scabious). — Leaves entire or pinnatifid ; heads

hemispherical or flat ; zzvolucre of 1 or 2 whorls of bracts ; common
receptacle scaly ; involucel 8-angled, 4—5-lobed ; outer florets often
larger and unsymmetrical ; calyx-tube contracted at the top; limb
cup-shaped, with 4—5 stiff persistent bristles ; corolla 4—s5-lobed,
sometimes bilabiate; fruit nearly cylindrical. (Name from the
Latin scabies, the leprosy, for which disease some of the species
were supposed to be a remedy.)
1. S. Succisa (Premorse
or Devil’s-bit Scabious).—
A slender, little-branched
plant, with a short and
abrupt rhizome, as if bitten
off (premorse); a_ hairy
stem; few, mostly entire,
oblong leaves; nearly glo-
bose heads of purplish-blue
or white flowers, with a
nearly symmetric, 4-cleft
corolla—Heaths and _ pas-
tures; abundant. John
Parkinson, in his ‘ Thea-
trum Botanicum” (1640),
alludes to the fable ‘“ that
the Devile, envying the
good that this herbe might
do to mankinde, bit away
parte of the roote, and
thereof came the name ‘
Succisa, Devil’s-bit.”—Fl. fy
July — October. Peren-
nial. x \

i)
ty,

2. S. Columbaia (Small
Scabious). — Well _ distin- \\
\\
eax
belos

guished from the last by

its pinnatifid, lighter green SCABIOSA COLUMBARIA (Svzall Scabious).
leaves ; heads flatter at first ;
and flowers lilac, rather than purple, with a 5-cleft corolla, the
outer ones being larger and very unsymmetrical.—Pastures,
especially on a calcareous soil; not uncommon.—Fl. July—
September. Perennial.
3. S. maritima, a species with all its leaves pinnatifid, an. erect
branching panicle of heads, and a 5-cleft corolla, has been found
at St. Quen’s Bay, Jersey.
246 COMPOSITA

3. Knatia (Field Scabious).—Perennial herbs, nearly related

to Scabiosa ; but distinguished by the hemispherical hairy common
receptacle ; the 4-angled involucel; and the 8—16 deciduous
bristles of the calyx. (Named in honour of Christian Knaut, a
Saxon botanist.)
1. K. arvensis (Field Scabious).—A tall, bristly plant, 2—3 feet
high, not much branched ; radical leaves simple ; cauline ones
pinnatifid ; heads large, convex; flowers handsome, lilac, with
A

ty
th Wy
SS

KNAUTIA ARVENSIS (Field Scabious).

4-lobed corollas, the inner ones nearly symmetrical, the outer

larger and bilabiate.—Cornfields and waysides ; common.—F'.
July—September. Perennial.

Orv. XLI. Compésitr@.—THE COMPOSITE FAMILY

This is by far the largest of ali the Natural Orders, containing
as it does nearly 10,000 species, in 800 genera, or about one-tenth
of all known Flowering Plants. These figures serve to illustrate
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 247

the progress made by Botany during the last hundred years, since
the total number of species known to Linnzus was only 8,500.
The Composite form a very natural Order, all agreeing in a
‘large number of characters, especially in the capitate inflorescence,
or crowding together of the florets, or little flowers, into a head,
or “compound flower,” as, Linnzeus called it, to which the Order
owes its name, and in the union of the anthers referred to in the
name of the co-extensive class Syngenésia in the Linnzan system.
Though they manifest their success in the struggle for existence
not only by their great number of genera and species, but also by
a striking profusion of individuals, as is familiar to us all in the
cases of Thistles, Daisies, Dandelions, &c., and by a world-wide
geographical distribution, they seldom reach the dimensions of
shrubs, few of them being even woody. ‘They must be con-
sidered, however, as on the whole the most highly organised
members of the Vegetable Kingdom. Their Jeaves are exstipulate,
generally simple, and mostly scattered. The heads are generally
many-flowered, and are surrounded by one or more whorls of
scales or bracts forming an involucre, which is often zmbricated,
the scales overlapping like the tiles of a house (Latin zmbrex, a
tile). The common receptacle, on which the florets are situated,
varies in shape, being flat, concave, or convex, and in surface,
being sometimes smooth and naked, and in other cases pitted or
furnished with scales or bristles, known as pales. The florets,
which are true flowers, though generally smail, may be all alike
in form or colour or both, as in Thistles, Dandelions, Groundsel,
&c., or the outer or ray-florets may differ from the inner or disk-
florets in form, as in the Corn-Marigold, or in colour also, as in
the Daisy. The calyx is superior, and there are 5 sepals, though
they are seldom distinguishable, the limb, if present, being
generally represented by a pappus of hairs, which may be sessile
on the fruit, as in the Thistle, or stalked, as in the Dandelion,
when the fruit is termed beaked, the hairs themselves being
feathery or plumose,as in the former, or simple or #zlose, as in
the latter: The corolla consists of 5 valvate petals, either tubular
and polysymmetric, as in all the flcrets of Thistles and Greundsel
and the disk-florets of the Daisy, or tubular below and Jigulate or
strap-shaped above, as in all the florets of the Dandelion and the
ray-florets of the Daisy. The florets may be all perfect, as in
Thistles and Dandelions ; or the ray-florets may have no stamens,
as in the Daisy, or be ueuter, having neither stamens nor ovary,
as in the Cornflower ; whilst the disk-florets may be perfect, as in
the Daisy, or exclusively staminate, as in the Garden Marigold.
Occasionally all the florets may be staminate or all carpellate, and
 248 COMPOSITE

then the two kinds of flowers may occur on the same _ plant
(monectous), or on different ones (diecious). The 5 epipetalous
stamens usually have their filaments free but their anthers united
(syngenesious), and there is often a tail-like appendage at the base
of each anther-chamber. ‘There are two carpels united to form a
z-chambered, inferior ovary, with 1 style, generally bifurcating
above, the stigmas lining the inner surface of the fork. The tube
of syngenesious anthers in the perfect florets is generally formed
before the elongation of the style, which then grows up through
it, sweeping the pollen out of the anthers by means of tufts of
expelling hairs at the summit of its two branches, which do not
diverge till afterwards. The fruct is a cypsele, or dry, indehiscent,
1-chambered, 1-seeded structure, often crowned by the pappus.
For convenience of reference, the Order is divided into three
Sub-orders, comprising thirteen Tribes ; but one of the Sub-orders
and five of the Tribes contain no British plants, or any others of
great interest. The two Sub-orders represented in Britain are
the Tubuliflore and the Liguliflore. In the Tubuliflore the florets
are either all tubular and perfect, or the disk-florets are tubular
and the ray-florets ligulate, the former being generally perfect and
the latter carpellate or neuter. The members of this Sub-order
have a watery juice. The Sub-order Liguliflore have all their
florets ligulate and perfect, and have a milky juice. They are
most abundant in the temperate regions of the Northern
Hemisphere ; the Tubuliflore in the Tropics.
The Tubuliflore contain a variety of principles, so variously
blended as to produce very diverse results. Bitterness, in a
greater or less degree, is characteristic of many, and is often
accompanied by the presence of resin, or volatile oil, so that the
plants produce tonic, stimulant, or astringent effects. The Worm-
woods (Artemisia), of which the Southernwood of gardens (A.
Abrotanum), a fragrant shrub, used on the Continent in making
beer, is one species, and the Tarragon (A. Dractinculus), used to
flavour vinegar, is another, are extremely bitter. The genera
Anthemis and Matricdria, the Chamomiles and Feverfews, contain
an acrid volatile oil that gives them their properties as febrifuges.
The Coltsfoot (Tussilégo) and. Elecampane (Inula Helénium)
contain gum so united with their bitter and astringent properties
as to render them valuable sedatives. The oily seeds of the
Sunflower (Helidnthus dnnuus) are largely eaten in Russia, and
the Jerusalem Artichoke, the tubers of which hold a high rank
-among our esculent vegetables, is another species (H. tuberosus)
of the same genus. The latter grows freely in any soil, and
produces abundance of tubers, though it rarely flowers in England.
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 249

It is called an Artichoke from the similarity of flavour in its tubers

to the Globe Artichoke (Cynara Scélymus), a Thistle in which
the bases of the involucral bracts form the edible portion. ‘The
name “Jerusalem” is said to be a corruption of the Italian
girasole, the Sunflower, and by an amusing transition, soup made
from these Artichokes is called ‘“ Palestine Soup.” ‘The flower-
heads of Safflower (Cdrthamus tinctoria), which give a red colour,
are the most valuable dye produced by the Order.
Among the Liguliflore, the Common Dandelion (Tardxacum
officindlé) supplies a valuable medicinal extract ; its blanched leaves
are a wholesome salad ; and its roots are used to adulterate coffee.
The Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), besides its extensive use as salad,
- yields from the milky juice of its root an extract with narcotic
properties resembling those of opium. The blanched leaves of
Endive (Cichorium Endivia) afford a winter salad, and the allied
Chicory or Succory (C. Zntybus) is also so used, though it is more
cultivated for the sake of its roots, which are roasted and mixed
with coffee. Salsafy (Tragopogon porrifolius) and Scorzonera
(Scorzonéra hispdnica) are also cultivated for the sake of their
edible roots.

Sub-Order I—Tubulifloree.—Florets all tubular, or only the

ray-florets ligulate : juice watery

Tribe 1. Eupatoriee.—Leaves mostly opposite: florets all tubular

and perfect : anthers not tatled
1. EUPATORIUM.—Heads few-flowered; bracts imbricate, oblong;
receptacle naked ; styles much longer than the florets.

Tribé 2. Asteroidee. — Leaves scattered: ray-florets ligulate, car-

pellate or neuter, or absent: disk-florets tubular, perfect
2. SoLIDAGO.—Florets all yellow; receptacle naked, pitted;
pappus of one row of stiff hairs.
3. BELLIS.—Ray-florets white or pink ; receptacle naked, conical ;
no pappus.
4. AsTER.—Ray-florets in one row, purple, or absent ; receptacle
naked, pitted ; pappus of many rows of stiff hairs.
5. ERfGERON.—Ray-florets in two or more rows; receptacle
naked ; pappus of many rows of stiff hairs.
6. Linosyris.—Ray-florets absent; receptacle naked, pitted ;
bracts imbricate ; fruit compressed, silky: pappus of two rows of
stiff hairs.
250 COMPOSIT

Tribe 3. Inulotidee.—Leaves scattered: ray-florets ligulate, yellow,

or absent: disk-florets tubular, perfect, usually yellow: anthers with
2 bristles at their base: pappus-hatrs generally slender, silky.
7. FitAco.—Florets all tubular, the outer carpellate, the inner
perfect ; receptacle conical, with few scales at the margin ; pappus
of slender silky hairs.
8. ANTENNARIA. — Heads sub-dicecious; florets all tubular ;
pappus hairy, that of the staminate florets with club-shaped hairs.
g. GNAPHALIUM.—Florets as in Filago; receptacle flat, naked;
pappusof slender silky hairs.
to. InuLA.—Ray-florets ligulate, yellow, carpellate ; disk-florets
tubular, perfect ; receptacle naked ; pappus of one row of hairs.
ti. Purickria.—Differing from /nula chiefly in having an outer
row of short scales to the pappus.

Tribe 4. Helianthoidee.—Leaves opposite: ray-florets ligulate,

yellow, carpellate or neuter, or absent: disk-florets tubular, perfect,
generally yellow: receptacle scaly : anthers not tailed: pappus of a
few stiff scales or bristles.
*r2, XANTHIUM.—Heads moncecious ; staminate florets many ;
anthers free ; carpellate florets 2, enclosed by the spinous znvolucre.
13. BfpENS.—Ray-florets generally absent; if present, neuter;
pappus of 2—5 barbed bristles.
*14. GaALinsoGa.—Ray-florets few, in one row; receptacle
conical ; pappus of one row of broad ciliate scales.
Tribe 5. Anthemidee.— Leaves scattered: ray-florets ligulate or
tubular : anthers not tailed: pappus absent or minute.
15. ACHILLEA.—Ray-florets few, ligulate, white, broad ; receptacle
scaly ; fruzt compressed ; no pappus.
16. D16r1s.—Florets all tubular, perfect, with 2 persistent spurs
at the base of the corolla ; receptacle scaly ; fruit compressed ; no
pappus. ,
17. ANTHEMIS.—Ray-florets in one row, ligulate, white, oblong,
carpellate or neuter, or absent; receplacle convex, scaly; frutt
not compressed; no pappus.
18. CHrysANTHEMUM.—Ray-florets in 1 row, ligulate, white or
yellow ; receptacle flat or nearly so, naked ; no pappus.
19. Matrickrta.—Ray-florets in 1 row, ligulate, white; vecep-
tacle conical, naked ; no pappus.
*20. CdéruLa.—Florets all tubular, the outer row carpellate;
corolla 4-\cbed, with 2 spurs at the base ; receptacle flat, naked ; no
pappus.
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 251

21. TANACETUM.—Florets all tubular ; receptacle naked, broad;

fruit with a broad epigynous disk ; no pappus.
22. ARTEMIS{A. — Florets few, all tubular ; receptacle naked,
narrow ; fruit with a small epigynous disk ; no pappus.

Tribe 6. Senectonidee.—Leaves scattered: ray-florets ligulate, or

absent: receptacle naked: anthers not tailed: pappus usually of very
soft hairs.
23. TussitAco. — Leaves all radical; heads solitary, many-
flowered ; outer florets ligulate.
24. PrtasfTEes. — Leaves all radical; heads numerous, in a
raceme, many-flowered ; owfer florets tubular.
*25. Doronicum.—Involucral bracts in 2 or 3 rows, equal ;
vay-florets in 1 row, ligulate, without pappus; florets all yellow;
pappus of the disk-florets of several rows of stiff hairs.
26. S—ENECIO.—Involucral bracts in 1 row, equal; florets all
yellow ; ray sometimes absent; pappus of several rows of soft,
slender hairs.

Tribe 7. Cynarotdee.—Leaves scaitered, usually spinous: bracts

imbricate, spinous : florets all tubular and usually perfect : receptacle
scaly ; pappus generally present.
27. CARL{NA.— Outer bracts spinous ; 1mner chaffy and spreading ;
anthers tailed ;pappus in 1 row, branched and feathery.
28. ArctiuM.—Involucre globose ; outer bracts hooked ; anthers
tailed ; pappus in several rows of short simple hairs.
29. CARDuUUS. — Leaves decurrent; bracts spinous ; anthers
scarcely tailed ; fruzt compressed ; pappus in many rows of long,
equal, rough hairs. .
30. OnoporpduM.—Differing from Cdrduus mainly in its
honeycombed receptacle and 4-angled fruit.
31. SfLyBuM.—Resembling Cdrduus, but with united filaments
and silky pappus.
32. SAUSSUREA.—Bracts not spinous ; anthers tailed ; pappus in
2 rows, outer bristly, inner longer, feathery.
33: SERRATULA.—Bracts not spinous; anthers not tailed ;
' pappus in several rows of long unequal hairs, the inner
longest.
34. CENTAUREA. — Outer florets usually large, unsymmetrical
and neuter ; pappus in several rows of short unequal hairs, the
second row longest, or rarely absent.
252 COMPOSITA

Sub-Order II. Liguliflore—Florets all ligulate : juice milky

Tribe 8. Cichordcee.—Leaves scattered: florets ligulate, 5-toothed

35. CicHOriuM.—Involucre of 2 rows, inner of 8 scales, reflexed
after flowering : outer of 5 smaller loose scales; pappus a double
row of small chaffy scales.
36. ARNOSERIS.—Bracts about 12 in I row, converging after
flowering ; receptacle flat, naked, pitted; pappus reduced to a
ring.
of LapsANA. — Heads 8—12-flowered ; bracts in 1 row, erect;
receptacle flat, naked ; pappus absent.
38. Pfcris.—Bracts in two rows, the outer smaller and narrow,
the inner equal; receptacle flat, naked; fruit slightly beaked ;
pappus in 2 rows of feathery hairs.
39. Hetminti1a.—With 3—5 leafy bracts below the flower-heads ;
the outer bracts of involucre subulate ; fruzt with a slender beak
longer than itself; pappus in several rows of feathery hairs.
40. Cripis.—Bracts in 2 rows, outer shorter ; receptacle flat,
pitted ; fruzt tapering or beaked ; pappus of many rows of simple
hairs.
4r. HirrAcium.—Bracts many, imbricate, oblong; receptacle
nearly flat, pitted ; fruzt not. beaked; pappus of 1 row of stiff,
brittle, unequal, brownish hairs.
42. Hypocu#&ris.—Bracts many, imbricate, oblong; receptacle
flat, scaly ; fruit rough, often beaked ; pappus feathery, often with
an outer row of short bristles.
43. THrincia.—Bracts 1n one row, with a few additional;
receptacle flat, naked ; fruits shortly beaked, the outer row envel-
oped in the bracts, scarcely beaked and with a short crown-like
pappus; pappus of the other fruits in two .rows, the outer
bristly, deciduous, the inner feathery.
44. LEéNTODON. — Bracts in 2—3 rows, the outer smaller;
receptacle flat, naked ; fruit shortly beaked ; pappus of 1 or 2 rows
of hairs, the inner feathery.
45. TARAXxAcCUM.—Bracts in 2 rows, inner erect, outer often
recurved ; receptacle flat, naked, pitted; fruzt rough, with a long
slender beak ; pappus of white, silky, simple hairs.
46. Lacrtca.—Bracts imbricate, outer shorter ; receptacle flat,
naked ; fruit flattened, generally with a long slender beak ; pappus
of many simple hairs.
47. MuLcEpIum.—Bracts much as in Lactuca; flowers blue;
fruit 4-angled, not beaked but narrowed above and ending ina
ciliate disk; outer hairs of pappus rigid, turning brown, brittle.
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 253

48. SONcHUS.—Bracts imbricate in several rows ; receptacle flat,

naked, pitted ; frwzt much flattened, not beaked; pap pus of many
rows of white, simple, silky hairs.
AQ. TRAGOPOGON, Bracis 8—to, long, narrow, united below;
receptacle naked ; fruzt with longitudinal ridges, and a long slender
beak ; pappus of many rows of feathery hairs.
1. EUpATORIUM (Hemp Agrimony).—Herbs or undershrubs ;
leaves opposite ; heads in corymbose cymes, purplish, few-flowered ;
involucral bracts imbricate, oblong ; receptacle flat, naked ; florets
all tubular and perfect;
styles much longer than
the florets ; pappus hairy.
(Name from Mthriddtes ‘i3
Mis
Nae
Eupator, who is said to se
have brought the plant Ln
into use.) 4
Ben Fe cannabinum Li
(Common Hemp Agri-
mony).—The only Brit-
ish species, a tall downy
plant, 3—6 feet high,
with a reddish _ stem ;
palmately 3 — 5-lobed
leaves with lanceolate
serrate leaflets ; and ter-
minal corymbs of small
crowned heads of dull
lilac flowers, remarkable
for their very long,
deeply-cloven styles.—
Moist places ; common.
EUPATORIUM CANNABINUM
Aromatic, and said to be (Common Hemp Agrimony).
tonic. — Fl. July — Sep-
tember. Perennial.
2. SoLtipAco (Golden-rod).—Herbs or undershrubs; _ leaves
cauline, scattered, simple ; heads in branched cymes, yellow, with
ray-florets ;bracts many, imbricate, adpressed ; receptacle naked ;
pappus of one row of stiff hairs. (Name from the Latin solidare,
to unite, from its supposed value in healing wounds.)
1. S. Virgaurea (Golden-rod).—The only British species, an
erect, little-branched plant, 2—3 feet high, with roughish, angular
stems ; simple, lanceolate, entire or serrate leaves; and con-
spicuous long terminal crowded clusters of small yellow heads.—
254 COMPOSITA

Dry woods; common. On mountainous heaths a variety (var.

cadmbrica) occurs with short stems, broader leaves, and larger
flower-heads.—F|. July—September. Perennial.
3. Betis (Daisy).—Small plants ; leaves usually all radical ;
heads solitary ; bracts in 1 or 2 rows, herbaceous, equal, blunt;
receptacle naked, conical ; ray-florets in 1 row, ligulate, white or
pink ; disk-florets yellow ; fruit compressed ; no pappus. (Name
from the Latin bellus, pretty.)

SOLIDAGO VIRGAUREA (Golden-rod). BELLIS PERENNIS (Common Daisy).

1. B. perennis (Common Daisy).—The only British species ;

leaves obovate-spathulate, fleshy, in a radical rosette ; scape =
4 in. high; ray-florets generally white, tipped with crimson.—
Pastures; very common. A _ universal favourite.—Fl. nearly all
the year round. Perennial.
4. ASTER (Startwort).—Leaves scattered, simple; heads gener-
ally with 1 row of purple, blue, or white ray-florets ; disk yellow;
bracis imbricate, herbaceous; receptacle naked, honeycombed ;
 COMPOSITE FAMILY — 256
fruit compressed, not beaked ; pappus of many rows of stiff hairs.
(Name from the Greek aster, a star.)
1. A. Tripolium (Sea Starwort).—A stout, succulent plant,
1—3 feet high, with lanceolate, smooth, fleshy leaves, and
corymbs of large handsome heads of flowers, the inner florets
yellow, the outer purple—Salt marshes; abundant. Often
rendered unsightly by being covered with mud; but in higher

ASTER TRIPOLIUM (Sea Starwort).

situations a highly ornamental plant.—Fl. July—September. Pe-

rennial.
* Other species occur occasionally, such as A. salignus, natural-
ised at Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire; but they are probably
garden escapes.
5. ErfGERON (Flea-bane).—Differing from Aster mainly in
having 2 or more rows of ray-florets. (Name from the Greek
ért, early, gerén, old, from the early appearance of the grey
pappus. ) ga
1.* E. canadénsis (Canadian Flea-bane).—An erect, corymb-
256 COMPOSITA
osely-branched herbaceous plant, 1—2 feet high, with lanceolate
ciliate leaves and numerous very small dingy yellow heads, with
small purplish-white ray-florets, and a white pappus.—Waste
places; a weed of local occurrence.—Fl. August, September.
Annual.
2. E. dcris (Blue Flea-bane).—A much branched, hairy plant,
1—2 feet high; leaves lanceolate, entire, obtuse ; branches alter-
nate, erect, bearing single heads which are corymbose and have a
pale yellow disk, a dull pale blue-purple vay, and a very long,
tawny pappus.—Dry places and walls; not common.—Fl. July,
August. Biennial.
3. E. alpinus (Alpine Flea-bane)—A hairy plant, 4—8 in.
high, with leaves mostly radical, lanceolate ; and generally solitary,
largish heads with hairy znvolucre, and numerous, narrow, light
purple vay-florets—Breadalbane and Clova mountains: very rare.
—F]. July, August. Perennial.
6. Lrnosyris (Goldilocks).—Differing but little from Aster but
entirely destitute of vay-florets ; disk yellow ; bracts imbricate, her-
baceous ; receptacle naked, honeycombed, with dentate margins to
the pits ;fruzts compressed, not beaked, silky. (Name from the
Greek /znon, flax, and osyris, the toad-flax.)
1. L. vulgaris (Flax-leaved Goldjlocks).—A glabrous, erect,
unbranched, herbaceous plant, r2—18 in. high, with leafy stem ;
linear entire leaves and a few heads of yellow flowers, with no ray,
in a terminal corymb.—Limestone cliffs ; very rare.—Fl. August,
September. Perennial.
7. FinAco (Cudweed). — Slender, woolly plants, with small
scattered entire leaves ; heads minute, in axillary and terminal
clusters ; bracts few, membranous, long, pointed, imbricate ; recep-
tacle conical, with a few chaffy scales at its margin ; florets few, all
tubular, the outer ones without stamens ; pappus of slender, silky
hairs. (Name from the Latin filum,a thread, from the down
covering the whole plant.)
1. F. germdnica (Common Filago or Cudweed).—A singular
little plant, 4—12 in. high, greyish; stem erect, cottony, terminat-
ing in a globular assemblage of heads, from the base of which two
or more branches spring, which are similarly proliferous ; leaves
linear, acute, wavy; heads 20—4o in each cluster, obscurely
5-angled, reddish-brown ; bracts with smooth, yellowish tips—Dry
gravelly places ; common. From its curious mode of branching,
this species was called by the old botanists Herba impza (the
undutiful plant), as if the young shoots were guilty of disrepect
in overtopping the parent.—Fl. July, August. Annual.
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 257

2. F. apiculdta (Apiculate Cudweed).—A taller, more greenish

species, with blunt apiculate leaves ; heads larger than F. ger-
mdnica, to—z20 in a cluster, prominently 5- angled, in clusters
which often appear lateral from the development of only one pro-
liferous branch, and are overtopped by 1 or 2 blunt leaves ; bracts
with smooth reddish tips.—Sandy places; rare. The whole plant
has a smell of Tansy.—Fl. July, August. Annual.
3. FF. spathulata (Spathulate Cudweed).—Another closely allied
species, whitish, shorter, branched lower down ; leaves spathulate ;
heads larger, 8—15 in a cluster, prominently 5-angled, in clusters
overtopped by 2—3 acute leaves;
bracts with smooth yellow tips.—
Dry fields ; not common.—F. July, su ot
August. Annual. ike
4. F. minima (Least Cudweed).
—A smaller, erect, repeatedly
forked, greyish plant, 4—6 in. high ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, ad-
pressed, cottony; heads 3—6
together in terminal and axillary
clusters, brownish-yellow. — Dry
gravelly places; common. — FI.
June—September. Annual.
5." F. gdllica (Narrow-leaved
Cudweed).—A slender, repeatedly
forked plant, with linear acute and
afterwards revolute leaves longer
than the yellowish flower-heads,
which are borne in axillary clusters
of 2—6 together.—Sandy fields in
Essex, Hertfordshire, and Bucking-
hamshire ; not indigenous. — Fi. FILAGO GERMANICA (Common Filago).
July—September. Annual.
8. ANTENNARIA (Everlasting).—Woolly plants with flower-heads
dicecious or nearly so ; florets all tubular ; pappus of one row of
hairs, those of the staminate florets club-shaped. (Name from
the antenn@ of a butterfly which the pappus-hairs of the staminate
florets resemble. )
1. A. dioica (Cat’s-foot, Mountain Everlasting, or Cudweed).—
The only British species, a pretty little plant, 3—6 in. high, with
numerous prostrate shoots; leaves spathulate, apiculate, green
above, cottony below ; heads 2—5, in a corymb, rendered con-
spicuous by the white or rose-coloured involucre, which is of the
S
258 COMPOSIT
texture commonly termed everlasting—Mountain heaths and
sandy places; frequent especially in the north.—Fl. June—
August. Perennial.
*2. A. margaritdcea (White Everlasting of gardens).—An erect,
half shrubby, corymbosely-branched, leafy, cottony plant, 2—3
feet high, with vusmers; linear-lanceolate acute leaves, 3—5 in.
long, smooth above; and small heads of yellowish flowers, with
white zuvolucres, in a compound corymb. It is naturalised in
South Wales, the Channel Islands, and elsewhere.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.
9g. GNAPHALIUM (Cud-
weed).—Woolly plants with
small heads of tubular florets
clustered in terminal or axil-
lary fascicles; bracts ad-
pressed, coloured ; receptacle
flat, naked; outer florets
without stamens ; anthers
tailed ; pappus of one row
of slender, silky hairs.
(Name from the Greek
gnaphdlion, referring to the
woolly down.)
1. G. uligindsum (Marsh
Cudweed).—A small plant
3—6 in. high, much branch-
ed, woolly, white; leaves
narrow, downy, over-topping
the terminal clusters of
heads ; bracts glossy, yellow-
ANTENNARIA DIOica (Mountain Everlasting). ish-brown, — Wet, sandy
places, especially where
water has stood during winter; very common.—Fl. July—
September. Annual.
2. G. luteo-dlbum (Jersey Cudweed).—A taller, less branched
species with heads in dense, leafless corymbs, pale straw-coloured
bracts, and red-tinged florets, is found chiefly in the Channel
Islands. —Fl. July—August. Annual.
3. G. syludticum (Wood Cudweed).—A white cottony plant
about a foot high, with an unbranched stem ; long, narrow, acute
leaves ; and a leafy, distant spike of yellowish heads.—Woods and
gravelly heaths ; common.—Fl. July—September. Perennial.
4. G. norvégicum (Highland Cudweed).—Differing in having
broader leaves, a close spike of heads, and brown bracts.—Occurs
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 259

only on the mountains of the Highlands.—Fl. August. Peren-

nial.
5. G. supinum (Dwarf Cudweed).—A low tufted plant, with
leaves mostly radical, and almost leafless scapes bearing 1—5
heads, also confined to Highland mountains.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.

{NULA HELENIUM (Elecauzpane).

to. INULA (Elecampane).—Mostly stout, stiff, erect plants;

leaves scattered, simple; heads yellow, with a ray; bracts herba-
ceous, imbricate in many rows; receptacle naked; anthers with
two bristles at the base; pappus of one row of hairs. (Name
probably a corruption of Helénula, Little Helen.)
1. I. Helentum (Elecampane).—A stout plant, 3—5 feet high,
slightly branched; Jeaves oblong, wrinkled, downy beneath,
toothed, the lower ones long-stalked, a foot or more in length,
a
260 COMPOSITAZ

the upper ones sessile, amplexicaul ; heads terminal, solitary, or

nearly so, 3 in. across, bright yellow ; bracts broadly ovate, downy.
Meadows ; not common and often only a naturalised escape.
It was formerly cultivated as a tonic, and its rhizome is still
candied and furnishes the Vin d’Aulnée of the French, being
considered valuable in diseases of the lungs.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
2. I. squarrésa (Ploughman’s Spikenard).—An erect, downy
plant, 2---5 feet high ; leaves dull green ; ovate-lanceolate, downy,
toothed, 3—5 in. long, the
lower ones stalked ; heads ina
branched corymb, numerous,
dingy yellow, with leaf-like
bracts, the outer of which are
blunt and revolute, and incon-
spicuous vray-florets. — Banks
chiefly on a calcareous soil ;
not uncommon.—Fl. July—
September. Biennial.
3. I. salicina, a nearly gla-
brous species, 12—18 in. high,
with narrow, toothed leaves
and terminal, solitary heads,
14 in. across, is found only on
the shores of Lough Derg,
Galway.
4. I. crithmoides (Golden
Samphire).—Well distinguish-
ed from every other British
plant, glabrous, yellow-green,
6—18 in. high, - slightly
PULICARIA DYSENTERICA
branched, with numerous very
(Common Flea-bane). narrow, fleshy, blunt or 2——A-
pointed leaves, and_ solitary
golden-yellow heads, 1 in. across.—Salt marshes and sea-cliffs in
the west ; rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

t1. PuticAria (Flea-bane).—Differing from Inula chiefly in

having the bracts loosely imbricate in a few rows, and an outer
row of short scales to the pappus. (Name from the Latin pulex,
a flea, the strong smell of the plant, or its pollen, being supposed
to drive away fleas.)
1. P. dysentérica (Common Flea-bane).—From 1—2 feet high,
growing in masses, and well marked by its woolly stem; soft,
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 261

hoary, oblong, cordate, amplexicaul leaves; and few terminal,

large, flat, golden-yellow feads, with bristle-like bracts and
numerous narrow ray-florets longer than the disk.—Moist places ;
common.—FI. July—September. Perennial.
2. P. vulgaris (Small Flea-bane).—Resembling the last, but not
more than ‘half the size, nor by any means so hoary; stem
hairy ; leaves lanceolate, narrow at the base, sessile, hairy ; heads
nearly solitary, 4 in. across,
with very short, erect ray- f
florets. —Sandy _heaths,
where water has stood, in
the south, but not found
in Scotland or Ireland;
not common.—Fl. August,
September. Annual.
*12. XANTHIUM (Bur-
weed).—A curiously ano-
malous genus with
monececious heads, the
staminate ones having a
few bracts in 1 row, a scaly
receptacle, and numerous
tubular florets with free
anthers ; whilst the carpel-
late ones consist of 2
florets, enclosed within a
spinous involucre which
hardens over their two
fruits, and having no
corolla, (Name from the
Greek xanthos, yellow.)
Bee Ne Prem art wm
(Common Burweed). —- BiDENS TRIPARTITA (Trifid Bur-Marigold).
With cordate, 3-lobed,
toothed leaves and two straight beaks to the fruit, and ;
2.* X.spindsum (Spinous Burweed) with three spines at the
base of each leaf, and a single straight beak to the fruzt, are both
casual escapes.—Fl. August, September. Annual.
13. BfpEeNs (Bur-Marigold).— Glabrous plants with leaves
mostly opposite ; ieads nearly solitary, yellow; bracts in 2 or 3
rows, the outer spreading and often leafy; receptacle flat and
scaly ; ray-florets generally absent, or, if present, in 1 row;
neuter ; fruit compressed, angular, the angles ending in a pappus
262 COMPOSITZ

of 2—s5 barbed bristles. (Name from the Latin dz, double, dens,
a tooth, the teeth on the fruit being themselves toothed.)
1. B. cérnua (Nodding Bur-Marigold).—A somewhat succulent
plant, 1—2 feet high, with stem often reddish ; simple, lanceolate,
serrate, glabrous leaves ; and terminal, solitary, drooping, button-
like heads of brownish-yellow florets, with several leafy bracts, but
rarely any vay-florets. The fruit, which forms a pretty object for
the polariscope, is oblong and terminates in 3 or 4 stiff bristles,
each thickly set with minute recurved barbs, so as to take a firm
hold on the coat of any animal
which comes in contact with
them.—Watery places; fre-
quent. — Fl. July — October.
Annual.
2. B. tripartita (Trifid Bur-
Marigold). — _ Distinguished
from the last by its stalked
3-partite leaves ; smaller, nearly
erect heads, which more often
have ray-florets; and 2, or
rarely 3, bristles on the fruit.—
Watery places; frequent.—Fl.
July—September. Annual.
*14, GALINSOGA, represented
by G. parviflora, an escape from
Kew Gardens, now naturalised
in many places, is a South
American genus, with opposite,
broad, serrate leaves and small .
; heads, the 4—6 short, broad,
NE 2 white ray-florets of which, sur-
ACHILLEA PTARMICA (Sneezewort). rounding the yellow disk, might
lead at first to the heads being
mistaken for flowers of some other Order. (Named in honour
of Don M. de Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist, but corrupted into
“Gallant Soldier.”)—Fl. July—October. Annual.
15. ACHILLEA (Yarrow).—Stiff plants ; leaves scattered ; heads
in corymbs, with few, ligulate, broad, white ray-florets ; flat, scaly
receptacle ; fruit compressed ; no pappus. (Named after Achilles,
with reference to supposed healing properties.)
1. A. Millefolium (Common Yarrow or Milfoil).—Stems very
tough, angular, 6—18 in. high ; leaves bipinnatifid, with a lanceo-
late general outline, woolly or slightly hairy ; leaflets cut into
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 263

hair-like segments ; heads small, white, pink, or red, in dense ter-

minal corymbs.—Pastures and roadsides; very common. The
plant has a strong, slightly aromatic odour, and is said to have the
property of healing wounds. Its clusters of flower-heads might
be supposed, by an unpractised eye, to belong to one of the
Umbelliferee. Fl. May—September. Perennial.
2. A. Ptdyvmica (Sneezewort).— Somewhat taller and more
slender than the last, from which it may be at once distinguished
by its undivided, linear-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous leaves and
larger heads of flowers, of which both disk and ray are white.—
Moist meadows, heaths, &c. ; common.—FI. July, August. Peren-
nial.

16. DidéTis (Cotton-weed).—An erect, branched, woolly plant;

leaves scattered ; heads sub-globose, yellow ; receptacle flat, scaly ;
florets all tubular and perfect ; corolla with two ears or spurs at
its base, which remain and crown the fruit; no pappus. (Name
from the Greek dz, double, ous, otos, an ear, from the structure of
~ the fruit.)
1. D. maritima (Seaside Cotton-weed).—The only species. The
woody rhizome runs deeply into the sand ; the many stout ascend-
ing stems, about a foot high, are branched above, and thickly set
with sessile, oblong, blunt leaves, which, as well as the rest of the
plant, are covered with thick white cotton, and almost hide the
small terminal heads of yellow florets.—Sandy sea-shores ; rare.—
Fl, August, September. Perennial.

17. ANTHEMIS (Chamomile).—Strongly-scented herbs ; leaves

scattered, bi-pinnatifid ; heads solitary ; receptacle flat or convex,
scaly ; bracts with membranous margins, imbricate, in few rows;
ray-florets in 1 row, ligulate, oblong, generally white, or rarely
absent ; fruit not compressed ; pappus represented by a mem-
branous ring. (Name from the Greek anthos, a flower, from the
value of its flower-heads as a medicine.)
1.* A. tinctoria (Ox-eye Chamomile).—A much-branched,
cottony plant, 1—2 feet high, with much-divided leaves and large
heads, with a hemispherical veceptacle and both ray and disk bright
yellow, resembling Chrysdnthemum ségetum.—Fields; not in-
digenous.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.
2. A. Cotula (Stinking Chamomile).—Distinguished by its
strong disagreeable odour; upright, branched stem; leaves
repeatedly cut into hair-like segments, glandular-dotted, smooth ;
heads long-stalked, with long conical receptacle, white, neuter ray-
florets and yellow disk.—Waste places; common. Very acrid,
264 COMPOSITE

blistering the hands of those who gather it.—Fl. June—September.

Annual.
3. A. arvénsis (Corn Chamomile).—A hoary or downy, much-
branched plant ; /eaves cut into hair-like segments, but not dotted
with glands ; heads as in the last, but with conical receptacle and
carpellate vay-florets.— Borders of cultivated fields ; frequent.—FI.
June—August. Annual.
4. A. nobilis (Common
Chamomile).—Stems pros-
trate, much branched;
leaves repeatedly cut into
hair-like segments, slightly
downy; feads as in the
preceding, but drooping
before expansion.—Gravel-
ly and sandy places ; fre-
quent. Distinguished by
its pleasant aromatic smell,
resembling that of fresh
apples, whence is derived
its name of Chamomile,
which in Greek signifies
ground apple. ‘The whole
plant is very bitter, and is a
valuable tonic.—Fl. July—-
September. Perennial.

18. CHRYSANTHEMUM
(Ox - eye). — Herbs or
shrubs ; leaves toothed or
lobed, not decompound;
heads solitary ; bracts with
membranous margins, im-
bricate ; receptacle flat or
convex, naked; ray-florets
ANTHEMIS NOBILIS (Common Chamonizile). in I row, ligulate, carpel-
late, no white or yellow;
pappus. (Name from the Greek chrusos, gold, anthos, a
flower.)
1. C. ségetum (Yellow Ox-eye, Corn Marigold).—Glabrous,
glaucous ; leaves obovate or oblong, acute, toothed and lobed,
the lower pinnatifid and stalked, the upper amplexicaul ; ray-florets
golden-yellow. — Cultivated fields; abundant. The brilliant,
golden blossoms contrast beautifully with the scarlet Poppies and
Fig. 30. Corn-Marigold. ‘Chrysanthemum segetum).
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 265

blue Cornflowers.—F1. June, July, and, in summer-ploughed fields,

again in October and November. Annual.
2. C. Leucdnthemum (Ox-eye Daisy, Moon Daisy).— Erect, slightly
branched, glabrous or nearly so, but not glaucous; lower leaves
stalked and auricled, upper sessile, pinnatifid at the base; bracts
with a narrow dark purple membranous margin ; ray-florets white.
Meadows; abundant. Almost as well known as the common
daisy, and a great favourite with children, who sometimes string

CHRYSANTHEMUM SEGETUM (Yellow Ox-eyve).

the flower-heads on a stout grass-straw, or bit of wire, making a

very fair imitation of the plume formerly worn by soldiers. The
plant is said to be destructive to fleas——Fl. June—August.
Perennial.
1g. MatricAria (Wild Chamomile, Feverfew).— Branched
plants ; leaves much divided into narrow segments, bracts .imbricate,
in few rows; receptacle broad, naked, becoming conical after
flowering ; ray-florets in one row, ligulate, white, or rarely absent;
no pappus.
266 COMPOSITAE

1. M. inodora (Corn Feverfew, Scentless May-weed).—Scent-

less, glabrous; stem erect, branched, angular; leaves sessile,
repeatedly cut into numerous hair-like segments ; heads solitary,
2 in. across; bracts toothed and edged with brown; receptacle
hemispherical, becoming conical; ray-florets white, ultimately
reflexed.—Fields ; abundant.—Fl. June—October. Annual or
Biennial.
2. M. maritima (Sea Feverfew).—Less erect and more fleshy;

MATRICARIA INODORA (Corn Feverfew, Scentless May-weed).

leaf-segments long ; bracts with broad dark margins.—Sea-coast in

the North of Scotland. Perennial.
3. M. Chamomilla (Wild Chamomile). — Aromatic, much-
branched, glabrous plant; leaves bipinnate, repeatedly cut into
very narrow hair-like segments ; heads in corymbs, }—+# in. across ;
bracts without membranous margins ; receptacle conical, elongating
during fruiting, hollow ; ray-florets white, reflexed directly after
flowering, or absent.—Cornfields ; frequent. Its smell is fainter
than that of Anthemis nobilis, and the bracts and hollow receptacle
serve to distinguish it from A. Cotula and Matricdria inodora.—
Fl. June—August. Annual.
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 267

4. M. ‘Parthénium (Common Feverfew).—Pubescent, erect,

branched above, 1—2 feet high ; leaves stalked, pinnate; leaflets
pinnatifid and deeply cut; heads many, corymbose, a in.
across; receptacle convex ; ray-florets white, short and broad.—
Waste- sround ; not very common. Well marked by its repeatedly
cut, curled, delicate green leaves which are conspicuous in mid-
winter, and its numerous small flower-heads. The whole plant
has a powerful and not Be ae odour, which is said to be

TANACETUM VULGARE (Coweron >

particularly offensive to bees. The English name is a corruption

of Febrifuge, from its tonic properties.—Fl. July—September.
Perennial.
.* M. suavéolens, a North American species, with a short,
densely leafy stem; short peduncles ; broad membranous involu-
cral bracts, and no ray-florets, is naturalised in various places.
*20. CdéTULA, represented by C. coronopifolia, is a genus of
branched annuals, with pinnatifid leaves, and small solitary heads
of yellow tubular florets, with 4-lobed corollas. ‘This species 1s
268 COMPOSITE

glabrous, succulent, and creeping, with shining leaves and erect

peduncles 1—2z in. high. It is naturalised near Birkenhead.
21. TANACETUM (Tansy).—Strong-scented herbs or under-
shrubs ; leaves scattered, much divided ; heads solitary or corymb-
ose, sub-globose, yellow; bracts membranous at their edges;
receptacle convex,
naked; florets all
tubular ; fruit angu-
lar, crowned with a
lobed membranous
disk. (Name said to
be from the Greek
athdnaton, immortal.)
1. T.vulgdré (Com-
mon Tansy). — The
only British species,
2—3 feet high; stem
angular, leafy ; leaves
deeply __bipinnatifid,
serrate ; heads many,
bright yellow, button-
like, in a_ terminal
corymb. — Hedges
and waste ground;
common. The whole
plant is bitter and
aromatic, and is not
only used in medi-
cine, but was the
principal ingredient in
a nauseous dish called
Tansy Pudding.—F.
August, September.
Perennial.
ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM (Common Worniwood). 22, ARTEM[SIA
(Wormwood).—Herbs
and undershrubs with a bitter or aromatic taste ; leaves scattered ;
heads small, in racemes or panicles; bracts with membranous
margins ; receptacle naked, narrow ; florets all tubular ; no pappus.
(Name from Artemis, the Diana of the Greeks.)
1. A. Absinthium (Common Wormwood).—A bushy plant, 1—
3 feet high, with silky stems ; leaves twice pinnatifid, with bluntish
segments, silky on both sides; heads many, small, panicled,
Fig. 3l. Colts’-foot i Tussilago Farfara\
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 269

hemispherical, drooping, dull yellow.—Waste ground ; common.

Bitter and aromatic, and much used in rural districts as a tonic.
—Fl. July—September. Perennial.
2. A. vulgaris (Mugwort).—Taller and more slender than the
last, and well distinguished by the absence of aromatic odour,
and the leaves which are green above and white with wool be-
neath and pinnatifid with acute segments; heads reddish- or

TUSSILAGO FARFARA (Co/?'s-foo?),

brownish-yellow.—Hedges, and waste places; abundant. An

infusion of tea of this plant is a rural remedy for rheumatism.—
Fl. July—September. Perennial.
3. A. campéstris (Field Wormwood).—Stems prostrate until
flowering ; leaves pinnatifid, with very slender acute segments,
silky when young, but becoming glabrous.—Sandy heaths in
Norfolk and Suffolk ; rare.—F]. August, September. Perennial.
4. A. maritima (Sea Wormwood).—Somewhat resembling
270 COMPOSIT

A. Absinthium, but smaller ; leaves twice pinnatifid with many, very

narrow, blunt segments, with white down on both sides ; heads in
racemes, drooping or erect.—Salt marshes ; frequent.—Fl. July
—September. Perennial.
5.* A. Stelleridna, a densely white-felted species, with pinnati-
fid leaves, with broad,
obtuse lobes, and a
nearly simple raceme
of large, erect flower-
heads, is naturalised in
places on the coast.

23... TUSSI Res

(Colt’s-foot).—- Rhizome
creeping ; leaves large,
radical ; heads solitary,
yellow, many-flowered ;
bracts narrow, in I row;
receptacle naked; ray-
florets narrow, 1n several
rows ; disk-florets few ;
pappus of slender, silky
hairs. (Name from the
Latin tussts, a cough,
from the use to which
it is applied.)
1. T. Farfara (Colt’s-
foot)—The only
species ; leaves, which
do not appear until
the flower-heads are
withered, — roundish,
cordate, and angular,
cobwebby above, with
dense, white down be-
PETASITES HYBRIDUS (Common Butter-bur). neath } peduncles with
scale-like bracts, elon-
gating after flowering ; heads bright yellow, about 1 inch across,
drooping before expansion ; pappus snow-white.—Clayey fields ;
abundant. A pernicious weed, the leaves of which are made
into cigars for asthmatic persons. The down on their under
surfaces was formerly used as tinder, and the goldfinch fre-
quently lines its nest with the pappus.—Fl. February, March.
Perennial.
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 271

24. Petas{TEs (Butter-bur).—Leaves large, broad, radical, pro-

‘duced after the flowers ; Heads numerous, purplish or white, in a
raceme, many-flowered ; florets all tubular, sub-dicecious. (Name
from the Greek pétasos, an umbrella, from the large size of the
leaves.)
1. P. hybridus (Common Butter-bur).—The only indigenous
species, the largest, and, where it abounds, the most pernicious
of all the weeds which this country produces. Leaves kidney-
shaped, 1—3 feet in diameter, downy, appearing after the flowers ;
heads dull lilac, many flowered, ina raceme, on a short fleshy
peduncle with sheathing bracts terminating in small blades.—
Marshy meadows and river-banks; common. Planted near bee-
hives by Swedish farmers, on account of its early flowering.—FI.
January—March. Perennial.
* P, frdgrans (Winter Heliotrope), with cordate leaves and a
loose panicle of a few dingy but sweet-scented heads with ligulate
fertile florets, flowering very early in January, and *P. albus
(White-flowered Butter-bur), with much smaller, deeply scalloped
leaves and white flowers, are common in shrubberies, almost hiding
the ground with their leaves, thriving beneath the shade of trees
and shrubs, but overpowering all herbaceous plants, and eventu-
ally, it is said, even the shrubs themselves. Both are occasionally
naturalised, the former in the south, the latter in Scotland.
*25. Doronfcum (Leopard’s-bane).—Radical leaves stalked;
cauline leaves scattered, amplexicaul; /eads terminal, nearly
solitary, large, yellow ; bracts in 2 or 3 rows, narrow, acute, equal ;
receptacle conical ; vay-florets in 1 row, ligulate, with no pappus ;
pappus of disk-florets of several rows of stiff hairs. (Name of un-
certain etymology.)
1.* D. Pardalidnches (Great Leopard’s-bane).—Stem 2—3 feet
high, erect, solitary, hairy, hollow; leaves cordate, soft; the
earlier flower-heads overtopped by the later.—Damp, hilly woods ;
rare, not indigenous.—-Fl. June, July. Perennial.
2.* D. plantagineum (Plantain-leaved Leopard’s-bane), differing
in having ovate leaves and solitary heads of flowers, is very rare
and not indigenous.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
26. SENEcIO (Groundsel, Rag-wort).—A large genus of herbs
and undershrubs ; leaves scattered ; heads usually yellow, corymb-
ose, or solitary ; bracts in 1 row, sometimes with a few smaller
scales at their base, narrow, adpressed, herbaceous; receptacle
naked ; ray sometimes absent ; pappus of several rows of soft,
slender hairs. (Name from the Latin senex, an old man, from
the white or grey hairy pappus.)
272 COMPOSIT

1. S. vulgaris (Common Groundsel).—Leaves half-amplexicaul,

deeply pinnatifid, toothed, not sticky; heads few, drooping ;
outer bracts very short, with black points ; ray absent—A common
weed in cultivated ground ; a favourite food of many small birds.
—Fl. all the year round. Annual.
2. S. syludticus (Mountain Groundsel.)—Distinguished from
the last by its larger size, it being 1—z2 feet high and branched;
by being fcetid and slightly sticky ; by its more copiously cut,

\\ (nx
\
NYS NS.
a
SENECIO VULGARIS (Comemon Grounasel).

pinnatifid, often hoary leaves, with narrow, toothed lobes ; and

by its many conical rather than cylindrical heads of dull yellow
flowers, which are in a corymb and sometimes have a few small
rolled back ray-florets.—Dry, gravelly places; common.—F1.
July—September. Annual.
3. S. viscdsus (Viscid Groundsel).—Differing from the pre-
ceding in being more viscid, with glandular hairs, and in having
fewer heads with outer bracts half as long as the inner ones.—Dry
waste places ; local.—Fl. July—September. Annual.
Fig. 32. Ragwort. (Senecio facobeai.
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 273

4.* S. squdlidus (Inelegant Ragwort).—Inappropriately named,

as it is by far the prettiest British species. About a foot high,
much branched ; /eaves irregularly lyrately pinnatifid with narrow
segments, glabrous ; heads few, in a very loose corymb ; outer bracts
few and very short ; ray spreading.—On old walls at Oxford, Bide-
ford, Cork, &c. ; but not indigenous.—F]. June—October. Annual.
5. S. erucifélius (Hoary Ragwort).—About 2 feet high, erect;
stems angular, cottony, with curled hairs ; leaves regularly pinnati-
fid, with slightly rolled back narrow lobes, cottony beneath ; heads
in a dense corymb; outer
bracts half as long as the
inner; ray spreading.—Dry
banks on a limestone or
chalky soil ;not uncommon.
—Fl. July, August. Peren-
nial.
6. S. Jacobea (Common
Ragwort). — Almost _ gla-
brous ; stem erect, 2—3 feet
high ; leaves pinnatifid, gla-
brous, generally lyrate, the
upper ones auricled; heads
large, bright yellow, in a
dense corymb ; vay spreading,
or rarely absent. — Waste
places ; abundant.—F]. June
—September. Perennial.
7. S. aqudticus (Marsh
Ragwort).—Resembling the
last, but of more slender,
looser habit ; radical leaves SENECIO JACOBHA (Common Ragwort).
stalked, undivided, toothed;
cauline leaves irregularly lyrately pinnatifid; heads in a loose
corymb.—Wet places ; abundant.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.
8.* S. sarracénicus (Broad-leaved Ragwort).—Stem erect, 3—5
feet high, smooth, solid ; leaves lanceolate, irregularly serrate,
sessile, or nearly so, glabrous; heads many, in loose downy
corymbs ; ray-florets few.—Moist meadows; locally naturalised.
—Fl]. July, August. Perennial.
9. S. paludésus (Great Fen Ragwort).—A large aquatic plant,
5—6 feet high; stem slightly cottony, hollow ; leaves lanceolate,
sharply serrate, cottony beneath ; heads in loose corymbs; ray-
florets many.—Fens in the eastern counties; rare.—Fl. May—
July. Perennial.
at
274 COMPOSITE

10. S. palustris (Marsh Fleawort).—A stout plant, 2—3 feet

high, shaggy ; stem hollow ; leaves sessile, broadly lanceolate, half-
clasping, the lower ones wavy and toothed; heads many, in a
crowded corymb; with no outer scales to the znuvolucre ; ray
spreading.—Fens in the eastern counties; rare.—Fl. June July.
Biennial.
t1. S. tntegrifolius (Field Fleawort).—A small, shaggy plant,
6—S in. high, with an unbranched stem; radical leaves shortly
stalked, oblong, nearly
entire ; cauline leaves
lanceolate ; heads 1—6
in a simple corymb.—
Chalky downs; rare.—
Fl. May, June. Peren-
nial.
12. S. spathultfolius
(Maritime Fleawort).—
An allied species, 1—3
feet high, shaggy and
unbranched, with spathu-
late radical leaves and
large, clasping cauline
leaves.—Occurs on rocks
near Holyhead. — FI.
June, July. Biennial or
Perennial.
13." &: Cinerdna-oa
Mediterranean species,
with leaves densely
white-felted beneath, is
naturalised in co. Dublin,
where it hybridizes with
S. Jacobea.

CARLINA VULGARIS (Conemon Carline Thistle). 27- CaRL{NA (Carline

Thistle).—Stiff, spinous
plants ; leaves pinnatifid ; outer bracts leafy, spreading, with spinous
teeth, zaner longer, narrow, chaffy ; receptacle flat, deeply pitted;
florets all tubular ; corolla 5-toothed ; anthers tailed; fruit silky,
with bifid hairs ; pappus in 1 row, branched and feathery. (Name,
the same as Carolina, from a tradition that the root of one species,
C. acaulis, was shown by an angel to Charlemagne as a remedy for
the plague which prevailed in his army.)
1. C. vulgdris (Common Carline Thistle).—The only British
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 275

species, readily distinguished from every other British Thistle by

the long zmner bracts of the tnvolucre, which are straw-coloured
and glossy, and spread in a radiate manner so as to resemble
petals. In dry weather they lie flat, but when the atmosphere
is moist, they rise and form, as it were, a penthouse over the
florets. ‘Their texture is like that of Everlasting Flowers; hence
they scarcely alter their
appearance when dead,
and, as the whole plant is
remarkably durable, they
often retain their form and
position till the succeeding
spring. On the Continent
the large white flower-head
of one species, C. acaults,
is often nailed upon cottage
doors by way of a hygro-
meter, as it closes before
rain. — Dry heaths. — F1.
June—October. Biennial.

28. Arctium (Burdock’.

—Stout, erect, branching
plants, with very large,
stalked, cordate leaves; a
globose involucre of long,
stiff, spreading, spinous,
hooked bracts; flat, scaly
receptacle ; florets all tubular
and perfect ; anthers tailed ;
pappus in several rows of
short, simple hairs. (Name
from the Greek arktos, a
bear, from the rough burs.)
1. A. Laéppa (Great Bur-
dock).—A large and stout ARCTIUM MiNuS (Lesser Burdook).
herbaceous plant, remark-
able for the picturesque character of its large, wavy leaves, which
are often introduced by artists into the foreground of their land-
scapes. The petioles are solid; the flower-heads long-stalked, in
a loose corymb, hemispherical, very large ; zmvolucre glabrous and
green, Or sometimes interwoven with a white, cottony substance ;
florets purplish-red. Waste places; not uncommon. The hooked
spines of the involucre attach the heads when in fruit to the coats
jee
276 COMPOSITA

of animals, so that they are conveyed to a distance.—Fl. July,

August. Biennial.
2. A. nemordsum (Wood Burdock).—A smaller species ; leaves
coarsely crenate ; petioles hollow ; heads smaller, sub-sessile, ovate,
in a raceme, usually 3 together on a branch ; heads webbed.—
Local.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.
3. A. minus (Lesser Burdock).—A still smaller form, with
coarsely-toothed, radical leaves; hollow petioles; and_ shortly-
stalked, globular “heads, not exceeding # in. across, sub-racemose;
involucre green, slightly webbed.—Waste places ; the commonest
form.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.
4. A. pubens (Intermediate Burdock).—A form of intermediate
size, about 3 feet high, with crenate radical leaves, a slender tube
in the petioles, and slightly-stalked, sub-racemose, hemispherical
heads, twice as large as those of A. minus, with purplish and
usually much webbed zzvolucres.—Waste places ; not uncommon.
—Fl. July, August. Biennial.

29. CARbDuus (Thistle).—Erect herbs ; leaves spinous-toothed,

decurrent, forming very spinous wings to the stem; :nvolucre
globose, of many, imbricate, spinous bracts; receptacle deeply
pitted, scaly ; florets all tubular ; filaments free, hairy ; fruit com-
pressed ; pappus in many rows of long, equal, shining, white
hairs. (Name, the Latin name of the group.) -
1. C. pycnocéphalus (Slender-flowered Thistle).—Stems 2—4
feet high, slightly-branched, hoary, with broad, continuous,
deeply-lobed, spinous wings ; leaves cottony beneath ; heads many,
clustered, cylindrical, small ; bracts glabrous, subulate, very long,
erect ; florets pink. Sandy waste places, especially near the sea ;
frequent.—Fl. June—August. Biennial.
2. C. nutans (Musk Thistle).—A very handsome plant, about
2 feet high, witha furrowed, cottony stem, interruptedly winged;
leaves deeply-lobed, spinous, woolly on the veins beneath ; heads
large, solitary, drooping; bracts lanceolate, spinous-pointed,
cottony, the outer ones reflexed ; florets crimson.—Waste places,
especially on chalk downs ; frequent. ‘The flowers have a power-
ful musky odour. Fl. May—October. Biennial.
3. C. crispus (Welted Thistle)—A branched, very spinous
plant, 3—4 feet high ; stem continuously winged ; heads small,
erect, clustered, roundish; bracts linear, erect, or spreading,
webbed, slender ; florets deep purple, or sometimes white.—FI.
June—August. Annual or Biennial.
4. C. lanceolétus (Spear Plume-Thistle).—Stem 2—5 feet high,
winged by the decurrent spinous leaves; leaves pinnatifid, with
Pig: 33. Musk Thistle. (Carduus nutans).
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 277

bifid lobes, the segments lanceolate, entire, and ending ina strong
spine, white and downy beneath ; heads terminal, mostly solitary,
sometimes 2 or 3 together, stalked, egg-shaped, about an inch
across ; bracts lanceolate, spinous, spreading, woolly; florets dull
purple-—Waste places and hedges; abundant.—Fl. July—
October. Biennial.
5. C. ertophorus (Woolly-headed Plume-Thistle).—Stem 3—5

CARDUUS NUTANS (Thistle). CARDUUS LANCEOLATUS (Sfear Plume Thistle).

feet high, not winged ; leaves half clasping at the base ; heads 2—
3 in. across, globose, with a thick white wool and long reflexed
spines to the zmvolucre—Waste ground on calcareous soil ; local.
—Fl. July—September. Biennial.
6. C. palustris (Marsh Plume-Thistle).—The tallest of British
Thistles, 3—10 feet high, consisting of a single, stout, hollow
stem, branched towards the summit, and spinously winged through-
out by the decurrent leaves, which are thickly armed with short,
often brownish, spines and are usually downy beneath ; heads
278 COMPOSITE

small, egg-shaped, in a terminal leafy cluster ; bracts adpressed,

slightly webbed ; florets deep crimson, or sometimes white.—
Moist places ; abundant.—Fl. July—September. Biennial.
7. C. tuberdsus (Tuberous Plume-Thistle).—Root of spindle-
shaped, tuberous fibres; stem 2 feet high, single, erect, round,
hairy, leafless above ; leaves not decurrent, deeply pinnatifid,
fringed with minute prickles ; heads generally solitary, large, egg-
shaped ; florets crimson.—Grows only in Wiltshire.—Fl. August,
September. Perennial.
8. C. pratensis (Meadow Plume-Thistle).—A small plant, 12—

cARDUUS PALUSTRIS (Marsh Plume Thistie).

18 in. high, with fibrous roots ; a cottony stem, giving off runners ;
few leaves, mostly radical, soft, wavy, fringed with minute spines,
not decurrent; and generally solitary heads, with adpressed,
slightly cottony bracts and crimson florets.—Wet meadows ; not
general.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
9. C. heterophillus (Melancholy Plume-Thistle).—Stem 2—4 ~
feet high, erect, cottony, furrowed, slightly branched above, with
runners ; leaves large, clasping, not decurrent, serrate with minute
spines, smooth above, white and downy beneath ; head large,
%
‘‘
Bs

'

Dwarf Plume-thistle {Carduus acaulis\

Marsh Plume thistle 'Carduus palustris)
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 279

solitary, egg-shaped, handsome ; bracts downy; florets red-purple.

—Moist mountain pastures.—F 1. July—September. Perennial.
10. C. acaulis (Ground Thistle).—A low plant, stemless, or
nearly so, and so readily distinguished from all other British
species ; radical leaves pinnatifid, spinous, glabrous ; head solitary,
almost sessile ; florets crimson.—Dry gravelly or chalky pastures ;
not generai, but abundant in many southern districts.—Fl. July
—September. Perennial.
11. C. arvensis (Creeping Plume-Thistle)—A handsome weed,
2—4 feet high, with a creeping rhizome; stem erect, leafy,
angular, not winged; Jeaves sessile, pinnatifid, wavy, very
spinous; heads numerous, stalked, corymbose; bracts broad,
adpressed, spinous-pointed ; florets dingy light purple, musk-
scented, dicecious, the staminate ones in sub-globose, and the
carpellate ones in egg-shaped heads, the two forms of the plant
growing in separate patches.—Fields ; very common.— Fl. July—
September. Perennial.
Besides these species there are several hybrids between them.
30. ONoPORDUM (Cotton-Thistle).—Differing from Cadrduus
mainly in its honeycombed ae ders and 4-angled fruit. (Name
of ben origin.)
O,. Acanthium (Seccish thistle),—A stout, hoary, or woolly
aoe 4—5 feet high; stem erect, branched, with a broad
spinous wing to its summit ; leaves wavy, pinnatifid, decurrent,
woolly on both surfaces; heads many, large, globose, cobwebby ;
bracts green, recurved, fringed with minute spines ; florets pale
purple.— Dry waste places, especially inthe south. Cultivated as
the national emblem in Scotland.—Fl. July—September.
Biennial.
31. Sitysum (Milk-Thistle).—-Represented by the species S.
Maridnum, is not an indigenous genus. It was called by the
early botanists Cdrduus Marie, or “Our Lady’s Thistle,” and is
a stout, glossily glabrous plant, 2—4 feet high, with white veins to
its large leaves ; large globose heads of rose-coloured florets;
united filaments, and a pappus of many rows of silky white hairs.
Waste places.— Fl. June, July. Biennial.
32. SAUSSUREA.—Herbs, not spinous, with heads of bluish-
purple, perfect, tubular florets, in corymbs; bracts imbricate, in
many rows, not spinous; receptacle flat, scaly ; anthers tailed ;
pappus in 2 rows, the outer bristly, the inner longer, feathery.
(Named in honour of the two de Saussures, Swiss naturalists.)
1, §, alpina (Alpine Saussurea). —The only British species,
280 COMPOSITA

8—r12 in. high, downy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, toothed,

cottony beneath ; heads 2—3 in. across, in a dense terminal
corymb ; involucre ovoid, woolly ; florets light purple, scented like
Heliotrope.—Alpine mountains ; rare.—Fl. August. Perennial.
33. SERRATULA
(Saw - wort), — Herbs
with simple, sometimes
pinnatifid, serrate leaves,
and generally dicecious
heads, with imbricate,
not spinous bracts, a
scaly receptacle, florets
all tubular, crimson or
white, anthers nearly, or
quite, without tails, and
a pappus of several
rows of unequal stiff
hairs, the inner longest.
(Name from the Latin,
meaning saw - toothed,
with reference to the
leaves. )
1. S. tinctoria (Com-
mon Saw-wort).—The
only British species, a
slender plant, 1—2 feet
high, with a stiff, erect,
angular stem, slightly
branched above ; leaves
deeply lyrately pin-
natifid and - serrate;
heads few, small, in a
Y\\ loose corymb; outer
3 bracts smooth, adpress-
ed; inner tinged with
red ; florets crimson.—
SERRATULA TINCTORIA (Common Saw-wort). Pastures; frequent.—
I]. August. Perennial.
_ 34. CENTAUREA (Knapweed).—Wiry herbs with leaves some-
times spinous ; heads egg-shaped or globose ; bracts imbricate,
adpressed, membranous, or sometimes spinous, or fringed;
receptacle flat, bristly ; florets all tubular, but the outer usually
large, unsymmetrical, and neuter. (Name from the Centaur
 —

Fig. 35
Cornflower. Brown Radiant Knapweed
(Centaurea Cyanus) (Centaurea Jacea)
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 281

Chiron, who is fabled to have healed wounds with some such

lant.)
: 1. C. Jdcea (Brown Radiant Knapweed) is a garden escape, with
crimson florets, the outer ones larger ; pinnatifid outer bracts, and
irregularly jagged inner ones.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.
2. C. nigra (Black Knapweed Hard-head).—A tough-stemmed
plant, 1—2 feet high; lower leaves toothed, often with a few
small lobes at the base, upper narrow, tapering ; heads terminal,

CENTAUREA CYANUS and C. CALCITRAPA (Corn Blue-bottle and Star-Thistle).

globose, with, or more commonly without, a ray ; bracts brown or

almost black ; the outer ones egg-shaped and fringed with spread-
ing bristles ; florets deep crimson; pappus very short, tufted.—
Meadows ; abundant.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.
3. C. Scabtdsa (Great Knapweed, Matfellon).—Larger and
stouter than the last, from which it is distinguished by its
pinnatifid leaves, almost always rayed heads, bracts downy, with a
broad brown fringed tip and margins, bright crimson florets, and
longer pappus,— Dry pastures ; common.—Fl. July—September.
Perennial.
282 COMPOSITA

4. C. Cyanus (Cornflower, Blue-bottle).—One of the prettiest of

flowers, 1—2 feet high; stem erect, slender, grooved, slightly
branched, cottony; Jeaves linear-lanceolate, the lower ones
todthed ; heads about an inch across; involucre egg-shaped,
cobwebby ; bracts with toothed, membranous margins ; receptacle
with silvery bristles ; ray-florets few, large, bright blue ; disk-florets
with dark purple anthers.—Cornfields ; frequent. When mixed
with Poppies and yellow Corn-marigolds, it forms as brilliantly
coloured a bouquet as can be imagined. Children sometimes
string the outer florets with a needle and thread into a wreath,
which, when pressed, will
a i(4 Pe retain its colour for a long
~~ HP\ MY TH hl My
while. Recently expanded
\\
flowers should be chosen,
\\
\" iyi or they will fade.—Rose-
coloured, white, and dark
purple varieties are com-
mon in gardens, and are
occasionally found wild.
—Fl. July, August ; and,
in turnip-fields, again in
October and November.
Annual or Biennial.
5. C. paniculdta, with a
loosely corymbose stem,
rather cottony, and cylin-
dric heads of pinkish
florets, and
6. C. aspera, a prostrate
species, with long, slender
branches, linear leaves, ter-
cicHérium intyBuS (Wild Chicory, or Succory). minal, solitary heads, a7=5
spines to each outer bract,
and purple florets, are confined to the Channel Islands.
7. C. Calcitrapa (Common Star-Thistle).—A stout, spreading,
stiff, branched species; leaves pinnatifid, bristle-pointed ; heads
lateral, sessile ; bracts each ending in a long, stiff, spreading,
yellow spine, channelled along its upper surface; florets rose-
purple.—Gravelly and sandy places in the south; rare. The
spines resemble the cruel iron instrument called Caltrops, which
was used to lame cavalry horses in war, the instrument being so
constructed that, in whatever position it lies, one point sticks
upwards.—Fl. July, August. Annual.
8.* C. solstitialis (Yellow Star-Thistle), with stems winged by the
 i Fig. 36.
f Chicory.
é (Cichorium Intybus),
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 283

decurrent bases of the entire hoary leaves and terminal heads, with
very long, needle-like spines and yellow florets, occurs as a
casual in cultivated land.—Fl. July—September. Annual.
35. CicHORIUM (Chicory).—Stout herbs with a milky juice.
leaves simple, radical, and scattered ; heads axillary ; outer bracts
5, small, adpressed ; immer 8, reflexed after flowering; florets all
ligulate, 5-toothed ; pappus a double row of small, chaffy scales.
(Name of Classical origin.)
1. C. Intybus (Succory, Ray
or Wild Chicory).—Well QE:
distinguished by its tough, ¥
angled, alternately branch- Be
ing stems, clasping leaves, UY) =
and large heads of delicate 4
blue, ligulate florets, each J ~~~ |
of which is distinctly 5- ~. \ \\\_ ff
toothed. — Waste places, / {\\) \ o.
especially on chalk. Sit /\ *\ \ )
James Edward Smith, the ' |
founder of the Linnean ), — Wy / /
Society, thus alludes to his \\ ~__\\WV/ 2
early attraction to this —— -
beautiful flower :—‘* From
the earliest period of my
recollection, when I can
just remember tugging in-
effectually with all my
infant strength at the tough
stalks of the Wild Succory,
on the chalky hills about
Norwich, I have found the
study of nature an increas-
ing source of unalloyed |
pleasure, and a consolation LAPSANA COMMUNIS (Common Nipplewort).
and a refuge under every
pain.” —Fl. July—October. Perennial.
36. ARNOSERIS (Lamb’s Succory).—A small plant with milky
juice ; radical leaves and a few small heads of yellow florets with an
involucre of about 12 bracts, converging and strongly keeled after
flowering. (Name from the Greek arnos, a lamb, seris, succory.)
1. A. minima (Lamb’s or Swine’s Succory).—The only species ;
stem branching cymosely, each branch overtopping its predecessor,
thickened and hollow upwards, 3—8 in. high ; leaves radical,
284 COMPOSITE

obovate, toothed ; heads terminating the branches, } in. across.—

Dry places ; rare.—Fl. June—August. Annual.
37. LapsAna (Nipplewort).—Slender, erect, branched plants
with milky juice; scattered leaves; and small heads of 8—12
yellow florets, with 1 row of erect bracts. (Name, an old Latin
name. )
1. L. communis (Common Nipplewort).—The only British

PICRIS HIERACIOIDES (Hawk-weed Picris).

species; a branched, leafy plant, 2—3 feet high; radtcal leaves

broadly lyrately-pinnatifid, stalked ; cauline leaves small, dentate ;
heads numerous, + in. across ; bracts linear, stiff, keeled.—Waste
places and hedgerows ; abundant.—Fl. July, August. Annual.
38. Picris.—Hispid, branched plants with a milky juice;
leaves mostly scattered, simple, toothed ; heads of yellow ligulate
florets, with bracts in 2 rows; fruit brown, curved, transversely
wrinkled ; pappus of 2 or more rows of feathery hairs. (Name
from the Greek picros, bitter.)
1. P. hieraciotdes (Hawkweed Picris).—A slender, erect plant,
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 285

2—3 feet high, corymbosely branched above; stems rough with

hooked bristles ; leaves narrow, rough, and toothed; heads
numerous, yellow, 1 in. across, with bracts on the peduncles.—
Waste places ;common.—Fl. July—-September. Biennial.
39. HetmfintiA (Ox-tongue).—A branched plant, with milky
juice and stiff bristles rising from swollen bases ; heads large,
terminal, yellow, with 3—5 leafy cordate bracts below them;
involucral bracts in 2 rows, the outer ones subulate, adpressed,
those in each row equal ; fruit with a slender beak longer than
itself ;pappus in several rows of feathery hairs. (Name from the
Greek helmins, a worm, from the shape of the fruit.)
1. H. echioides (Bristly Ox-
tongue).—A_ stout, much-
branched plant, 2—3 feet
high, well distinguished by
its numerous prickles, each
of which springs from a raised
white spot, and by the 5 large
ovate-cordate bracts below
each of the terminal heads
of yellow flowers.—Waste
places ; common.—Fl. June
—October. Annual.
40. CREPIS (Hawk’s-
beard). — Branched plants
with a milky juice; leaves
chiefly radical; heads small,
in panicles, yellow, or tinged
with red ; bracts many, linear,
in 2 rows, the outer shorter; yetmint1a EcHIOIDES (Bristly Ox-tongue).
fruit tapering or beaked ;
pappus of many rows of simple hairs. (Name said to be the
Greek krepis, a slipper; but, if so, apparently inappropriate.)
1. C. fe&tida (Fetid Hawk’s-beard).—A hispid plant, about a
foot high, branched from below ; leaves runcinate ; peduncles long,
thickened upwards, bracteate ; heads corymbose, drooping when
in bud, 2 in. across, bright yellow ; fruits many-ribbed, with long,
slender beaks, those in the centre longer.—Chalky places in the
south-east ; rare.—Fl. June, July. Biennial.
2. C. taraxacifélia—A hispid plant, 1—2 feet high, branched
above; stem ribbed and furrowed, stained with red; leaves
runcinate ; peduncles very slender, not thickened above ; heads
erect when in bud, yellow, the outer florets brownish-red beneath ;
 286 COMPOSITA

fruits slender, all equally long-beaked. —Calcareous soils ; local.—

Fl. June, July. Biennial.
3.* C. setosa—Occurring as an introduced plant, chiefly in
clover-fields, is hispid, 1-3 feet high; stem erect, branched from
the base, angular, furrowed, and leafy; upper leaves large,
sagittate ; peduncles slender, stiff, deeply grooved, not thickened
above ; heads erect when in bud; fruzts slender, all equally long-
beaked. — Fl. July, August.
a (Yr ai f~, Annual or biennial.
Si Ze gH 4. C. capilldris (Smooth
mie \ Hawk’s - beard). — A_ variable
\ | plant, 6 in. to 3 feet in height,
x glabrous below; stem much
My branched, furrowed; upper
leaves linear, sagittate ; heads
numerous, sub- corymbose, +—#
in. across, yellow ; outer bracts
adpressed, linear, inner ones
smooth within; fruit not
beaked ; pappus silky.—Waste
ground and cottage-roofs ; com-
mon.—Fl. June—September.
Annual.
5. C. biénnis (Biennial
Hawk’s-beard).—A stout hispid
plant, resembling C. taraxact-
folia, but not red-stained 3 stem
1—4 feet high, channelled;
leaves large, runcinate, irregu-
larly lobed; heads #—1 in.
across ; outer bracts spreading,
inner downy. within ; fruit
slender, but not beaked.—
créris CAPILLARIS (Smooth Hawk’s-beard. Chalky soils in the south ;irare-
7
—T]. June, July. Biennial.
6. C. mollis (Blunt-leaved Hawk’s-beard).—A slender plant,
2—3 feet high; leaves oblong, blunt ; heads few, yellow; bracts
with glandular hairs, the outer ones short, adpressed ; fruit many-
ribbed, not beaked.—Woods in the north; rare.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.
7. C. paludésa (Marsh Hawk’s-beard).—A slender, unbranched,
mostly glabrous species, about 2 feet high; stem angular, leafy ;
leaves large, runcinate, with tapering points, the lower ones
stalked ; the upper ones heart-shaped at the base, clasping ;
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 287

peduncles very slender ; heads few, corymbose, yellow, erect in

bud ; bracts with black glandular hairs ; fruit slender, many-ribbed,
not beaked; pappus of stiff, brittle, brownish hairs.—Damp
woods, mostly in the north.— Fl. July—September. Perennial.
41. HrerActum (Hawkweed).—Perennial plants with milky
juice, often hairy ; leaves chiefly radical; heads yellow, or rarely
orange ; bracts many, imbricate, unequal; receptacle nearly flat,
without scales, pitted; anthers not tailed; fruit not beaked;
pappus of 1 row of stiff,
brittle, unequal, simple,
brownish hairs, often with
a crenate disk below.
(Name from the Greek
hierax, a hawk.) The most
difficult genus in a difficult
Order, and one in which
botanists do not at all agree
as to what constitutes a
species. Bentham recog-
nised , about . 7 - British
species, Sir Joseph Hooker
12, and Mr. F. J. Hanbury
enumerates 104 as species,
arranged under 15 groups.
This large number, most of
which are rare forms from
the Scottish mountains,
arises from the recognition
of minute characters which
prove constant under culti-
vation. ‘Variable as the urerdcium prtostita (Mouse-ear Hawhkwee7).
genus is,” says Sir Joseph
Hooker, ‘‘it is a curious fact that the sequence of the species is so
-obvious as to have been recognised by all botanists ; and that
this sequence represents to a very considerable extent the spread
of the species in altitude and area in the British Isles.” The
following are amongst the most common and marked types :—
1. H. Pilosélla (Mouse-ear Hawkweed).—A silky plant with
long, soft hairs, and slender leafy runners ; leaves mostly radical,
oblong or obovate, entire,, stellately hoary underneath ; heads
solitary, on scapes 2—1I0 in. high, bright lemon-yellow or reddish-
brown beneath.—Dry banks; common.—Fl. May—-August.
Perennial.
288 COMPOSITE

2.* H. aurantiacum (Orange Hawkweed).—A garden escape,

larger than the last, often without runners, and readily recognisable
by its deep orange flower-heads which are collected in a dense
corymb and have dark bracts.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
3. H. murorum (Wall Hawkweed).—A very variable plant, 1—
2 feet high, usually more or less hairy, sometimes glaucous, with
a rosette of ovate radical
leaves, and rarely more than
one leaf on the stem, some-
times none; heads 2—6
together, each generally less
than an inch across, yellow.
—Walls, rocks, heaths ; com-
mon.—Fl. June—Septem-
ber. Perennial.
4. H. vulgdtum (Common
Hawkweed).—Another very
variable plant, from 12—18
in. high ; radical leaves nar-
row, in a loose rosette,
lanceolate, toothed, with the
teeth pointing towards the
apex, often spotted with red ;
cauline leaves few ; heads
many, panicled or corymb-
ose, about an inch across,
yellow ; znvolucre hoary with
down.—Woods and banks;
common.—Fl. July—Sep-
tember. Perennial.
5. H. borealé (Shrubby
Hawkweed). — As variable
as the preceding species,
2—-4 feet high, with stiff,
ascending branches; stem
HYPOCHERIS RADICATA (Long-rooted Cat's-ear). usually hairy below, with
stellate down above, often
reddish, leafy ; no radical leaves ; cauline leaves lanceolate, toothed ;
heads many, in a leafy corymb; peduncles woolly ; tnvolucre
blackish-green, nearly glabrous.—Woods and banks ;common.—
Fl. August, September. Perennial. |
6. H. umbelldtum (Narrow-leaved Hawkweed). — A tall,
remarkably erect, unbranched plant, 1—4 feet high; stem stiff,
leafy, hairy below; leaves sessile, linear, toothed; heads in a
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 289

terminal, almost umbellate, corymb, large, yellow ; peduncles with

stellate down, slender, stiff, bracteate; zmvolucre usually dark
green, glabrous, with recurved tips.—Stony thickets ; common.—
F]. July—September. Perennial. j
_ 42. Hypocuris (Cat’s-ear).—Plants witha milky juice ;. leaves
all radical, pinnatifid ; bracts many, imbricate, oblong; receptacle
flat, scaly ; florets all ligulate, yellow ; fruit rough, beaked ; pappus

THRINCIA NUDICAULIS (Hairy Thrincia).

of 1 row of feathery hairs, usually with an outer row of shori

bristles. (Name of Greek origin, supposed to indicate its fitness
for hogs.)
1. H. glabra (Smooth Cat’s-ear).— An almost glabrous plant, 3—
ro in. high ; leaves spreading in a circle on the ground, oblong;
scapes several, branched ; heads small, yellow ; znvolucre as long
as the florets.—Dry gravelly places ; not common.—Fl. June—
August. Annual.
2. H. radicdta (Long-rooted Cat’s-ear).—A hispid plant, about
a foot high ; leaves all radical, blunt, sinuate, or runcinateiy pin-
U
290 -COMPOSITA
natifid, bristly ; peduncles long, branched, smooth, slightly swollen
above, and with a few scales; heads large, yellow; znvolucre
shorter than the florets—Hedges and waste places ; common.—
Fl. June—September. Perennial.
3. H. maculdta (Spotted Cat’s-ear).—A hispid plant, about
a foot high; leaves
obovate, not lobed,
toothed, rough, often
spotted above; heads
seldom more than one,
large, deep yellow ;
bracts fringed with
curly hairs. —Chalky
and limestone hills;
rare.—Fl. July, August.
43. THRINCIA. —
Herbs’ with milky
‘b, }

juice ; leaves radical;

heads on scapes, yel-
low ; bracts in 1 row,
with a few additional ;
receptacle flat, naked;
fruits shortly beaked,
the outer row envel-
oped in the bracts,
scarcely beaked and
with a short crown-like
pappus ; pappus of the
other fruits in 2 rows,
the outer bristly, de-
ciduous, the inner
feathery. (Name from
—
,
re
AK y)
the. Greek thrincos, a
battlement, from the
LEONTODON AUTUMNALIS form of the pappus of
(Autumnal Hawk-bit).
the outer fruits.)
1. T. nudicaulis (Hairy Thrincia)—A small plant, 4—6 in.
high ; leaves spreading, more or less lobed, rough, with forked or
simple bristles ;peduncles leafless, unbranched, somewhat hairy,
often purplish ; heads less than an inch across, yellow, drooping
when in bud.—Dry places ; common.—Fl. June— September.
Biennial.
44. Leéntopon (Hawk-bit).—Herbs with milky juice; leaves
Fig. 37 { Hairy Hawkbit. | Thrincia nudicaulis). |
i ~ | Smooth Hawkbit. (Leontedon auiumnalis).
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 291

all radical, obovate, toothed or pinnatifid; heads on scapes,

yellow ; bracts in 2 or 3 rows, the outer smaller ; receptacle flat,
naked ; fruit scarcely beaked, pappus of 1 or 2 rows of stiff hairs,
the inner feathery. (Name from -he Greek leon, a lion, odous,
odonios, a tooth, from the runcinate leaves.)
1. L. hispidus (Rough Hawk-bit).—A similarly hispid plant,
often with forked hairs; Jleaves cblong-lanceolate, runcinate;
peduncles fewer, longer, more swollen above than in the preced-
ing, green ; heads 14 in. across, drooping when in bud, yellow.
Meadows and waste places; common.—Fl. June—September.
Biennial.
2. L. autumndlis (Au-
tumn Hawk-bit).—A tall
plant, 2—3 feet high;
leaves narrow, toothed or
pinnatifid, only hairy on
the ribs beneath; scape
branched, bracteate,
swollen above; heads
large, erect when in bud,
deep-yellow ; pappus of a
single row of brownish
feathery hairs.— Meadows
and cornfields; abund-
ant.—Fl. July—Septem-
ber. Perennial.

45. TARAXACUM (Dan-

delion).—Herbs with a
milky juice ; leaves all TARAXACUM OFFICINALE (Common Dandelion).
radical, runcinate ; pedun-
cles hollow, leafless, unbranched ; heads solitary, yellow; bracts
in 2 rows, the inner erect, the outer often recurved ; receptacle flat,
naked, pitted, becoming more convex in the fruit stage; fruzt
ribbed, with a long, slender beak ; pappus of white, silky, simple
hairs in many rows. (Name from the Greek, referring to its
medicinal character.)
1. T. officindleé (Common Dandelion).—A nearly glabrous plant,
with a long black tap-root, well distinguished by the above
characters, especially the runcinate leaves, smooth, hollow
peduncle, and reflexed outer bracts. The heads, when in fruit, be-
come globular, and are known to children, who amuse themselves
by blowing off the separate fruits, as What’s o’clocks, or Clocks.
Dandelion, from the French Dent-de-lion, lion’s tooth, is the name
U2
292 COMPOSITA

applied by the unobservant to many other yellow-flowered mem-

bers of the Order. Meadows; abundant. The dandelion is a
valuable medicine, and is also eaten as a salad—Fl. March—
October. Perennial.

LACTUCA MURALIS (/uy-leaved Lettuce).

46. Lacrtca (Lettuce).—Erect, leafy herbs, with a milky juice ;

leaves scattered, the upper ones often auricled ; heads generally
small, in a panicle, yellow ; bracts imbricate, the outer shorter ;
receptacle flat, naked ; florets usually few ; fruit flattened, gener-
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 293

ally with a long, slender beak; pappus of many simple hairs.

(Name of Classical origin, referring to the milky juice.)
1. L. virdsa (Acrid Lettuce).—An acrid, glaucous, prickly plant,
2—4 feet high; leaves spreading horizontally, with bristles along
the mid-rib beneath, the lower ones often spotted with black, the
upper ones clasping, with downward-pointing auricles; heads
small, pale yellow, in a loose, slender spreading panicle; fruit
black.—Dry banks ; not uncommon.—F1. July, August. Biennial.
2. L. Sérriola (Prickly Lettuce).—A closely allied species, less
prickly, with more erect branches and leaves, the upper leaves
sagittate and clasping, grey fruit and a less acrid juice.—Waste
places; rare. This may be the origin of the Garden Lettuce
(L. sativa).—F]. July, August. Biennial.
3. L. saligna.—A slender, less bristly, almost glabrous plant,
with upper leaves linear, entire, acuminate, hastate at the base, and
heads in lateral tufted clusters.—Chalky places in the south-east,
especially near the sea ; rare.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.
4. L. murdlis (Ivy-leaved Lettuce).—A slender, glabrous plant,
1—2z feet high, leafy below; stem round, hollow; leaves lyrately
pinnatifid, variously cut, glaucous beneath, auricled ; heads small,
yellow, in a slender, angular, spreading panicle, each containing
5 florets, and so resembling a flower with 5 petals ; fruit black.—
Old walls and woods; not uncommon.—Fl. June—September.
Biennial.
47. MuLc£pium (Blue Sow-thistle).—A succulent plant with
milky juice, unbranched ; Jeaves cauline, diminishing upwards ;
heads numerous, ina raceme, blue; bracts imbricate, the outer
shorter, lax; receptacle flat, naked; fruit 4-angled, not beaked
but;narrowed above and ending in a ciliate disk ; outer hairs of
pappus rigid, turning brown, brittle. (Name from the Latin
mulgeo, I milk, referring to the juice.)
1. M. alpinum (Blue Sow-thistle)—A very handsome plant,
about 3 feet high, succulent, unbranched, and leafy, with pale
blue heads, 1 in. across, in a raceme, grows on the Clova mountains,
but is rare.
48. Séncuus (Sow-thistle).—Herbs with milky juice, generally
succulent ; leaves scattered, toothed or pinnatifid ; heads yellow,
in corymbs; bracts imbricate in several rows; receptacle flat,
naked, pitted; fruzt much flattened, not beaked; pappus of
many rows of white, simple, silky hairs. (Name of Greek origin,
said to refer to its juice being wholesome ; but this is doubtful.)
1. S. olerdceus (Common Sow-thistle, Milk-thistle).— Usually
glabrous, 2—3 feet high, erect, branched; stem hollow; leaves
294 COMPOSITE
more or less pinnatifid, toothed, often prickly, the upper ones
clasping, with spreading sagittate auricles ; fruit ribbed and trans-
versely wrinkled.—Waste places, and as a weed in gardens ;
common. This plant is a favourite food for rabbits.—Fl. June --
August. Annual.
2. S. dsper (Rough Sow-thistle) has more spinously-toothed
leaves with rounded auricles, and ribbed, but not transversely

f i ie,

= Ne

SONCHUS OLERACEUS (Common Sow-thistle, Milk-thistle).

wrinkled, fruit.—It occurs under the same circumstances as the

preceding, and is almost as common.-—Fl. June— August.
Annual.
3. S. arvénsis (Corn Sow-thistle).—Stem 2—4 feet high, tubular,
angular, usually unbranched below; leaves variable, waved,
almost spinous, glaucous beneath, the lower ones runcinate,
heart-shaped at the base, the upper ones with rounded auricles ;
heads corymbose, large ; involucre and peduncles hairy with glan-
dular hairs.—In similar situations with the last, from which it
Fig. 38. Goat's Beard (Jack-go-to-bed-at-noon).
(| Tragopogon pratensis.)
 COMPOSITE FAMILY 295

may be distinguished by its much larger flower-heads and generally

unbranched stem.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.
4. S. palustris (Marsh Sow-thistle).—A much taller plant than
either of the preceding, growing 4—7 feet high, unbranched ;
leaves narrow, arrow-shaped at the base, finely toothed ; heads
corymbose, large, lemon-yellow ; znvolucre
and peduncles hairy with glandular hairs.—
Marshes in the south-east ; very rare.
49. TRAGoPOGON (Goat’s - beard). —
Erect, glabrous, generally unbranched
herbs with a milky juice ; leaves scattered,
entire, sheathing ; heads solitary, yellow or
purple ; bracts 8—1o, long, narrow, in one
row, united below ; receptacle naked ; frutt
with longitudinal ridges and_a long, slender
beak ; pappus of many rows of feathery
hairs. (Name from the Greek tragos, a
goat, pogon, a beard.)
1. TI. pratensis (Goat’s-beard, Jack-go-
to-bed-at-noon),—An erect, glaucous plant,
about 2 feet high, with very long, tapering,
channelled, grass-like leaves ; flower-stalks
slightly thickened above ; zmvolucre about
as long as, or longer than the florets ; heads
solitary, large, yellow, closing at noon;
pappus feathery, on a long stalk, interlaced
so as to form a kind of shallow cup.—
Meadows and waste places; common.—
F]. June, July. Biennial.
2.* T. porrifolius (Salsify), resembling
the last, but with purple heads, though not
a British species, is occasionally found in
moist meadows. It was formerly much
cultivated for the sake of its fleshy tap-root,
which was boiled or stewed, forming a — ,acopdcon PRATENSE
very delicate esculent; but its place is (Vellow Goat's-beard).
now supplied by Scorzonéra hispdanica.

§§ Stamens on the ovary (epigynous)

Orv. XLII. CAMPANULACEZ.—THE BELL-FLOWER FAMILY
A considerable Order of herbaceous or slightly shrubby plants,
with a bitter, acrid, milky juice, which chiefly inhabit the
temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. They have
296 CAMPANULACEE

mostly scattered, exstipulate Jeaves and conspicuous blue, white,

or rarely red, flowers, which, except in the genus Lobelia, are
polysymmetric. The sepals, petals, and stamens are 5 each, the
calyx being gamosepalous, superior, and persistent, the corolla
epigynously calycifloral, polysymmetric, except in Lobelia, and
withering on the fruit, and the stamens alternating with the lobes
of the corolla, and in Jasioné and Lobélia united by their anthers,
There are 2—5 carpels united in a 1, 2, or more-chambered
inferior ovary, with a single hairy style, simple or lobed stigma,
and numerous ovules in each chamber, the placentation being
axile. The fruit is a dry capsule, crowned by the withered calyx
and corolla, and splitting, or opening by valves, at the side or
top. Many species of the Order are highly ornamental ; but few
are valuable either as food or medicine. Theroots of Campanula
Rapunculus were fornerly cultivated for the table, under the name
of Rampions or Ramps. Lobélia is more acrid than the other
genera, the rare British species L. wrens, deriving its name from
the blistering properties of its juice. The North American
species, L. znfldta (Indian Tobacco), is useful in small doses in
asthma, but in large doses is a powerful emetic and narcotic
poison. JL. cardindlis (Scarlet Cardinal), one of our most
brilliantly-coloured garden flowers, is also very acrid. Some
species of this genus contain a good deal of caoutchouc.
1. LospéLt1a.—Corolla bi-labiate, the upper lip split to the base
of the tube ; anthers cohering in a tube.
2. Jasfont.—Flowers in heads ; corolla rotate with linear lobes;
anthers united at the base.
3. WAHLENBERGIA.—Corolla polysymmetric, campanulate,
5-fid ; anthers free; capsule half-superior, 3-chambered, opening
by valves at the top.
4. PHytEtUMa.—Corolla polysymmetric, 2-lipped, with 5 long
linear segments ; anthers free ; capsule 2-—3-chambered, bursting
at the sides.
5. CaMPANULA.—Corolla polysymmetric, campanulate, 5-fid ;
anthers free; capsule 3—5-chambered, opening by lateral pores
below the sepals. r
6. Lecotsia.—Corolla polysymmetric, rotate; anthers free;
capsule long, 3—5-chambered, opening by lateral pores between
the sepals.

1. Lopéiia.—Herbs with their flowers in terminal racemes;

calyx superior, 5-fid ; corolla bi-labiate, the upper lip split to the
base into 2 erect or recurved lobes, the lower with 3 pendulous
lobes ; stamens 5, epipetalous, with united anthers ; capsule 2—3-
Fig. 39 Sheep’s-bit. \Jasione montanan.,
 BELL-FLOWER FAMILY 297

chambered, 2—3-valved. (Name from Matthias de Lobel, a

Flemish botanist of the sixteenth century, who lived for many
years at Highgate.)
1. L. Dortmdénna (Water Lobelia)—A submerged aquatic
plant, forming a matted base at the bottom of the water ; leaves
all radical, almost cylindrical, of 2 parallel tubes ; scape slender,
erect, cylindric, almost leafless,
hollow, rising above the water ;
flowers distant, drooping, pale O YR
lilac, bracteate. — Mountain \\
lakes with gravelly bottoms,— XQ |
Fl. July, August. Perennial. V 4
2. L. urens (Acrid Lobelia).
—Stem angular, leafy, with an
acrid, milky juice ; leaves obov-
ate, toothed; flowers purple,
erect or spreading, with long
bracts. — A heath near Ax-
minster, Devon; very rare.—
Fl. August, September. Peren-
nial.
2. JASf{oNE (Sheep’s-bit).—
Herbs with both radical and
cauline leaves ; flowers small, in
terminal heads, with an in-
volucre of many bracts; calyx
5-fid; corolla rotate, deeply
divided into 5 linear lobes;
stamens 5, united by their
anthers ; capsule 2-chambered,
2-valved.. (Name of uncertain
origin.)
1. J. montdna (Sheep’s-bit,
Sheep’s Scabious).—The only ;
British species, about a foot LOBELIA DORTMANNA (Water Lobelia).
high, and strongly resembling a
Scabious or one of the Composite, but differing from the former
in its united anthers, and from the latter in its 2-chambered
capsule. The leaves are oblong, blunt and hairy; the heads of
flowers lilac-blue-—Dry heathy places; common. The whole
plant, when bruised, has a strong and disagreeable smell.—FI.
June—September. Perennial.
3. WAHLENBERGIA (Ivy-leaved _Bell-flower).—A _ slender
298 CAMPANULACE
herbaceous plant, closely resembling the genus Campanula, with a
campanulate, 5-fid corolla and 5 free anthers; but with a half-
superior ovary which splits when in fruit by valves above the
sepals. (Named in honour of Dr. George Wahlenberg, a Swedish
botanist.)
1. W. hederdcea (Ivy-leaved Bell-flower).—An exquisite little
plant with straggling, thread-like stems, 4—6 in. high, or when

JAS{ONE MONTANA (Sheep's Scabious).

among grass or rushes climbing by their help to a height of 12 in.

or more ; leaves stalked, palmately 5-lobed, of a remarkably fine
texture and delicate green ; flowers solitary, on long stalks scarcely
thicker than a hair, slightly drooping, pale blue-—Wet peaty
places in the south, often growing with the Bog Pimpernel and
the Cornish Moneywort, plants scarcely less beautiful than itself.
—Fl. July—September Perennial.
4. PHyTEUMA (Rampion).—Herbs with both radical and
cauline deaves and flowers in dense spikes or heads, with an
 BELL-FLOWER FAMILY 209

tnvolucre of several bracts ; calyx superior, 5-fid ; corolla polysym-

metric, rotate, deeply divided into 5 long linear segments;
filaments broad at the base ; anthers free ; capsule 2—3-chambered,
bursting at the sides. (Name apparently connected with the
Greek phuton, a plant.)
1. P. orbiculdré (Round-headed Rampion).—A singular plant,
consisting of a solitary, erect, leafy stalk, about a foot high, with
stalked, ovate, crenate radical leaves and few sessile, linear,

WAHLENBERGIA HEDERACEA (/uy-leaved Bell-flower).

cauline ones ; flowers deep blue in a globose terminal head, which

becomes oblong when in fruit.—Chalky downs in the south-east ;
local.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
2. P. spicdtum (Spiked Rampion).—A taller species with
oblong heads of cream-coloured flowers, formerly cultivated for
the sake of its edible root, is found only in Sussex.—Fl. May—
July. Perennial.
5. CAMPANULA (Bell-flower).—Herbs with usually stalked
radical leaves; cauline leaves scattered ; calyx superior, 5-fid ;
corolla bell-shaped, with 5 broad and shallow lobes ; filaments
300: CAMPANULACE

broadat the base; anthers free; capsule not elongated, 2—s-

chambered, opening by lateral pores below the sepals. (Name a
diminutive from the Latin campana, a bell.)
1. C. glomerdta (Clustered Bell-flower).—A stiff, erect plant,
3—18 in. high; stem simple, roughish, leafy ; leaves: crenate,
rough, the lower stalked and heart-shaped at the base, the upper
sessile, embracing the stem; flowers nearly sessile, deep violet-
purple, funnel-shaped, erect, in terminal and axillary clusters,

PHYTEUMA ORBICULARE (Round-headed Rampton).

each # in. across.—Dry pastures, especially on a chalky soil;

frequent.—F1. July—October. Perennial.
2. C. Trachélium (Nettle-leaved Bell-flower, Wild Canterbury
Bells)—A remarkably rough plant, 2—3 feet high, with angular
stem ; leaves very like those of the nettle, strongly serrated and
bristly, stalked, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers in axillary clusters
of 2—3, on short stalks which are recurved when in fruit, large, 3
in. or more across, blue-purple, lighter than C. glomerdta, bell-
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Eee AO. ' Harebell. (Campanula rotundifolia).
 BELL=-FLOWER FAMILY gor

shaped —Woods and hedges; frequent.—Fl. July—October.

Perennial.
3. C. latifolia (Giant Bell-flower).—A stout species, 3—4 feet
high, with furrowed stem; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
doubly-serrate, hairy, lower ones stalked; flowers very large,
stalked, bell-shaped, deep blue or white, hairy within.—Woody
glens in Scotland ;common ; less common in England.—FI. July,
August. Perennial.
4. C. rapunculoides (Creeping Bell-ht —A downy plant,
1—2 feet high, with runners ; leaves
unequally crenate-serrate; flowers in
a long raceme with small bracts,
large, bright blue, drooping, all on one
side of the stem.—Hedges; very
rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
5. C. rotundifolia (Harebell).—A
glabrous plant, with a slender, angular
stem ; radical leaves, roundish, kidney-
shaped, notched, stalked, very soon
withering ; cauline leaves very narrow,
tapering ; flowers in a raceme, droop-
ing, about an inch across, light blue,
or rarely white—Heaths and dry
places; abundant. This species is
the Bluebell of Scotland; but the
name Harebell is sometimes incor-
rectly applied to the Wild Hyacinth,
the Bluebell of England (Endymion
non-scriptum). The specific name
rotundifolia (round-leaved) seems in-
appropriate when we only look at the
cauline leaves, which are long and
narrow; but is peculiarly applicable at an EP
to the radical ones, as they appear in pany Tee i, Ray
winter and early spring, at which
season Linnzus is reported to have noticed them on the steps of
the University at Upsala.—FI. July—September. Perennial.
6.* C. persicifolia, a glabrous species, 1—2 feet high, with
round stem, with runners; smooth, leathery, slightly serrate,
narrow leaves; large, often solitary, blue or white flowers with
entire lanceolate sepals, occasionally occurs as a naturalised plant
in woods.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
7. C. Rapunculus (Rampion).—A tall species, 2—3 feet high,
with angular stem and clustered panicles of rather small, erect,
302 VACCINIACE

pale blue flowers with awl-shaped recurved sepals.—Gravelly and

sandy places in the south; local.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.
8. C. patula (Spreading Bell-flower), distinguished by its rough
stem, loose panicles of wide, cup-shaped, purplish-blue flowers and
awl-shaped sepals toothed at the base.-—Hedges and copses,
chiefly in the west ; local.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.

6. Lrecotsta (Venus’ Looking-glass).—Small herbs with purple

or white flowers; corolla polysymmetric, rotate; anthers free ;
capsule long, 3—5-chambered, opening by lateral pores above the
middle or between the sepals. (Name from the provincial French
name Legouz, possibly connected with gousse, a pod.)
1. L. hybrida (Wild Venus’ Looking-glass).—A small plant,
4—12 in. high, with a rough, wiry, angular, seldom-branched
stem; oblong, rough, wavy leaves; small, terminal flowers with a
calyx much longer than the purple rotate corolla ; and an elongated,
generally triangular cupsule tapering at both ends.—Cornfields,
chiefly in the south._—Fl. June—September. Annual.

Orp. XLIII. Vaccin1AcE&.—THE CRANBERRY

FAMILY

Small shrubby plants, inhabiting temperate regions, especially

mountainous and marshy districts. Leaves scattered, simple, often
evergreen ; calyx superior, of 4—6 lobes, which are sometimes so
small as to be scarcely perceptible ; corolla 4—6-lobed, urceolate,
bell-shaped or rotate; stamens 8—12, free, epigynous ; anthers
opening by 2 terminal pores, and often furnished with 2 bristle-
like appendages which act as levers in the process of insect-
pollination ; ovary 4—10-chambered, surmounted by a flat disk ;
style simple ; fruit a true berry, juicy ; seeds small, many in each
chamber of the ovary. By some botanists these plants are placed
in the same Order as the Heaths, from which they differ chiefly
in having an inferior ovary. The leaves and bark are astringent,
the berries slightly acid and agreeable to the taste. Cranberries,
the fruit of Schoéllera Oxycoccus and S. macrocadrpus, are largely
imported, the former from Russia, the latter from Chicago, for
making tarts. Several members of the Order are cultivated for
their pretty flowers.
1. Vaccfntum (Whortleberry).—Low shrubs with scattered,
often evergreen, leaves; calyx superior, 4—5-lobed, sometimes
with the lobes so short as to be scarcely perceptible ; corolla cam-
panulate or urceolate, 4—5-fid; stamens 8—10 ; anther-chambers
 CRANBERRY FAMILY 303

prolonged upwards into tubes ending in pores; Jerry globose,

4—5-chambered, many-seeded. (Name of doubtful etymology.)
1. V. Vitis-idéa (Cowberry, Red Whortleberry).—A low, strag-
gling shrub with evergreen inversely egg-shaped leaves, resembling
those of the Box, dotted beneath, the margins rolled back;
flowers pink, in terminal
crowded drooping clusters ;
corolla 4-cleft ; anthers with-
out bristles; berries red.
— Mountainous sheaths,
chiefly in the north.—Fl.
June, July. Perennial.
2. V. uligindsum (Bog
Whortleberry. or Great
Bilberry). — Siem woody,
rounded ; leaves not ever-
green, inversely egg-shaped,
entire, glaucous, and
strongly veined beneath;
flowers small, pale pink;
anthers with two bristles at
the back ; berry small, dark
blue, glaucous. — Moun-
tainous bogs in the north.
Fl. May, June. Perennial.
3. V. Myrtillus (Whor-
tleberry, Bilberry, Whin-
berry).—A small branched
shrub, 6--18 in. high; stem
acutely angular ; leaves not
evergreen, egg-shaped, ser-
rate; flowers _ solitary,
drooping, nearly globular,
flesh-coloured, wax-like, 6
larger than in the last; ©
: ~ - VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS
anthers with two bristles > (Whortleberry, Bilberry, Whinberry).
berry dark blue, glaucous,
larger than in the last.—Woods ; abundant. The berries, which
are popularly known as whorts, have an agreeable taste, and are often
made into tarts ; but when thus used are rather mawkish unless
mixed with some more acid fruit.— Fl. April—June. Perennial.
4. V. Oxycoccus (Cranberry, Marsh Whortleberry).—A very low
plant, with very slender, stra: gling, wiry, prostrate stems, rooting
at intervals ; leaves evergreen, egg-shaped, revolute, glaucous
304 ERICACEE

beneath ; flowers solitary, terminal ; corolla bright red, rotate, with

4 long, linear, reflexed segments; berries dark red.—Peat-bogs,
principally in the north.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.

Series II. HYPOGYNA—Orp. XLIV.—LXI

Ovary superior
§ Stamens free
Orv. XLIV. ErickcE#.—THE HEATH FAMILY
A large Order, mostly of shrubs and small bushy trees with
evergreen, often rigid, mostly opposite or whorled, simple leaves.
Many of them are remarkable for their ‘ social” nature, large
tracts of country being often entirely covered with a few species,
and known from this as ‘“heaths.” They are most abundant in
South Africa, and are, therefore, often called ‘‘Cape plants” by
gardeners ; whilst other genera are so distinctively North Ameri-
can as to give rise to the name “‘ American garden,” for borders
in which they are grown. They are common also in South
America, in Europe, and in the mountainous parts of Asia,
chiefly outside the Tropics. Their flowers are mostly polysym-
metric; the calyx inferior, 4—5-cleft, persistent ; corolla hypo-
gynous, usually urceolate or campanulate, 4—5-cleft, often
withering and remaining attached to the plant ; stamens in equal
number to the segments of the corolla, or twice as many, inserted
with the corolla, or slightly attached to its base; anthers opening
by pores, and generally furnished with two bristle-like appendages ;
ovary superior, many-chambered, many-ovuled, with a hypogynous
disk ; style single, straight; fruit 3—5-chambered, dry or succu-
lent, many-seeded. The extensive genus Evica (Heath) contains
no species possessing useful properties ; but briar-root pipes are
made from E. arbérea, the name briar being a corruption of the
French bruyére. The Common Ling, or Heather (Calluna
vulgaris), is astringent, and is sometimes used in dyeing ; its tough
branches are a common material for brooms; its flowers are a
favourite resort of bees; and its buds, shoots, and seeds enter
largely into the food of moor-fowl. Of the plants belonging to
the Order which produce juicy, berry-like fruits, the fruit is, in
some instances, edible. Arbutus Unedo bears an abundance of
handsome fruits, which, when thoroughly ripe, are not unpalatable,
and which, from their outward resemblance to strawberries, give
the plant its English name, Strawberry-tree. Some species,
especially of Kdlmia and Azdlea, possess dangerous narcotic
properties. ‘The Canadian partridge is stated to be poisonous
 HEATH FAMILY 305

to human beings after feeding on Kalmia berries, and the honey

which poisoned Xenophon’s Greeks during the famous retreat
of the Ten Thousand was probably that of Azdlea pontica, which
still grows on the shores of the Black Sea and is known to possess
this property.
1. ArBuUTUS.—Leaves broad; corolla globose, deciduous ; sta-
mens 10 ; frutt fleshy, tubercled, 5-chambered, many-seeded.
2. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.—Fruzt fleshy, smooth, 5-chambered, 5-
seeded ; otherwise like Arbutus.
3. ANDROMEDA.—Fruit a dry, 5-chambered, 5-valved capsule ;
otherwise like Arbutus.
4. CaLLUNA.—Leaves small; sepals 4, coloured, longer than
the corolla; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, persistent; stamens 8;
capsule 4-chambered, septicidal ; seeds few in each chamber.
5. Erica.—Leaves small ; sepals4 ; corolla bell-shaped, tubular,
or urceolate, 4-cleft, persistent ; stamens 8; capsule 4-chambered,
loculicidal ; seeds many in each chamber.
6. AzALEA.— Leaves small ; sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each;
corolla bell-shaped, deciduous ; capsule 2—3-chambered, septi-
cidal.
7. BryANTHUS.—Sepals 5 ; corolla urceolate, 5-fid, deciduous;
stamens 10 ; capsule 5-chambered, septicidal.
8. Dapoécia.—Sepals 4; corolla urceolate, 4-fid, deciduous;
stamens 8 ; capsule 4-chambered, septicidal.
g. PyroLa.—Herbs ; leaves chiefly radical, broad; sepals 5;
petals 5, free, incurved; stamens 103; capsule 5-chambered,
loculicidal.
to. Monéses.—Petals united ; anthers prolonged into tubes;
otherwise mainly like Pyrola.
1. ARBUTUS (Strawberry-tree).—Trees or shrubs with scattered,
broad, usually evergreen leaves ; flowers in terminal panicles, 5-
merous ; corolla globose, deciduous; stamens 10; fruit fleshy,
tubercled, 5-chambered, many-seeded. (Name, the Classical
Latin name of the plant.)
1. A. Unedo (Strawberry-tree).—A beautiful evergreen tree with
a rough, reddish bark; large elliptical, tapering, smooth, serrate,
deep-green leaves; numerous terminal clusters of drooping creamy-
white flowers ; and nearly globular, scarlet, berry-like fruits, rough
with minute hard grains.—About the lakes of Killarney, abundant
and truly wild; common in English gardens, and naturalised
about Clifton. ‘The flowers are in full perfection when the fruit
of the preceding year is ripening; and then the tree presents
its most attractive appearance. The fruit is so much less agreeable
x
306 | ERICACE

to the taste than to the eye as to have originated Pliny’s name

Unedo, ‘‘ One-I-eat,” as if no one would wish to try a second ; but
birds are very fond of it.—Fl. September, October. Perennial.
2. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS (Bear-berry).-—Prostrate under-shrubs with
smaller leaves; but only differing essentially from Arbutus in
having a smooth fruit with only one seed in each of its 5 chambers.
(Name from the Greek arctos, a bear, staphulé, a grape.)
1. A. alpina (Black Bear-berry).—A small, prostrate shrub;
leaves obovate, serrate, thin, wrinkled, shortly stalked, not ever-
green ; flowers white ; fruit fleshy,
smooth, black.—Dry barren
spots on Highland mountains ;
rare.—Fl. May—July. Peren-
nial.
2. A.. Uva-urst (Red Bear-
berry).—Resembling the pre-
ceding in its mode of growth,
but the leaves are entire, leathery,
and evergreen, turning red in
autumn ; flowers rose-coloured;
and fruit scarlet.—Mountainous
Pe
uae ny al | >
heaths in the north ; °
abundant.
FES
FPA Wu ARQ {' »-, The leaves are used in medicine
as an astringent, and the fruit is
a favourite food of moor-fowl.—
Fl. May, June. Perennial.
. ANDROMEDA.— Shrubs and ©
trees, differing from Arbutus
mainly iin their dry, 5-chambered,
i, s-valved capsule. (“Named in
ARBUTUS UNEDO (Strawberry-tree). allusion to the fable of Andro-
meda, who was chained to a rock,
and exposed to the attack of a sea-monster ; so does this beautiful
tribe of plants grow in dreary and northern wastes, feigned to be
the abode of preternatural monsters.”—Sir W. J. Hooker.)
1. A. Polifolia (Marsh Andromeda).—The only British species,
a small, leafy, evergreen shrub with slender, prostrate stems,
scattered lanceolate leaves, revolute and glaucous beneath, and
terminal clusters of stalked, drooping, pink flowers.—Peat- ‘bogs,
chiefly in the north.—FI. May—September. Perennial.
CaLLUNA (Ling, Heather).—A much-branched under-shrub
sith small, opposite, imbricate leaves ;numerous, stalked, bracteate,
 HEATH FAMILY 307

small flowers ; calyx of 4-coloured sepals, longer than the corolla;

corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, persistent, lilac; stamens 8; capsule
4-chambered, septicidal; seeds few in each chamber. (Name
from the Greek kalluno, I cleanse, from the use of the twigs to
make brooms.)
1. C. vulgaris (Ling, or Heather).—The only species. The
small Jeaves are mere or less downy (sometimes even hoary), and,
being arranged in opposite and decussating
pairs, give the stem a 4-sided appearance. \
There are 4 small green bracts below each +
flower, and 4 rose-coloured sepals concealing
the very small, bell-shaped, 4-cleft corolla. i?
Heaths and moors; abundant. The flowers ENE
persist long after the fruit is ripe, often, indeed, Le
until the next year’s flowering. A beautiful “2&8 ®
double-flowered variety has been found in
Cornwall.—Fl. June—August. Perennial. X

5. Erfca (Heath).—Wiry, much-branched “ v% P

under-shrubs with small, narrow, stiff, generally At ff wy,
y Ce: WN J |
whorled leaves ; bracteate flowers; sepals 4; RS SR
corolla bell-shaped, tubular or _ urceolate; LFF \
stamens 8;: capsule 4-chambered, 4-valved,a FAN
loculicidal, and septifragal. (Name from the Wars
Greek eretke.) ' VA ye
1. E. cilidris (Ciliated Heath).—By far the ay SS
most beautiful of all the British species ; leaves :
3 or 4 in a whorl, downy above, glaucous
beneath ; flowers in terminal, interrupted, one- iV
sided, spike-like racemes, ovoid, half-an-inch Wy
long, crimson, enclosing the sfamens.—Sandy NZ
heaths, Cornwall; near Corfe Castle, Dorset; ‘t
and Galway.—Fl. June—September. Peren-
nial.
2. E. Tétralix (Cross-leaved Heath.—Well (ing,orpares
distinguished from all other English species by
its narrow, fringed leaves being placed cross-wise, and by its
terminal, one-sided heads of drooping, rose-coloured flcwers. The
part of the flower nearest the stem is of a lighter colour than that
which is exposed, where it deepens to a delicate blush, the whole
flower appearing as if modelled in wax. It is sometimes found
of a pure white. Heaths; abundant.—Fl. July—September.
Perennial.
3. E. Mackdyt (Mackay’s Heath), differing in being more
“2
308 ERICACEE

bushy, more glabrous, with broader leaves, and more numerous

heads of smaller flowers, occurs only in Connemara.
4. E. cinérea (Fine-leaved Heath).—The commonest British
species, a bushy plant, with tough, wiry stems, very narrow, smooth
leaves, 3 in a whorl; and ovoid, deep rose, or sometimes white,
flowers in irregular, whorled, leafy clusters, not confined to one
side of the stem.—Heaths; abundant.—Fl» July—September.
Perennial.

ERICA TETRALIX, E. CILIARIS, E. VAGANS, avd E. CINEREA.

5. E. vdgans (Cornish Heath).—Stems much branched, 2—g feet

high, very leafy in the upper parts; leaves 3—5 in a whorl,
crowded, very narrow, smooth; flowers light red, rose-coloured,
or pure white, bell-shaped, in a leafy, regular, tapering cluster;
stamens forming a ring outside the corolla until they have shed
their pollen, when they droop to the sides, dark red in the red
varieties ; light red in the white.—Covering many thousands of
acres on the Goonhilley Downs, and on other heaths on the
serpentine of the Lizard in Cornwall, almost to the exclusion of
E. cinerea and E. Tétralix.—Fl. July—September. | Perennial.
 HEATH FAMILY 309

6. E. mediterrdnea (Mediterranean Heath), with leaves 4 in a

whorl, a coloured calyx, pink corolla, and less prominent anthers,
well known as a garden plant, occurs also in Connemara,—-F.
April, May. Perennial.
6. AzALEA,—A small, trailing shrub with small, opposite leaves;
sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each; corolla bell-shaped, deciduous ;

| ,

‘ i
ERICA TETRALIX (Cross-leaved Heath). ERICA CINEREA (/ine-leaved Heath).

capsule 2—3-chambered, septicidal. (Name from the Greek

azaleos, parched, arid, from the character of the places in which
it grows.)
1. A. procumbens (Trailing Azalea)—The original and only
Azalea of Linnzus, very different in habit from most of the plants
cultivated under the name of Azaleas. The stems are prostrate
and tangled ; the Jeaves small, smooth, rigid, and evergreen, with
the margins remarkably rolled back; the flowers flesh-pink, in
310 ERICACE

terminal tufts, with red peduncles and sepals.—Highland moun-

tains.—F1. May, June. Perennial.
7. BryvAntHus (Menziesia).—Small, evergreen shrubs with
scattered leaves and few drooping, umbellate flowers ; sepals 5;

ERICA VAGANS (Cornish Heath). PYROLA MEDIA (/utermediate Winter-green).

corolla urceolate, 5-fid, deciduous ; stamens 10; capsule 5-cham-

bered, septicidal. (Name from the Greek bruon, a moss, anthos,
a flower.)
1. B. certleus (Scotch Menziesia).—A small shrub, naked
below, very leafy and hairy above ; leaves crowded, shortly stalked,
 HEATH FAMILY 311

linear, minutely toothed, revolute; flower-stalks covered with

glandular hairs ; flowers in terminal tufts, lilac—Sow of Athol,
Perthshire ; very rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
8. Daxsokcia (St. Daboec’s Heath).—A small, evergreen shrub
with scattered leaves and drooping flowers in terminal, 1-sided,
loose, leafy racemes ; sepals 4; corolla urceolate, 4-fid, deciduous ;
stamens 8; capsule 4-chambered, septicidal. (Named from St.
Daboec, an Irish saint.)
1. D. cantdbrica (St. Daboec’s Heath, Irish Menziesia).—The
only species, a small shrub with ovate, revolute leaves, bright green
and glossy above, white and downy beneath ; and large, crimson,
or sometimes white, flowers.— Mountainous heaths in Connemara ;
rare.—Fl. August. Perennial.
g. PYRoLa (Winter-green).—Herbaceous plants with slender,
creeping rhizomes; short, almost woody, unbranched stems ;
simple, smooth, evergreen, broad, chiefly radical leaves ; flowers in
a bracteate raceme, drooping to one side; sepals 5, persistent;
petals 5, free, incurved ; stamens 10; capsule 5-chambered, loculi-
cidal. (Name, a diminutive from Pyrus, a pear, from a fancied
resemblance in their leaves.)
1. P. rotundifolia (Round-leaved Winter-green).—Leaves entire
or slightly crenate, on long, slender stalks ; flowers numerous, pure
white in a long raceme ; style longer than the petals, bent down,
and, at the extremity, curved upwards.—Moist woods ; rare.—FI.
July—September. Perennial.
2. P. média (Intermediate Winter-green).—Flowers less ex-
panded than in the preceding, milk-white, tinged with pink ; style
erect, nearly straight, longer than the stamens, projecting beyond
the corolla——Woods ; local.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
3. P. minor (Lesser Winter-green).—Flowers numerous, very
shortly stalked, globose, nearly closed, pale pink ; stamens as long
as the short style; stigma large, included within the flower.—
Woods and heaths; more common in the north.—Fl. June—
August. Perennial.
4. P. secunda (One-sided Winter-green).—Flowers greenish-
white, all hanging to one side, nearly closed ; stamens as long as
the long, straight style, or nearly so; sttgma exserted.—Rocky
woods in the north; rare.—Fl. July. Perennial.
10. MonésEs (Single-flowered Winter-green).—Differing from
Pyrola in having a solitary flower with slightly united, spreading
petals, and anthers prolonged into tubes. Name from the Greek
monos, alone, from its solitary flowers.)
312 MONOTROPEE

1. M. uniflora (Single-flowered Winter-green).—A remarkably

pretty plant, with several roundish, smooth, serrate, radical leaves,
and a single, large, elegant, white, highly fragrant, long-stalked
flower.—Woods in the north of Scotland; rare.—Fl. July.
Perennial.

Orv. XLV. MonotTré6PE&. THE BIRD’s-NEST FAMILY

A small group of brown saprophytic herbs, with little or no
chlorophyll, living in and upon dead
leaves in woods in the North Temperate
Zone. They have fleshy, scaly rhizomes ;
unbranched stems; scattered leaves re-
duced to scales; flowers generally in
racemes, campanulate, 4—6-merous ;
stamens 8—10, hypogynous; anthers
kidney-shaped, 1-chambered ; ovary 4—
5-chambered, superior; style single ;
stigma flat ; ovules many in each chamber,
axile ; capsule 5-valved, loculicidal ; seeds
minute, with a loose testa.

1. Monoérropa (Bird’s-nest).—Termi-
nal flower 5-merous; lateral ones 4-
merous ; sepals and petals membranous,
saccate at the base; stamens to in the
terminal, 8 in the lateral flowers ; stzgma
not lobed. (Name from the Greek ménos,
one, tropé, turning, from the unilateral
position of the flowers.
1. M. Hypépitys (Fir-rape, Pine Bird’s-
nest).—The only British species, with an
unbranched juicy stem, clothed through-
out with scaly bracts, and terminating in
a drooping, one-sided raceme of brownish-
yellow. flowers, which eventually turn
almost black.—Woods near the roots of
Fir and Beech; local. This plant must
not be confounded with the Bird’s-nest
Orchis (Neottia Nidus-dvis) or with the
~) Broom-rapes (Orobdnché), in both of
(ene vipa which the flowers are monosymmetric,
’ the former 3-merous, the latter bilabiate
and didynamous.-—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
 THRIFT FAMILY 313

§§ Stamens epipetalous
Orv. XLVI. PLUMBAGf{NEZ.—THE THRIFT FAMILY
A small group of herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants, with
undivided fleshy leaves ; polysymmetric, perfect flowers in panicles
or heads ; calyx inferior, tubular, 5-cleft, plaited, persistent, mem-
branous, and often coloured, approaching the texture of Everlast-
ing-flowers ; corolla 5-cleft nearly to the base ; stamens 5, opposite
the petals; ovary of 5 carpels, 1-chambered ; styles 5; fruit dry,
1-seeded. They inhabit salt marshes and the sea-shores of most
temperate regions, and some are found also in mountainous
districts. Their properties are various; some are astringent and
tonic, some intensely acrid, and many contain iodine; but, like
many other maritime plants, they lose the peculiar salts which
they contain in their natural localities when growing at a distance
from the sea. Thrift (Stdticé), for example, as a maritime plant
contains iodine and soda; but as a mountain or garden plant
exchanges these two substances for potash. The root of Limo-
nium Carolinidnum is one of the most powerful astringents known,
and several species of Plumbdgo are so acrid that the fresh root
is used to raise blisters. Several kinds of Sea-Lavender (Limé-
nium) are ornaments to our shores, and others are cultivated in
our conservatories.
1. Liménrtum.—Flowers in one-sided panicled cymes.
2. STATIcE.— Flowers in dense bracteate heads.

1. Liménium (Sea-Lavender).—Leaves all radical; flowers in

spike-like, one-sided, spreading, branched cymes; style smooth.
(Name from the Greek lezmon, a meadow.)
1. L. vulgdve (Common Sea-Lavender).—Leaves long-stalked,
oblong, 1-ribbed, pinnately veined, tipped with a point, smooth;
flower-stalk, a leafless angular scape, branched near the summit
into many spreading spike-like clusters ; flowers blue-lilac, scent-
less.—Muddy, sea-coasts ; not infrequent.—Fl. July—November.
Perennial.
2. L. humile (Few-flowered Sea-Lavender), differing mainly in
having more erect branches and fewer flowers, is less common.
3. L. recurvum (Portland Sea-Lavender).—Not more than 9 in.
high ; leaves obovate-spathulate, obtuse, long-stalked ; stem stout,
rigid, rough, usually branching above the middle ; branches ascend-
ing, curved, mostly flowering ; spzfes linear, very dense-flowered,
thick-spreading and recurved ; spikelets 1—4-flowered, in 2 rows ;
inner bracts obovate, with white or slightly pink margins ; flowers
314 . PLUMBAG{NE

‘purple.—Rocky shores at Portland; but, perhaps, extinct.—F.

July, August. Perennial.
4. L. lychnidifélium, with large leathery leaves with 5—9 veins,
stems with large scales, and broad dark-red bracts occurs sparingly
on rocks in Alderney.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
5. L. binervdsum (Spathulate Sea-Lavender).—A variable
plant, known to Gerard as “Rocke Lavender,” 6—18 in. high ;
stem usually branching from the base ; branches repeatedly bifur-
cating, rough; leaves
lanceolate - spathulate,
sometimes acute, I—3-
veined ; spikes linear,
slender, sub-erect ; spike-
lets 2—4-flowered, in 2
rows ; zmner bracts oval,
with broad membranous
margin, deep pink. Not
uncommon on_ rocky
coasts.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial. .
6. L. _ bellidifdlium
(Matted Sea-Lavender).
—TLeaves blunt, 1-ribbed,
short - stalked; flower -
stalks rough, divided
almost from the base
into numerous zigzag
branches, the lower of
which are flowerless.—
Salt marshes of Lincoln,
Norfolk and Cambridge.
— Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
LIMONIUM BINERVOSUM (Sfathulate Sea-Lavender)
and sTATICE MARITIMA (7/hr7/2).
2. StAtick (Thrift).—
Leaves all radical, very narrow; flowers in dense heads of bracteate
cymes, with a reversed, tubular, membranous znvolucre; petals
cohering, persistent; styles hairy. (Name from the Greek statzzo,
I staunch, from the use of this, or some allied, plant as a styptic.)
1. S. maritima(Thrift, Sea-Pink).—Leaves linear, 1-nerved, fleshy,
pubescent, forming dense tufts or balls; flower-stalks leafless,
downy, unbranched scapes, 3~—6 in. high, their summits cased in
brown membranous sheaths; flowers rose-coloured, in roundish
heads, intermixed with chaffy bracts; fruit almost winged by the
 PRIMROSE FAMILY 315

dry, chaffy calyx.—Sea-shores and the tops of mountains ; common.

—Fl. April—October. Perennial.
2. S. plantaginea, a larger, smooth species, with broader, 3—5-
veined leaves, occurs in Jersey.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.

°°

Orv. XLVII. PRIMULACEH.—THE PRIMROSE FAMILY

Herbaceous plants, mostly low-growing, inhabiting principally the

colder regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and in lower latitudes
ascending to the confines of perpetual snow. ‘The leaves are
exstipulate and mostly simple; the flowers polysymmetric and
perfect. The calyx is inferior, except in the Brookweed (Sdmolus),
persistent and 5-cleft, or rarely 4-cleft, or in the Chickweed
Winter-green (Tvientdlis) 7-cleft ; the corolla of as many lobes as
the calyx, but in the Sea-Milkwort (Glaux) absent. The stamens
equal in number the lobes of the corolla, and are opposite to
them: the syncarpous ovary is 1-chambered with a free central
placenta and numerous ovules, a single style, and a rounded, un-
lobed or, as it is called, “capitate” stigma. Several of our most
favourite wild flowers are members of this Order. The Primrose,
the name of which is corrupted from primerolles, primerula, or
primula, meaning the earliest little flower, is the welcome har-
binger of spring ; the Cowslip is scarcely less prized for its rural
associations than for its beauty and fragrance; and the Scarlet
Pimpernel, or ‘‘ Poor Man’s Weather-glass,” is as trusty a herald
of summer weather as the Primrose of spring. The Polyanthus,
Auricula, and other species of Primula are garden favourites, and
several species of Cyclamen are commonly grown in conservatories.
The Primuldcee have few medicinal properties of importance :
the flowers of the Cowslip are made into a pleasant soporific
wine ; and the leaves of the Auricula (Primula Auricula) are used
in the Alps as a remedy for coughs.
1. Horronia.—Calyx inferior, 5-cleft almost to the base;
corolla salver-shaped, with a short tube; capsule with 5 valves
cohering at the top.
2. PRiMULA.—Leaves radical ; flowers in umbels; calyx inferior,
tubular, 5-cleft; corolla salver- or funnel-shaped, with a long,
cylindrical tube ; capsule 5-valved, with 10 teeth.
*3. CYCLAMEN.—Stem a large corm; leaves radical; flowers
solitary ; calyx inferior, bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; corolla with a short,
bell-shaped tube and reflexed, long, 5-cleft limb ; capsule opening
with five teeth.
4. LysimAcHiA.—Leaves cauline ; calyx inferior, 5-cleft to the
316 PRIMULACEZ

base ; corolla yellow, rotate or cup-shaped ; capsule indehiscent or

2-—5-valved.
5. TRIENTALIS.—Leaves cauline; calyx inferior, 7-partite, or
rarely 5—g ; corolla white, rotate, without a tube ; capsule opening
with 5-revolute valves.
6. GLatx.—Leaves cauline; calyx inferior, bell-shaped, 5-lobed,
coloured ; corolla absent ; capsule 5-valved.
7. ANAGALLIS.—Leaves cauline ; calyx inferior, 5-cleft to the
base; corolla rotate or funnel-shaped, with little or no tube;
filaments hairy ; capsule splitting all round.
. 8. CENTUNCULUS.—
Leaves cauline; calyx in-
ferior, 4 or 5-cleft to the
base ; corolla with an in-
flated, sub-globose tube, 4
or 5-cleft ; stamens 4 or 5,
with smooth filaments;
capsule splitting all round.
9. SAmMoLus. — Leaves
radical and cauline; calyx
half-superior, 5-cleft, per-
sistent ; corolla _ salver-
shaped ; capsule opening
with 5 reflexed teeth.

1. Hotrénia (Water
Violet).—Floating aquatic
plants with whorled, finely
divided, pinnate, submerged
leaves ; flowers whorled,
stalked ; calyx 5-cleft almost
HOTTONIA PALUSTRIS (Water Violet). to the base; corolla salver-
shaped, with a short tube ;
stamens 5; capsule many-seeded, with 5 valves cohering at the
top. (Named after Peter Hotton, Professor of Botany at Leyden.)
1. H. palustris (Water Violet).—The only British species, with
large, handsome, lilac flowers with a yellow eye, arranged in
whorls around a smooth, succulent, leafless stalk, which rises
several inches out of the water.—Ponds and ditches; local.—FI.
May, June. Perennial.

2. Prfmua (Primrose).—Plants with a rhzzome, radical, simple

leaves and flowers in umbels with an involucre; calyx tubular, 5-
cleft ; corolla salver- or funnel-shaped, with a long, cylindrical
 PRIMROSE FAMILY 317

tube ; stamens 5, epipetalous, included either in the throat of the

corolla-tube, or, on other plants, half-way down it; style short in
the former case, long in the latter; capsule 5-valved with 10 teeth.
This heterostyle is connected with insect-pollination, the short-

ws
EL
PRIMULA VULGARIS (Primrose).

styled form having its stigma dusted with pollen from the similarly-
situated anthers of a long-styled plant, and vice vers, (Name a
diminutive from the Latin primus, first, from the early flowering
of many species.)
1. P. vulgaris (Primrose).—Among the most welcome of spring
318 PRIMULACEA

flowers, and almost too well known to need any description ; leaves
obovate, tapering downwards, wrinkled, hairy beneath, toothed ;

PRIMULA VERIS (Cowslip, Paigle).

umbels usually with very short peduncles and long, pink, hairy
pedicels ; flowers an inch or more across ; calyx with 5 longitudinal
plaits and acute teeth ; corolla of a pale yellow, or, as artists often
maintain, a delicate green, turning green in drying, or occasion-
rs
 PRIMROSE FAMILY 319

ally white, red, or lilac, with a flat limb, having a faint but char-
acteristic fragrance.—Banks and woods; abundant.—Fl. December
—May. Perennial.
2. P.véris (Cowslip).—Almost an equal favourite ; leaves ovate,
abruptly contracted below; umbels with a long, erect, downy
peduncle, short pedicels, and drooping flowers ; calyx bell-shaped
with short, broad teeth; corolla funnel-shaped, deep yellow, with
5 reddish spots in the eye, fragrant—Pastures; common. Among
the many pleasing purposes to which these flowers are put by
children, none is prettier than that of making Cowslip Balls. The
method is as follows :—Choosing only such umbels as have all
the flowers open, pick them off as close as possible to the top of
the peduncle and hang them, close together, along a string about
14—2 feet long, stretched between the backs of two chairs.
When the string is full, carefully loosen its ends, and, raising them,
gently tie them together, so drawing all the flower-heads into a
ball—Fl. April, May. Perennial.
3. P. eldtior (Oxlip).—Leaves like those of the Cowslip; umbel
long-stalked ; flowers not drooping, salver-shaped, but smaller and
paler, and more buff than those of the Primrose, with a smell
of apricots; calyx tubular; corolla flat, not concave.—Woods in
north-west Essex and neighbouring parts of Herts, Cambridge-
shire and Suffolk only. The name Pazgle is applied locally to this
species and elsewhere to the Cowslip.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.
4. P. farinosa (Bird’s-eye Primrose).—Leaves small, obovate,
crenate, covered below with a white or sulphur-like meal ; wmbels
on peduncles 2—8 in. high; calyx-teeth long, linear, obtuse ;
corolla lilac, with a yellow eye, lobes distant.— Mountain pastures,
from Yorkshire northwards.—FI. June, July. Perennial.
5. P. scotica (Scottish Primrose).—Resembling the last, but
only half its size, with broader leaves, shorter and broader calyx-
teeth, and a deeper blue-purple corolla with its lobes touching, is a
rare species growing in the Orkneys, and in a few places in the
extreme north of Scotland.—Fl. May—September. Perennial.

*3. CYCLAMEN (Sow-bread).—Plants with large, tuber-like,

underground stems ; radical, petiolate, broad leaves ; flowers soli-
tary, drooping, on long, leafless, erect peduncles, which twist
spirally when in fruit; calyx 5-cleft ; corolla with a short, bell-
shaped tube and long-reflexed lobes to its limb; capsule opening
with 5 teeth. (Name from the Greek, referring to the round
corm.)
1.* C. hederifélium (Ivy-leaved Sow-bread).—The only species
found in Britain; but a doubtful native. Remarkable for its
320 PRIMULACE

globular, turnip-like, brown corm, and nodding pink flowers with

reflexed petals. The leaves are produced after the flowers. As
the fruit ripens, the flower-stalk curls spirally and buries it in the
earth. The corm is intensely acrid.—Woods in Kent, Sussex,
and Surrey.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.

4. LystmMAcH1A (Loosestrife).—Plants of various habit with

entire, cauline leaves ; calyx 5—-6-cleft to the base; corolla rotate
or cup-shaped, yellow in British
species; capsule generally 5-valved.
(Name in Greek having the same
meaning as the English name.)
1. L. thyrsiflora (Tufted Loose-
strife).—A stout, glabrous, erect
plant with runners, unbranched
above ; leaves opposite, sessile,
lanceolate ; flowers small, numer-
ous, in dense, stalked, axillary
racemes, yellow, dotted with
orange.— Marshes, mostly in the
north ; rare.— Fl. June;s july:
Perennial.
» 2. L. vulgdris (Great Yellow
Loosestrife).—A stout, pubescent,
erect, branched plant, several
feet high, with runners; leaves
opposite, or 3—4 in a whorl,
sessile, ovate-lanceolate ; flowers
rather large, subcampanulate,
yellow, dotted with orange, in
terminal panicled cymes.—River-
banks; common.— Fl. July,
LYSIMACHIA NUMMULARIA (Money-wort). August. Perennial.
3.* L. punctdta, a naturalised
exotic, is a smaller, downy plant, with fewer flowers and petals
fringed with glandular hairs.
4.* L. cilidta, an American species naturalised in Cumberland,
is ee and has subcordate leaves on ciliate stalks, and 5 stamt-
nodes between the stamens.
5. L. Nummuldria (Money-wort, Herb-twopence, Creeping
Jenny).—A very pretty glabrous plant, with creeping stems, often
more than a foot long; leaves opposite, ovate, slightly stalked,
shining ; flowers rather large, cup-shaped, solitary, or in pairs in
the axils, yellow—Banks of rivers and damp woods; common.
 PRIMROSE FAMILY 321

It often drapes wet banks very gracefully, and is much planted

on rockeries. Its leaves sometimes turn
rose-pink in autumn. Fl. June—July.
Perennial.
6. L. némorum (Yellow Pimpernel,
Wood Loosestrife).—<A very graceful plant,
approaching the Scarlet Pimpernel in
habit, but somewhat larger and more
glossy; siem spreading, often reddish;
leaves opposite, shortly stalked, ovate,
acute ; flowers solitary, on very slender,
axillary peduncles, bright yellow, star-like
and very pretty, from 4—# in. across.—
Shady woods; common. — Fl. May — cues
August. Perennial. : LYSIMACHIA NEMORUM (J¥ood

«. Trientéus (Chickweed. Winter. °° 700 Pimpernel)

green). — Glabrous plants
with slender, creeping rht- Zo
somes ; erect, unbranched ay
stems, a single whorl of 5 =
or 6 leaves, and a few white \\A
flowers on slender pedun- tee
cles; calyx 5 — 9-cleft; P The ),
corolla rotate; stamens ou 7
5—9 ; capsule opening with ) eee
5 revolute valves. (Name Vaal
of doubtful etymology.) VEAVA
1. T. europea (Chick- yx
weed Winter-green).—The Ai
only European species, and ~~ ie =
the only British plant re- .
ferred to the Linnean Class oN De
Heptandria, though the a NY pee
stamens are not invariably WY |
7 in number. It grows }
4—6 in. high, has large,
obovate leaves and delicate
white flowers
—W oods from
Yorkshire and Lancashire
northwards. — Fl. June,
July. Perennial.
GLAUX MARITIMA (Sea Milkwort). -
6. Gratx (Sea - Milk-
wort), containing only one species, G. marétima, a small, glabrous,
=
322 PRIMULACE

fleshy, marine plant, 3—6 in. high, growing in thick patches,

resembling Honkénya peploides in its habit, with numerous ovate,
entire, opposite and decussate leaves, and axillary pink flowers
which are destitute of
corolla. — Sea-shores
and salt - marshes ;
common. ‘The name
is from the Greek
glaukos, sea-green.)—
Fl. June — August.
Perennial.
7. AN AG ATES
(Pimpernel). — Slen-
der little plants with
Opposite: Gmtire
leaves ; axillary flowers
on threadlike stalks ;
corolla rotate or fun-
nel-shaped; filaments
‘“ os hairy ; capsule split-
(FAl ao ting. all remne:
~ &d r (Name in Greek de-
ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS (Scarlet Pimpernel) and noting that the plant
A. TENELLA (Bog Pimpernel). excites pleasure.)
L,.. ee OTUCRSTS
(Scarlet Pimpernel, Poor Man’s Weather-glass).—A pretty little
plant, generally prostrate ; leaves sessile, ovate, dotted beneath;
petals crenate, fringed with minute glandular
hairs, expanding only in fine weather, usually
bright scarlet, but occasionally pink, white with
a red eye, all white, or perhaps blue.—Culti-
vated ground ; abundant.—Fl. May—October.
Annual.
2. A. ceriélea (Blue Pimpernel).—A more
erect plant, without the fringe to its petals,
which are usually bright blue; but perhaps
occasionally ‘red. Much less common.—Fl.
Sp aie en al May—October. Annual.
3. A. tenélla (Bog Pimpernel).—A beautiful
little plant with very slender creeping stems, 3—4 in. long; small,
roundish, stalked Jeaves, shorter than the flower-stalks ; and erect,
funnel-shaped, rose-pink flowers, larger than those of the Scarlet
Pimpernel.—Boggy ground and sides of rivulets ; common.—
Fl. June—August. Perennial.
314 tb yayeos jouseduily sujosouy) Istsuani
 PRIMROSE FAMILY 323

8. CentTUNCULUS (Chaffweed, Bastard Pimpernel).—Muinute

plants, with leaves partly opposite, partly scattered ; flowers axillary,
sub-sessile, minute, often 4-merous ; corolla with an inflated, sub-
globose tube; filaments not hairy; capsule splitting all round.
(Name of doubtful etymology.)
1. C. minimus (Chaffweed,
Bastard. Pimpernel).—The only
British species, one of the smallest
among British flowering plants,
rarely exceeding an inch in height,
and often much less. It is nearly
allied to. the Pimpernels, and at
the first glance might be mistaken
for a stunted specimen of Ana-
gdllis arvénsis. It is sometimes
branched; but very frequently
consists of a single stem, 6 or 8
ovate, acute leaves, and as many
inconspicuous, nearly sessile, pale
pink flowers. — Damp, gravelly
places, especially where water has
stood during winter.—Fl. June—
August. Annual.

9. SAmoLus’ (Brookweed). —
Leaves partly radical partly cauline,
and scattered ; flowers in a termi-
nal, bracteate corymb ; calyx half
superior, 5- Cleft, persistent ;
corolla salver - shaped, white ;
stamens 5, epipetalous, alternating
with 5 staminodes ; capsule open-
ing with 5 reflexed teeth. (Name
said to be from the island of
Samos, where Valerandus, a
botanist of the sixteenth century,
gathered our British species.)
I. S. Valerdndt (Brookweed). SAMOLUS VALERAND! (Lrookweed).
—The only British species, a
smooth, pale green, herbaceous plant, with blunt, fleshy leaves,
and one or more terminal clusters of very small white flowers,
crowded at first, but finally becoming distant, resembling in this
respect the habit of some Crucifere.—Watery places ; common.—
Fl. June—September. Perennial.
v2
324 OLEACE

Orp. XLVIII. OLredscea.—

THe OLsve FAmics
Trees or shrubs, chiefly inhabiting the temperate regions of the
Northern Hemisphere. Their branches are opposite, and often
end in conspicuous buds ; the leaves, alo opposite, are either
simple or pinnate, and exstipulate ; and the flowers are in panicled
cymes. The calyx is either 4-cleft, inferior and persistent, or
absent ; the corolla either polysymmetric, hypogynous, of 4 united
or free petals, valvate in bud, or absent ; stamens 2; ovary 2-
chambered, with 2—3 ovules
in each chamber; style 1;
fruit a samara, a capsule, or
berry-like, seldom perfecting
more than 2 seeds. By far
the most important plant in
the Order is the Olive (Olea
europea), from which it takes
its name, one of the earliest
' plants cultivated by man. Its
bark is bitter and astringent,
and its wood remarkably
close - grained, handsomely
mottled, and durable. ‘The
fruit is fleshy and drupe-like,
enclosing a hard stone, and
the oil is expressed from the
fleshy pericarp. The Lilac
(Syringa vulgaris) is a
favourite in our shrubberies.
Fraxinus Ornus, the Flower-
\ ing or Manna Ash of southern
FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR (As/). Europe, also occasionally
grown, has white flowers, and
exudes a sugary substance known as manna, which is sometimes
used in medicine. The wood of this genus is valued for its
strength and elasticity.
1. FrAxinus.—-Leaves mostly pinnate ; calyx and corolla absent ;
fruit a pendulous single samara.
2. LicUstrumM.—Leaves simple ; calyx cup-shaped, 4-toothed ;
corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed ; fruzt a nuculane.
1. FrAxinus (Ash).—Trees with deciduous leaves, generally
pinnate ; polygamous flowers, with or without a 4-merous calyx
and corolla ; fruit a compressed samara, winged at the tip. (Name,
 OLIVE FAMILY 325

the Latin name of the tree, perhaps referring to the ease with
which it may be split.)
1. F. excélstor (Common Ash).—A nobie tree, characterised by
the smooth, light, ash-coloured bark of its younger branches, of
which the lower ones droop, and curve upwards again at the
extremities ; by its large, black, terminal buds; by the large,

LIGUSTRUM VULGARE (Prive?).

unequally pinnate leaves of 9—15 leaflets, which are lanceolate

and serrate ; by the dense clusters of flowers, some consisting only
of two purple-black stamens, others only of an ovary, and others
of both ; and by the tufts of pendulous seed-vessels, popularly
called “keys,” which remain attached to the tree until the spring.
A variety is occasionally found with only the terminal leaflets to
its leaves.—Woods and hedges ; common.—FI. April, May, before
leafing. Perennial. .
326 APOCYNACE

2. LictstruM (Privet).—Shrubs with simple, often evergreen

leaves ; flowers perfect, in terminal panicled cymes; calyx cup-
shaped, 4-toothed, deciduous; corolla funnel-shaped, with 4
spreading lobes; fruit globular, berry-like. (Name, the Classical
name of the plant, connected with ligare, to bind, from the use
made of the twigs.)
1. L. vulgdéré (Common Privet).—The only British species, a
common hedge-bush, with opposite, smooth, elliptical, nearly ever-
green leaves ; dense panicles of white, sickly-smelling flowers, and
polished, globular, black, berry-like fruits. It is commonly used
for garden-hedges in towns, not being injured by smoke.—Fl.”
June, July. Perennial.

Orp. XLIX. ApocyNACE#—PERIWINKLE FAMILY

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, mostly tropical, poisonous, and
abounding in a milky juice; leaves simple, opposite ; flowers
showy, polysymmetric; calyx 5-cleft, persistent ; corolla 5-lobed,
the lobes twisted when in bud, and when expanded usually
oblique ; stamens 5, inserted in the corolla-tube ; ovary 2-cham-
bered ; fruit various. The beautiful Oleander (Nérium Olednder),
common in greenhouses, is a member of this Order. It is very
poisonous, the wood, when powdered, being sometimes used to
kill rats. It is related that in 1809, when the French troops were
before Madrid, a soldier formed the unfortunate idea of cutting
branches of Oleander (which in Spain is very common and
reaches a considerable size) to serve as spits and skewers for
their meat when roasting. The wood having been stripped of
its bark, and brought in contact with the meat, was productive of
most direful consequences, seven soldiers dying out of twelve who
ate of the roast. A number of species in the Order belonging to
the genera Vahea, Willughbeia, and Landolphia, natives of Tropical
Africa and the Malay Archipelago, are valuable sources of india-
rubber ; and a few other genera contain medicinal plants. Vznca,
the only genus represented among British plants, is astringent
and acrid.
. Vinca (Periwinkle).—Slender, trailing plants with evergreen
ake solitary salver-shaped flowers with 5 oblique lobes to the
corolla ; style resembling the shaft of a pillar surmounted by a
double capital ;fruit of 2 erect, slender, many-seeded, indehiscent
carpels. (Name from the Latin vincio, I bind, from the cord-like
stems.)
1. V. minor (Lesser Periwinkle).—Stem trailing, rooting, send-
ing up short, erect, leafy shoots, which bear the flowers ; leaves
 ee
"]

Fig. 42. Greater Periwinkle (Vinca major.

 PERIWINKLE FAMILY 327

ana sepals glabrous; corolla 1 in. across, violet, with a tube

thrice as long as the calyx-lobes.—Woods, especially in the west
of England, where it often entirely covers the ground with its
glossy leaves. A white variety occurs in Devonshire, and in gar-
dens it is often met with bearing variegated leaves and double,
purple, blue, or white flowers.—Fl. March—June. Perennial.
2.* V. major (Greater Periwinkle)—A more erect plant, much
larger than the last, with the margins of its leaves and sepals
minutely fringed, and the latter as long as the corolla-tube, is not

VINCA MINOR (Lesser Periwinkle).

indigenous, occurring only near houses.—F]. April, May. Peren-

nial.

Orpb. L. GENTIANEZ.—GENTIAN FAMILY

An Order comprising between 400 and 500 species, distributed
throughout all climates, from the regions of perpetual snow to the
hottest parts of South America and India; but mainly northern
and sub-alpine. Under the Equator they do not occur. below
7,850 feet above sea-level: in the Himalayas and in the Rocky
Mountains species reach altitudes of 16,000 feet: in southern
Europe Gentidna prosirdta grows at 6,000—9g,000 feet above the
sea: on Behring’s Straits and on the Straits of Magellan species
occur just above the level of the sea ; but they are very rare both in
the Arctic and Antarctic Regions. In South America and New
Zealand the prevailing colour of the flower is said to be red, and
328 GENTIANE®

in Europe it is blue, yellow and white being uncommon. They

are mostly herbs, erect and glabrous, with opposite, simple, sessile
leaves, and often large, brilliantly coloured flowers which are poly-
symmetric and usually 5-merous. The calyx is inferior, persistent,
usually 5-, but sometimes 4—8-cleft; corolla often persistent,
twisted when in bud, with lobes equalling those of the calyx in
number, and often fringed about the mouth of the corolla-tube;
stamens equalling in number, and alternate with, the lobes of the
corolla ; carpels 2, united in a 1-chambered ovary, with 1 style and
2 stigmas ; jruit a many-seeded capsule. All the members of the
Order are intensely bitter, and form valuable
tonic medicines. Gentidna lutea, collected in
the mountains of central and southern Europe,
is the species most commonly employed ; but
there is little doubt that other species might be
employed with equally good effect.
1. MicrocAkLta.—Little branched ; flowers
yellow, 4-merous ; calyx tubular ; corolla funnel-
shaped ; stigma undivided.
2. BLacksToniaA.—Leaves perfoliate ; flowers
yellow ; calyx deeply 6—8-cleft ; corolla rotate,
6—8-lobed ; stamens 6—8 ; stigma 2—4-cleft.
3. CENTAURION.—Flowers mostly 5-merous ;
corolla fannel-shaped ; anthers becoming spirally
twisted ; stigmas 2.
4. Cicenp1A. — Branched; flowers pink,
4—5-merous ; calyx-lobes divided to the base ;
corolla salver-shaped ; stamens 4 ; stigma 2-fid.
5. GenTIANA.—F lowers mostly 5-merous ;
MICROCALA FILIFORMIS
corolla funnel- or salver-shaped, tube
: .
sub-
(least Gentienciia, Clavate 5 anthers not twisted ; stzgmas 2.
6. MENYANTHES.— Leaves scattered, ternate ;
flowers 5-merous ; corolla funnel-shaped, with 5 lobes, induplicate
in the bud, fringed all over the inner surface.
7. NympHofpEs.—Leaves simple, orbicular, floating ; flowers 5-
merous ; corolla rotate, with 5 lobes, induplicate in the bud,
fringed at the base only.

1. MicrocALa (Gentianella).— A minute, slender, little-

branched plant ; flowers small, yellow, 4-merous ; calyx tubular;
corolla funnel-shaped ; stamens 4; anthers not twisted; style
not persistent ; stigma undivided. (Name from the Greek micros,
small, kalos, beautiful.)
1. M. filiformis (Least Gentianella).—The only British species,
Pig. 43. Buck or Bog Bean. (Menyanthes trifoliatay
 GENTIAN FAMILY 329

a minute, slender, glabrous plant, 2—4 in. high, but little

branched ; leaves subulate, soon withering; flowers yellow, only
expanding ia bright sunshine.—Sandy heaths in the south, where
water has stood during the winter; rare.—Fl. Jul;
Annual.
2. BuacksTONIA (Yellow-wort).—Erect, glaucous plants, with
perfoliate leaves ; flowers in loose dichasial cymes, yellow, 6—8-
merous ; calyx deeply lobed; corolla
rotate ; ovary 1-chambered, many
ovuled; style not persistent ; stigma
2—4-cleft. (Named in honour of John
Blackstone, an English botanist of the
18th century.)
1. B. perfolidta (Perfoliate Yellow-
wort)—The only British species, an
erect plant, 12—18 in. high, remark-
able for its glaucous hue, and for its
pairs of leaves, which are rather distant,
and are united at the base (connate)
with the stem passing through them,
whence the name Perfoliate. The
flowers, which are large and handsome,
are yellow, and expand only between 9
o’clock in the morning and 4 p.m.—
Chalk and limestone pastures ; not
uncommon. Fl. June— September.
Annual.
3. CENTAURION (Centaury).—Erect,
herbaceous plants with angular stems ;
leaves sometimes united at the base ;
flowers.in terminal, trichasial cymes;
corolla funnel-shaped, usually .5-lobea,
pink, white, or yellow ; stamens 4—5 ; x
anthers becoming spirally twisted; style ‘Papua Voce
simple, not persistent ; stigmas 2.—-
(Name, like Centaurea, referring to the Centaur Chiron, who in
Greek mythology was famous for his medical skill.)
1. C. umbelldtum (Common Centaury).—A pretty plant, 2—18 in.
high, with square, erect, green stems, much branched above;
leaves elliptic-oblong, with strong parallel ribs, and remarkably
smooth ; flowers in terminal, corymbose, trichasial cymes, rose-
pink, or "rarely white, only opening in fine weather; calyx half as
long as corolla-tube ; filaments springing from the top of the
330 GENTIANEE

corolla-tube.—Dry pastures and waste places; common.—Fi.

July, August. Annual.
2. C. latifélium (Broad-leaved Centaury), a stunted form, with
broadly elliptic leaves, and flowers in dense, trichasial tufts, with
calyx as long as the corolla-tube, and filaments as in the last,
occurs only on the sandy shore near Liverpool.—Fl. June—
September. Annual.
3. C. vulgdré (Dwarf Tufted Centaury), a similar, stunted, but
unbranched form, with oblong-linear, blunt leaves above and
spathulate radical ones,
occurs more frequently on
sandy shores.—Fl. July,
August. Annual.
4. C. pulchéllum (Dwarf
Centaury), a minute, slender
plant, resembling Mzcrocdla
filiformts, 1—8 in. high, but
much branched, with a few
stalked flowers, rose-pink, as
in the other species, with
calyx rather shorter than the
corolla-tube, occurs also on
sandy shores, or on wet sand
at inland localities.—Fl. July
—September. Annual.
5. C. capitdtum (Tufted
Centaury) has an unbranched
stem, not more than 3 inches
high, broadly ovate, distinctly
\ 3-nerved leaves, a cylindrical
CENTAURION UMBELLATUM covolla-tube and a calyx
ce ee equalling it in length, and
differs from all the other forms in its filaments springing from the
base of the corolla-ttube-—Downs in the Isle of Wight and oe
in

Sussex.—Fl. July, August. Annual or Biennial.

4. CicENp1a (Guernsey Gentianella), represented by the spe-
cies C. pusilla, is even smaller and more slender than Microcdla.
It is from 1—4 in. high; has spreading branches ; linear leaves ;
pink flowers, and calyx-lobes not apparently united into any tube
at their base.—Sandy commons, sometimes flooded, in Guernsey.
Fl. July—September. Annual.
5. GenTiAna (Gentian).—Herbs with opposite, sessile leaves ;
flowers mostly 5-merous ; corolla funnel- or salver-shaped, tube

oe
ee
eSe
oe
ee
i.
 GENTIAN FAMILY 331

widening upwards and then constricted, blue, purple, or lilac, or

rarely pink in British species; anthers not twisted; stigmas 2.
(Name from Gentius, king of Illyria, who is said to have discovered
its medicinal value.)
1. G. Pneumondnthé (Marsh Gentian).— Stem erect, leafy,
unbranched, 4—10 in. high, with
one or two large, bell-shaped,
deep blue, or very rarely pink,
flowers with 5 green stripes and
with no fringe in the throat of the
corolla-tube. — Boggy heaths ;
rare.—F]. August, September.
Perennial.
2. G. vérna (Spring Gentian).—
A tufted plant with runners and
rather large, solitary, sessile, in-
tensely blue flowers, with 5 smaller
2-cleft segments between the
lobes of the corolla.—Wet lime-
stone rocks in Teesdale and in
Ireland ; very rare.—Fl. April—
June. Perennial.
3. G. nivdlis (Small Alpine
Gentian).—A more erect, slightly
branched species, with flowers
smaller than in the last, several
together and shortly stalked.—
Summits of Highland mountains ;
very rare.—F]. August, Septem-
ber. Annual.
4. G. Amarélla (Common
Autumn Gentian).—A _remark-
ably erect plant, with a square,
leafy, purplish, much-branched
stem, 6—12 in. high; numerous
rather large, 5-merous flowers, GENTIANA Caoierers (Field Gentian).
which only expand in bright sun-
shine ; calyx with 5 nearly equal lobes, a little shorter than the
cylindrical tube of the lurid, purplish-blue corolla, the throat of
which is fringed with hairs.—Dry chalky pastures ; common.—
Fl. August, September. Annual.
5. G. germdnica (Scarce Autumn Gentian), differing in having
unequal lobes to the calyx, much shorter than the obconic tube of
the bluish-lilac corolla, is also a larger and stouter but rare plant.
332 GENTIANEZ

6. G. campéstris (Field Gentian).—Resembling G. Amarélla in

habit, but distinguished by its 4-cleft calyx of which the two outer
lobes are much larger than the inner two, and by the pale lilac
4-cleft, salver-shaped corolla.—Dry pastures ; common. —F 1. July
—October. Annual.
7. G. bdltica (Baltic Gentian), with a corolla-tube shorter than

MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA (Buck-bean, Marsh Trefoil).

the calyx, which resembles that of G. campestris, occurs on downs

in ‘Norfolk, Suffolk, Devon, Cornwall, and North Wales.—Fl.
August—October. Annual.
6. MenyAnTHEs (Buck-bean, Bog-bean, Marsh Trefoil), repre-
sented by the one species M. trifolidta, is the only British plant
in the Order with divided leaves. ‘The stem scarcely rises above
 GENTIAN FAMILY 320

the water or wet ground in which it grows, but is overtopped by

the large, ternate leaves, which in shape and colour somewhat
resemble those of the Windsor Bean, and have sheathing bases to
their petioles, opposite to one of which rises a long-stalked raceme
of exceedingly beautiful flowers. These, when in bud, are pink,
and when fully expanded have the inner surface of the 5 fleshy
petals thickly covered with a white, lace-like fringe.—Spongy bogs ;

NYMPHOIDES PELTATUM (Water Villarsia).

common.—The rhizome is intensely bitter, and is said to be the

most valuable of tonics.—Fl. May—July. Perennial.
7. NympHofpEs (Villarsia).—Aquatic plants with simple,
orbicular, floating leaves ; flowers yellow, 5-merous, in. umbels;
corolla rotate, induplicate in bud, fringed at the base only, de-
ciduous. (Name signifying having the form of a water-lily.)
1. N. peltdtum (Water Villarsia).—The only British species,
with the habit of a Water-lily ; the leaves nearly round, deeply
334 POLEMONIACE

cordate, polished, spotted with purple ; flowers an inch across,

yellow, and fringed.—Ditches communicating with the Thames,
and elsewhere in the south; rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

Orv. LI. PoLtemMoniAce#.—THE Jacop’s LADDER FAMILY

A small Order of herbaceous plants, often with showy flowers,
mostly natives of the western temperate parts of America, and
unknown within the Tropics.
They have a deeply 5-cleft,
persistent, inferior calyx ; poly-
symmetric, 5-lobed corolla ;
stamens 5, inserted on the
corolla-tube; ovary 3-cham-
bered ; style single; stigma
3-cleft ; capsule 3-chambered,
3-valved. None of the species
possesses remarkable proper-
ties, but several are favourite
garden flowers, such as Phlox,
Poleménium, and Cobea.
1. PoLEMONIUM (Jacob’s
Ladder). — Leaves scattered,
unequally pinnate ; calyx cam-
panulate ; corolla rotate ;
stamens bearded at the base
and lying on one side of the
flower ; chambers of the cap-
sule many-seeded. (Name, the
Greek name of the plant.)
1. P. cerileum (Jacob’s
Ladder, Greek Valerian).—
The only British species, a tall,
(Greek ee ee aes Ladder). erect plant, I—2 feet high, with
anangular, hollow _ stem ;
smooth, pinnate leaves with 13—25 leaflets ; and numerous blue
or white flowers, about an inch across, in a terminal cluster.—
Woods in the north ; rare. A common garden flower, not easily
rooted out where it has once established itself.—Fl. June, July.
Perennial.

Orv. LII. BoracfNeE®—TuHeE BoRAGE FAMILY

A considerable Order of herbs or shrubs, principally natives of
the warmer temperate regions of the Old World, with scattered
 THE BORAGE FAMILY 335

leaves, which are. usually covered with hairs or bristles rising from a
swollen base. This character was considered by Linnzus suff-
ciently constant to give to the Order the name Asperifolie, or
Rough-leaved plants; but the present name of the Order is
preferable as being more comprehensive, a few species in it
having perfectly smooth leaves. Most members of the Order
bear their flowers in rolled up, scorpioid racemes, a few expanding
at a time. The calyx is inferior, deeply 5-, or rarely 4-cleft,
and persistent; the corolla hypogynous, 5-, or rarely 4-cleft,
frequently having teeth atthe mouth of the tube, and most com-
monly blue or purple. Many, when first opening, however, are of
a pink hue, which subsequently deepens, so that it is not unusual
to see flowers of different tints in the sime cluster. The stamens
are 5, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; the
carpels 2, forming a 4-parted, 4-seeded ovary, with a single, gyno-
basic style; and the fruit a regma of 4, rarely 2, one-seeded
nutlets. ‘They possess no remarkable properties, but abound ina
soft alkaline mucilage, which gives a coolness to beverages in
which they are steeped, on which account Borage is an ingredient
in claret-cup. The roots of Alkanet and some others contain
a red substance which is used as a dye. Myosodtts palustris, the
Vergiss-mein-nicht of German romance, has now obtained the
English name ‘ Forget-me-not,” formerly applied for very
unromantic reasons to Ajuga Chameépitys.
1. CynocLossum. — Calyx 5-cleft; corolla polysymmetric,
funnel-shaped, its mouth closed by prominent blunt scales;
nutlets with hooked bristles.
*2, AspERUGO.—Calyx with 5 leafy lobes and smaller alternate
teeth ; corolla polysymmetric, funnel-shaped, with rounded scales
in the throat ; mwtlets flattened, tubercled.
3. SYMPHYTUM.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla polysymmetric,
bell-shaped, closed with 5 awl-shaped scales; stamens short,
included.
4. Bor&co.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla rotate, its throat
closed with 5 short, erect, notched scales; filaments forked;
anthers prominent, converging in a cone.
5. ANCHUSA.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla salver-shaped, with
a straight tube, its throat closed by prominent blunt scales ;
stamens included. .
6. Lycépsis.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla oblique, funnel-
shaped, with a bent tube ; otherwise like Anchusa.
7. PULMONARIA. — Calyx-tube long, 5-cleft; corolla salver-
shaped, polysymmetric, its throat naked; stamens included ;
nutlets smooth, 3
336 BORAGINEA

8. MertTéEns1A.—Calyx-tube short, deeply 5-cleft ; corolla funnel-

shaped ; stamens long, exserted ; nuilets fleshy.
9. Myosdtis.—Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla salver-shaped, its lobes
blunt, twisted when in bud, and its throat nearly closed by blunt
scales ; mutlets smooth.
ro. LirHospERMUM.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla funnel-
shaped, its throat naked
or with 5 minute scales ;
stamens included ; nutlets
stony. |
11. Ecuium. — Calyx
deeply 5-cleft ; corolla
monosymmetric, sub-cam-
panulate, its throat naked ;
stamens very long, unequal
in length, exserted.

1. CYNOGLOSSUM
(Hound’s - tongue). —
Coarse, hairy, herbaceous
plants, with small flowers
in forked, usually ebracte-
ate cymes ; calyx 5-cleft ;
corolla polysymmetric,
funnel-shaped, its mouth
closed by prominent blunt
scales ; stamens included;
nutlets covered with hooked
bristles ; style rigid, per-
sistent. (Name from the
Greek gléssa, a tongue,
cuinos, of a dog, from the
shape and roughness of the
leaves.)
1. C. officindlé (Common
CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE Hound's - tongue). ee
Common Houna's-tongue). stout, herbaceous plant,
1—2 feet high, with large,
downy leaves with adpressed hairs, lurid red-purple flowers, and
large, flattened mutlets, covered with barbed prickles, so as to
stick to the wool of animals or the clothes of passers-by as closely
as burs. ‘The whole plant has a strong, disagreeable smell, like
that of mice.—Waste ground.—Fl. June, July. Biennial.
2. C.montdnum (Green-leaved Hound’s-tongue). — A more
 BORAGE FAMILY 337

slender plant with leaves green above, not downy, with few spread-
ing hairs, and reddish flowers, changing to blue.—Shady places in
the midland and eastern counties; rare—Fl. May, July.
Biennial.
*2, ASPERUGO (Madwort), represented by one species, A. pro-
cumbens, with prostrate, angular stems thickly set with rigid,
curved bristles, a few, small, blue flowers, solitary in the axils of
the upper leaves, occurs rarely in waste ground, but is not

SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE (Common Contfrey).

indigenous. (Name from the Latin asfer, rough.)—FIl. May—

July. Annual.
3. SYMPHyYTUM (Comfrey).— Coarse, rough plants with enlarged
roots ; cauline leaves often decurrent ; flowers in terminal cymes ;
corolla bell-shaped, dilated above the middle, with 5 short lobes,
and the threat closed with 5 awl-shaped, fringed scales ; stamens
included ; nuilets smooth. (Name from the Greek sémphuo, I
unite, from its supposed healing qualities.)
1. S. officindlé (Common Comfrey).—A large and handsome
Z
338 BORAG{NEE

plant, 2—3 feet high, with branched, leafy stems, winged in the
upper part; leaves elliptical, acute, decurrent ; and purple, pink,
or white flowers in 2-forked, drooping clusters.— Watery places and
banks of rivers; common. Often introduced into gardens, from
which it is very hard to eradicate it when it has once established
itself, owing to the brittleness of its fleshy roots, the least bit of
which will grow.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
2. S. tuberosum (Tuberous Comfrey).—A smaller and more
slender plant with a scarcely winged stem, longer-stalked radical,
and scarcely decurrent cau-
line leaves—Damp woods
in the north; rare——FI.
June, July. Perennial.
*4. BorAco (Borage) is
represented by one species,
B. officinalis, about 2 feet
high, with both stems and
leaves thickly covered with
stiff, whitish, bulbous
bristles. The flowers,
which are large, bright
blue, and very handsome,
—* row in terminal, drooping
elle clusters, and may readily
aa ‘be distinguished from any
oe \\ other plant in the Order
by their prominent purple-
black anthers. A variety
occurs with white flowers.
—Waste places; not in-
digenous. The juice has
the smell and flavour of
BORAGO OFFICINALIS (Common Borage). cucumber, which is, there-
fore, often substituted for
Borage in claret-cup.—Fl. June, July. Biennial.
*5. AncHUsA (Alkanet)—Herbaceous, bristly plants with a
deeply 5-cleft calyx, and a funnel- or salver-shaped corolla with a
straight tube, and its throat closed by prominent blunt scales.
(Name from the Greek anchousa, paint, from the use of the root
as a dye.) e>
1.* A. officindlis (Common Alkanet).—A soft, hairy plant with
an angular stem ; narrow, lanceolate leaves ; and forked one-sided
cymes of violet flowers ; calyx longer than the funnel-shaped
 2 2 STs =
a A i = e rile .
4 Mu =
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aiy _i
= cd > = a us ]
: _ 5 4 ;

a a. ¢ x
- ‘ . ¥
meee a - ' . J
a i +
-. . 2 F
e i 4 - .
* 5 " 4 F
~ 3
. -
2 a « >
= = _ -
- > ee «

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‘ 3

my
ra , . z
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P Z far H
rr) . :
nA ~

zi" h.

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La

os 4
 Fig: 44.

Evergreen Alkanet.
(Anchusa sempervirens).
 BORAGE FAMILY 339

corolla.—An occasional escape from gardens.—Fl. June, July.

Biennial.
2.* A. sempervirens (Evergreen Alkanet).—A_ stout, _bristly
plant with deep green, ovate leaves, and long-stalked, axillary,
crowded clusters of rather large flowers, which are of an intense
azure blue and have a short tube to the corolla.—Not generally
considered a native; but not an uncommon hedge-plant in
Devonshire.—Fl. May—August. Perennial.
6. Lycdépsis (Bugloss).—Differing from Anchiisa chiefly in
y LY

ANCHUSA SEMPERVIRENS (Evergreen Alkanet).

having a bent tube and an oblique limb to the corolla. (Name in

Greek signifying “fa wolf's face,” from some fancied resemblance
in the flower.)
1. L. arvénsts (Small Bugloss)—The only British species; a
branched, prickly plant, 6—18 in. high, with oblong, wavy leaves,
and forked, curved clusters of small blue flowers.—Waste ground ;
common, especially near tlre sea.—Fl. June, July. Annual.
7. PuLMoNARIA (Lungwort).—Herbs with a creeping rhizome ;
radical and cauline leaves ; terminal cymes of flowers with long,
5-cleft calyx; salver-shaped, polysymmetric corolla with naked
throat : included stamens ; and smooth nutlets. (Name from the
Z-2
340 BORAGINEE

Latin pulmo, the lungs, its spotted leaves being supposed,

according to the old doctrine of “signatures,” to indicate its
value in lung-disease. )
1. P. angustifélia (Narrow-leaved Lungwort).—About a foot
high ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, the upper ones sessile, often
spotted with pale green ; flowers pink in bud and afterwards deep
blue. —Woods in Dorsetshire, the Isle of Wight, and the New
Forest. — Fl. February—
June. Perennial.
2. P. officindlis (Com-
mon Lungwort).—Leaves
ovate, always spotted ;
flowers pale purple. —
Woods; rare. Generally
an escape from gardens.—
Fl. April, May. Perennial.
8. Mertensia (Smooth
Gromwell, Lightwort).—
Herbs with radical and
cauline leaves, and_ blue-
purple flowers in terminal
cymes; calyx-tube — short,
deeply 5-cleft; corolla
funnel - shaped; stamens
long, exserted; utlets
fleshy. (Name in honour
of F. C. Mertens, a Ger-
man botanist.)
1. M. maritima (Sea-
side Smooth Gromwell).—
The only British species, a
LYCOPSIS ARVENSIS (Syzall Bugloss).
singular plant about 18 in.
high, with fleshy, glaucous
leaves, without bristles, but sprinkled with hard dots, which are very
evident in dried specimens ; flowers blue-purple, crimson in bud.
—Sea-shores in the north. When fresh the plant is said to have
the flavour of oysters.—Fl. May, June. Perennial. ‘
9. Mvosdéris (Mouse-ear, Scorpion-grass).—Herbs with stalked
radical, and sessile cauline Jeaves, and terminal 1-sided clusters of
small, generally blue flowers ; calyx 5-cleft ; corolla salver-shaped,
with blunt lobes, twisted in bud, and throat nearly closed by
blunt scales ; zutlets smooth. (Name from the Greek, signifying
a mouse’s ear, from the shape of the often downy leaves.)
Fig. 45. Forget-me-not. ‘Myosotis scorpioides),.
 BORAGE FAMILY 341

1. M. cespitosa (Tufted Water Scorpion-grass).—A tufted,

light green, rather shining plant with a short, not creeping rhizome ;
stem much branched from the base with slender branches, downy
with adpressed hairs ; blunt leaves ; and long, slender racemes of
short-stalked, sky-blue flowers % in. across.—Watery places;
common.—Fl. May—August. Peren-
nial.
2. M. scorpioides (Forget-me-not).—
A light green, rather shining, almost
glabrous plant, with few spreading or
adpressed hairs, a creeping rhizome with
runners; blunt, apiculate leaves, the
cauline ones sessile or decurrent; and
terminal, leafless, 1-sided clusters of
bright blue flowers, nearly 4 in. across,
with a yellow eye, and a small, white
scale at the base of each lobe of the
corolla.—Watery places ; common. Few
flowers have been more written about
than the Forget-me-not, yet there is
great disagreement among writers as to
the plant to which the name properly
belongs. It was once applied to the
Ground-pine (4juga Chamepitys) on
account of its strong taste of turpentine :
some appear to have had the Alkanet in
view ; others, the Speedwell ; and others,
again, some of the smaller and less
brilliantly coloured species of Myosétis.
—Fl. May—August. Perennial.
3. M. répens (Creeping Water
Scorpion-grass). — Rhizome short with
leafy runners above ground ; stem angu-
lar, slender, branched, with long, spread-
ing hairs ; leaves acute ; flowers sky-blue,
with a yellow eye, 4 in. across, in long,
slender clusters with a few leaves at the By Nea cht oe
base, and very slender, long pedicels
bending downward in fruit——Wet places ; common.—Fl. June—
August. Perennial.
4. M. pyrendica (Mountain Forget-me-not).—A short, erect
plant, with long, soft, spreading hairs; radical leaves on long
slender stalks, pointed ; flowers deep bright blue, 2 in. across, in
short clusters, with short, thick pedicels, and flat, short-tubed
342 BORAG{INEZE

corollas, sweet-scented in the evening.—Mountains in Yorkshire

and Scotland ; rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
5. M. syludtica (Wood Forget-me-not).—A taller, erect plant,
without runners, with spreading hairs; radical leaves on short,
broad stalks, blunt; flowers bright blue, + in. across, in clusters
becoming very loose in fruit; calyx with hooked bristles.—Dry
woods ; rare.—Fl. May—September. Perennial.
6. M. arvénsis (Field Scorpion-grass).—A closely allied species,

eh
MYOSOTIS ALPESTRIS MYOSOTIS VERSICOLOR
(Mountain Horget-me-not), (Parti-coloured Scorpion-grass).

6—r18 in. high, roughish with spreading bristles ; radical leaves

stalked ; flowers very small, ¢ in. across, usually concave, pale
blue, on long, slender, spreading pedicels ; calyx with hooked
bristles.—-Cultivated land and waste places; the commonest
species of the genus.—Fl. June—August. Annual.
7. M. collina (Early Field Scorpion-grass).—A slender, erect or
prostrate plant, often only about 3 in. high; leaves oblong, blunt;
flowers minute, bright blue (never pink or yellow), on short
 BORAGE FAMILY 343

pedicels in long, slender, leafless clusters, with a solitary flower

some distance below them in the axil of the uppermost leaf ;
calyx with hooked bristles.—Dry banks; common. On its first
appearance, in April, the flowers are buried among the leaves ;
but the stems finally lengthen into racemes, and as the season
advances the whole plant dries up and disappears.—FI. April—
July. Annual.
8. M. versicolor (Parti-
coloured Scorpion-grass).—
A very distinct species, less
than a foot high; stem
leafy below, naked above ;
leaves sessile, linear-oblong,
sub- acute; flowers very
minute, in clusters, on long,
leafless stalks, tightly coiled
up, when in bud, in the
scorpioid manner~ which
gives these plants the name
of Scorpion-grass, at first
pale yellow, afterwards
blue.—Fields and banks;
common.—F]. April—June.
Annual.

io. LITHOSPERMUM
(Gromwell).— Herbs, some-
times shrubby, with flowers
in leafy clusters; calyx
deeply 5-cleft; corolla
funnel- shaped, its throat
naked, or with 5 minute LITHOSPERMUM OFFICINALE
scales ; stamens included ; (Common Gromwell, or Grey Millet).
nutlets stony. (Name from
the Greek Jzthos, a stone, sperma seed, from its hard nutlets.)
1. L. purpureo-ceruleum (Purple Gromwell), with prostrate,
barren stems, and erect flowering ones, 1—2 feet high, with large,
bright, blue-purple flowers, occurs rarely in woods on chalky or
limestone soil, chiefly in the south.—Fl. May—July. Perennial.
2. L. officindlé (Common Gromwell, or Grey Millet). — Dis-
tinguished by its erect stems, 1—3 feet high, much branched
towards the summit, and generally growing 5 or 6 from the same
root ; oblong, acute, sessile leaves, bristly above, hairy beneath;
small yellowish white flowers ; and, above all, by its highly polished
344 BORAGINE

pearl-grey, stony nuilets, which remain on the dead, leafless shoots

in autumn. — Dry places; not unfrequent.—Fl. June — August.
Perennial.
3. L arvénsé (Corn Gromwell).—Stem about a foot high, soli-
tary, erect, branched ; leaves narrow, hairy ; flowers small, cream-
white ; calyx lengthening when in fruit, and containing 3 or 4
brown, wrinkled xuélets.—
Cornfields; common. — FI.
May—July. Annual.

11. Ecuium (Viper’s Bu-

gloss).— Usually large, rough
herbs with their flowers in
scorpioid clusters; calyx
deeply 5-cleft ; corolla mono-
symmetric, sub-campanulate,
its throat naked, stamens very
\
long, unequal in length, ex-
serted. (Name from the
Mey
ET,

Greek echis, a viper, against

the bite of which it was
formerly considered an anti-
dote.)
1. E. vulgare (Common
Viper’s Bugloss).—A_hand-
some plant, 2—3 feet high,
remarkable for its bristly, or
C Wl fi almost prickly stems and
SsWH=k> a \i leaves, and numerous curved,
Vira \e
lateral spikes of flowers, which
on their first opening are
bright rose-coloured and
finally of a brilliant blue.-—
Dry places; common. ‘The
roots are very long and taper-
ECHIUM VULGARE (Common Viper's Bugiloss). ing, and descend perpendicu-
larly into the loose soil in
which the plant usually grows. There is a white-flowered variety.
The name Bugloss is of Greek origin, signifying ox’s tongue,
referring to the shape and roughness of the leaves.—Fl. June—
August. Biennial.
2." E. plantagineum, with narrower leaves and more spreading
spikes of dark violet flowers, occurs in Cornwall and Jersey.—Fl.
June—September. Biennial.
 Fig. 46.
Viper’s Bugloss.
(Echium vulgare).
 BINDWEED FAMILY 345

Orv. LIII. ConvoLvuLAcE#.—-THE BINDWEED.. FAMILY

An extensive and highly valuable family of plants, most of
which are herbaceous climbers, with large and very beautiful
flowers. ‘They are most abundant within the Tropics. They have
frequently a milky juice: their leaves are scattered and exstipulate ;
their sepals 5, inferior, imbricate, often very unequal, persistent ;
their corolla monosymmetric, hypogynous, plaited, gamopetalous,
5-toothed, deciduous; sfamens 5, inserted on the base of the
corolla-tube ; ovary of 2—4 united carpels, few-seeded, surrounded
below by a fleshy, ring-shaped disk; style single, 2—4-forked;
fruit a 1—4-chambered capsule. As medicines they occupy an
important station. The roots of Convélvulus Scamménia, a Syrian
species, furnish scammony; jalap is prepared from a similar
gum-resin which abounds in the roots of several species of
Exogénium, beautiful Mexican climbers, with large, trumpet-shaped
flowers ; and Batatds edulis is no less valuable as a food in tropical
countries, its roots, known as sweet potatoes, abounding in starch
and sugar, and being very nourishing. Cwuscuta (Dodder) is a
parasitic genus with branched, climbing, thread-like stems, no
leaves, and globular heads of small, wax-like flowers. The seeds
germinate in the ground, and the young plants climb the stems
of adjoining plants, sending out root-lhke suckers into them and
then losing their connexion with the ground. One species found
in Britain grows upon Flax, with the seeds of which it has
probably been introduced; and others grow on Furzes, Heaths,
Clovers and other plants.
1. Conv6LvuLuUs.—Leafy, twining plants.
2. CUscutTa.—Leafless, twining parasites.

1. CoNnvoLvuLus (Bindweed).—Slender, twining plants, with

milky juice; scattered leaves, often sagittate; corolla trumpet-
shaped, 5-plaited, slightly 5-lobed; capsule 2-chambered below,
1-chambered above, 2-valved. (Name, a diminutive from the
Latin convolvo, I entwine.)
1. C. séptum (Great Bindweed).—A glabrous, twining plant
with stout, fleshy, creeping rhizome ; leaves arrow-shaped, with
abrupt lobes; bracts large, heart-shaped, close to the flower and
entirely enclosing it when in bud; flowers solitary, on square
peduncles, large, pure white; fruit not often perfected.—Bushy
places ; common. A most mischievous weed in gardens, not only
exhausting the soil with its roots, but strangling with its twining
stems the plants which grow near, Its handsome flowers are
346 CONVOLVULACE

among the largest which this country produces.—Fl. June—

September. Perennial.
2. C. Soldanélla (Sea Bindweed).—A very beautiful species;
stems not climbing, usually almost entirely buried beneath the
sand ; leaves fleshy, roundish or kidney shaped ; bracts large, ovate,
close to the flower ; flowers solitary, almost as large as those of the
preceding species ; pale rose-coloured, striped with red or yellow,

CONVOLVULUS SOLDANELLA (Sea Bindweed).

on 4-sided, winged stalks.—-Sandy sea-shores; frequent. The

flowers generally expand in the morning and close before night.
—F]. June—August. Perennial.
3. C. arvensis (Field Bindweed).—-A beautiful, though destruc-
tive twining plant ; leaves arrow-shaped, with acute lobes ; bracts
2, small, linear, distant from the flower ; flowers 1—-3 together,
white or rose-coloured, with darker red plaits, handsome and
fragrant, opening only in sunny weather—A common weed in
light soil, either trailing along the ground among short grass or
 BINDWEED FAMILY 347

climbing the stalks of corn or any other support.—Fl. June—

September. Perennial.
2. CUscuta (Dodder).—Slender, branched, twining, leafless
parasites, with thread-like stems, generally reddish, and small
flowers in compact globular heads ; calyx 4—5 cleft ; corolla bell-
shaped, 4—5-cleft, generally with
scales below the epipetalous sta-
mens; ovary 2-chambered, 4-seeded;
capsule bursting transversely ; seeds
almost without cotyledons. (Name
of doubtful etymology. )
1. C. europea (Greater Dodder),
with a calyx of blunt sepals, much
shorter than the yellowish corolla,
and the scales in the corolla-tube
short, notched, and pressed to the
sides of the tube, grows on Nettles,
Thistles, Vetches, and other herb-
aceous plants —Fl. July—Septem-
ber.. Annual.
2. C. Epithymum (Lesser Dod-
der), with a reddish calyx of acute
sepals, shorter than the white
corolla, the scales as long as the
corolla-tube, fringed and converg-
ing, and the stamens exserted,
grows on Furzes, Heaths, Thymes,
and other shrubby plants, and is the
commonest species. Soon after
flowering the stems turn dark

Cae
brown, and in winter disappear.—
Fl. July—October. Annual.
3." C. Epilinum (Flax Dodder),
with green stems, whitish flowers in —S aS <2

small clusters, acute sepals as long

as the corolla, and adpressed CUSCUTA EPITHYMUM (Lesser Dedder
fringed scales, is sometimes very
destructive to Flax.—Fl. July, August. Annual.
4.* C. Trifolit (Clover Dodder), with reddish-yellow stems ;
white flowers ; lanceolate, red-tipped sepals as long as the corolla,
and converging scales half as long as the corolla-tube; grows
chiefly on Clover.—Fl. July—September. Annual.
348 SOLANACEAE

Orv. LIV. SoLaANACEZ.—THE NIGHTSHADE FAMILY

A large and highly important Order, containing about 1,000
species of herbaceous plants and shrubs, which inhabit most parts
of the world except the coldest, and are most abundant within
the Tropics. Their leaves are exstipulate and scattered, but occa-
sionally appear, owing to adhesion, to spring in pairs; and the
cymose inflorescences are similarly sometimes above the axils of
the leaves. The flowers are polysymmeiric and pentamerous,
rarely 4-merous ; calyx inferior, deeply cleft ; corolla hypogynous,
gamopetalous, plaited when in bud ; stamens in one whorl, alternate
with the petals ; anthers bursting either by terminal pores or by
slits down their inner surfaces ; ovary 2-chambered ; style 1 ; stigma
simple; fruit a 2—4-chambered capsule or nuculane; seeds
numerous. The prevailing property of the members of this Order
is narcotic, and many are, in consequence, highly poisonous. In
others, certain parts of the plant have poisonous properties, the
rest being harmless, and some even containing a large quantity of
nutritious matter. The genus Soldnum is a very extensive one,
comprising as many as 600 species. First among these in
importance stands the Potato (S. tuberdsum), a native of Chih,
which was introduced into Spain between 1580 and 1585, and
into Ireland by Thomas Herriott, who brought it from Virginia in
1586. It was first planted on Sir Walter Raleigh’s estate at
Youghal, co. Cork, and was cultivated for food in that country
long before its value was known in England; but John Gerard
grew it in his garden in Holborn before 1597, the year in which
his “ Herbal” was published, in the frontispiece to which work he
is represented holding a flowering branch of the potato. Its
leaves and fruit are narcotic; but its tubers contain no noxious
matter, abounding in an almost tasteless starch, on which account
it is less liable to cloy on the palate than any other vegetable food
except bread. S. Meléngena, the Egg-plant, a common green-
house plant, is remarkable for bearing a fruit of the size and colour
of a pullet’s egg; S. Dulcamdra, the Woody Nightshade, or
Bittersweet, a common English plant, with purple and yellow
flowers and scarlet fruit, has narcotic leaves; and S. nigrum, a
smaller species, common as a weed in England and most other
countries, except the coldest, with white flowers and black fruit,
is narcotic to a dangerous degree. Atropa Belladonna, a stout,
herbaceous plant, with dingy purple, bell-shaped flowers, is the
Deadly Nightshade, so called from the poisonous nature of every
part of the plant, especially the fruit, which is large, black, and
shining, and of a very attractive appearance. It contains a
 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY 349

substance known as atropine, which possesses the singular

property of contracting the iris and thus dilating the pupil of the
eye, on which account it is extensively used by oculists when
operations are to be performed, and, it is said, by ladies to
enhance their beauty, whence it derives its specific name. The
Mandrake (Mandrdgora officinalis) was anciently thought to
possess miraculous properties. It was said to shriek when taken
from the ground, and to cause the instant death of any one who
heard its cries. ‘The person who gathered it, therefore, always
stopped his ears with cotton, and harnessed a dog to the root, so
that, in his efforts to escape, he uprooted the plant, and instantly
fell dead. The forked root was then trimmed so as to resemble
the human form. Tobacco is the foliage of several species of
Nicotiana, a violent poison when received into the stomach, though
commonly employed in other ways without apparent ill effects.
Hyoscyamus niger, the Henbane, a stout, herbaceous plant with
sticky, fetid leaves, and cream-coloured flowers veined with purple,
is a powerful narcotic, and in skilful hands scarcely less valuable
than opium. Datura Stramonium, the Thorn Apple, bearing
large, white, trumpet-shaped flowers, and prickly capsules, is also
a dangerous poison, though employed with good effect in several
nervous and other disorders, especially asthma. Physalis Alkekéngt,
the Winter Cherry, is remarkable for bearing a scarlet fruit
enclosed in the enlarged calyx, which also turns scarlet, but, after
exposure to autumn wet, decays, leaving the fruit hanging within
a network of its veins. The genus Capsicum affords Cayenne
pepper, which is prepared by grinding the dried fruits; and
Tomatoes are the fruit of the genus Lycopérsicum.
I. SOLANUM.—Corolla rotate, the segments spreading or
reflexed ; anthers opening by pores; frutt a 2-chambered
nuculane.
*2. Lycium.—Corolla funnel-shaped, segments spreading ;
anthers opening lengthwise ; fruzt a 2-chambered nuculane.
3. Arropa. — Corolla bell-shaped; fruit a 2-chambered
nuculane.
*4. DatUra.—Corolla long, funnel-shaped, folded angularly ;
fruit a 4-valved capsule.
5. HyoscYamus.—Corolla short, funnel-shaped with unequal
lobes ; capsule opening transversely.

1. SoLANUM (Nightshade).—Herbs or shrubs with scattered or

paired leaves ; polysymmetric, purple or white flowers; rotate
corolla with a short tube, and spreading or reflexed, valvate lobes ;-
exserted, convergent anthers, opening by pores; and a 2—4-
350 SOLANACEE
chambered, fleshy, many-seeded, berry-like fruit. (Name of
doubtful origin.)
1. S. Dulcamara (Woody Nightshade, Bittersweet).—Frequently,
though incorrectly, called Deadly Nightshade ; well marked by its
shrubby, clambering stem climbing among bushes to a height of
8 or 10 feet ; leaves ovate, acute, cordate, hastate, or eared at the
base ; flowers in loose, drooping clusters, purple with 2 green spots

SOLANUM DULCAMARA (Woody Nightshade, Bittersweet).

at the base of each’ petal ; anthers yellow, uniting in the form of a

cone ; fruit oval, scarlet, berry-like-—Hedges, and luxuriantly
near water; common.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
2. S. nigrum (Black Nightshade).—A branching, erect, herba-
ceous plant, generally less than a foot high ; leaves stalked, ovate,
wavy, bluntly toothed ; flowers few, drooping, white, with yellow
anthers ; fruit globular, generally black, but rarely yellow or red.
—-Waste ground ; common.—Fl. July—October. Annual.
 Fig. 47

Dwale or Deadly Nightshade.

(Atropa Belladonna), —
 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY 351

*>. LY¥ciuM, represented by L. chinénsé (The Duke of Argyll’s

Tea-tree), an Asiatic shrub naturalised in many places, especially
near the sea, straggling, with long, pendulous and sometimes
spinous branches; fleshy, glabrous, lanceolate leaves; purple, funnel-
shaped flowers with a short corolla-tube, green throat, and black
honey-guides ; and red, berry-like fruit. Suggested as a substi-
tute for tea.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.

ATROPA BELLADONNA (Deadly Nightshade, Dwale).

3. ATROPA (Deadly Nightshade), represented by one species,

A. Belladénna, a stout, branched, erect, herbaceous plant, 3—4
feet high, with runners ; leaves large, stalked, ovate, acute, gener-
ally in unequal pairs; flowers solitary, axillary, drooping, bell-shaped,
lurid purple ; calyx leafy, persistent; fruit. globose black, pol-
ished, resembling a cherry, but for the persistent calyx—Old
quarries and among ruins, especially on chalk and limestone soil +
352 SOLANACE

not common. The most dangerous poisonous plant in Britain,

its berries being fatally attractive to children. A strong emetic, a
dose of magnesia, and to keep the patient from dozing are the
best precautions in cases of poisoning by its berties, pending the
arrival of medical aid. (Name from Airopos, one of the Fates, who
was supposed to cut the thread of human destiny.)—F. June—
August, Perennial.

HYOSCYAMUS NiGER (Commton Henbane).

4. Datura, represented by D. Stramonium (Thorn Apple), a

coarse, strong-smelling plant, 1—2 feet high, with widely diverging
2—3- furcate branches ; large, ovate, glabrous, sinuate-dentate
leaves ; large, erect, white flowers on short stalks in the forks of the
branches ; and a densely spinous, ovate, 4-valved capsule.—Waste
places; rare. (Name of Arabic origin.)—Fl. June, July. Annual.
5. HyoscYamus (Henbane).—Strong-smelling, often _ sticky
herbs ; calyx bell-shaped, persistent ; corolla with a short tube and
 FIGWORT FAMILY 353

5 unequal, blunt, spreading lobes ; stamens lying on one side;

anthers opening lengthwise ; ovary 2-chambered ; capsule opening
transversely by a lid, many-seeded. (Name in "Greek signifying
Hog’s-bean.)
1. H. niger (Common Henbane).—The only British species,
an erect, branched, herbaceous plant, 1—3 feet high, with large,
viscid, downy leaves, and funnel-shaped, cream-coloured flowers,
generally with purple veins and a dark eye, arranged in a double
row along the upper side of curving branches, succeeded by
2-chambered capsules, which are enclosed by the calyx, and open
by lids which fall off when the seeds are ripe.—Waste places, on
dry soil, especially near the sea; frequent. The whole plant has
an exceedingly disagreeable smell of mice, and is dangerously
narcotic, especially at the time when the seeds are ripening. An
extract 1s used in medicine, and is often of great service, pro-
ducing the effect of opium without the unpleasant symptoms
which frequently follow the administration of that drug. The
capsules and seeds of Henbane, smoked like tobacco, are a rustic
remedy for the toothache, but convulsions and temporary insanity
are said to be sometimes the consequences of their use.—Fl. May
—August. Annual or Biennial.
Orv. LV. ScROPHULARIN2 —FIGwWorT FAMILY
A large and important Order, containing nearly 2,000 species,
of which some are shrubs, but the greater number are herbaceous,
inhabiting all parts of the world, from the Arctic regions to the
Tropics. Their leaves are generally simple, and their flowers
monosymmetric; calyx 4—s5-lobed, persistent; corolla often
2-lipped or personate ; stamens usually 4, 2 long and 2 short
(didynamous), sometimes 2 or 5; ovary 2-chambered; style 1;
stigma 2-lobed ; capsule 2-chambered, 2—4-valved, or opening by
pores. The general character of the species is acrid and bitter,
and some have powerful medicinal properties. The powdered
leaves of Foxglove (Digitdlis purpurea) lower the pulse, and, if
taken in large doses, are poisonous. LEuphrdsia (Eye-bright), the
“Euphrasy” of Milton, makes a useful eye-water. Among
foreign genera Gratiola is said to be the active ingredient in the
once famous gout medicine, “Eau médicinale.” Euphrdasia,
Odontites, Pediculdris, Rhindnthus, and Melampjrum are partly
parasitic, their roots being generally attached to those of grasses,
and their leaves small in proportion to their size and copious
flowering and seed-production. The Foxgloves, Snapdragons,
Toadflaxes, and Mulleins have showy and ornamental flowers, and,
together with several species of Verénica, are garden favourites.
AA
354 SCROPHULARINE

* Stamens 5
1. VERBASCUM.—Corolla rotate, with 5 slightly unequal lobes;
stamens hairy.
** Stamens 4, didynamous
2. LinAria.—Corolla personate, spurred ; capsule opening by
pores.
3. ANTIRRH{NUM.—Corolla personate, swollen at the base;
capsule opening by pores.
4. SCROPHULARIA.—Corolla nearly globose, shortly 2-lipped,
capsule 2-valved.
*5. Mimutus.—Calyx 5-toothed; corolla 2-lipped, gaping ;
seeds many.
6. LiMosELLA.—Leaves_ radical, linear; corolla short, bell-
shaped, 5-cleft, nearly polysymmetric ; anthers 1-chambered.
7. SIBTHORPIA.—Leaves round; corolla short, rotate, 5-cleft,
nearly polysymmetric ; anthers 2-chambered.
8. DicitALis.—Calyx in 5 deep, unequal segments; corolla
irregularly bell-shaped, with 4—5 shallow lobes.
9. EupHrAsta.—Leaves opposite ; calyx 4-cleft ; corolla 2-lipped,
upper lip with two spreading lobes, lower lip in 3 nearly equal
notched lobes ; seeds many.
10. OpONTITES.—Leaves opposite ; calyx 4-cleft; corolla
2-lipped, upper lip arched, entire ; lower lip with 3 reflexed entire
lobes ; capsule blunt ; seeds many.
11. LAsIOpERA.—Leaves opposite, or upper ones scattered ;
calyx 4-cleft ; corolla tubular, 2-lipped; capsule pointed; seeds
many, minute.
12. BArtsta.—Leaves opposite; calyx bell-shaped, 4-fid ;
corolla tubular, ringent ; upper lip much arched, not compressed ;
capsule pointed ; seeds many, large, compressed and winged.
13. PepicuLAris.—Leaves scattered ; calyx inflated, 4-toothed ;
corolla gaping, lower lip 3-lobed ; seeds many.
14. RHINANTHUS.—Leaves opposite ; calyx inflated, 5-toothed;
corolla as in Pediculdris ; seeds flattened, winged.
15. MELAMPYRUM. —Leaves opposite ;calyx tubular, 4-toothed;
corolla much as in Pedicularis ; seeds 2—4, not winged.
*** Stamens 2
16. VERONICA.—Corolla rotate, unequally 4-cleft, the lower
lobe narrowest.
VerpBAscuM (Mullein).—Erect, woolly plants with scattered
ee and nearly polysymmetric, 5-merous flowers in spikes;
corolla rotate, with 5 slightly unequal lobes; stamens 5, hairy;
 Great Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus
Fig. 48
 FIGWORT FAMILY 355

capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. (Name a corruption of the Latin

Barbascum, meaning “‘ bearded.”’)
1. V. Thdépsus (Great Mullein).—A_ stout, herbaceous, un-
branched plant, 2—5 feet high, remarkable for its large, flannel-
like leaves, woolly on both
sides and decurrent, and
club-shaped spikes of yellow
flowers. ‘Two of the stamens
are longer than the rest, and
have white hairs on their fila-
ments. — Roadsides ; com-
mon. ‘This plant, together
with Burdocks and Foxglove,
is often introduced by painters
into the foreground of land-
scapes. — Fl. June — August.
Biennial.
2. V. pulveruléntum (Hoary
Mullein). — Stem 2—3 feet
high, round, mealy ; leaves
broad, with stellate hairs on
both sides, not decurrent ;
flowers smaller, bright yellow,
in panicles ; stamens nearly
equal, scarlet, with white hairs.
—Norfolk and Suffolk.—Fl.
July. Biennial.
3. V. Lychnitis (White
Mullein).—A similar species,
with angular stem leaves
nearly smooth above; and
small, cream- coloured or
white flowers.—Chiefly on a
chalky soil ; rare. —Fl. June—
August. Biennial.
4. V. nigrum (Dark Mul-
lein).—A handsome plant, not |
so stout or so tall as V. veRBASCUM THApPSUS (Great Mullein).
Thdpsus, and of a darker hue ;
stem angular ; leaves stalked, oblong, cordate, with stellate down,
especially below; flowers very numerous, bright yellow, in dense
tufts on along, crowded spike ; stamens covered with purple hairs.
— Hedges and roadsides ; local.—Fl. June—October. Biennial.
Several hybrids between the above four species occur.
AA2
356 SCROPHULARINE

s. V. virgdtum (Primrose-leaved Mullein).—A stout species,

3—4 feet high; Jeaves doubly serrate, with few glandular
hairs, the upper ones slightly decurrent ; flowers yellow, in a
panicle, crowded ; stamens with purple hairs.—Gravelly banks ;
rare. —Fl. August. Biennial.
6. V. Blattéria (Moth-Mullein).—A tall, slender plant, with
smooth, shining, oblong, crenate leaves, the lower ones often
lobed and embracing the stem, and with large, handsome,
yellow or cream-coloured flowers in loose tufts on a long,

LINARIA ELATINE (Sharp-pointed Fluellen).

interrupted spike ; stamens with purple hairs.—Gravelly places ;

rare, except in the south-west.—Fl. July, August. Biennial.
2. LinArta (Toad-flax).—Mostly herbs, with bracteate flowers,
often in spikes or racemes ; corolla personate, spurred ; stamens
4, didynamous ; capsule opening by pores. (Name from the
Latin linum, flax, which some species resemble in their leaves.)
1.* L. Cymbaldria (Ivy-leaved Toad-flax, Mother-of-Thou-
 FIGWORT FAMILY 357

sands).—Not a native species, but quite naturalised, growing

freely from seed besides extending widely by means of its
long, rooting stems; leaves smooth, 5-lobed, cordate, rather
fleshy, purple on the under surface ; flowers small, solitary, hlac.—
On old garden walls ;common.—Fl. nearly all the year round.
Perennial.
2. L. Eldtiné (Sharp-pointed Fluellen).—A _ small, prostrate
plant, with downy stem and |
leaves, the latter hastate ; flowers
small, solitary, axillary, on long,
slender peduncles ; corolla with
upper lip purple, lower yellow,
with spur straight.—Cornfields ;
frequent.—Fl. July—October.
Annual.
3. L. spuria (Round-leaved
Toad-flax, Male Fluellen).—
Resembling the last so closely
that it might be mistaken for
a luxuriant specimen of it; but
with roundish ovate leaves and
rather larger flowers, with the
spur bent up at a nght angle
to the corolla.—It grows in
similar situations to, and some-
times with, L. Eldtiné, but is
less common.—F1. July—Octo-
ber. Annual.
4. L. repens (Pale blue
Toad-flax).—A slender, erect
plant, about a foot high, with
glaucous, linear leaves, and
pretty pale lavender, purple-
veined flowers in a_spike-like
terminal raceme.—Calcareous ats Sinem
soils; rare.—F]. July—Sep- (Yellow Toad-fiax).
tember. Perennial.
5. L. vulgaris (Yellow Toad-flax).—An erect, herbaceous plant,
1—2 feet high, with numerous, crowded, linear, acute leaves,
glabrous, and sometimes glaucous ; and dense, spike-like, termi-
nal racemes of large, yellow flowers—Hedges ; very common.
The variety known as Peloria, with a polysymmetric, 5-spurred
corolla, is rare.— Fl. June—October. Perennial.
6, L. minor (Least Toad-flax).—A small, erect plant, less than
358 SCROPHULARINE

a foot high, sometimes branched, with scattered, linear, blunt,

downy, viscid leaves, and small, solitary, axillary, short-spurred,
pale lilac flowers.—Cornfields on dry soil; frequent.— Fl. May—
October. Annual.
Several other species occur on ballast heaps near the sea, or as
garden escapes, but have no claim to be considered natives.
3. ANTIRRH{NUM (Snapdragon).—A genus of herbs differing
from Lindvia mainly in having a
pouch-like swelling, instead of a
spur, at the base of the corollz.
(Name from the Greek anit, against,
rhis, rhinos, the nose, from the mask-
like appearance of the flowers.)
1.* A. mdjus (Great Snapdragon).
—A stout, handsome plant, with
numerous leafy stems ; leaves lanceo-
late; flowers large, personate,
pouched, crimson, pink or white, in
many - flowered, dense, bracteate,
spike-like, terminal racemes; sepals
ovate, blunt, much shorter than the
corolla.—In limestone quarries and
chalk-pits, and on old walls ; com-
mon, but not indigenous. In gar-
dens varieties occur with many beau-
tiful colours and yeinings. Children
derive much amusement from pinch-
ing the flowers between the finger
and thumb, when the palate opens,
as if in imitation of the fabulous
monster from which it derives its
name. — Fl. July — September.
Perennial.
ANTIRRHINUM ORONTIUM
eer Shabararn. Saath
2. A. Orontium (Lesser Snap-
dragon).—-A much smaller and more
slender plant, generally less than a foot high, with linear leaves,
and a few, small, axillary, rose-coloured flowers with linear sepals
much longer than the corolla.—Cornfields in the south ; not com-
mon.—-Fl. July—September. Annual.
4. SCROPHULARIA (Figwort).—Strong-smelling, stout herbs,
with leaves mostly opposite, and flowers in panicles; corolla nearly
globose, shortly 2-lipped ; stamens 4, or with a staminode ; capsule
2-valved. (Name from its former use in the treatment of scrofula.)
Fig. 49. Lesser Snapdragon. (Antirrhinum Orontum)
 FIGWORT FAMILY 359

1. S. aquatica (Water Figwort).—A tall, herbaceous plant, 2

—5 feet high, with a square stem with the angles winged; leaves
smooth, oblong, cordate, blunt, crenate-serrate ; flowers almost
globular, chocolate-brown, in close, many-flowered panicles, with
linear, blunt bracts.—Sides of streams and ditches ; common. The
stems, though hollow and succulent when alive, when dead be-
come rigid and prove very troublesome to anglers, owing to their
lines becoming entangled in the withered capsules——Fl. July—
September. Perennial.
2. 8. aldta (Shade rs
Figwort). — Resemb- SS TSS at ND
ling the last, but with ; NM fe
sharply serrate, acute S l~
leaves, and flowers in
loose, few - flowered
panicles, with leaf-
like, lanceolate, acute
bracts.—Wet places;
uncommon.— Fl.
August, September.
Perennial.
3. S. noddsa (Knot-
ted Figwort). — An-
other similar, but fa b|
smaller species, with
a thick, fleshy, knotted
rhizome; stem 2—3
feet high, square, with
blunt angles; leaves
smooth, ovate, acute,
doubly and acutely
serrate; and flowers
greenish - brown, in
loose panicles, with SCROPHULARIA AQUATICA (Water Figwort).
small, lanceolate,
acute bracts—Moist bushy places; common.—Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
4. S. Scorodénia (Balm-leaved Figwort), with downy, wrinkled,
crenate leaves and leaf-like bracts, is found only in Cornwall,
Devon, Ireland, and the Channel Islands.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
5.* S. verndlis (Yellow Figwort).—A very distinct plant, about
2 feet high, with slightly 4-angled stem; broad, crenate, pale
green leaves and pugut yellow flowers.— Waste places; local.
360 SCROPHULARIN©

Appearing early in spring, and resembling a Calceoldria, this is

the most ornamental British species. —-F]. April—June. Perennial.
*s. Mfmutus (Monkey-flower).—Herbs with square stems,
opposite leaves, and conspicuous, solitary, axillary flowers ; calyx
s-cleft, 5-angled ; corolla 2-lipped, gaping, the upper lip 2-lobed
and reflexed ; seeds many. (Name from the Greek mzmo, an ape,
from the form of the flower.)
t.* M. Langsdorfii (Yellow Monkey-flower).—A pretty North
American plant, with hollow creeping stems, ovate, veined leaves,
and large, yellow, funnel-shaped flowers, which has escaped from
cultivation and become naturalised by the sides of many streams.
Some of its cultivated varieties have the flowers blotched with
brown or red.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.

LIMOSELLA AQUATICA (Common Mudwort).

6. LimosELLA (Mudwort).—Small, tufted, creeping, glabrous,

aquatic plants, with radical, linear leaves and minute, solitary,
axillary flowers ; corolla short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly polysym-
metric ; stamens 4, with 1-chambered anthers. (Name from the
Latin Jimus, mud, from the character of the places in which the
plant grows.)
1. L. aquatica (Common Mudwort).—The only British species,
a small plant, throwing up from the roots a number of smooth,
spathulate leaves on long stalks, and minute, pale pink or white
flowers on shorter stalks.—Watery places ; not common.—FI. July
—September. Annual.
7. SIBTHORPIA (Cornish Money-wort).—Slender, creeping, hairy
plants, with rounded, lobed, stalked leaves, and small, solitary,
axillary flowers ; calyx in 5 deep, spreading segments ; corolla short,
rotate, 5-cleft, nearly polysymmetric ; anthers 2-chambered ; capsule
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Fig. 50. Purple Foxglove. (Digitals purpurea)
 FIGWORT FAMILY 361

nearly round, flattened at the top. (Name in honour of Dr.

Humphrey Sibthorp, Professor of Botany at Oxford from 1747 to
E72.
= . européa (Cornish Money-wort).—The only British species,
an elegant little plant, with slender, thread-like stems creeping
along the ground in tangled masses; small, round, notched,
downy /eaves of a delicate green ; and very minute, pale pink and
yellow flowers.—Banks of springs and rivulets in Cornwall, and
occasionally in other southern counties. In habit it approaches
Hydrocotyle vulgdris (Marsh Penny-wort), but it is smaller and
downy and its leaves arenotched. Fl. June—October. Perennial.

‘ , .
SIBTHORPIA EUROPA (Cornish Money-wort).

8. DiciTALis (Foxglove).—Tall plants with radical and cauline

leaves, and large, monosymmetric, bell-shaped flowers in a long,
terminal raceme; calyx deeply and unequally 5-lobed; corolla
slightly 4—5-notched, hairy inside ; capsule ovate. (Name from
the Latin digitus, a finger, from the glove-like shape of the
flower.)
1. D. purpurea (Purple Foxglove).—The only British species,
a stately plant, 2—6 feet high, with large, wrinkled, downy leaves,
and a tall, slightly branched, tapering raceme of numerous hand-
some, deep rose-coloured, bell-shaped flowers, which droop as they
expand. On the inside the corolla is beautifully spotted ; and it
occasionally occurs of a pure white.—Woods ; common ; but not
on limestone. ‘The name Foxglove is a corruption of folk’s-glove ;
362 SCROPHULAR{NE

that is, Fairies’ glove. The leaves yield a-valuable medicine, which
is, however, poisonous in large doses.—Fl. June—-September.
Biennial.
g. Eupurdsta (Eye-Bright).—Partially parasitic plants with
opposite cut leaves, and flowers in a bracteate spike; calyx 4-cleft;
corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip with
2 spreading lobes ; the lower lip in
3 nearly equal lobes ; anthers spurred
at the base ; capsule flattened, blunt,
or notched ; seeds numerous, ribbed.
(Name from the Greek euphrdsano,
I clear, in allusion to its use as an
eye-lotion.)
1. E. officindlis (Common Eye-
bright).—An elegant little plant,
2—6 in. high, with deeply cut leaves,
and numerous white or lilac flowers
veined with purple, and with the
middle lobe of the lower lip yellow.
—It is common in pastures ; but it
is so variable that botanists dis-
tinguish a number of forms, of
which seventeen are British, differ-
ing in the bracts, size of flowers,
capsules, and seeds. On the moun-
tains and near the sea the stem is
scarcely branched, and the leaves
are fleshy; but in rich soil it
assumes the habit of a minute shrub.
An infusion of this plant makes a
useful eye-lotion.— Fl. May—Sep-
tember. Annual.
10. ODONTITES.—Partially para-
sitic plants with opposite leaves, and
flowers in branched spikes with leafy
sierra penaee bracts ; calyx 4-cleft ; corolla 2-lipped,
the upper lip arched, entire, or
notched, not spreading, the lower lip with 3 reflexed lobes ; capsule
flattened, blunt ; seeds numerous, angular. (Name from the Greek
odous, a tooth, some species having hollowed tooth-like scale-leaves
like those of the Tooth-wort.)
1. O. rubra (Red Bartsia)—A much-branched, erect, herba-
ceous plant, 6—12 in. high, with linear-lanceolate, dingy, reddish-
 FIGWORT FAMILY 363

green leaves, irregularly toothed, and numerous one-sided spikes

of small, pink flowers. While flowering, the spikes usually droop
at their ends.—Cornfields and waste places ; common.—Fl. June
—September. Annual.
t1. LASIOPERA (Viscid Bartsia or Marsh Eye-bright).—An erect,
clammy plant with the lower Jeaves opposite, the upper scattered ;
calyx tubular, 4-cleft ; corolla tubular, 2-lipped, yellow ; capsule
pointed ; seeds many, minute, angular. (Name from the Greek
ldstos, hairy, péra, a wallet.)
1. L. viscdsa (Yellow Viscid Bartsia).—An erect, clammy plant
with sessile, ovate-lanceolate, deeply serrated leaves, the lower

EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS (Common Eye-bright).

opposite, the upper scattered ; and’ axillary yellow flowers.—In the

south and west; rare. Somewhat resembling the Yellow-rattle
Rhindnthus Crista-gallz), but at once distinguished by its clammi-
ness. It looks very different in Sussex, where it is less than a foot
high and unbranched, from what it does at the Lizard, where it is
more than twice as tall and much branched.—Fl. June—October.
Annual.
12, BArtsta (Red Eye-bright).—A low, unbranched, perennial
plant, with leaves opposite; calyx bell-shaped, 4-fid; corolla
tubular, ringent, the upper lip much arched, not compressed;
capsule ovoid, produced into a long point; seeds many, large,
compressed and winged. (Name in honour of John Bartsch, a
Russian botanist.)
364 SCROPHULAR{INE

1. B. alpina (Alpine Bartsia), a low, unbranched species, with

opposite, ovate leaves, and dull purple-blue flowers in a short,
leafy spike——Mountain pastures in the north; rare—F]. June—
August. Perennial.
13. PEDICULARIS (Red-rattle).— Partially parasitic plants, with
scattered leaves, and flowers generally red, in bracteate spikes or
racemes ; calyx inflated, somewhat leafy, unequally ‘5-toothed;

ODONTITES RUBRA (Red Bartsia).

corolla gaping, upper lip arched, flattened vertically, lower lip flat,
3-lobed; capsule flattened, oblique; seeds angular. (Name from
the Latin pediculus, a louse, the plant being supposed to produce
lice in sheep.)
t. P. palustris (Marsh Red-rattle).—An erect, branched, herba-
ceous plant, 6—18 in. high, nearly glabrous, with reddish branches;
leaves deeply pinnately cut ; flowers large and crimson, in a leafy
raceme ; calyx downy.—Marshes and bogs; common. It is often
 FIGWORT FAMILY 365

a conspicuous plant, overtopping the surrounding herbage.—F.

May—September. Annual.
2. P. syludtica (Dwarf Red-rattle).—Distinguished from the last
by its humbler growth, being prostrate and only branched at the

PEDICULARIS PALUSTRIS (Marsh Red-rattle).

base, and by its rose-pink flowers with a smooth calyx.—Damp

heaths ; common.—Fl. April—August. Perennial.
14. RuinANTHUS (Yellow-rattle).—Partially parasitic plants,
with opposite, serrate leaves, and yellow flowers spotted with
violet, in one-sided spikes, with toothed bracts ; seeds flattened,
winged ; otherwise much as in Pediculdris. (Name from the
Greek rhis, rhinos, the nose, anthos, a flower, from its shape.)
366 SCROPHULARINE

1. R. Crista-gdlli (Yellow-rattle, Cock’s-comb).—An_ erect,

somewhat rigid plant, 12—18 in. high, seldom branched; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; flowers yellow, in a loose spike, with
green, ovate, deeply serrate bracts, and conspicuous, pale, inflated
calyces.—Pastures; common. ‘The rattling of the ripe seeds in
the capsule is a sign in Sweden that the hay is ready to cut ; but
in England hay-making begins when the plant is in full flower.—
FL-June, Annual.
2. R. mdjor (Large Yellow-rattle), a taller, much-branched
species, has its flowers in
crowded spikes, and a yellowish
bract, ending in a fine green
point, below each flower.—
Cultivated fields; local.
— FI.
July, August. Annual.

15. MELAMPYRUM ~~ (Cow-

wheat). — Partially _ parasitic
plants with opposite leaves ;
calyx tubular, with 4 narrow
teeth ; corolla much as in
Pediculdris, but with the sides
of the upper lip reflexed ; seeds
2—4, not winged. (Name
from the Greek melas, black,
puros, wheat, the seeds being
said to make flour black when
ground and mixed with it.)
1. M. cristdtum (Crested
Cow-wheat). — A handsome
plant, about a foot high, with
linear-lanceolate, entire leaves
RHINANTHUS CRISTA-GALLI and yellow flowers tipped with
(Cock's-comb, Yellow-rattle). purple, in dense, 4-sided spikes,
with cordate, toothed, ovate
bracts rose-coloured at the base, the lower ones recurved —Woods
in eastern counties ; rare.—Fl. September, October.— Annual.
2. M. arvensé (Purple Cow-wheat).—Also a handsome species,
taller, with rosy flowers with a yellow throat and deep red lips, in
loose spikes with ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, rose-red bracts.—
Cornfields in the south-eastern counties ; very rare.—Fl, July,
August. Annual.
3. M. pratense (Common Yellow Cow-wheat).—A_ slender
plant, about a foot high, with opposite pairs of straggling branches
 FIGWORT FAMILY | 367

below ; leaves in distant pairs, lanceolate, smooth ; flowers axillary,

in distant pairs, all turning one way; corolla 4 times as long as the
calyx, pale yellow, closed, lower lip longer than the upper.—
Woods ; common. According to Linnzeus, cows are fond of it,
and the best and yellowest butter is made where it abounds ; but

MELAMPYRUM PRATENSE (Common Yellow Cow-wheat).

the name praténsé (growing in meadows) is inappropriate, as it is

rarely found in such situations.—Fl. June—September. Annual.
4. M. syludticum (Sub-alpine Yellow Cow-wheat), differing from
the last in having sub-erect, deep yellow flowers with the corolla
only twice as long as the calyx and with its lzps open and equal,
occurs rarely In mountainous woods in the north.—Fl. July,
August. Annual.
368 SCROPHULARINE

16. VERONICA (Speedwell).— Herbs or shrubs, with flowers

usually blue ; corolla rotate, unequally 4-cleft, the lower lobe
narrowest ; stamens 2, exserted. (Name of doubtful origin, perhaps
a variant of Belénica, or perhaps a medizeval Latin word corrupted
from the Greek Beroniké.\

* Annual ; prostrate ; flowers solitary, axillary ; bracts scattered

1. V. hederifolia (Ivy-leaved Speedwell).—Leaves stalked, 5—7-
lobed, cordate, bearing in the axil of each leaf a pale blue flower,
the stalk of which is bent back when in fruit; sepals cordate,
ciliate ; capsule of 2, much swollen, 2-seeded lobes.—A common
weed everywhere.—Fl. March—August. Annual.
2. V. didyma (Grey Field Speedwell).—Leaves stalked, irregu-
larly serrate ; flowers bright blue, 3 in. across, on stalks longer
than the leaves; sepals broadly ovate, sub-aéute ; capsule of 2,
turgid, generally hairy, 8—12-seeded lobes.—Fields and waste
places ;common.—Fl. April—September. Annual.
3. V.agréstis (Green Field Speedwell).—Stems several, long,
prostrate ; leaves stalked, cordate, regularly serrate ; flowers % in.
across, on stalks shorter than the leaves; sepals linear-oblong,
blunt ; corolla pale blue, the lower lobe white; capsule of 2,
turgid, hairy, keeled, 4—6-seeded lobes.—Fields and waste places ;
common.—Fl. April—September. Annual.
4.* V. Tournefortit (Tournefort’s Speedwell).—A stouter, pros-
trate, hairy species, with shortly-stalked, cordate, obtuse, coarsely
serrate leaves ; large, bright blue flowers 4 in. across, on stalks
longer than the leaves ; sepals lanceolate, ciliate ; capsules of 2,
diverging, sharply-keeled, hairy, 5—8-seeded lobes.—Cultivated
ground ; introduced about 1826, but now general. Fl. April—
September. Annual.

** Flowers in terminal racemes ; corolla-tube very short

5. V. triphygllos (Finger-leaved Speedwell), distinguished by its
erect, branched stem, 4—8 in. high ; palmately 3—7-lobed leaves ;
and dark blue flowers in a loose, few-flowered raceme.—Sandy
fields in Yorkshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk, and near Frensham,
Surrey ; rare.—Fl. April—June. Annual.
6. V. véerna (Vernal Speedwell).—An erect, hairy, leafy little
plant, 2—4 in. high ; with pinnatifid Jeaves and numerous minute,
pale blue flowers.—Sandy places, Norfolk and Suffolk ; rare.—
Fl. May, June. Annual.
7. V. arvénsis (Wall Speedwell).—A slightly larger, downy.
plant, 4—18 in. high, often covered with dust, with two lines of.
 FIGWORT FAMILY 369

hairs along its branches ; leaves slightly stalked, ovate-cordate,

crenate ; flowers inconspicuous, pale blue, many, but almost
concealed among the crowded upper leaves or bracts:— Walls and
dry places ; abundant.—Fl. April—October. Annual.
8. V. serpyllifélia (Thyme-leaved Speedwell).—A small plant,
with prostrate or slightly ascending, downy stems; ovate or
elliptic, slightly crenate, blunt, rather leathery leaves ; and several
many-flowered racemes of very light blue flowers, + in. across,
striped with dark blue veins; capsules inversely heart-shaped,

VERONICA CHAMADRYS (Germander Speedwell), v. OFFICINALIS (Common Speedwell),

Vv. SCUTELLATA (Marsh Speedwell), and v. BECCABUNGA (Brooklime).

with a long, persistent style—Waste ground; common.—FI.

May-—July. Perennial.
9. V. alpina (Alpine Speedwell), differing from the last in being
more erect, with larger leaves ; fewer, more crowded, darker blue
flowers, and a very short persistent style ; occurs only on Highland
Scottish mountains.— Fl. July, August. Perennial.
10. V. friéticans (Blue Rock Speedwell).—Nearly glabrous ;
stem much branched, woody; leaves leathery ; flowers few, 4 in.
across, brilliant blue, very handsome, on stiff, sub-corymbose
stalks ; capsules ovate.—Lofty Scottish mountains; rare.—FI.
July—September. Perennial.
BB
370 SCROPHULARIN ©
*** Perennial ; flowers in terminal racemes ; corolla-tube longer
than broad
tr. V. spicdta (Spiked Speedwell).—Stem erect, branching at
the base, about 6 in. high; leaves thick, nearly sessile, with a
wedge-shaped base; serrate above the middle; flowers } in.
across, bright blue, in a long, dense spike.—Chalk downs in
Cambridgeshire and Suffolk ; rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
12. V. hybrida (Tall Spiked Speedwell) is larger, reaching
18 in., and has stalked leaves,
rounded at the base and serrate
throughout. — Limestone cliffs
in the west; rare.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.
*kKE Perennial ; leaves all
opposite ; flowers in axil-
lary racemes
13. V. officinalis (Common
Speedwell). — A hairy plant
with prostrate ascending stems,
with short hairs all round ; oval,
shortly-stalked, serrate leaves ;
and erect, many-flowered, spike-
like racemes of lilac or pale
blue flowers, + in. across.— Dry
pastures, heaths, and woods;
common. The leaves are
astringent and bitter, and are
sometimes made into tea.—Fl.
May—August. Perennial.
14. V. Chamedrys (German-
ai der Speedwell, Blue Speedwell,
Bird’s-eye).—A well-known and
favourite plant ; stem ascending,
VERONICA BECCABUNGA (B7oo0klime). with two lines of hairs ; leaves
sessile, hairy, deeply serrate;
flowers bright blue, 4+ in. across, in a long-stalked, slender, loose
raceme ; capsule shorter than the calyx.—Hedge-banks ; abundant.
No one can have walked in the country in spring without admir-
ing its cheerful blossoms, but few perhaps notice the singular pair
of hairy lines, which traverse the whole length of the stem, shifting
from side to side whenever they arrive at a fresh pair of leaves,
and serving to conduct rain-water to the root. It is sometimes
erroneously called Forget-me-not.—Fl. April—June. Perennial.
 BROOM-RAPE FAMILY S77

15. V. montdna (Mountain Speedwell).—A similar species, but

with stem hairy all round; leaves stalked ; fewer, smaller, paler
flowers in a shorter raceme ; and capsule much longer than the
calyx.—Moist woods ; commo Peren-
nial,
16. V. scutelldta (Marsh Speedwell). —A weak, straggling,
generally glabrous plant; leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, slightly
toothed ; flowers pale pink in alternate racemes; capsules of 2
large, flat, round lobes on slender reflexed stalks.—Marshes ;
common.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
17. V. Anagadllis-aquadtica (Water Speedwell).—A stout, gla-
brous, succulent, erect, slightly-branched plant, 1—2 feet high;
stem hollow ; leaves sessile, sometimes auricled, lanceolate, serrate ;
flowers 4+ in. across, pale pink or white, in opposite racemes.—
Stagnant water ;common.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
18. V. Beccabiéinga (Brooklime).—A very similar species, but
smaller, with stem rooting at the base; stalked, oval, blunt,
slightly serrate leaves ; and opposite racemes of bright blue
flowers, + in. across.— Brooks and ditches ;common, growing
with Watercresses and Water-Parsnip. it. May—September.
Perennial.

Orp. LVI. ORoOBANCHACEE._—BROOM-RAPE FAMILY

A small Order of succulent, brownish plants, all of which are
either parasitical on the roots of other plants or are partly sapro-
phytes, living, that is, upon decaying organic matter. They have
no true leaves, but are more or less clothed with fleshy, pointed
scales, which are most abundant near the base of the stem. The
flowers are large for the size of the plant, and arranged in a spike
or raceme, with one or more scale-like bracts at the base of each
flower. The calyx is persistent; the corolla monosymmetric,
usually 2-lipped, imbricate in the bud, persistent ; stamens 4,
didynamous; ovary in a fleshy disk, 1-chambered, many-ovuled;
style 1, stigma 2-lobed, capsule 2-valved ; seeds small, numerous,
parietal. ‘The seeds, it is said, will lie buried for some years in
the ground without germinating, until they come in contact with
the young roots of some plant adapted to their wants, when they
immediately sprout, and seize on the points of the roots, which
swell, and serve as a base to the parasite. ‘There are but two
English genera belonging to this Order, Ovobdnché and Lathréa,
some species of which are confined to particular species of host
plants, whilst others have a wider range. The species of Orobanché
are difficult to discriminate.
BB2
372 OROBANCHACEE

1. OroBANCHE.—Upper lip of corolla erect, 2-lobed.

2. LATHR&A.--Flowers secund; upper lip of corolla arched,
entire.
1. OROBANCHE (Broom-rape). — Parasites with flowers in a
many-sided spike, with 1—3 bracts below each; calyx of 2, lateral,
usually 2-cleft sepals; corolla gaping, 4—5-cleft, its upper lip
erect, 2-lobed, its base persistent. (Name from the Greek drobos,
a vetch, ancho, I strangle, from the injurious effects produced in
the plants to which they attach themselves. )
* Bracts 3 under each flower
1. O purpirea (Blue Broom-rape). — A slender, tough, un-
branched species, with pale blue flowers with purple veins, occur-
ring on Miulfoil—Southern counties; rare: Tf james ial
Perennial.
2.* O. ramésa (Branched Broom-rape), distinguished by its
branched stem, occurs on the roots of Hemp, with the seeds of
which it is introduced, but is very rare.—Fl. August, September.
Annual.
** Bracts one to each flower
3. O. mdjor (Greater Brocm-rape).—A stout, viscid, leafless
club-like plant, of a reddish-brown hue, with stem much swollen at
the base, and clothed with tapering scales, which pass into bracts
as they ascend the stem; flowers crowded into a dense spike ;
corolla reddish-yellow, tubular, the lower lip 3-lobed, the middle
lobe blunt and longer than the others; stamens inserted at the
base of the corolla, smooth below, downy above; style downy;
stigma of 2 diverging yellow lobes.—On the roots of Furze,
Broom, and other shrubs of the Order Legumindse ; frequent.—
Fl. May—August. Perennial.
4. O. ruibra (Red Broom-rape).—-A small, reddish species, 4—8
in. high, with a loose spike of dull red sweet-scented flowers, with
a downy corolla and pale pink, 2-lobed stigma.—On the roots of
Thyme when growing on basaltic rock in Scotland and Ireland,
and on magnesian rock at the Lizard; rare.—Fl. June—August.
Perennial.
5. O. caryophylldcea (Clove-scented Broom-rape), a similar, but
stouter, brown species with reddish-brown or purplish flowers, with
hairy stamens and a dark purple stigma, grows on the roots of
Gdlium Mollégo (Hedge Bed-straw) in Kent.—Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
6. O. eldtior (Tall Broom-rape).—A tall, yellow plant, 2—3 feet
high, with many-veined sepals ; corolla slightly compressed above,
 FAMILY TR
BROOM-RAPE

lobes of lower lip nearly equal, acute; stamens hairy; stigma

yellow. —-On Centauréa Scabtésa; rare —Fl. June — August.
Perennial.

OROBANCHE MAJOR LATHR&ZA SQUAMARIA

(Great Broom-rape). (Toothwort).

1. O. Picridis (Picris Broom-rape).—A pale species, about a

foot high, with r—3-veined sepals; toothed, nearly equal lobes
to the lower lip of the corolla; stamens hairy below; stigma
purple.—On Picris hieractoides ; rare.—Fl. July. Perennial.
374 OROBANCHACE

8. O. Hédere (Ivy Broom-rape).—A purplish species, about a

foot high, with loose sptke; 1-veined sepals; nearly glabrous
stamens, and yellow stigma.—On Ivy; uncommon.—Fl. June,
July. Perennial.
g. O. minor (Lesser Broom-rape).—A slender, yellow-brown or
purplish species, about a foot high, with a loose spzke; many- .
veined, ovate, acuminate sepals ; white or yellowish corolla-limb ;
stamens hairy below, smooth above; style nearly smooth, stigma
purple.—Chiefly upon Clovers, but occasionally upon various
other plants ; frequent.—Fl. June, July. Annual.
10. O. amethjstea (Purple Broom-rape), with its corolla much
curved at the base, and the middle lobe of the lower lip much
the longer, occurs rarely on Daucus gummifer.—Fl. June.
Annual.
2. LATHR#&A (Toothwort).—A pale, pink-tinged, fleshy plant,
partly parasitic, partly saprophytic, with its flowers in 2 rows down
one side of the stem; calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft ; corolla gaping,
2-lipped, the upper lip arched, entire, deciduous, the tube
persistent. (Name from the Greek lathratos, hidden, from its
growth in shady places.)
1. L. Squaméria (Toothwort).-—The only species, a remarkable
pale plant, with a fleshy, branched rhzzome thickly clothed with
tooth-like scales, which are hollowed out into glandular cavities;
each branch bears a 1-sided raceme of drooping, dull-reddish
flowers, with a broad bract at the base of each.—Among dead
leaves and on the roots of Hazel, Elm, &c. The glands in the
hollows of the buried scales probably aid in the absorption of
liquid organic food from the decaying leaves.—Fl. April, May.
Perennial.

Orp. LVII. LENTIBULARIEZ.— BUTTERWORT FAMILY

Herbaceous plants living in water or in marshy ground, bearing
either undivided radical leaves, or much divided cauline ones with
numerous small bladders on them. Their flowers are monosym-
metric, and either solitary or racemose; the calyx inferior,
persistent ; corolla 2-lipped, spurred, deciduous ; stamens 2; ovary
superior, 1-chambered ; style 1, very short; stigma of 2 unequal
lips ; capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. ‘The two British genera,
Utricularia, the Bladderworts, and the Pinguicula, the Butterworts,
are both of them carnivorous. The former are submerged, rootless
plants with finely divided leaves, bearing minute bladders, fur-
nished with trap-doors, which capture water-fleas and other minute
aquatic animals, and yellow flowers which rise above the surface
 BUTTERWORT FAMILY 375

of the water to open. The Butterworts are small, terrestrial plants

with rosettes of radical leaves with inrolled margins, and viscid,
glandular surfaces which capture small flies. Their solitary purple
flowers have some resemblance to violets. ‘ Pinguicula vulgaris
(Common Butterwort) has
the property of giving con-
sistence to milk and of
preventing it separating
into either whey or cream.
Linneus says that the solid
milk of the Laplanders is
prepared by pouring it,
warm from the cow, over a
strainer on which fresh
leaves of Pinguicula have
been laid. The milk, after
passing among then, 1s left
for a day or two to stand,
until it begins to turn sour ;
it throws up no cream, but
becomes compact and
tenacious, and most de-
licious in taste. . It is not
necessary that fresh leaves
should be used after the
milk is once turned; on
the contrary, a small por-
tion of this solid milk will
act upon that which is
fresh, in the manner of
yeast.” —(Lindley.)
1. UTRICULARIA.—Sub-
merged, aquatic plants with
much divided leaves bear-
ing bladders ; calyx of two
equal sepals; corolla per-
sonate. UTRICULARIA VULGARIS (Commnton Bladderwort).
2. PincufcuLta. Ter-
restrial plants with radical leaves and solitary flowers; calyx
2-lipped, upper lip 3-cleft, lower 2-cleft ;corolla gaping.

1. UtricutAria (Bladderwort).—Submerged, rootless, aquatic

plants with floating, much divided Jeaves, with thread-like
segments, bearing small bladders; flowers few, in a raceme,
376 LENTIBULARIEEZ
monosymmetric, yellow; calyx of 2 equal sepals; corolla per-
sonate, spurred; stamens 2, lateral. (Name from the Latin
utriculus, a little bladder.)
1. U. vulgaris (Common Bladderwort).—A remarkable sub-
merged, aquatic plant; Jleaves pinnately divided, ciliate, and
bearing bladders 4 in. long; flowers 4—8, on a stout scape
6—12 in. high, in a loose raceme; bracts ovate, thick, about
one-third the length of the pedicels ; corolla
Ce f% bright yellow or orange, with nearly equal
\ Ke lobes, and conical acute spur adpressed to,
2 and half as long as, the lower lip.— Ditches
| and pools; frequent.—Fl. June—August.
i» | Perennial.
2. U. major (Overlooked Bladderwort).
—A more slender species with leaves pin-
nately divided and ciliate, bearing bladders
\ zo in. long; bracts lanceolate, not more
than a quarter as long as the slender,
\ nearly erect pedicels ; upper corolla-lip 2
or 3 times as long as the broad, flat, lower
one, lemon-yellow ; spur conical.—Pools;
rare.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.
3. U. minor (Lesser Bladderwort).—A
small, slender species with repeatedly
forked, not ciliate leaves bearing bladders
zz in. long ; and 2—6-flowered racemes of
small, pale yellow flowers, with equal
corolla-lobes and a very short, blunt spur.—
Pools and ditches ; not common.—FI. June
-—September. Perennial.
4. U. intermédia (Intermediate Bladder-
wort). — Leaves distichous, repeatedly
Kee
PINGUICULA LUSITANICA
forked, ciliate; bladders 4+ in. long, on
(Pale Butterwort). slender stalks, separate from the leaves ;
flowers 3—4 in a raceme, pale yellow;
upper corolla-lip twice as long as the lower ; spur conical, acute.—
Pools and ditches ; rare.—Fl. July—September. Perennial.
2. PincufcuLa (Butterwort).— Marsh plants with small roots ;
arosette of entire, involute, viscid, radical leaves ; and solitary
flowers on long, erect pedicels ; calyx 2-lipped ; upper-lip 3-cleft ;
lower 2-cleft ; corolla gaping, spurred. (Name from the Latin
pinguts, fat, from the greasy leaves.)
1. P. vulgdris (Common Butterwort).—A singular and very
 VERVAIN FAMILY 377

beautiful plant. The root is fibrous, and has a very loose hold on
the soft ground in which it grows. The radical leaves are oblong,
pale green, and of a peculiar, parchment-like, frosted appearance.
The flowers are 2 in. long, violet, and handsome, growing in a
nodding manner on a peduncle 3—4 in. long, with very unequal
corolla-lobes and a short, tapering spur.—Bogs, heaths, and wet
rocks, principally in the north—Fl. May—July. Perennial.
2. P. grandiflora (Large-flowered Butterwort)—A larger and
yet more beautiful plant, with broader leaves, flowers 1 in. long,
with a longer and often notched spur.—Bogs in co. Cork and
Kerry.—Fl. May—July. Perennial.
3. P. alpina (Alpine Butterwort).—Smaller than P. vulgaris,
with yellowish-white flowers, 4 in. long, on short, smooth peduncles,
and with a very short, conical spur.—Bogs in Ross and Skye.—
Fl. May, June. Perennial.
4. P. lusiténica (Pale Butterwort)—The smallest British
species, with greenish-white, veined leaves, downy peduncle, and
pale lilac flowers 3 in. long, with a yellowish throat, nearly equal
corolla-lobes, and blunt, cylindrical spur, curved downwards.—
Bogs in the south-west of England and the west of Scotland and
Ireland.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.

Orv. LVIII. VERBENACEZ.—VERVAIN FAMILY

A considerable, but mainly tropical Order, closely allied to the
Labidte, comprising trees, shrubs, and herbs, with opposite,
exstipulate leaves, and perfect, monosymmetric, bracteate flowers ;
calyx inferior, tubular, imbricate, persistent ; corella hypogynous,
with a long tube, usually 2-lipped, imbricate ; stamens didynamous,
epipetalous, or rarely 2 only; ovary 2 or 4-chambered; style 1;
stigma sometimes 2-cleft; seeds 1 or 2 in each chamber. Many
of them are aromatic and fragrant, such as Aloysia citriodora,
formerly called Verdéna triphylla, the Lemon-plant of gardens,
well known for the delicious fragrance of its rough, lanceolate
leaves. Many species of Verbéna from America are cultivated for
their brilliantly coloured flowers; and, though it is now little
thought of, great virtues were in ancient times attributed to the
one British representative of the Order, the common Vervain,
insomuch that it was accounted a holy plant, and is said to have
been used to sweep the tables and altars of the gods. By far the
most valuable plant in the Order is the Teak (Tecténa grandis), a
native of India and Burma. The trunk of this tree sometimes
attains the height of two hundred feet, and its leaves are twenty
378 VERBENACEZ

inches long by sixteen broad. The timber somewhat resembles

mahogany in colour, but is stronger. For shipbuilding teak is
unequalled.
1. VERBENA (Vervain).—Herbs or undershrubs with 4-angled

VERBENA OFFICINALIS (Comnton Vervain).

stem ; opposite leaves ; flowers in bracteate, terminal spikes or

racemes; calyx unequally 5-cleft ; corolla salver-shaped, unequally
5-cleft ; stamens included ; frit of 4 1-seeded nutlets. (Name,
the Latin name of the plant.)
1. V. officindlis—The only British species, a slender, tough-
Fig. 51. Vervain. (Verbena officinalis).
 LABIATE FAMILY 379

stemmed plant, 1—2 feet high, with few roughish, 3-cleft leaves,
and small, lilac flowers in very slender, terminal, compound
spikes. — Waste ground; common. — Fl. July — September.
Perennial.

Orp. LIX. LapiAT&#.—THE LABIATE FAMILY

A large and clearly defined Natural Order, comprising upwards
of 2,500 species of herbs and shrubs, which agree in having
square stems ; opposite, decussate, simple, exstipulate leaves ; and
bilabiate, or 2-lipped flowers in axillary cymes, forming generally
verticillasters or false whorls. The calyx is inferior, tubular,
persistent, and 5-cleft; the corolla hypogynous, monosymmetric,
and mostly 2-lipped (bilabiate) ; the lower lip larger and 3-lobed,
the upper less distinctly 2-lobed ; the stamens 4, didynamous, or
rarely 2, maturing before the stigmas (protandrous); ovary
superior, of 2 united carpels, deeply 4-lobed, with a single style
arising from the base of the lobes (gynobasic) ; stigma 2-cleft;
fruit a regma of 4 nutlets, each containing a single seed. They
occur mostly in warm and temperate climates, and are remarkable
for not possessing injurious properties in any single instance.
Most of them have strong aromatic perfumes, which are often
pleasant, owing to the presence of abundance of volatile or
essential oil, from which camphor-like, solid substances can be
extracted. Menthol, for instance, is obtained from various species
of Mint (Méntha). It is a valuable remedy in neuralgia.
Patchouli (Pogostémon Pdtchouli) is a favourite perfume, and
Lavender (Lavandula vera) is not only also a perfume, but has
medicinal uses asa stimulant. Several kinds of Mint, especially
Peppermint (Méntha piperita) and Pennyroyal (M. Pulégium), are
much used in medicine. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officindlts) is
remarkable for its undoubted power of encouraging the growth of
the hair and curing baldness, and is an active ingredient in most
pomatums. It is one of the plants used in the preparation of
Eau de Cologne and Hungary water, and the admired flavour of
Narbonne honey is ascribed to the bees feeding on the flowers
of this plant, as the honey of Hymettus is indebted for its
flavour to Wild Thyme. Our aromatic pot-herbs, the leaves of
most of which are used in a dried state, are all members of this
Order. Among them are Mint (Méntha viridis), Sage (Sdlvia
officindlis), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Basil (Ocimum Basilicum),
Marjoram (Origanum Marjordna), and Savory (Saturéia). The
tubers of Stdchys tuberifera have been introduced from Japan,
under the name of Chinese artichokes, as a substitute for potatoes.
 380 LABIATAE

Several species of Sage (Sdlvza) are also cultivated for the sake of
their brilliantly coloured blossoms.
* Stamens 4, distant, the two upper shorter ; nutlets free, smooth or
nearly so
7 Corolla subregular ; stamens spreading
1. MéntHa.—All four stamens perfect.
2. Ly¥copus.—Two upper stamens aborted.
tt Corolla 2-lipped
3. Orfcanum.—Calyx with 5 equal teeth; stamens diverging.
4. THYmus.—Prostrate ; leaves amall; calyx 2-lipped ; stamens
diverging.
5. CLinopopiuM.—Corolla-tube straight ; stamens converging at
their tips.
*6, Metfssa.—Corolla-tube curved; stamens converging at
their tips.
*%* Stamens 2; anthers distraciile ; nutlets free, smooth or
nearly so
7. SALVIA.—Calyx and corolla both 2-lipped.
*** Stamens 4, the two upper longer ; nutlets free, smooth
8. N&épeTA.—Calyx with 5 nearly equal teeth; corolla with flat
upper lip.
**EEX Stamens 4, parallel, the 2 upper shorter ; nutlets free
+ Calyx 2-lipped
9. SCUTELLARIA.—Calyx closing over the fruit ; 2 lower anthers
1-chambered.
a
10. PRUNELLA.—Calyx closing over the fruit; anthers all
2-chambered ; filaments forked.
rr. Mevtirris.—Calyx inflated ; anthers exserted.
Tt Calyx with 5—10 equal or sub-equal teeth
12. Marrvsium.—Calyx tubular, ro-toothed ; anthers included.
13. STACHYS.—Calyx sub-campanulate, with 5 equal teeth;
* anthers smooth, bursting lengthwise.
14. GALEOpSIs.—Calyx sub-campanulate, with 5 prickly teeth ;
anthers fringed, bursting transversely.
*15. LEONURUS.—Calyx sub-campanulate, with 5 prickly teeth;
anthers smooth, warty, bursting lengthwise.
16. LAmMiuM.—Calyx sub-campanulate, 5-toothed ; anthers hairy,
bursting lengthwise.
 LABIATE FAMILY 281

17. BALLotTa.—Calyx funnel-shaped, with 5 broad, spreading,

prickly teeth ; anthers smooth, bursting lengthwise.
KEKE Stamens 4, parallel, the 2 upper shorter ; nutlets united,
wrinkled
18. TEUCRIUM. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; upper lip of corolla
deeply 2-cleft.
19. AJUGA. Calyx ovoid, 5-cleft ;upper lip of corolla very
short, notched.
1. Méntua (Mint).—Strongly-scented herbs, with creeping
rhizomes and runners ; flowers small, in many-flowered
whorls,
often crowded, with small bracts, into terminal spikes; calyx with
5 equal teeth ; corolla campanulate, nearly polysymmetric, 4-lobed,
with a very short tube ; stamens 4 ; equal, erect, distant, smooth ;
nutlets free, smooth. (Name, the Classical name of the group.)
* The species are very difficult to distinguish, graduating into
one another, and apparently also forming hybrids.

| Whorls forming terminal spikes, with minute bracts

1. M. rotundifélia (Round-leaved Mint).—A viscid plant, 1—3
feet high ; stem somewhat woody, usually much branched; leaves
sessile, broadly elliptical, remarkably blunt, often cordate, much
wrinkled, and nearly smooth above, shaggy beneath ; flowers lilac
or white, in dense, cylindrical, slightly interrupted spikes ; bracts
lanceolate ; corolla hairy—Waste ground; not common. The
scent is acrid and powerful, but not agreeable—Fl. August,
September. Perennial.
2. M. alopecurotdes, intermediate between the preceding and
following species, has its runners underground; its leaves slightly
stalked and very hairy, but not felted, beneath, and its spikes
short and stout, or conical-cylindrical.—Chiefly in the east of
England ; rare.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.
3. M. longifélia (Horse Mint).—A strong- but sweet-scented
plant, usually growing in masses, 2—3 feet high, with sub-sessile,
oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate leaves, more or less hairy above,
silky and white beneath ; flowers lilac, in a dense, slender, nearly
or quite uninterrupted spike; bracts awl-shaped; corolla hairy.—
Damp waste ground ; frequent.—Fl. August—September. Peren-
nial.
4.* M. viridis (Spearmint).—Probably a cultivated form of the
preceding, escaped from gardens ; leaves sessile, glabrous, lanceo-
late, acute, serrate ; spzke slender, cylindrical, interrupted ; corolla
smooth.—Wet places ; rare.—This is the form commonly cultivated
 382 LABIATAE

as a pot-herb, and is distinguishable by its pungent smell.—F'.

August, September. Perennial.
5. M. piperita (Peppermint).—A smaller, more slender, gla-
brous species, 1—14 feet high, with stalked, ovate-lanceolate, acute,
serrate leaves ; spikes short, lax, blunt, and interrupted below ;
bracts lanceolate; calyx often red.—Wet places; uncommon.
Perhaps a cultivated form of M. hirsuta.—¥l. July—September.
Perennial.
6. M. pubéscens
(Downy Mint). — Stem
12—18 in. high; leaves
stalked, ovate-oblong,
serrate, hairy above,
woolly beneath; spikes
cylindric, stout, dense,
interrupted below. —
Middle and south of
England only; rare.—
Fl. August, September.
Perennial.
7. M. hirsuta (Hairy
Mint, Capitate Mint).—
The commonest and
one of the most variable
of the Mints, growing
in extensive masses in
wet places, 1—4 ‘feet
high, with a_ strong
smell; leaves stalked,
ovate, » serrate,” Cmte,
downy on both surfaces;
flowers pale lavender, in
\

VE ay
j Wy)
: axillary and _ terminal
y
rounded heads, hairy.—
MENTHA HIRSUTA (Hairy Mint). Banks of rivers and
marshes ; abundant.
The Bergamot Mint (M. citrdta) is a glabrous form.—Fl. July—
«September. Perennial.
Tt Whorls in the axils of leafy bracts
8. M. sativa (Marsh Whorled Mint).—With difficulty separated
from the preceding; but growing 2—5 feet high, with leaves
green, though hairy on both surfaces, and with all the whorls of
flowers separate, all the bracts leafy, and the uppermost ones
 LABIATE FAMILY 383

sometimes with no flowers in their axils ; calyx-teeth lanceolate-

acuminate. — Wet places; common. — Fl. July — September.
Perennial.
9. M. rubra (Red Mint), a less hairy plant with red veins to its
leaves, is a not uncommon form of the preceding.
10. M. gracilis (Slender Mint), includes slender, green, and
nearly smooth forms with
the leaves, especially the
upper ones, sessile or
nearly so, and the smell
of Basil.
11. M. gentilis has
spreading, rather thick
leaves, nearly all of one
size and hairy along their
veins. It is a not un-
common type.
12. M. arvensis (Corn
Mint), , “a-.. branched,
downy plant, 6—18 in.
high, with stalked, ovate,
serrate, hairy leaves, either
acute or blunt, all nearly
equal in size; and small
lilac flowers in dense,
distant whorls; calyx
bell-shaped, with deltoid
teeth, hairy. This last is
the most constant cha-
racter by which to dis-
tinguish the forms of this
group from the four pre-
ceding ones.— Cornfields;
common. ‘The plant has
a strong smell.—Fl. July
—September. P erennial. LYCOPUS EUROPAUS (Common Gipsy-wort).
ttt Whorls distant, in the axils of the lower leaves
13. M. Pulégium (Pennyroyal).—The smallest of the genus,
and very different in habit from any of the others ; the stems are
prostrate ; the leaves small, shortly-stalked, ovate, nearly smooth;
the flowers red, in distant, globose, many-flowered whorls ; calyx
downy, its mouth closed with hairs.—Wet heathy places; not
common. The whole plant has an agreeable perfume and flavour,
 384 LABIATA

and it is commonly cultivated in cottage gardens to be made into

a tea which is a rustic remedy for colds.—Fl. July —September.
Perennial.
2. Lycopus (Gipsy-wort).—Marsh plants with toothed leaves
and small sessile flowers in crowded axillary whorls; calyx bell-
shaped, with 5 equal teeth; corolla short, nearly polysymmetric,
4-cleft ; stamens 4, distant,
the 2 upper ones not pro-
ducing pollen ; muilets free,
smooth. (Name from the
Greek lukos, a wolf, pous,
a foot, from a fancied re-
semblance in the leaves.)
1. L. europeus (Com-
mon Gipsy-wort). — The
only British species, with
creeping rhizome and run-
ners; slightly branched,
erect, acutely 4-angled
stem 1—3 feet high ; sub-
sessile, deeply cut or pin-
natifid, nearly smooth
leaves ; and minute white
flowers, dotted with red, in
crowded whorls in the axils
of the upper leaves.—Fl.
June—September. Peren-
nial.
3. OrfGaANnuM (Mar-
joram).—Aromatic plants,
with their flowers crowded
in corymbose cymes with
imbricate bracts; calyx
ORIGANUM VULGARE (Common Marjoram). with 5 equal teeth, 10-=14
ribbed, the throat hairy ;
corolla obscurely 2-lipped ; stamens 4, distant ; nutlets free, smooth.
» (Name from the Greek dros, mountain, gdnos, joy, the plant
growing on high ground.)
1. O. vulgdvé (Common Marjoram).—The only British species,
growing about a foot high, and distinguished by its shortly-stalked,
broadly ovate, downy leaves and heads of rosy flowers crowded into
a corymbose cyme, with deeply red-tinged, imbricate bracts form-
ing 4-sided spikelets.—Dry bushy places, especially on chalk or
 LABIATE FAMILY 385

limestone ; common. The whole plant is fragrant and aromatic,

and is frequently cultivated as a pot-herb. Fl. July—September.
Perennial.
4. THYmMus (Thyme).—Small, prostrate, wiry, aromatic plants,
much branched and often hairy ; leaves small ; flowers rose-colour,
rarely white, in axillary or spiked, few-flowered whorls; calyx
2-lipped, 1to—13-ribbed, the throat hairy; corolla obscurely
2-lipped, the upper lip
notched, the lower 3- gl S— \o
cleft ; stamens 4, dis- <
tant, usually exserted.
(Name, the Classical
name of the plant.)
1 JT. Serpyllum
(Common Thyme).—
A well-known and
favourite little plant,
forming a cushion with
a fringe of prostrate,
flowerless shoots,
which in the next year
send up erect flowering
shoots from near their
bases; leaves linear,
obovate, or spathulate ;
flowers with deep red
calyx and rose-colour-
ed corolla, in short
terminal heads.— The
commoner form in
mountain districts.
The whole plant dif-
fuses a fragrant, aro- THYMUS SERPYLLUM (Wild Thyme).
matic perfume, which,
especially in hot weather, is perceptible at some distance.—F.
June—August. Perennial.
2. T. gldber, with longer prostrate flowerless shoots, larger,
ovate, glabrous leaves, and longer flower-heads, occurs in sub-alpine
situations.
3. T. ovdtus, a sub-erect form, without runners, with large,
ovate leaves and an elongate, often interrupted flower-spike.—
Heaths, frequent.
5. Ciinopépium (Calamint).—Flowers either crowded in the
cc
 ir
or

386 LABIATE
axils or in loose panicles; calyx tubular, 2-lipped, 13-nerved;
corolla 2-lipped, with straight tube; upper-lip nearly flat, lower
spreading, 3-cleft; stamens 4, converging at their tips; muilets
smooth. (Name from the Greek, meaning a foot-stool.)
1. C. vulgdvé (Wild Basil).—A straggling, softly hairy plant,
1—2 feet high, with ovate, slightly toothed, stalked leaves ; and

Na
a. Mw

(we

CLINOPODIUM VULGARE (Wild Basi?). CLINOPODIUM CALAMINTHA

(Common Calamint).

rose-red flowers in crowded, many-flowered, mostly axillary whorls,

with numerous, long, bristly bracts forming a kind of involucre
resemblinga green foot-stool. Dry bushy plants; common. The
plant is fragrantly aromatic. —Fl. July—September. Perennial.
2. C. Acinos (Basil Thyme).—_A small, bushy, downy, herba-
ceous plant, 6—8 in. high, with ascending, branched stems ; hairy,
ovate, serrate, acute leaves on short stalks; and violet flowers in
 LABIATE FAMILY 387

whorls of 5 or 6, with the calyx 2-lipped, the lower lzp bulged at

the base, and the corolla spotted with white and darker purple.—
Dry places ; frequent.—Fl. July, August. Annual.
3. C. Népeta (Lesser Calamint).—Stems usually many, 12—18
in. high, with short, erect branches ; leaves ovate, serrate, shortly
stalked, pale beneath ; flowers light purple, in forked cymes ; calyx
with short hairs on its teeth.—Dry banks ; rare.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
4. C. Calamintha (Common Calamint).
A larger, erect, bushy plant, with downy,
usually solitary stem; long, ascending
branches ; leaves on rather long stalks,
broadly ovate, slightly serrate, green on
both sides, downy ; flowers light purple,
in forked, axillary, few-flowered cymes
with small pointed bracts in the forks ;
calyx 2-lipped, with long hairs on its
teeth, the teeth of the upper lip straight ;
lower lip of corolla with its middle lobe
longest.—Dry waste places ; not uncom-
mon.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
5. C. grandifléra, an allied species,
with larger, sharply serrate leaves and
large flowers with the 3 upper teeth of the
calyx reflexed, and the 3 lobes of the
lower lip of the corolla equal, occurs on
dry banks in Hampshire and South
Devon.—Fl. August—October. Peren-
nial.
*6. Metfssa (Balm), a closely allied
genus, differing from Clinopodium mainly eS i
in its curved corolla-tube, is represented , a
in England only by the one species, M. — (Ciary,
or Wild Saee).
- officinalis, a hairy plant with numerous
erect stems, 1—2 feet high ; stalked, ovate, crenate leaves, wrinkled
above, paler beneath ; and white flowers in shortly-stalked, one-
sided, axillary, few-flowered whorls.—It occurs as an escape only,
in the south. (Name from the Greek melissa, a bee, bees visiting
the flowers for honey.)—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
7. SAtvia (Sage).—Herbs or shrubs with calyx and corolla both
2-lipped, the latter gaping ; stamens 2, with short filaments bear-
ing a long versatile connective with an anther-lobe at each end
(distractile), the upper only usually containing pollen. (Name
GCs
388 LABIATA

from the Latin salveo, I am well, from the healing properties of

Sage.
. & Verbendca (Clary, Wild Sage).—An aromatic, herbaceous
plant, 1—2 feet high, with few oblong, blunt, cordate, crenate,
much-wrinkled leaves, wavy at the
edge; and rendered conspicuous
by its long spikes of purple-blue
flowers, the calyx of which is
much larger than the corolla,
while at the base of each flower
are 2 ovate-cordate bracts.—Dry
pastures, especially near the sea,
or on a chalky soil; frequent.
The fruit was formerly used in
eye-lotions.—F]. May—Septem-
ber. Perennial.
2. S. praténsis (Meadow Clary),
distinguished by its large blue
corolla with a viscid lip, is a rare
species, occurring in dry fields in
Kent, Oxfordshire, and Cornwall.
—Fl. June—August. Perennial.

8. N&épeta (Catmint).—Herbs
with a tubular, 5-toothed, 15-
ribbed calyx; the tube of the
corolla longer than the calyx,
slender below, dilated at the
throat; upper lip flat, notched;
lower 3-lobed, with a large middle
lobe ; 2 front stamens the shortest.
(Name of doubtful origin.)
1. N. Catdria (Catmint).—Sitem
erect, branched, 2—3 feet high,
white with mealy down; leaves
ovate, cordate, serrate, whitish-
beneath ; flowers small, white,
NEPETA CATARIA (Catnzint?). dotted with crimson, in dense
whorls, which towards the sum-
mit of the stem are so close as almost to form a spike.— Hedges
and waste ground; not uncommon. ‘The whole plant has a
strong aromatic odour, resembling Pennyroyal, and peculiarly
pleasing to cats, whence it derives its name.—FI.July—September.
Perennial.
 LABIATE FAMILY 389

_ 2. N. hederdcea (Ground Ivy, Ale-hoof).—A favourite spring

flower, with creeping stems; kidney-shaped, crenate, roughish
leaves ; and bright blue-purple flowers which grow 3 or 4 together
in the axils of the leaves. The whole plant has a strong aromatic
odour which, though scarcely fragrant, is far from disagreeable.
It is bitter, and was formerly used in brewing, as hops are now;
and in rural districts its leaves are dried and made into tea. Ata
distance its blossoms are often mistaken for sweet violets.—FI.
March—June. Perennial.
9g. SCUTELLARIA (Skull-cap)—Herbaceous or shrubby plants,
with flowers generally solitary or in pairs in the axils ; calyx bell-
shaped, 2-lipped, upper lip with a con-
cave scale on its back, which finally
closes like a lid over the fruit ; corolla
much larger than the calyx ; stamens
4, parallel, the 2 lower with 1-cham-
bered anthers. (Name from the
Latin scutella, a little dish, from the
lid of the calyx.)
1. S. galericuldta (Greater Skull-
cap).—A handsome plant, 12—18 in.
high, generally branched, with shortly-
stalked, oblong-lanceolate, cordate,
crenate leaves, and rather large,
bright blue flowers in 1-sided pairs in
the axils; corolla-tube white inside,
much longer than the calyx. Soon
after the corolla has fallen off, the
upper lip of the calyx closes on the
lower, and gives it the appearance of
a capsule with ia lid; ‘when the-fruit yepera neperdcea (Ground Ivy):
is ripe it opens again. Banks of rivers
and ponds ; frequent.—Fl. July—September. Perennial.
2. §. minor (Lesser Skull-cap)—A much smaller, more slender
little plant, only 4—-8 in. high, with subsessile, ovate, obtuse
leaves ; and small, pale pink flowers, with a calyx like that of the
preceding species.—Boggy places; not common, except in the
west of England.—Fl. July—October. Perennial.
10. PRUNELLA (Self-heal).—Small, hairy plants with their
flowers, in whorls of about 6, collected into dense, terminal heads
with 2 broad, rounded, leafy bracts beneath each whorl; calyx
sub-campanulate, 2-lipped, flattened, and closed when in fruit ;
stamens 4, parallel, all with two-chambered anthers and forked
 390 LABIAT

filaments. (Name said to be from a German word for the quinsy,

for which complaint it was considered a specific.)
1. P. vulgaris (Self-heal).—The only British species, easily dis-
tinguished by its whorls of blue-purple, or rarely white, flowers,
which are collected into a cylindrical head, having two kidney-
shaped, acuminate, purple-edged bracts beneath each whorl, and a
pair of ovate leaves at the base of the head.—Pastures and waste
ground ; very common.—Fl. July—September. Perennial.

SCUTELLARIA GALERICULATA PRUNELLA VULGARIS (Sel/-head).

(Greater Skull-cap).

lid 11. Metfrris (Bastard Balm), represented by only one species,

M. Melissophyllum, a very handsome plant, 1—2 feet high, with
large, oblong-ovate, serrate, slightly hairy leaves, and conspicuous
white flowers, spotted or variously variegated with bright rose-
colour. The calyx is membranous and inflated.—Woods in the
south and west ; rare.—The foliage has an offensive smell while
fresh, but in drying acquires the flavour of new hay or Woodruff.
(Name from the Greek melitta, a bee, another form of melissa
 LABIATE FAMILY 391

referring similarly to its supply of honey.)—

Fl. May, June.
Perennial.
12. MAarRUsiuM (White Horehound).—Woolly, herbaceous
plants with small flowers in whorls in the axils of leafy bracts ;
calyx tubular, 5—10-ribbed, with 5—10 somewhat prickly teeth,
and a hairy throat; corolla with tube longer than the calyx,
unequally 2-lipped ; upper lip straight, very narrow, deeply 2-cleft,
lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe the largest; anthers included.
(Name, the Classical Latin name.)

MELITTIS MELISSOPHYLLUM (Wild Badlnz).

1. M. vulgéré (White Horehound).—The only British species,

well distinguished by its bushy stem, 1—2 feet high, covered with
white woolly down, by its wrinkled, ovate, crenate leaves, and its
dense whorls of small white flowers, of which the calyx-teeth are
sharp and hooked.—Waste ground ; not uncommon.—The whole
plant is aromatic and bitter, and is a common remedy for coughs.
—Fl. July—September. Perennial. |
13. STAcHys (Woundwort).—Herbs or shrubs with their flowers
usually in terminal spikes ; calyx sub-campanulate, 5—10-ribbed,
 392 LABIATAE

with « equal teeth ; corolla with tube as long as the calyx ; upper lip
arched, lower 3-lobed, the side lobes bent back before withering ;
stamens 4, the 2 lower the longest; anthers bursting lengthwise.
(Name from the Greek stachus, an ear of corn, from the spike-
like inflorescence.)
1. S. officindlis (Wood Betony).—A common and very pretty
woodland plant, 1—2 feet high, with a slender, seldom branched

.
7"
she

MARRUBIUM VULGARE (White Horehound). STACHYS OFFICINALIS

(Wood Betony).

stem ; characteristically shaped oblong, obtuse, cordate, deeply

* crenate leaves, of which the lower ones are stalked; and an
interrupted terminal oblong head or spike of deep crimson, rose-
coloured, or rarely white flowers with 2 or 3 pairs of sessile leaves
beneath the lower whorls.—FI. June—August. Perennial.
2. S. germanica (Downy Woundwort).—Stem erect, woolly, 2—
3 feet high ; Jeaves with matted, white, silky hairs, wrinkled, cor-
date, the lower stalked, ovate-oblong, the upper sessile, lanceolate;
 LABIATE FAMILY 393

flowers rose-colour, in interrupted, dense, many-flowered whorls.—

On a chalky soil ; very rare —Fl. July, August. Biennial.
3. S. alpina (Hill Woundwort).—Stem erect, little branched,
velvety, glandular at the top, 1—2 feet high, herbaceous ; leaves

Yd
__

TAR
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stAcHys SyLvATICA (Hedge Woundwor?).

oval-lanceolate, cordate, distinctly and regularly crenate-serrate,

acuminate, velvety on both sides, green above, paler beneath ; the
lower long-stalked, the upper sessile ; flowers purple, 5—12 in each
axil, in a distantly interrupted spike ; bracteoles linear-lanceolate,
nearly as long as the calyx, reflexed, velvety° calyx bell-shaped,
 394 LABIATZ

with slightly unequal teeth and glandular hairs; corolla woolly.

_ outside, longer than the calyx, spotted ; upper lip obovate, obtuse,
bearded at the apex; lower lip emarginate ; nuileis large, brown,
smooth.—Woods on calcareous soil; found in Gloucestershire,
in 1897, by Mr. Cedric Bucknall.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
4. S. palustris (Marsh Woundwort).—Stem erect, stout, hollow,
1—3 feet high, hairy; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, crenate-
serrate, the lower shortly-stalked ; flowers dull light red, in a long,
terminal, interrupted spike of 6—10-flowered whorls.—Marshes ;
common.—Fl. July—September. Perennial.
5. S. syludtica (Hedge Woundwort).—A similar species, but
more coarsely hairy, with solid stem; leaves all stalked, ovate-
acuminate, cordite, coarsely serrate; flowers dull dark red.—
Woods and hedges ;common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
6. S. arvénsis (Corn Woundwort).—A smaller, more slender,
slightly hairy species, with stem spreading ; ascending branches,
6—18 in. high; ovate, obtuse, crenate leaves ; flowers pale pink,
very small, 4—6 in a whorl; corolla scarcely longer than the
calyx; nutlets warty.—Cornfields and other cultivated ground ;
an abundant weed.—Fl. April—November. Annual.
7.* S. dnnua, with its upper leaves lanceolate and flowers
yellowish, has occurred in cornfields in Kent.—Fl. August,
September. Annual.

14. GALEOpsis (Hemp-nettle).—Herbs with spreading branches;

serrate leaves ; flowers in dense, many-flowered axillary and ter-
minal whorls ; calyx bell-shaped, with 5 prickly teeth, 5-ribbed;
corolla with an inflated throat; upper lip arched ; lower 3-lobed,
with 2 erect teeth on its upper side; 2 lower stamens the longest ;
anthers exserted, fringed, bursting transversely. (Name from the
Greek galé, a weasel, dpsis, resemblance.)
1. G. intermédia (Rare Red Hemp-nettle).—A softly pubescent
plant, 6—18 in. high, with many ascending branches, and the
stem not thickened at its nodes; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate
throughout; flowers rose-red, in separate whorls; corolla-tube
equalling the calyx.—Cultivated ground; a rare casual.—Fl. July
—October. Annual.
2. G. Lddanum (Common Red Hemp-nettle).—An allied species,
with narrower, linear-lanceolate leaves, only partially serrate, the
upper whorls of flowers not separate, and the corolla-tube much
longer than the calyx.—Gravelly and sandy cornfields; not
uncommon.—I'l. July —-October. Annual.
3. G. dubia (Downy Hemp-nettle).—A very similar plant, but
with gland-tipped hairs on its upper part ; ovate-lanceolate, deeply
 LABIATE FAMILY 395

serrate, soft, downy leaves ; and large, pale yellow flowers.—Sandy

cornfields ; rare.—Fl. July, August. Annual.
4 G. specidsa (Large-flowered Hemp-nettle).—A large, stout,
hispid plant, 2—3 feet high, with stem swollen at its nodes ; leaves
long stalked, oblong-ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate; corolla
large, yellow, usually with a broad red spot on the lower lip, tube
much longer than the calyx, upper lip arched, as broad as long.—
Cornfields ; frequent.—Fl. July, August. Annual.
5. G. Tetrahit (Common
Hemp-nettle).—A_ closely-
allied species, not reaching
so great a height, with more
strongly ribbed calyx, with
teeth as long as its tube,
and a_ smaller, generally
_rose-colour and _ white
corolla, its tube not longer
than the calyx, and its upper
lip flatter and longer than
it is broad. — Cornfields ;
common.—Fl. July—Sep-
tember. Annual.

*15. Leonutrus (Mother-

wort).—Erect, herbaceous
plants, with lobed leaves ;
dense, distant, axillary
whorls of small flowers; <j
calyx bell-shaped, with 5 ir}
prickly, spreading teeth; 4
corolla with the upper lip
nearly flat, very hairy above ;
anthers sprinkled with hard, A
shining dots, bursting GALEOPSIS TETRAHIT (Common Hemp-nettle).
lengthwise. (Name from
the Greek Jeon, a lion, cura, a tail, from some fancied resemblance
in the plant.)
1.* L. Cardiaca (Common Motherwort).—Distinguished from
all British plants of the Order by its radical Jeaves which are on
long, slender stalks, and are deeply palmately 3—5-lobed. The
stem is 2—4 feet high, branched mainly below, and very leafy.
The upper leaves are narrow and entire, or nearly so, and, when
not in flower, the plant resembles Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)
in habit. The flowers are pink, and their whorls of prickly
 396 LABIATAE

calyces are conspicuous.— Hedges and waste places ; rare and not
indigenous.—Fl. July—September. Perennial.

16. LAmtium (Dead-nettle).— Hairy herbs with leaves so closely

resembling those of the Stinging Nettles that many persons are
afraid to handle them, though the square stems in the case of the
Dead-nettles, and the small. green flowers in spiked clusters in
that of the Stinging
Nettles, are sufficient
to distinguish them
from one _ another.
The Dead - nettles
have their flowers in
many-flowered whorls
in the axils of leafy
bracts ; calyx tubular
or bell-shaped, 5-
toothed ; corolla with
an inflated throat,
arched upper lip,
3-lobed lower lip;
stamens: 4, the 2
lowest the longest ;
anthers generally
hairy, bursting length-
wise. (Name from
the Greek laimos, the
gullet, from the shape
of the corolla.)
1. L. amplexicaulé
(Henbit - nettle). —
Stem 4—10 in. high,
branched from the
base; lower leaves
LEONURUS CARDIACA (Common Motherwort). long-stalked, round-
ish, deeply cut; upper
sessile, amplexicaul, kidney-shaped ; flowers crimson, in distant
* whorls ; calyx small, very downy, with teeth converging in fruit;
corolla with long, slender tube.—Dry waste places ;common.—
Fl. May-—August. Annual.
2. L. molucellifolium (Intermediate Dead-nettle).—Intermediate
between the preceding species and L. purpureum, but most
resembling the former ; stouter and more succulent ; calyx slightly
hairy ; éeeth much longer than the tube, not converging in fruit ;.
 LABIATE FAMILY 397

corolla-tube only slightly longer than the calyx.—Cultivated ground,

chiefly in Scotland.—Fl. June—September. Annual.
3. L. hybridum (Cut-leaved Dead-nettle).—More nearly allied
to L. purpureum ; stem 6—18 in. high; leaves all stalked, incise-
dentate, the lower cordate, the upper wedge-shaped at the base;
flowers red, in crowded, sub-terminal whorls ; calyx-teeth about as
long as the tube ; corolla-tube not longer than the calyx.—Waste
places ; frequent.—F1. April—October. Annual.
4. L. purpureum (Red Dead-nettle).—Stem 6—18 in. high; leaves
all stalked, crenate, blunt, cordate or kidney-shaped, commonly
tinged with red, the upper ones crowded; flowers small, red, or rarely
white, in crowded, sub-terminal
whorls ; calyx-teeth about as long as
the tube ; corolla-tube longer than the
calyx.—A very common weed in
cultivated ground, and by waysides.
—F]. April—October. Annual. Y7 _ dy
5.* L. maculdtum (Spotted Dead- | a
nettle).—Most closely allied to the :
following; stem 6—18 in. high;
leaves all stalked, cordate, ovate,
much wrinkled, deeply serrate, and
almost always with a white stripe
down the middle ; flowers large, rose-
colour, rarely white; calyx-teeth
broad, recurved, as long as the tube ;
corolla-tube longer than the calyx, Y, \) Z )

and abruptly dilating at the throat.— f}) . Aa i

Waste places ; an escape from culti-

vation. — Fl. June — September. cack Dead-nettle).
Perennial. a
6. L. dlbum (White Dead-nettle).—A common but not inelegant
weed, 6—18 in. high ; leaves all stalked, cordate, ovate, acuminate,
deeply serrate, sometimes blotched with white; flowers large,
white ; calyx-teeth narrow, straight, with long, slender points as
long as the tube ; corolla-tube longer than the calyx, and gradually
dilating upwards; anthers black.—Hedges and waste ground ;
abundant.—Fl. May—December. Perennial.
7. L. Galedbdolon (Yellow Dead-nettle, Weasel-snout, Archangel),
—Resembling the White Dead-nettle in habit, but rather taller
and more slender; leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate ;
flowers yellow, with red spots on the lower lip, in distant, 6—10-
flowered whorls, large and handsome ; anthers smooth.—Copses ;
frequent.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
 398 LABIAT

17. BALLota (Black Horehound).—Hairy, herbaceous plants,

with small flowers in dense, axillary whorls, with leafy bracts ;
calyx funnel-shaped, with 5 equal, broad, spreading, prickly teeth;
corolla unequally 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, concave, lower 3-lobed,
the middle lobe largest, heart-shaped ; stamens 4, the 2 lower the
longest ; anthers exserted, smooth, bursting lengthwise. (Name in
Greek signifying rejected, from the offensive smell.)

SS \ : \) : 5

ff
— Ss

c is.)
f ‘ON
! \

LAMIUM GALEOBDOLON (Vellow Weasel-snout, Archangel, Yellow Dead-nettile).

1. B. nigra (Black Horehound).—The only British species, a

» tall, bushy plant, hairy with reflexed hairs, much branched ; leaves
stalked, ovate-cordate, downy, wrinkled, crenate ; flowers numerous,
light red, in numerous distant, 6—12-flowered whorls.—Waste
ground ; frequent. The odour of the whole plant is particularly
strong and offensive.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
18. TEUcrium (Germander).—Herbaceous plants with flowers
in whorls of 2—6, the upper ones in loose, terminal 1-sided
‘
 LABIATE FAMILY 399

racemes ; calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; corolla with short tube, upper

lip small, deeply 2-cleft, lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe much
the largest ; stamens 4, parallel, the 2 upper shorter ; wtlets united,
generally wrinkled. (Name from Teucer, who is said to have been
the first to use it in medicine.)
1. T. Bétrys (Cut-leaved Annual Germander).—A downy,
glandular plant with long hairs; stem erect, 4—8 in. high, much

BALLOTA NIGRA (Black Horehound). TEUCRIUM SCORODONIA ss

(Wood Germander, Wood Sage).

branched from the base; leaves all stalked, ovate, pinnatifid,

into 7—11 linear, obtuse segments ; flowers rose-colour, in axillary,
4— 6-flowered whorls ; calyx large, inflated, pouched at the base.
—Chalky fields in Surrey; very rare.—-Fl. August, September.
Annual.
2. T. Scordium (Water Germander).— A hairy plant with creep-
ing rhizome and runners ; branches 4—10 in. high; leaves sessile,
oblong, coarsely serrate ; flowers rose-colour, in distant axillary,
 400 LABIATAE

2—6-flowered whorls; calyx scarcely pouched.—Wet places;

rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
3.* T. Chameédrys (Wall Germander).—A similar but rather
larger, much-branched plant, woody below, with stalked, ovate,
cuneate, incised-crenate /eaves, the upper ones smaller and nearly
entire ; flowers large, handsome rose-colour, in whorls of 5—6,
the upper ones in terminal, leafy, 1-sided racemes ; calyx hardly
pouched.—Old walls; rare. Formerly employed as a tonic; but
now scarcely used, except by rustic practitioners.—Fl. July—
September. Perennial.
: 4. T. Scorodénia (Wood Germander,
Wood Sage).—Stem erect, about 2 feet
high, with stalked, ovate, cordate, crenate,
wrinkled, sage-like leaves ; and lateral and
terminal, 1-sided racemose clusters of small,
yellowish-white flowers ; calyx pouched at
the base.—A common woodland plant.
The whole plant is very bitter, and has been
used as a substitute for hops.—Fl. June—
September. Perennial.

19. Ayuca (Bugle)—Herbs with leafy

bracts ; calyx ovoid, 5-cleft; corolla with a
long tube, the upper lip very short, notched,
lower 3-cleft, the middle lobe broader and
notched ; nwilets united, wrinkled.—(Name
said to be corrupted from the Latin Adzga.)
1. A. rvéptans (Common Bugle).—Well
marked by its solitary erect stem, 6—9 in.
i) high, with long, creeping runners ; lower
pei eS leaves stalked, obovate, obtuse, almost
(Common Bugle). glabrous ; upper leaves sessile, tinged with
blue ; flowers blue, or rarely white, in 6—10-
flowered whorls, the upper of which are crowded into a spike.—
Moist meadows and woods ; common.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
2. A. pyramiddlis (Pyramidal Bugle).—A hairy plant with
underground offsets and short runners not produced until autumn ;
| leaves gradually diminishing upward ; flowers blue, all crowded
into a 4-sided pyramidal spike-—By mountain streams in the
north-west ; very rare.—Fl. May—July. Perennial.
3. A. Chamepitys (Ground Pine).—Very different in appear-
ance from any other British plant in the Order, a hairy, tufted
herbaceous plant, 3—6 inches high, with branched, spreading,
reddish-brown, viscid, turpentinous stem; hairy leaves divided
 PLANTAIN FAMILY 401

almost to the base into 3 linear segments ; and solitary, axillary,

yellow flowers, with red spots on the lower lip of the corolla.
—Chalky fields in the south-east; rare.—Fl. May—August.
Annual.

AJUGA CHAMPITYS (Ground Pine).

Orp. LX. PLANTAG{NEZ.—THE PLANTAIN FAMILY

A small Order of herbaceous plants of humble growth, with
many, usually radical, ribbed or fleshy leaves. The flowers, which,
being mostly wind-pollinated, are conspicuous from their long
stamens, grow in spikes and are polysymmetric; the calyx
4-parted, imbricate, persistent ; corolla 4-parted, chaffy, imbricate;
stamens 4, alternate with the segments of the corolla, and having
very long, thread-like, exserted filaments, and large, versatile anthers ;
ovary superior, I-, 2-, or rarely 4-chambered; style 1, slender;
stigma hairy; fruit a capsule splitting transversely or not at all;
seeds 1, 2, or many in each chamber. Several species in the
DD
 402 PLANTAGINEE

Order are common in Great Britain as wayside, meadow, and

maritime plants, and some of them are almost world-wide in their
distribution. ‘The seeds abound in a tasteless mucilage, which
has been used as a substitute for Linseed in medicine, and to
stiffen muslin.
1. PLanrAGo.—Terrestrial plants with perfect flowers in spikes.
2. LiITTORELLA.—Waterside plants with stamens and carpels in
different flowers ; staminate
flowers solitary, stalked ;
carpellate flowers sessile.

1. PLANTAGO (Plantain).
—Terrestrial herbs with
perfect flowers in spikes ;
calyx 4-cleft, the segments
reflexed; corolla tubular,
with 4 spreading lobes;
stamens 4, very long ; ovary
2—4-chambered ; capsule
splitting allround. (Name,
the Classical Latin name.)
1. P. mdjor (Greater
Plantain, Way-bread.) —
Leaves radical, ascending,
broadly oblong, on long,
channelled stalks, 3—7-
ribbed ; flowers in a very
long, tapering spike, on a
short, cylindrical _ stalk;
anthers purple; capsule 2-
chambered, 8—16-seeded.
—RBorders of fields and
waysides ; abundant. Well
SLANTAGO LANCHOLATA (Rilwort Plantain). KNOWN 100) ita eee
fruit, the seeds in which ~
are a favourite food of cage-birds.— Fl. May—September.
» Perennial.
2. P. media (Tey Plantain, Lamb’s-tongue).—Leaves downy,
broadly elliptical, on short, flat stalks, lying so close to the ground
as to destroy all vegetation beneath, and even to leave the impres-
sion of their 5—9 ribs on the ground ; flowers 1in a close, cylin-
drical spike, shorter than that of P. mdjor, but on a longer,
cylindrical, downy peduncle, fragrant, and conspicuous from their
lilac bracis, and filaments, and cream-coloured anthers ; capsule 2-
 PLANTAIN FAMILY 403

chambered, 2-seeded.—Meadows on a dry soil; common.—Fi.

June—October. Perennial.
3. P. lanceolata (Ribwort Plantain).—Leaves nearly glabrous,
ob-lanceolate, tapering downwards, slightly and irregularly toothed,
3—6-ribbed, erect ; flowers in a short, ovoid or cylindric spike,
on a long, angular stalk ; bracts and sepals black-tipped ; filaments
and anthers white; capsule 2-chambered, 2-seeded.— Meadows ;
abundant. Under the name of Cocks and Hens this plant is well

LITTORELLA UNIFLORA (Shove-weed).

known to children, who amuse themselves by striking the heads

one against another until the stalk breaks.—Fl. May—October.
Perennial.
4. P. maritima (Seaside Plantain).— Easily distinguished from
the rest of the genus by its long, linear, grooved, fleshy 3—5-
ribbed leaves, which are woolly at the base; the flower-sptke is
cylindrical and varies in length, as does its cylindrical stalk ;
stamens pale yellow; capsule 2-chambered, 2-seeded.—Sea-
shores and tops of mountains; common.—Fl. June—September.
Perennial.
D:D 2
 404 ILLECEBRACE

5. P. Coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain).—The only British

species with divided leaves. They are linear and usually pin-
natifid, and more or less downy; the flower-spike 1s slender;
stamens pale yellow; capsule 3—4-chambered, 3—4-seeded.—
Gravelly places, especially near the sea; common.—Fl. June—
August. Annual or biennial.
6.* P. arendria (Sand Plantain), a downy, branching, leafy
plant, with sessile, linear leaves, and an ovoid spike on a long
stalk, has occurred casually on sand-hills in Somerset and Jersey.
2. LirroréLta (Shore-weed).—A genus comprising only the
one species, L. uniflora, which is not unlike Plantdgo maritima in
habit ; but has runners, and when under water forms a matted
turf. Its leaves are all radical, linear, fleshy, flat above and curved
beneath, and nearly glabrous. The solitary staminate flowers each
rise on a peduncle 2—4 in. high, have 4 sepals, a tubular, 4-lobed
corolla, and 4 long, exserted stamens with large anthers. The 2
or 3 carpellate flowers, sessile among the leaves, have 3—4 sepals,
an urceolate, 3—4-lobed corolla, and a 1-chambered, 1—2-ovuled
ovary with a long stiff style——Marshes and lake-margins ; com-
mon. (Name from the Latin littus, a shore.)—Fl. June—
September. Perennial.

Orp. LXI. ILLECEBRACEZ.—THE KNoT-GRAssS FAMILY

A small Order of small, branching, often tufted, herbaceous

plants, mostly natives of warm, dry climates. A few only are
found so far north as Great Britain, and nearly all of these are
confined to our southern counties. They have simple, sessile
leaves, generally entire and with membranous sipules ; minute,
perfect, and cymosely arranged flowers ; sepals usually 5, some-
times 4, persistent, and closing over the fruit ;petals 5, minute,
alternating with the sepals, sometimes wanting ; stamens I—1Io,
opposite the petals when equalling them in number; ovary
superior, 1-chambered, 1-ovuled ; style 2—3-fid ; fruit enclosed
in the calyx, dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded.
=
1. ILLECEBRUM.—Leaves opposite, not connate ; sepals white,
with long points ; stigmas 2.
2. HERNIARIA.—Leaves scattered and opposite, not connate ;
sepals green, blunt ; stzgmas 2.
3. CorricfoLa.—Leaves scattered ; sepals green, blunt, united
at the base; stzgmas 3.
4. SCLERANTHUS.—Leaves opposite, connate; sepals 4-5,
united; petals absent ; stzgmas 2—4.
 KNOT-GRASS FAMILY 405
1. ILLECEBRUM (Knot-grass)—A genus cortaining only the one
species I. verticilldtum (Whorled Knot-grass), is a pretty little
glabrous plant, with slender, tangled, prostrate stems, of a red tint,
glaucous, sessile, ovate leaves, and axillary whorls of white flowers
remarkable for their thickened white sepals terminating in a long,
soft point—In boggy ground and standing water, among other
aquatic plants; not uncommon in Cornwall, but much rarer in
Devonshire, and has been found in Berkshire. (Name from the
Latin illécebra, an attraction.)—Fl. July—September. Perennial.
2. Hernihria (Rupture-wort).—Small, prostrate plants with
narrow, opposite, and scattered leaves ; crowded, minute, axillary,
green flowers ; sepals 4—5, united, blunt, green; petals 4—5,

IN
Gof AS
ILLECEBRUM VERTICILLATUM (Whorled Knot-grass).

resembling barren filaments, or absent ; stamens 3—5, inserted on

a fleshy ring ; stigmas 2, nearly sessile. (Name from the disease
for which these plants were formerly supposed to be a remedy.)
1. H. gldbra (Smooth Rupture-wort).—A small, prostrate plant,
with much of the habit of the Wild Thyme; stems herbaceous,
with minute decurved hairs ; Jeaves oblong, pale yellowish-green,
glabrous ; flowers green, sessile, axillary, collected into a leafy
spike.—Sandy soils, mostly in the eastern counties ; rare.—FI.
July—September. Annual or biennial.
2. H. cilidta (Fringed Rupture-wort).—A stouter plant, forming
larger tufts, with minute, decurved hairs on the upper side only;
leaves broader, orbicular, fringed, dark green; flowers larger, in
distant clusters.—The Lizard, Cornwall; and Guernsey; very
rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
3.* H. hirsiita (Hairy Rupture-wort).—Leaves elliptic-oblong,
covered all over with straight, spreading hairs.—Sandy ground at
Christchurch, Hampshire.—Fl. July, August. Annual.
406 ILLECEBRACEX

3. Corr{GIOLA (Strapwort).—-Prostrate, glabrous plants, with

scattered leaves with membranous stipules ; flowers minute ; sepals

CORRIG{OLA LITTORALIS (Sand Strapwort).

5, green, blunt, united at the base, with membranous margins;

petals 5, as long as the sepals, white ;
stamens 5, stigmas 3, sessile. (Name
AWC a diminutive from the Latin corrigza,
wy, (
aire
a strap, from the shape of the
leaves.)
; 1. C. littordlis (Sand Strapwort).—
Wo
a.
A small but pretty plant with slen-
der, spreading stems, which lie quite
prostrate; linear-lanceolate, glau-
cous leaves ; and crowded, terminal
cymes of small, white flowers.—
Sandy shores, Start Bay, Devon,
and Loe Pool, near Helston, Corn-
wall; very rare.—Fl. July—Octo-
ber. Annual.
4. SCLERANTHUS (Knawel). —
Small, inconspicuous weeds, with
wiry, much-branched stems ; oppo-
13
aon
site, connate, awl-shaped leaves
without stipules ;and small, green
SCLERANTHUS ANNUUS
(Annual Knawel).
flowers in axillary and _ terminal
fascicles ; pertanth tubular, 4—5-
cleft, with membranous margins to its segments; stamens I—1I0 ;
ovary superior, 1-chambered, 1-ovuled; stigmas 2—4; fruit
 AMARANTH FAMILY 407

enclosed within the hardened perianth-tube. (Name from the

Greek scléros, hard, anthos, a flower, from the hardness of the
perianth.)
1. S. énnuus (Annual Knawel).—A small plant, 2—8 in. high,
with numerous, much-branched, tangled stems ; awl-shaped leaves ;
green flowers in clusters either in the forks of the stems or terminal ;
sepals acute, with a narrow, whitish, membranous margin, spread-
ing when in fruit.—Sandy fields ; common.—FI. June—November.
Annual or biennial.
2. S. perénnis (Perennial Knawel)—A_ prostrate, glaucous
plant, becoming reddish, with slightly-branched stem ; sepals
blunt, with a broad, white margin——Sandy fields in the south;
very rare. Perennial.

Sup-Ciass III. INCOMPLETA

Flowers having a calyx or corolla, or neither; but never both.
In this Sub-Class it is often doubtful whether the leaves which
enclose the stamens and carpels of a flower should be called a
calyx or corolla: the term pertanth (from the Greek peri, around,
and anthos, a flower) is therefore used to denote these organs, and
must be taken to mean all the leaves, whether resembling sepals
or petals, which enclose the other parts of the flower. Used in
this sense, and applied to the preceding Sub-Classes, the calyx and
corolla would be correctly called a double perianth.

Series I. MONOCHLAMYDE
Flowers generally with a perianth of one whorl
§ Ovary superior

Orp. LXII. AMARANTHACE#.—AMARANTH FAMILY

A considerable Order of weedy plants, mostly tropical, with
exstipulate leaves ; membranous flowers a persistent, 3—5-partite
perianth ; ovary superior, 1-chambered.—Several members of the
Order have brightly coloured perianths which render them garden
favourites, such as Amardnthus cauddius (Love-lies-bleeding), A.
hypochondriacus and A. specidsus (Prince of Wales’ Feather) and
Celésia cristata (Cock’s-comb).—None of them are indigenous to
Great Britain ; but two species of Amaranth occur as casuals.
*y, AMARANTHUS (Amaranth).—Flowers moncecious ; stamens
3—5; stigmas 3; capsules 1-chambered, 1-seeded, (Name in
Greek signifying everlasting flower.)
 408 CHENOPODIACEE

1.* <A. retrofléxus.—Stem erect, branched ; flowers 5-merous;

stamens 5 ; bracts membranous, awl-shaped, longer than the fruit.
— Waste places near towns.—F]. August. Annual.
2.* A. Blitum.—Stem straggling, smooth, 1—2 feet high;
leaves ovate, long-stalked ; flowers 3-merous in small, lateral
clusters, and a small, leafless, terminal spike; stamens 3.—Waste
places near towns.—Fl. August. Annual.

Orv. LXIII. CHENOPOoDIACE&.—GOOSE-FOOT FAMILY

A considerable Order of herbaceous and somewhat shrubby

plants, common weeds in many temperate climates and most
abundantly represented in salt marshes and on the sea-shore.
They have scattered, simple, exstipulate leaves which are more or
less inclined to be fleshy ; and small and inconspicuous, polysym-
metric, sometimes moneecious or dicecious flowers. The perianth
is 3—5-lobed, imbricate and persistent, decidedly partaking of the
characters of a calyx, and sometimes, as in Atriplex, with a tend-
ency to become enlarged in the fruiting-stage. The stamens are
5, rarely 1 or 2, springing from the base of the perianth and
opposite its lobes ; ovary superior or half-inferior, 1-chambered,
t-ovuled ; style 2 or 4-cleft, rarely simple ; st7gmas undivided ; fruit
dry and indehiscent, enclosed in the perianth. Many of the plants
of this Order are important articles of food for cattle or for human
beings. Béla maritima, a common sea-shore weed, is believed to
be the origin of the cultivated Mangold Wurzel, the White or
Sugar Beet so extensively cultivated in Germany and France for
making sugar, and the Red Beetroot which is eaten as a salad.
Spindcia olerdcea, supposed to be a native of western Asia, the
leaves of which contain a large proportion of Saltpetre, has long
been cultivated as an esculent under the name of Spinach; but
the leaves of the Garden Orache (Atriplex horténsis), of the Aus-
tralian Spinach (Chenopédium auricomum), of the Beet, and of
other plants are used in the same way.
1. CHENOPODIUM.—Leaves flat; flowers perfect; perianth
remaining unaltered and not adhering to the fruit.
" 2, BEra.—Leaves flat; flowers perfect ; fruit adhering to the
fleshy pertanth-tube.
3. ATRIPLEX.—Leaves flat; flowers imperfect ; perianth enlarg-
ing, but not adhering to the fruit.
4. Osfonré.—Similar, but with a perianth adherent to the fruit.
5. SALICORNIA,— Jointed, leafless plants; phe perfect ;pertanth
fleshy.
 GOOSE-FOOT FAMILY 409

6. Su#pA.— Leaves semicylindric; flowers perfect ; pertanth-

segments not keeled or winged.
7. SALsoLA. — Leaves awl-shaped ; flowers perfect; perianth-
segments developing a broad, transverse, dorsal wing.
Cuenopopium (Goose-foot).— Very variable and therefore
difficuit plants ; stem angular; leaves flat, often triangular, entire
or lobed ; flowers minute, perfect, in axillary or panicled clusters;
perianth deeply 3—5-cleft, remaining unaltered, closing over the
fruit ; stamens 2—5; stigmas 2—3. (Name from the Greek
chen, a goose, pous, a foot.)

* Leaves undivided ; flowers 5-merous

1. C. polyspérmum (Many-seeded Goose- foot). — A glabrous
species, varying in size from 4 to 18 in. high, usually tinged with
red ; stem branched, spreading; leaves nearly sessile, ovate-
elliptic; flowers in branched, slender spikes; seeds flattened
horizontally, shining, minutely dotted.— Waste ground; not
common. A not inelegant plant, the numerous fruzts not being
concealed by the perianths. Fl. August—October. Annual.
2. C. Vulvdria (Stinking Goose-foot). — Distinguished by the
extremely disgusting fishy smell of the greasy meal with which the
plant is covered ; stem spreading ; leaves ovate-rhomboid, fleshy ;
flowers in small, dense spikes.—Waste places; not common.—
Fl. August, September. Annual.

** Leaves toothed or lobed ; flowers 5-merous

3. C. dlbum (Fat Hen, White Goose-foot).—Perhaps the com-
monest species of the genus, 1—3 feet high, succulent, and
covered with a white meal; leaves ovate-rhomboid, bluntly
toothed, upper ones narrow, entire : flowers in branched, dense,
clustering spikes, leafy below. Waste places and cultivated
ground ; very common.—Fl. July—September. Annual.
A °ai . opulif lium (Guelder-rose-leaved Goose-foot).—A species
which is not indigenous, with rounded, obtuse, dentate leaves ;
leafless clusters of flowers ; and large, smooth, shining seeds.
5. C. serotinum (Fig-leaved Goose-foot).— An erect, mealy
plant, with limp, oblong-hastate, cuneate, toothed leaves, and
flowers in a spike, with erect branches, leafy at the base only.—
Cultivated ground in the east of England; rare.—Fl. August,
September. Annual.
6. C. murdlé (Sowbane, Nettle-leaved Goose-foot).—A nearly
glabrous, fetid species, with rhomboid-ovate, unequally serrate
 4IO CHENOPODIACE

leaves, and flowers in short, densely panicled spikes with spreading

branches.—Waste ground, near houses ; uncommon. —Fl. August,
September. Annual.
7. C. hybridum (Maple-leaved Goose-foot).—A large, stout,
branched, nearly glabrous species with a heavy odour; leaves
large, cordate, acuminate, with 2—4 large, broad teeth on each
side ; flowers in leafless,
axillary, corymbose
clusters. —Waste places,
chiefly in southern Eng-
land; rare.—-F1.August,
September. Annual.
8. C. urbicum (Up-
right Goose - foot). —
Another large, stout,
but little branched,
slightly mealy species,
with triangular, cuneate,
toothed leaves, and
flowers in small, distant,
crowded clusters on an
erect spike. — Waste
places in the south ; un-
common.—Fl. August
—October. Annual.
***
T eaves mostly toothed:
terminal flower only
in each cluster 5-
merous.
9. C. rubrum (Red
Goose-foot). — A, tall,
erect, leafy, smooth and
\ shining species, with
BONUS-HENRIcuUS (Good King Henry). triangular, irregularly
“ CHENOPODIUM
toothed leaves, and
» flowers in short spikes in leafy panicles.—Waste places and salt
marshes ; frequent.—Fl. August, September. Annual.
10. C. botryédes (Many-spiked Goose-foot).—A small, succulent,
brittle plant, 4—5 in. high, with triangular, scarcely toothed,
fleshy leaves, and flowers in dense panicles, leafy below. — Moist,
sandy sea-shores in the south-east ; rare.—Fl. August, September.
Annual.
11. C. glaucum (Oak-leaved Goose-foot).—A much-branched,
 GOOSE-FOOT FAMILY Ail

spreading, often prostrate, smooth and shining species, with oblong,

sinuately-lobed leaves which are mealy beneath ; and flowers in
erect, simple, short, dense, leafless spikes.—Cultivated ground ;
rare.—Fl. August, September. Annual.

BETA MARITIMA (Sea Beet).

12. C. Bonus-Henricus (Good King Henry, All Good, Mercury).

—A dark green, succulent plant, 1—3 feet high, with large suc-
culent, triangular-hastate leaves and flowers in compound, leafless
spikes.—Waste places near villages ;common. The leaves are
 4l2 CHENOPODIACE

used as Spinach, and the plant is cultivated in Lincolnshire

under the name of Mercury.—F]. May—August. Perennial.
2. Béra (Beet).— Herbaceous plants with flat, almost entire
leaves and spikes of perfect flowers in clusters of 2—3 together ;
perianth deeply 5-cleft, persistent, becoming fleshy; stamens 5 ;
stigmas 2; fruit 1-seeded, adhering to the fleshy perianth-tube.
(Name, the Latin name of the plant.)
1. B. maritima (Sea Beet).—The only British species, a tall,
succulent plant, about 2 feet high, with angular, striped stems,
prostrate below, and spreading in a circle, with ascending branches ;
large, stalked, ovoid, fleshy, glossy Jeaves ; and numerous long,
slender, leafy spikes of green flowers, which are arranged 2 or 3
together, with a small lanceolate, leafy bract at the base of each.
Sea-shores ; frequent.—Fl. June—October. Perennial.
3. ATRIPLEX (Orache).—Herbs or shrubs with flat, stalked,
often hastate leaves ; small monoecious or dicecious flowers clustered
in branched cymes ; perianth 2—5-cleft not adherent to the fruit ;
stamens 3—5 ; stigmas 2; fruit 1-seeded, covered by the enlarging
but generally not adherent perianth. (Name, the old Latin
name. )
1. A. littordlis (Grass-leaved Orache).—An erect, mealy plant,
with the stem striped with reddish, resinous lines; ascending
branches ; leaves linear, usually quite entire, and never hastate;
flowers in slender, terminal spikes of clusters ; pertanth-segments
rhomboid or deltoid, toothed, with tubercles on the back.—Salt
marshes; not common. FI. July—September.
2. A. pdtula (Spreading Orache).—A common weed, mealy and
often tinged with red; stem furrowed, spreading, often with the
central branch erect and the rest.prostrate, appearing as if they had
been bent down by force ; Jeaves triangular, cuneate, with 2 lobes
spreading upwards from the lower angles, toothed, the upper
leaves lanceolate, entire ; flowers clustered on simple, interrupted
spikes; perianth of the fruit of 2 rhomboid leaves, which are
warty on the back.—Cultivated and waste ground, and on the sea-
shore ; abundant. Distinguished from the genus Chenopédium by
% the two perianth-leaves enclosing the fruit.—Fl. July—October.
Annual.
3. A. hastdéta (Halberd-leaved Orache).—A nearly allied and
equally common species, dark green, mealy, and differing mainly
in its lower leaves, which are triangular-hastate, with lobes at the
base, that is, which spread horizontally. The seeds are of two
sizes, the larger brown and rough, the smaller black and smooth,
—Growing in similar situations.—Fl. July—October. Annual.
 GOOSE-FOOT FAMILY 413

4. A. deltotdea (Deltoid-leaved Orache).—Another allied form

with all the Jeaves hastate ;dense spikes of flowers in panicles;
and almost all the seeds small, black, and polished.—Similar
situations ; frequent.—Fl. June—October. Annual.
5. A. Babingténii (Rose-coloured Orache).—A variable species,
usually pale and very mealy, but sometimes greener ; stem striped

tte
ie vm
ie ira
4p
aie ce dl
Ay N Paik
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Pons AiR Ag
AlpExea ad hii Ae
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NUS
SS

ATRIPLEX HASTATA (Halberd-leaved Orache).

with red, spreading, with ascending branches ; leaves mostly oppo-

site, ovate-triangular, somewhat 3-lobed at the base; flowers in
simple, lax, leafy, terminal and axillary spikes ; pertanth-leaves in
the fruiting stage large, united so as to form a diagonal square a
little rounded at its lateral angles.—Sea-shores ; common.—F.
July—September. Annual.
6. A. lacinidta (Frosted Sea Orache). —A very distinct plant,
 414 CHENOPODIACE
covered with silvery scales, giving the whole plant a whitish hue ;
stem buff-coloured, nearly without stripes, angular, spreading;
leaves triangular, sinuate, sometimes toothed, mealy beneath;
perianth-leaves of fruit rhomboid, 3-lobed, united in a swollen,
hardened base.—Sandy sea-shores ; frequent.—Fl. July—October.
Annual.
4. Opfoné (Sea Purslane).— Annual or perennial glaucous
maritime plants, with
moncecious or dicecious
flowers ; perianth 3—5-
partite, adhering to the
fruit; stamens 5; Stig-
mas 2. (Name possibly
from that of the River
Obi.)
1. O. portulacotdes
(Shrubby Sea Purslane,
Crabweed).—A shrubby
plant, mealy, with grey-
ish_ scales, straggling;
leaves mostly opposite,
obovate-lanceolate, en-
tire ; flowers in terminal
interrupted panicles ;
pertanth sessile.-—Sea-
shore ; frequent. — FI.
August — October.
Perennial.
2. O. pedunculdta
(Pedunculate Sea Purs-
lane).—A herbaceous,
slender, little-branched,
mealy species, differing
SALICORNIA mainly in having an
HERBACEA (Jointed Glasswort).
elongating pedicel to the
fruit—Muddy salt marshes on the east coast; very rare.—Fl.
» August—October. Annual.
5. SALICORNIA (Glasswort, Marsh Samphire).—Singular jointed,
fleshy, green, leafless, herbaceous plants with opposite branches,
and minute perfect flowers sunk in pits at the nodes; perzanth
fleshy, persistent ; stamens 1—2 ; styles 2. (Name from the Latin
sal, salt, cornu, a horn, from the abundance of soda in the plant,
and its horn-like branches.)
 GOOSE-FOOT FAMILY 415
t. S. herbdcea (Jointed Glasswort, Marsh Samphire).—An erect,
herbaceous plant, 4—8 in. high, with the joints of the stem
thickening upwards, and the branches all ending in tapering spikes
of flowers. — Salt marshes; abundant. Formerly used in the
manufacture of glass, and still used as a pickle, under the name
of Samphire, in Lincolnshire and on other parts of the coast, being
generally preferred to the Umbelliferous Crithmum.—Fl. August,
September. Annual.
2. S. appréssa (Prostrate Glasswort).—A well-marked, prostrate
form, with its branches closely adpressed to the soil and spreading
in a triangular fan-like form, with cylindric internodes and acute
sptkes.—On the coast of Kent ; very rare.
3. S. radicans (Rooting Glasswort).—Stem woody, prostrate;
branches ascending ; internodes not thickening upwards; sprkes
blunt.—Salt marshes on the east and south coasts; rare. Much
more branched and tufted, and browner in colour than S. herbdcea.
—F]. August, September. Perennial.

6. Su&pa (Sea Blite).—Maritime shrubs and herbs with scat-

tered, fleshy leaves, semicircular in transverse section ; and small,
green, axillary flowers ; pertanth deeply 5-cleft, often fleshy ; stamens
5; stigmas 2—5; perianth-segments in fruit neither keeled nor
winged. (Name said to be from sued, soda, in which the plants
abound.)
1. S. fruticosa (Shrubby Sea Blite).—A smooth, rather glaucous
plant ; stem woody, erect, 1—3 feet high, with ascending branches ;
leaves semiicylindric, blunt ; styles 3.—Sandy and shingly beaches,
mostly on the east coast ; rare.— Fl. July—October. Perennial.
2. S. maritima (Annual Sea Blite).—A low, straggling plant,
smooth, glaucous, and reddish in winter, with slender branches
rising 1—2 feet ; acute, semicylindric, short, fleshy leaves ; flowers
I—5 together ; styles 2—Muddy sea-shores ;common.—F1. July
—October. Annual.

7. SALSOLA (Saltwort).—Shrubs and herbs with sessile, fleshy,

stiff or spinous, awl-shaped Jeaves ; small, axillary, perfect flowers ;
perianth deeply 5-cleft; stamens 3—5; stigmas 2—3; fruit
1-seeded, enclosed by the much enlarged, 5-winged perianth.
(Name from the Latin sal, salt, the plants being rich in soda.)
1. S. Kali (Prickly Saltwort).—The only British species, a stiff,
glaucous, hairy, much branched plant, with striped, angular stem
seldom more than a foot high ; succulent, awl-shaped Jeaves, each
terminating in a sharp spine ; and solitary axillary flowers.—Sandy
sea-shores ; common.—FI. July, August. Annual.
416 POLYGONACE

Orv. LXIV. PoLYGONACEZ.—THE PERSICARIA FAMILY

A considerable Order of herbaceous plants, chiefly natives of
temperate climates, bearing scattered, simple Jeaves with sheathing
membranous stipules, petioles dilated at the base and margins
revolute in the bud. The flowers are generally perfect, small,
numerous and growing in spikes or panicles, so that many
members of the Order are handsome plants. The perianth is
deeply 3—6-parted, often in 2 rows and coloured, imbricate in
bud, persistent ; stamens 5—8, opposite the leaves of the perianth ;
ovary superior, ovoid, 3-sided, or compressed, 1-chambered,
r-ovuled ; styles 1—3 ; fruit a hard, flattened, or triangular, inde-
hiscent nut, usually enclosed in, but not adherent to, the perianth.
The properties residing in the leaves and roots are sometimes
very different, the former being in many cases acid, and some-
times of an agreeable flavour, the latter nauseous and purgative.
The powdered root of several species of Rhéum affords the
valuable medicine Rhubarb, and the leaf-stalks of the same plants
are much used for making tarts, their sharp taste being attributable
to the presence of oxalic and malic acids. ‘The Common Sorrel,
Rumex Acetdsa, is sometimes used in the same way as Rhubarb-
stalks, or as a salad ; but the species mostly employed in cookery is
R. scutdtus, a native of southern Europe. Other species of this
genus are the Docks, known as troublesome weeds in most regions
of the globe. The Buckwheat, or Beechwheat (Fagopyrum escu-
léntum), so called from the resemblance in shape between its
fruits and those of the Beech, is probably a native of Central Asia.
In America and some European countries the flour derived from
its seeds is made into cakes or bread ; but in England it is chiefly
cultivated as a food for pheasants, which are very partial to it.
1. PotYconum.—Perianth deeply 5-cleft ; stamens 5—8 ; styles
2—3; fruit a triangular or flattened nut, not winged ; embryo at
one side of the seed ; cotyledons flat.
*2, FacopYrumM.—Perianth 5-cleft ; stamens 8; styles 3; fruit
triangular, not winged ; embryo in the centre or axis of the seed;
cotyledons large, leaf-like, and plaited.
3. Oxyria. —Pertanth deeply 4-cleft; the 2 inner segments
larger ; stamens 6; styles 2; fruit a flattened nut with a mem-
branous wing ; embryo central.
4. RGmex.—Perianth deeply 6-cleft, the 3 inner segments much
larger ; stamens 6; styles 3; fruit a triangular nut, covered by the
enlarged inner perianth-segments ; embryo lateral.
1. PoLyconumM (Persicaria).— Herbaceous plants with stems
often enlarged and bent at their nodes; leaves scattered, with
 PERSICARIA FAMILY 417

ochreate stipules ; flowers perfect, in spikes, racemes, or panicles ;

perianth deeply 5-cleft, the 3 outer segments sometimes enlarging
in the fruiting stage ; stamens 5—-8, with versatile anthers ; ovary
compressed or 3-sided ; styles 2—3; fruit not winged ; embryo
lateral ; cotyledons thin, flat. (Name from the Greek polus, many,
gonu, knee, from the many knee-like nodes.)
* Twining plants ; leaves sagttiate ; flowers in racemes ; stamens 8 ;
styles 3, united ; nut 3-sided
1. P. Convélvulus (Black Bindweed, Climbing Buckwheat, or
Persicaria).—A mis-
chievous weed with
the habit of the Field
Convolvulus (Con-
volvulus —_arvénsts),
twining round the
stems of other plants
and strangling them ;
leaves cordate-sagit-
tate ; flowers greenish-
white, in erect, slen-
der, axillary and ter-
minal racemes, bear-
ing 4—I0-flowered
clusters; outer pert-
anth-segments bluntly
keeled, green with
white margins ; fruzt
rather rough.—Culti-
vated ground; abund-
ant.—Fl. July—Sep-
tember. Annual.
2. P. dumetorum
(Copse Buckwheat).
—A similar but more
POLYGONUM CONVOLVULUS (Climbing Persicaria).
luxuriant species,
climbing to a height of 4 or 5 feet ; flower-stalks more slender ; outer
perianth-segments winged ; nut smooth and shining.—Bushy places
in the south of England ; rare.—Fl. July—September. Annual.
** Mostly prostrate planis; leaves narrow; stipules silvery,
torn ; flowers axillary, 1—3 together ; stamens usually 8 ; styles 3 ;
nut 3-sided
3. P. aviculdré (Common Knot- grass)—A common weed
with branched stem, usually prostrate, but varying greatly in size,
EE
 418 POLYGONACE&

and in rich soil often growing nearly erect ; leaves lanceolate, with
chaffy stipules ; flowers minute, axillary, pink or greenish-white. ©
—Waste ground and roadsides ; abundant.—Fl. May—October.
Annual.
4. P. Robérti (Ray’s Knot-grass).—Intermediate between the
preceding and following species, resembling the former in habit,
the latter in fruit. It has long, straggling, prostrate stems ; lan-
ceolate-elliptical, flat leaves which bend towards the stem and are
often glaucous ; and a large, smooth, shining mt which is longer
than the perianth.—Sandy sea-shores; not uncommon.—Fl.
August, September. Annual or perennial.
cs. P. maritimum (Sea-side Knot-grass).—An allied, but more
shrubby species, with prostrate, often much buried, stiff, and
woody stem ; fleshy leaves with revolute edges, diverging from the
stem, netted with veins and often glaucous beneath.—Sandy sea-
shores in the south-west of England; very rare.—Fl. July—
September. Perennial.
*** Teaves with or without a dark spot in the centre; flowers in
spikes ; stamens 4—8; styles 2—3; nut compressed or 3-sided
6. P. Hydropiper (Water Pepper, Biting Persicaria).—A very
acrid plant, creeping and rooting at the base, 1—3 feet high,
much branched, with lanceolate, tapering, wavy leaves, and well
distinguished by its slender, drooping, loose spikes of greenish
flowers ; stamens 6.—Ditches and places where water has stood
during winter ;abundant. The fresh juice, though acrid, is of a
not unpleasant flavour, and is said to cure pimples on the tongue.
—F]. August, September. Annual.
7. P. minus (Creeping Persicaria).—A much smaller and more
slender species than the last, much branched, erect, or prostrate
with ascending branches ; leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, with fringed
stipules close to the stem; very slender, erect spikes of flowers
which are only half the size of those of P. Hydropiper ; styles
2—3, united for at least half their length.—Wet, gravelly
places ; not uncommon.—F. August, September. Annual.
8. P. mité (Lax-flowered 'Persicaria).—Stem creeping and
rooting below, 1—~3 feet high, branched, slender ; leaves lanceo-
late, wavy, with loose, funnel-shaped, much fringed stipules ;
flowers in erect, slender, interrupted spikes; stamens 5—6 ;
styles 2—3, united for half their length ; mut black, roughish,
compressed.—Wet places; local.—Fl. June—September. An-
nual.
9. P. Persicdvia (Common Persicaria)-—A common weed,
1—2 feet high, erect or ascending, usually swollen at the nodes,
: :
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‘cangrjduy unuoSdjog) “B\IeOS1eg snojqiqdwy ‘ZS ‘Ble
 PERSICARIA FAMILY 419

branched; leaves lanceolate, flat, with minute warts, often with a

purplish-black blotch in the centre, more or less hairy on both
sides ; stipules loose, much fringed ; flowers in a short, dense,
erect, cylindrical spike, red or white; peduncle smooth ; stamens
5—8 ; styles 2—3, united for half their length.— Waste and damp
ground ; abundant.—Fl. July—October. Annual.
10. P. lapathifolium (Pale-flowered Persicaria).—A closely allied
species ; stem sometimes red or spotted, swollen at the nodes;
leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth or downy, sometimes with a
black blotch above, or glaucous below ; sizpules close to the stem,
with little or no fringe; flowers pale, in axillary or terminal,
cylindric spikes; peduncle rough; stamens 5—6; styles 2, dis-
tinct.—Waste and damp places ; common.—F]. July—September.
Annual.
11. P. maculdtum (Spotted Persicaria).—Smaller than the pre-
ceding, often prostrate, with very thick nodes ; leaves lanceolate,
tapering much at both ends, wavy, generally blotched, white and
woolly beneath, with loose, shortly fringed sitpules ; sprkes some-
times interrupted ; peduncle rough; styles connected below.
—Damp gravelly places; not common.—Fl. July—September.
Annual.
12. P. amphibium (Amphibious Persicaria).— Assuming such
different forms when growing in the water and on land that they
might well be taken for two distinct species. It has a slender,
woody, branched rhizome creeping in the mud, with branches about
a foot high and erect, if on Jand, with sub-sessile, lanceolate hairy
leaves, or with floating stems 2—3 feet long, if on water, supported
by long-stalked, floating, oblong, smooth leaves; flowers rose-
coloured, in handsome oblong spikes; stamens 5, with exserted
anthers ; styles 2, united for half their length ; fruzt flattened.
Ditches and banks of pools ; common.—Fl. July—September.
Perennial.
*¥** Plants with rhizomes ; erect, unbranched stems; terminal,
sptke-like racemes ; siamens 8; styles 3 ; nut 3-sided
13. P. Bistorta (Bistort, Snakeweed, Snake-root).—A_ rather
handsome plant, with a large, woody, twisted rhizome, and several
erect, simple stems 1—13 foot high ; Jeaves ovate, the radical ones
on winged petioles and glaucous beneath ; flowers pink, in terminal,
cylindrical, dense spikes.—Moist meadows; frequent. The
English names Bistort (twice twisted) and Suake-root allude to the
form of the rhizome. It forms large circular patches in meadows,
and also occurs in old-fashioned gardens, where its astringent
rhizome was once grown as a medicine. The green shoots are
EE2
420 POLYGONACE

eaten in Cumberland under the name of Easter Man Giants,

which perhaps means Easter eating, from the French mangeant.—
Fl. June—September. Perennial.
14. P. viviparum (Viviparous Bistort, Alpine Bistort).—A
slender plant, 6—8 in. high, with a slender rhizome ; a simple,
erect stem ; leaves linear-lanceolate, with their margins rolled back ;
flowers pink, in a slender, loose, blunt spike, which has small red
bulbils in its lower part in place of flowers.—Mountain pastures,
especially in the Scottish Highlands.—Fl. June—July. Pe-
rennial.
*2. FacopYrumM (Buckwheat), a genus differing from Polj-
gonum mainly in the embryo, which is in the centre or axis of the
seed, and has large, leaf-like, plaited cotyledons, is only represented
in England by one species, the Common Buckwheat (F. escu-
léntum), probably a native of Central Asia, and not indigenous in
Britain. It has erect, branched stems, about a foot high ; cordate-
sagittate, acute leaves ; and pinkish flowers in spreading panicles.—
Sown as food for pheasants.-—Fl. July, August. Annual.
3. OxyriA (Mountain Sorrel), a genus containing only the one
species O. digyna, a plant resembling the Common Sorrel (Rumex
Acetosa) in habit, but shorter and stouter. It grows 8—ro in.
high, and is smooth and rather fleshy. The Jeaves are all radical and
kidney-shaped, with long stalks; and the flowers are green, and
grow in clustered spikes. The perianth is deeply 4-cleft, the
segments in 2 rows, the inner larger and persistent ; stamens 6,
with versatile anthers; styles 2; fruit a flattened nut with a
broad, membranous wing.—Damp places near the summits of
high mountains in the north; not uncommon. (Name from the
Greek oxus, sharp, from the pleasantly acid flavour of the stem
and leaves.)—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
4. RUMEx (Dock, Sorrel).—Herbaceous plants with a rhizome ;
usually grooved stems ; scattered leaves with tubular stipules ;
flowers in racemes or panicles of whorls ; perianth deeply 6-cleft,
the 3 inner segments enlarging in the fruit-stage ; stamens 6, with
basifixed anthers; styles 3; stigmas feathery, wind-pollinated;
fruit a triangular nut, covered by the enlarged inner perianth-
segments ; embryo lateral. (Name, the old Latin name of the
plant.)
* Instpid plants (Docks), ae leaves not hastate, and perfect
owers
The species in this group hybridise freely, thus adding to the
difficulty of discriminating between them.
 PERSICARIA FAMILY 421

1. R. conglomerdtus (Sharp Dock).—A smooth, slender plant,

1—3 feet high, with few spreading branches ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, not narrowing above the base, cordate or rounded at
the base, acute ; flowers in a panicle of distant whorls, leafy almost
to the top, zzner perianth-segments \inear-oblong, sub-acute, each
bearing a large oblong wart.—Wet places ; common.—Fl. June—
August. Perennial.
2. R. rupéstris (Shore Dock).—A nearly allied form, with a
more compact, upright habit ; leaves strap-shaped, rounded and
narrowed at both ends ; panicle tapering, whorls not very distant ;
inner perianth-segments large, narrow, oblong, blunt, with large
warts.—On the south coast ; rare.—F]. June—August. Perennial.
3. R. sanguineus (Bloody-veined Dock).—A smooth species
with a slender stem, 1—4 feet high, with few ascending branches ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, fiddle-shaped, slightly wavy, usually
cordate and with the veins tinged of a beautiful crimson ; flowers
in many-flowered, distant whorls forming a loose panicle, only
leafy at the base; inner perianth-segments oblong, blunt, with a
large, smooth wart on the outermost.—Roadsides and hedges ;
common. The form with green veins is the more frequent.—F.
June—August. Perennial.
4. R. maritimus (Golden Dock).—A slightly downy, yellow-
green plant, 1—2 feet high, with ascending branches ; leaves short-
stalked, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, slightly wavy;
flowers in crowded, confluent, many-flowered whorls, ina leafy
panicle with spreading branches; tuner perianth-segments tri-
angular, acuminate, orange-yellow, with 2 bristly teeth, often
longer than the segment, on each side, and each with a prominent,
narrow, oblong wart——Marshes, principally near the sea; rare—~
Fl. July, August. Biennial.
5. R. limosus (Yellow Marsh Dock).—A closely allied species,
with the whorls distinct, looser, and fewer-flowered ; the zuner
perianth-segments ovate-oblong, with shorter, bristly teeth ; and the
nut much larger.—Marshes ; less common than R. maritimus.—
Fl. July—September. Perennial.
6. R. pulcher (Fiddle Dock).—A_ small, nearly smooth,
straggling, branched plant ; lower leaves fiddle-shaped or oblong,
with a heart-shaped base and narrowed above, with slender
petioles; upper leaves lanceolate, acute; flowers in distant
whorls forming a spreading, leafy panicle ; tuner perianth-segments
pale-coloured, oblong, deeply toothed along the lower halves of
their edges, with a network of veins, and on one of them a more
prominent, oblong, prickly wart.—Waste places on dry soil; not
uncommon.—F!]. June—October. Biennial or perennial.
422 POLYGONACE

7. R. obtusifolius (Broad-leaved Dock).—A tall, stout species,

2—-3 feet high, with ascending branches; lower leaves ovate-
oblong, cordate, blunt, finely crenate, wavy, ‘with slender stalks;
upper oblong- Janceolate ; flowers in distant whorls, leafless above :
inner perianth-segments long, triangular, blunt, with netted veins
and usually strong teeth at the base, and an ovoid red or brown
wart.— Waste places ; common.—fF'l. July—September. Perennial.
ROUT eS Pus
we yr (Curled Dock).—The
SieaeENED commonest of the
¢ Docks, 1—3 feet high,
branched ; leaves stalk-
ed, lanceolate, acute,
wavy, and _ crisped;
flowers in crowded
whorls forming a pani-
cle, with erect branches,
leafy below, often
tinged with a_ bright
red ; zuner perianth-seg-
ments equal, cordate,
blunt, netted, green or
red, with: a) ‘smail,
smooth wart.—Waste
places; far too com-
mon.— Fl) June —
October. Perennial.
9. FR. domesticus
(Long-leaved Water
A | Dock). ‘very- to-
‘WW
\ il bust, smooth species,
\\ \ 1—4 feet high; leaves
\ very large, lanceolate,
RUMEX ACETOSA (Common Sorrel). waved, and crisped, on
semi-cylindric petioles
with slightly raised edges ; flowers in crowded whorls, forming a
large, dense, lobed panicle, leafy at the base only ; tuner perianth-
segments broadly cordate, membranous, netted, without warts.—
Meadows in the north; frequent ; preferring spots liable to be
flooded.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
10. R. Hydroldpathum (Great Water Dock).—A picturesque
plant, 3—6 feet high, erect, branched, smooth ; leaves often more
than a foot long, lanceolate, acute, often cordate at the base,
finely crenate on long petioles which are not winged: flowers
 «
ros
; ‘

\ = 2

34

iJ —c a
? es ¢
a ee
> ~
‘
*, §:
= »

gi:
=

be
‘
, be =e

s } .

a a

7 . 7 ‘
; f “ee
" E . *= :
. 7
os
, *

- os

‘ . J a .
‘ A 2 . ‘

=) s
ae
”
~ a*
- \
r , y
Fig. 53, Sorrel. (Rumex Acetosa).
 DAPHNE FAMILY 423

green, in crowded whorls, forming very large, almost leafless

panicles; inner perianth-segments triangular, netted, with oblong
tubercles.—River-banks; ; frequent.—F'. Tuly, August. Perennial.
* Acid herbs (Sorrels) with leaves generally hasiale and imperfect
flowers
11.* R. alpinus (Monk’s Rhubarb).—A slightly downy plant,
with thick rhizome ; stem stout, 2—4 feet high; leaves roundish-
cordate, not hastate, on long channelled stalks ; flowers monce-
cious, in crowded but not confluent whorls, forming a panicle with
numerous erect branches, leafy at the base only; iuner perianth-
segments ovate, cordate, membranous, without warts.—Near
cottages, formerly cultivated for its astringent rhizome and as a
pot-herb.— Fl. July, August. Perennial.
12. R. Acetosa (Common Sorrel).—A slender, smooth plant,
about 2 feet high, with simple, juicy stems ; radical leaves on very
long stalks, sagittate, glaucous beneath ; upper leaves sessile; stipules
brown ; flowers reddish-green, dicecious, in leafless panicles with
erect branches; outer perianth-segments reflexed in fruit; tnner
round, membranous, with a minute wart at the base.—Meadows ;
abundant. Well known for its pleasing acid taste—Fl. May—
August. Perennial.
13.* R. scutdtus (French Sorrel).—The species chiefly cultivated
as a pot-herb or salad, with hastate-ovate, slightly fiddle-shaped
leaves, is occasionally naturalised.
14. R. Acetosélla (Sheep’s Sorrel)—Much smaller than R.
Acetosa ; 6—10 in. high; often tinged, especially in autumn, with
a deep red; leaves lanceolate-hastate; stipules silvery, torn;
flowers dicecious, in leafless panicles with erect branches ; outer
perianth-segments ascending, zzmer without warts.—Dry gravelly
places ;abundant.—Fl. May—August. Perennial.

Orv. LXV. THYMELZACEX.— DAPHNE FAMILY

A small Order of plants, mostly shrubby, remarkable for their
tough inner bark, which is of a highly acrid nature, causing
excessive pain if chewed, and raising a blister if applied to the
skin. They have undivided, exstipulate, laurel-like leaves ; flowers
generally perfect; perianth tubular, 4- rarely 5-cleft, coloured,
imbricate ; stamens 2—t10, inserted in 2 rows in the perianth-
tube; ovary superior, 1-chambered ; stzgma undivided; fruit a
1-seeded nut or drupe. The bark of several species 1s used for
making rope and paper, that of Lagétta lintedria, the Lace-bark
tree of Jamaica, for instance, which can also be pulled out under
 A24 THYMELAACE

water into strong lace patterns. Ddphné japonica, D. indica, and

other species are commonly cultivated in conservatories and
gardens for the sake of the delicious fragrance of their blossoms.
The berries of the Spurge Laurel (Ddphné Lauréola), the com-
moner of the two species which represent the Order in Britain,
are poisonous to all animals except birds; and both the bark and
root of the other British species, the Mezéreon (Dédphne
Mezéreum), though used in medicine, are very violent in their
effects. }

1, DAPHNE (Spurge Laurel)—Shrubs with leaves usually

scattered and ever-
green ; flowers frag-
rant ; pertanth tubu-
lar, with 4 spreading
lobes; stamens 8,
sub-sessile, includ-
ed. (Name, | the
Greek for a Laurel,
which it resembles
in its foliage.)
1. D. Mezereum
(Mezéreon).—A
shrub with few erect
branches ; very frag-
rant, pink flowers,
sessile, 3 together,
appearing before
the leaves; leaves
stalked, obovate,
: acute; _ 10t « “ever
DAPHNE LAUREOLA (Spurge Laurel). green ; fruit red,
ovoid. — Woods;
very rare.—-Fl. February—April. Perennial.
2. D. Lauréola (Spurge Laurel).—A low shrub, about 2 feet
high, very little branched, and remarkable for its smooth, erect
., Stems, which are bare of leaves except at the summit. The leaves
are smooth, shining, leathery, and evergreen ; the flowers green, in
drooping, axillary clusters, and in mild weather fragrant; the
berries black, ovoid, and poisonous —Woods; not common. If
transplanted from the woods and potted, it may be employed
with advantage as a stock on which to graft D. indica. The
operation should be carried out in spring, with the leafy extremity
of a shoot rather less in diameter than the stock. Hybrids
 NETTLE FAMILY 425

between the two British species have occurred in North Somer-

set—Fl. January—April. Perennial.

Orp. LXVI. EL#AGNACE#.— OLEASTER FAMLLY

A very small order of shrubs and trees, native to the Northern
Hemisphere, covered with scurfy scales; leaves undivided,
exstipulate ; flowers dicecious, small, polysymmetric, axillary ;
staminate flowers in catkins, with a 2—4-lobed tubular perianth,
and 3—8 stamens sessile in the tube; carpellate flower solitary,
with a tubular, 2—6-cleft perianth, and superior, 1-chambered, 1-
ovuled ovary ; style short ; stigma lateral; fruit an indehiscent
nut, enclosed within the fleshy persistent perianth. The fruit of
several species of El@dgnus is eaten in the East, and the flowers
are highly fragrant, and abound in honey, which in some parts of
Europe is considered a remedy for malignant fevers. The only
British species is the Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaé Rhamnoides).
1. HippépHaé (Sea Buckthorn).—A genus containing only the
one species H. Rhamnotdes, the Sea Buckthorn, or Sallow
Thorn, is a shrub, 4—8 feet high, with branches ending in spines ;
leaves scattered, obovate, silvery ; flowers small, greenish, appearing
with the leaves; stamens 4; berries orange-yellow, very juicy,
acid.—Sandy shores on the east coast ; rare.—F]. May. Perennial.

Orv. LXVII. UrticAcE#.—NETTLE FAMILY

A large and difficult Order the limits of which are variously
assigned by different botanists. In its widest sense it comprises
over 1,500 species, natives of all climates, of all sizes, and of very
various properties. They have leaves either opposite or scattered,
but usually stipulate, serrate, and rough ; flowers usually imperfect,
small and green ; perianth 3—8-cleft and persistent, or wanting ;
stamens equal in number to the lobes of the perianth, and
opposite to them; ovary superior, 1- rarely 2-chambered, 1- rarely
2-ovuled ; styles 1—2; fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded. One
large section of the Order, not represented among British
plants, has a milky juice often rich in rubber, and includes a
number of edible fruits, or rather structures enclosing the fruits.
The Cow-tree, Palo de vaca, Arbol de leche, of South America
(Brosimum Galactodéndron), contains an abundance of attractive
milk, closely resembling that of the cow. B. Aublétit, a large
tree, also South American, yields the spotted heart-wood known
as Snake-wood, Letter-wood, or Leopard-wood. Ficus eldstica
and other species yield the india-rubber of India. The Fig
 426 ~ URTICACEAE

(Ficus Carica), the Bread- fruit (Artocdrpus incistfolia), the Jack-

fruit (A. integrifolia), and the Mulberry (Morus nigra) are the
chief edible fruits of the Order. The Paper Mulberries of Japan
(Broussonétia papyrifera and allied species), the common Nettles
(Urtica), and the closely allied Rhea or Grass-cloth of India, U.
(Boehméria) nivea, and U. Puya, and the Hemp (Cannabis sativa)
are the chief fibre-yielding plants in the Order. The Elms
(Ulmus) are valuable timber-trees, and the wood of the Fustic
(Maclira tinctoria) affords a valuable yellow dye. ‘The bitter
principle in the glands on the catkins of the Hop (Humulus

ULMUS SURCULOSA (Common small-leaved Elm).

Lupulus) gives it its value as a preservative in beer. The British

species of Nettle are well known for the burning properties of the
formic acid contained in the stinging hairs with which they are
plentifully armed ; but they are not to be compared to the effects
of incautiously handling some of the tropical species. In these a
slight sensation of pricking is followed by a burning heat, such as
would be caused by rubbing the part with a hot iron; and soon
the pain extends and continues for days, with symptoms like
those of lock-jaw, death even being said to have been caused by
it. This burning property is dissipated by heat ;.and the young
shoots of the common Nettle, like those of the Hop, are, when
boiled, an excellent substitute for Asparagus.
 NETTLE FAMILY 427
1. Utmus.—Trees with distichous leaves ; perfect flowers in
clusters ; bell-shaped, 4—5 cleft, persistent perzanth; styles 2;
fruit a rounded, 1-seeded samara.
2. HuUmuLus.—Twining plants with opposite lobed leaves ;
dicecious flowers ; staminate flower with 5-leaved perianth and 5
stamens ; carpellate flowers in a catkin of large bracis ; styles 2.
3. Urtica.—Herbs with opposite leaves and stinging hairs;
flowers imperfect ; pertanth 4—5-cleft ; style 1.
4. ParirTARIA.—Herbs with scattered, exstipulate leaves ; poly-
gamous, 4-merous flowers ; style 1.
1. Utmus (Elm).—Trees with distichous, oblique, rough leaves,
with stipules falling early ; flowers perfect, in clusters, appearing
before the leaves ; perzanth bell-shaped, 5- rarely 4-cleft, persistent ;
stamens 4—5 ; styles 2; ovary superior, 1—2-chambered, with an
ovule in each chamber ; fruit a thin, membranous,
1-seeded samara. (Name, the Classical Latin
name of the genus.)
1. U. scdbra (Wych Elm).—A large tree, with
furrowed bark ; few suckers ; downy twigs; large,
irregularly doubly serrate, obliquely cordate,
acuminate, thick leaves, with short stalks ; samara
orbicular, with the seed-cavity below the middle.—
Woods, chiefly north of the Trent ; common.—
Fl. March, April. Perennial.
2. U. glabra.— Usually a somewhat smaller tree,
producing numerous suckers ; twigs nearly smooth ;
leaves small, thin, shining and nearly glabrous, = gruir of ELM.
except in the angles of the veins on their under
surfaces, with long stalks ; samara obovate, with the seed-cavity
near the upper end. Chiefly south of the Trent.—Fl. March—May.
Perennial.
There are also a number of other forms of elm, apparently
hybrids between these two, of which the best-known is U.
surculosa, the English or Hedgerow Elm, a lofty tree, often send-
ing out horizontal lower branches, producing abundant suckers,
downy branches and leaves, with long petioles, aud numerous
obovate samare, like those of U. glabra, but not perfecting its seed.
2. Humutus (Hop).—Twining herbs with opposite lobed leaves
with connate stipules ; minute, dicecious flowers, the staminate in
panicles, with pertanth of 5 imbricate leaves and 5 stamens; the
carpellate 2 together in the axils of numerous bracts in a catkin ;
styles 2. (Name said to be from the Latin humus, rich soil, in
which the plant flourishes.)
428 URTICACEE

.. H. Liipulus (Common Hop).—A_ beautiful twining plant

with very rough, almost prickly, and very tough shoots (bine);
and palmately 3—5-lobed leaves. ‘The staminate plants known as
“seeders” are common in a wild state ; but not in hop-gardens.
The ripe catkins are ovoid and yellow, their bracts covered with
resinous glands——Hedgerows ; common.—Fl. July, August. Pe-
rennial.
3. Urrica (Nettle)—Herbs or shrubs with tough inner bark
and stinging hairs ; leaves opposite, stipulate ; flowers bracteate,

HUMULUS LUPULUS (Common Hop).

4-merous ; perianth imbricate, persistent ; sfamens and ovary in

separate flowers. (Name from the Latin uvo, I burn, from its
stinging properties. )
" x. U. dioica (Great Nettle).—Rhizome creeping with runners;
stem 2—4 feet high, seldom branched, pubescent ; leaves generally
cordate, deeply serrate; flowers in long, branched clusters.—A
common weed, too well known to need further description.—F1.
June—September. Perennial.
2.* U. pilulifera (Roman Nettle)—With no hairs except the
stings, 1—2 feet high; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed ; fruzt in
 NETTLE FAMILY 429

globose, stalked clusters.—In the east of England, chiefly near

the sea; local. The most virulent British nettle.—Fl. June—
August. Annual.
3. U. urens (Small Nettle).—Smaller than either of the other
species, about a foot high, branched, with no hairs except the
stings ;flowers in short, seldom branched clusters, staminate and

i a

ee =
———— Ss SS

URTICA DIOicA (Great Nettie).

carpellate together.—Waste places ; abundant.—Fl. June—Octo-

ber. Annual.
4. PARIETARIA (Pellitory).—Pubescent herbs or shrubs with
scattered, entire, exstipulate leaves ; polygamous, 4-merous flowers ;
valvate, persistent perianth enlarging round the fruit. (Name
from the Latin paries, a wall, where these plants often grow.)
t. P. rvamiflora (Common Pellitory-of-the-wall).—The only
British species, a much-branched, bushy, herbaceous plant, with
 430 ARISTOLOCHIACE

reddish, brittle stems ; ovate, hairy leaves, and axillary clusters of

small, hairy flowers. The filamenis are curiously joined and elas-
tic, so that if touched they suddenly spring from their incurved
position and shed their pollen.—Old walls; common. In rural
districts an infusion of this plant was once a favourite medicine.
2—Fi, June October, -»Perennial.

PARIETARIA OFFICINALIS (Common Pellitory-of-the-wali).

S$ Ovary inferior
Orp. LXVIII. ARISTOLOCHIACE®.—BIRTHWORT FAMILY
A small group of herbs or shrubs, often climbing, chiefly tropi-
, cal, being very abundant in South America, but rare elsewhere.
They have scattered, simple, exstipulate Jeaves, and usually soli-
tary, axillary, perfect flowers. The perianth is attached to the
ovary below, tubular above, with a wide mouth ; stamens 6—12,
epigynous ; ovary 3—6-chambered; style 1 : stigmas radiate, equal-
ling in number the chambers of the ovary ;fruit 3—6-chambered,
many-seeded. The plants of this Order are generally bitter, tonic,
and stimulant, sometimes acrid or aromatic. ‘The dried and
 MISTLETOE FAMILY 431

powdered leaves of Asarabacca (Asarum europ@um) are used in the

preparation of cephalic snuffs, exciting sneezing, and giving relief
to headache and weak eyes. Virginian Snake-root (Aristolochia
serpenidria) and other allied species are used as antidotes to the
bite of venomous snakes. The juice extracted from the rhizome
of a South American species is said to have the power of stupefy-
ing serpents if placed in their mouth ; and African species are
said to be used by Egyptian jugglers to stupefy the snakes with
which they play tricks.
1. Asarum.
— Perianth polysymmetric, bell-shaped, 3-cleft ;
siamens 12.
*2. ArisToL6cHia.—Perianth monosymmetric, tubular, with a
dilated lip ; stamens 6.
:. Asarum (Asarabacca).—Herbs with a stout rhizome ; radical
leaves; a solitary, purplish-green flower, with persistent, 3-lobed
perianth ; stamens 12 ; ovary 6-chambered; fruit capsular. (Name
of Greek origin, said to denote that it was excluded from
garlands.)
1. A. européum (Asarabacca).—The only species found in
Britain, and perhaps not indigenous, a curious plant consisting of
a very short, fleshly stem, bearing two large, dark-green, kidney-
shaped, evergreen leaves and a solitary, purplish-green drooping
flower.—Woods ; very rare—Fl. May. Perennial.
*2, ARISTOLOCHIA (Birthwort).—Shrubby, often twining plants,
with stalked cauline leaves, and axillary, coloured flowers, with a
tubular perianth swollen at the base, lined with hairs and dilated
on one side into a lip; stamens 6, inserted on the style; ovary
6-chambered ; fruit capsular. (Name in Greek denoting the
supposed medicinal virtues of the genus.)
1.* A. Clematitis (Birthwort).—The only species found appar-
ently wild in Britain, not indigenous, a singular glabrous plant,
with creeping woody rhizome ; slender, erect, angular, unbranched
stems ; large, cordate, obtuse leaves, glaucous beneath ; and yellow
flowers, 4—8 together, expanding into an oblong lip.—Among
ruins in the south of England; rare.—Fl. June—September.
Perennial.

Orp. LXIX. LorantHAcE&.—MISTLETOE FAMILY

An interesting Order of parasitic shrubs, comprising about
500 species, inhabiting tropical and temperate regions, Their
leaves are usually opposite, fleshy, and evergreen ; and the flowers
inconspicuous and dicecious. The perianth consists of 4—8 seg-
432 LORANTHACE

ments, sometimes united in a bell-shaped form and valvate in

bud; the stamens equalling the perianth-leaves in number, and
opposite and adnate to them; the ovary inferior, 1-chambered

a.)

viscum ALBUM (Common Mistletoe).

and r-ovuled ; and the fruit a viscid berry which adheres to the
bark of the host tree. Soon a thread-like radicle is sent forth,
which, from whatever part of the berry it proceeds, curves towards
 SANDAL-WOOD FAMILY 433

the supporting tree, pierces its bark, and finally roots itself
in the growing wood. The Common Mistletoe is capable of
growing on a great number of very different trees, having the
power of selecting and appropriating to its own use such juices ~
as are fitted for its sustenance. It may readily be propagated by
attaching the fresh berries to the bark on the under side of a
branch of the Apple. Great virtues were attributed to this plant
by the Druids ; but it has now no medicinal repute, though there
is an enormous demand for it in connection with Christmas
festivities.
Viscum (Mistletoe). igen dicecious, small, green, clus-
ae in the forks of the branches; perianth leaves A, united;
stamens many-chambered, opening by pores; stigma sessile.
(Name, the Latin name of the plant, signifying “birdlime or
alluding to the sticky berry.)
Ee V. dlbum (Common Mistletoe).—The only British species, a
yellow-green, glabrous plant with bifurcating cylindric stems;
thick, leathery, obtuse leaves, narrower on the staminate piants ;
berries waxen-white—On the Apple and other trees, but very
rarely on the Oak; chiefly in the south. Most conspicuous in
winter, when its berries ripen.—Fl. March—May. Perennial.

Orv. LXX. SANTALACEH.—SANDAL-WOOD FAMILY

A small Order of herbs, shrubs, and trees, mostly root-parasites,

which are widely distributed over the globe. ‘They have mostly
scattered, simple, exstipulate leaves; small flowers; perianth
attached to the ovary, 3—5-cleft, valvate when in bud; s/amens
as many as the lobes of the perianth, and opposite and attached
to them, with short filaments ; ovary 1-chambered ; siyle1 ; ovules
2—5; fruit hard, dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded. The only important
product of the Order is the fragrant wood of the East India
Sandal-wood (Sdnialum dlbum) and of the allied Australasian
species, which is used for cabinet-work, incense, perfumery, and
medicine. There is only one British species.
1. THEsIUM (Bastard Toad-flax).—Slender herbs with narrow
leaves; perfect flowers; perianth 4—5-cleft, persistent ; stamens
4—5, each with a tuft of hairs at its base; style short; stigma
undivided ; ovules 3.—(Name of doubtful origin.)
i. f. humifiisum (Bastard Toad-flax).—The only British species;
a small plant with fibrous roots attached to those of various other
plants ; a yellow, woody rhizome; prostrate branches spreading in
FF
 434 EMPETRACEE

a circle ; linear-lanceolate, 1-veined leaves, resembling those of a

TYoad-flax ;and clusters of whitish flowers ; bracts 3.—Dry chalky
and limestone hills in the south of England; rare.—Fl. May—
July. Perennial.

THESIUM “HUMIFUSUM (Bastard Toad-/lax).

Series Il ACHLAMYDEA
§ Flowers not in catkins
Orv. LXXI. EmprrrAck&.—CROWBERRY FAMILY
A very small Order of small heath-like evergreen shrubs, of
* obscure affinities, inhabiting North Temperate, Arctic, and Sub-
Antarctic regions. They have scattered exstipulate eaves ; minute,
axillary, polysymmetric, polygamous flowers, with 4—6 imbricate
scales, either bracts or perianth-leaves ; stamens 3 —4, alternate with
the inner scales ; ovary 2——_9-chambered, on a fleshy disk; style t ;
stigma radiate ; fruit fleshy, with bony, 1-seeded chambers. The
slightly acid berries of the Crowberry (Empétrum nigrum), though
 SPURGE FAMILY 435

unpleasantly turpentinous, are eaten in Arctic regions, being con-

sidered as a preventive to scurvy. There is only one British
species.
1. EMpETRUM (Crowberry). W
—Flower-scales 3 outer and NY
3 inner; stamens 3; style # WY %
short ; sizgma peltate, 6—g- VY,\ES
rayed ; berry globose, 6—9- NSD, ( We
chambered. (Name from ay =F
the Greek, en pétron, on Se ae 5
rock, from the character of NZ
its habitat.) , WY
1. E. nigrum (Black Crow- Nf WE b pW
berry, | Crakeberry). — A a WES
small, prostrate, leafy shrub, y eS
with the habit of a Heath; ig
stems much branched; leaves KK WEE
linear-oblong, so revolute ae JE
that their margins meet at . SA AZ
the back ; flowers in the axils NN FE8fl =
of the upper leaves, purplish ; \s & LE
berries black.—Mountainous i EARS
heaths in the north and i ;
west ;frequent. The berries
are much eaten by moor-
fowl.—Fl. April—June. Pe-
rennial.
EMPETRUM NIGRUM (Black Crowberry).

Orp. LXXII. EvuPpHorBIACEZ.—SPURGE FAMILY

A large Order containing about 200 genera and 3,000 species
distributed over most of the tropical and temperate regions of
the globe, and comprising trees, shrubs, and herbs. ‘Their affini-
ties are obscure; for, though the European species have no
perianth, many tropical genera appear to possess one. ‘They
appear to be related, on the one hand, to Urticdcee@, and, on the
other, to Malvdcee. Many African species are spinous, presenting
a superficial resemblance to Cactdcee. Most plants in the Order
have milky juice, which is often acrid and contains rubber and
various alkaloids. ‘The leaves are usually scattered and simple,
and often have deciduous stipules. The flowers are small, the
stamens and carpels in separate flowers and accompanied by bracts
FF 2
436 EUPHORBIACE

or an involucre. In the large genus Euphérbia there is a cup-

shaped involucre, with yellow crescent-shaped glands round its
margin, enclosing several staminate flowers,-each consisting of
one stamen on a pedicel, surrounding one longer-stalked carpellate
flower of 3 united carpels, with as many Styles, stigmas, chambers
to the fruit, and seeds. The fruit often separates elastically into
its constituent carpels. Among so numerous an assemblage of
plants, we should expect to find a considerable variety of proper-
ties, which, indeed, exists, though nearly all the Order agree in
the acrid, narcotic, or corrosive character of the juice. <A small
quantity of the milky juice of one of our herbaceous British
species of Spurge (Euphérbia) placed upon the tongue produces a
burning heat in the mouth and throat, which continues for many
hours, but may be allayed by frequent draughts of milk. The
roots of several of the common kinds enter into the composition
of some of the quack fever medicines ; but they are too violent
in their action to be used with safety. The Irish Spurge (E£.
hibérna) is extensively used by the peasants of Kerry for poisoning,
or rather stupefying, fish. So powerful are its effects, that a small
creel, or basket, filled with the bruised plant, suffices to poison
the fish for several miles down a river. The Caper-Spurge (E.
Lathyris), a common weed in gardens, is a dangerous substitute
for genuine capers, its unripe fruits superficially resembling the
unopened flower-buds of Cdpparis spinésa, an entirely distinct
shrubby plant, indigenous to the south of Europe. Gum Euphor-
bium is a gum-resin obtained from Euphérbia resinifera, a native
of the lower slopes of the Atlas Mountains, by wounding the
stems, and collecting the sap which exudes. Pliny relates that
the plant was discovered by Juba, King of Mauretania, and named
by him after his physician, Euphorbus. It is an acrid poison, so
violent in its effects as to produce severe inflammation of the
nostrils if those who are employed in powdering it do not guard
themselves from its dust. It was formerly employed for raising
blisters, but is now only used in yeterinary medicine, or for
mixing with rubber. The Australian Asthma Herb (E£. pilultfera)
is now imported in considerable quantities. The Manchineel tree
(Hippomdné Mancinélla) of South America has an intensely acrid
white juice, the least drop of which, or even the smoke from the
wood when burnt, causes temporary blindness ; but other alleged
actions have been much exaggerated. Its fruit, which is beautiful
and looks like an apple, contains a similar juice, which so burns
the lips of those who bite it as to guard the careless from any
danger of eating it. Manioc (Manzhot utilissima) is a shrub
about 6 feet high, indigenous to the West Indies and South
 SPURGE FAMILY 437

America, abounding in a milky juice of so poisonous a nature

that it has been known to occasion death in a few minutes. It is
used by the Indians to poison their arrows. The poisonous
principle, however, may be dissipated by heat, after which the
root may be converted into the most nourishing food. The roots
are sometimes eaten by the Indians, simply roasted ; and the heat
of the sun even is sufficient to dissipate the noxious properties,
for if it be sliced and exposed for some hours to the direct rays of
the sun cattle may eat it with perfect safety. It is commonly,
however, grated into a pulp and subjected to a heavy pressure
until all the juice is drained off. This fresh juice is highly
poisonous, but, if boiled with meat and seasoned, makes, under
the name of Cassareep, an excellent soup, w hich is wholesome
and nutritious. The pulp, which is called cassava, requires no
further preparation, being simply baked in the form of thin cakes
on a hot iron. This bread is so palatable to those who are accus-
tomed to it as to be preferred to that made of wheaten flour. By
washing the pulp in water and suffering the latter to stand, a
sediment of starch is produced, which, after being dried on hot
plates, which partially converts it into dextrine, is the familiar,
light, digestible, and nourishing tapioca. Caoutchouc, or rubber,
is furnished in greater or less abundance by many plants of this
Order, but especially by South American species of Hévea. The
fragrant tonic, Cascarilla Bark, is produced by Croton Eleuthéria,
a shrub belonging to this Order which is a native of the Bahamas;
and the violently cathartic Croton-oil is extracted from the seeds
of C. Tiglium, a native of the Malabar coast. Castor-oil is ex-
pressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis, which is frequently
grown as an ornamental foliage-plant in English gardens under
the name of Palma-Christi. The Box is the only British tree
belonging to this Order, of the poisonous properties of which it
partakes, though to a limited extent. In some parts of Persia it
is very abundant; and in these districts it is found impossible to
keep camels, as the animals are very fond of browsing on the
leaves, which kill them. No satisfactory substitute is known for
wood of this tree as material for the wood-engraver.
. EupHorpia.—Involucre cup-shaped, containing 12 or more
diosa flowers each of 1 stamen and 1 carpellate flower with
3-lobed ovary; styles 33; stigmas 2-cleft; fruit 3-chambered,
3-seeded.
2. BUxus.—Evergreen shrubs with opposite leaves; flowers
moncecious, bracteate, axillary; perianth of 4—12 leaves; stamens
4; ovary 3-chambered, 6-seeded.
3. MeERcuRIALIS.—Herbs with opposite, serrate leaves ; flowers
 438 EUPHORBIACEAE

mostly dicecious ; perzanth of 3 leaves; stamens 8—20; ovary 3-

chambered, 2-seeded.
1. EupHORBIA (Spurge).—The British species all herbs, with
milky juice; leaves simple; flowers moncecious, in cup-shaped,
4—5-lobed involucre with roundish or crescent-shaped glands
alternating with the lobes ; staminaie flowers each of 1 pedicellate
stamen ; carpellate flower solitary, drooping, pedicellate, of 3
united carpels ; stigmas 2-cleft; fruzt 3-lobed, 3-seeded. (Name
from Euphorbus, physician to Juba, an ancient king of Mauretania. )
* Leaves opposite, stipulate
1. E. Peplis (Red Spurge).—A prostrate, glabrous, and glaucous
plant, beautifully tinged with red, repeatedly forked ; leaves oppo-
site, stalked, blunt, auricled on one side at the base, thick, } in.
long ; involucres axillary, with oblong glands.—Sandy sea-shores
in the south ; rare-—Fl. July—September. Annual.
** Leaves exstipulate, generally scattered
+ Umbels mostly 5-rayed ; involucral glands roundish, without
cusps
2. E. Helioscopia (Sun Spurge).—Varying in size from a few
inches to 14 foot in height, generally glabrous, with obovate leaves
serrate above the middle, and easily distinguished by the golden-
green hue of its spreading wmbel, which is large in proportion to
the size of the plant, and has 5 rays which are often repeatedly
forked; capsule smooth.—Cultivated ground; abundant.—FI. June
—October. Annual.
3. E. platyphjllos (Broad-leaved Spurge).—A similar, erect,
slightly branched, glabrous or hairy species, with cordate leaves,
finely serrate above the middle, 3—5-rayed wumbel, repeatedly
forked ; 78 staminate flowers in each involucre ; capsule covered
with hemispherical warts.—Fields, chiefly in the south; rare.—Fl.
July—October. Annual.
4. E. stricla (Upright Spurge).—Closely allied to the preceding,
but more slender, with more ascending branches, erect, 2—3 feet
high ; with thinner leaves ; generally 3-rayed umbel; rarely more
ethan 2 staminate flowers in each involucre; capsule only half
the size, with longer, cylindric warts.—Woods on limestone in
Gloucestershire and Monmouth; very rare.—Fl. June—August.
Annual.
5. E. hibérna (Irish Spurge)—A downy plant, 1—2 feet high,
scarcely branched, with thin leaves 2—4 in. long and an inch or
more across, a 5-rayed umbel and large capsules with cylindric
 SPURGE FAMILY 439

warts.—Devonshire and Kerry, where it is used to stupefy fish.

Fl. May, June. Perennial.
6.* FE. dulcis (Sweet Spurge), an erect species, about a foot
high, with obovate blunt leaves ; an umbel of 5 long, 2-forked rays,
with deltoid bracts ; and a few prominent warts on the capsule,
occurs only as an escape from cultivation——Fl. June. Perennial.
7.* FE. coralloides, —
a taller plant with its
stem leafless below;
leaves lanceolate,
finely-toothed, woolly;
qivel. OES. 5 2
forked rays ; and
woolly capsules; is
also an escape.—F'.
May, June. Biennial.
8. E. pildsa (Hairy
Spurge).—A tall plant,
with its stem leafy
throughout and
branched above;
leaves broadly lance-
olate, finely toothed
mainly near the apex,
slightly hairy; umbel
regular, of 4-— 6
rays, which are first
3-forked and_ then
2-forked; bracts yel-
low, elliptical, smooth;
capsule usually hairy,
with minute warts.—
Woods, near Bath;
very rare—Fl. May,
EUPHORBIA AMYGDALOIDES (Wood Sfurge).
June. Perenmial.
tt Umbels 3- cr many-rayed; involucral glands with crescent-shaped
cusps
9. E. amygdaloides (Wood Spurge).—A shrubby, erect, leafy
plant, with obovate-lanceolate, bluish-green leaves hairy beneath,
which grows about a foot high the first year, elongating to 2 feet
and flowering in the next season, with an wmbel of 5 or more
bifurcating rays, conspicuous in spring and summer with its
golden-green Lracis, which are united into a round cup, generally
 440 EUPHORBIACEE

enclosing 3 zmvolucres A common woodland plant, conspicuous in

autumn by the deep crimson tinge of its stems and leaves.—
Fl. March, April. Perennial.
10." FE. Lsula (Leafy-branched Spurge).—Rhizome creeping;
stem 1—2 feet high, erect, slender,
leafless below, unbranched, or
with a few flowerless axillary
—S>
branches ; leaves oblong- or linear-
lanceolate, sessile, thin, smooth,
/,
eT,
<zoe
=y ‘Aim—
sometimes denticulate ; umbel of
y,
10—20, long, slender, forked rays ;
}WY
FZ
Wy/-
Zej
bracts cordate, mucronate, not
»>A united ; capsule rough.—Woods ;
rare, not indigenous.—Fl. June—
August. Perennial.
11.* FE. Cyparissias (Cypress
Spurge).—A closely allied species,
differing in having runners, having
more crowded, more glaucous,
narrower leaves; blunt bracts ;
and almost white seeds.—Occurs
as an escape in similar situa-
tions. — Fl. June, July. Peren-
nial.
i ie 12. E. Pardlias (Sea Spurge).—
MIN a A bushy, glaucous plant, often
"i
oN WD : tinged
2 with
‘ red; Joes
with many short,
ee erect, stout stems, leafless below;
: crowded, imbricate, leathery,
sessile, oblong, blunt leaves ; and
TM A AM an umbel usually of 5. short,
oy forked rays.—Sandy _ sea-shores ;
aN not common.—F1. July—October.
Perennial.
13. E. portldndica (Portland
Spurge).—A less robust plant with
spreading, leathery, obovate, api-
f (oe ee ae culate leaves ; involucral glands 4,
with long cusps; seeds brown,
pitted—On the west and south coasts; rare.—Fl. April—
September. Perennial.
14. E. Péplus (Petty Spurge).—A light green, glabrous, erect
species, less than a foot high, with broadly ovate, stalked leaves, ©
and repeatedly forked, 3-rayed umbel; bracts ovate ; involucral
 SPURGE FAMILY AAI

glands 4, with long cusps——A very common garden weed.—Fl.

July—November. Annual.
15. E. exigua (Dwarf Spurge)—A more slender little plant,
usually branched near the ground, with linear leaves ; wmbel of 3—
5 forked rays; bracts lanceolate——Cornfields ; common.—Fl. June
—October. Annual.
16.* E. Laihyrus (Caper Spurge)—A remarkable plant, 2—3
feet high, succulent, glaucous, tinged with purple, with numerous,
spreading, linear-oblong or strap-like leaves, opposite and regularly
decussate so as to form 4 vertical rows; umbel of 3 or 4 stout,
unequal, irregularly forked
rays; capsule very large,
smooth, full of milky
juice.—Chiefly a garden
weed ; but perhaps wild in
some woods.—Fl. June,
July. Biennial.
2a, BUSS, (Box). ==
Evergreen trees and
shrubs ; leaves opposite,
exstipulate ;flowers monce-
cious, axillary, bracteate,
the staminate with 2
alternating pairs of peri- ’
anth-leaves, the carpellate
with 6—12 in alternating
whorls of 3; sfamens 4;
ovary 3-chambered, 3-lobed
above ; styles 3; ovules 2
in each chamber; fruzt cap-
sular. (Name,the Classical MERCURIALIS PERENNIS (Dog’s Mercury).
Latin name of the tree.)
1. B. sempervirens (Common Box-tree).—The only European
species, a small, slow-growing tree, with rough, grey bark; twigs
downy; leaves oblong, obtuse, not more than an inch long;
flowers crowded, sessile, minute, whitish.—Chalk hills in the south,
doubtfully indigenous. The juice is bitter and acridly poisonous,
but not milky as in the Spurges. The close-grained, yellow wood,
the only European wood which does not float in water, is un-
equalled for engraving. A dwarf variety is commonly used as an
edging for garden borders.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.
3. MeErcurIALIs (Mercury).—Herbs with opposite, stalked,
serrate, stipulate leaves ; flowers mostly dicecious; perianth of 3
442 CERATOPHYLLEX

leaves ,stamens 8—20; ovary 2-chambered; styles 2, long ; ovules

2; fruit capsular. (Name in honour of the heathen god Mercury.)
1. M. perénnis (Dog’s Mercury).—Rhizome slender, creeping;
stem solitary, erect, about a foot high, unbranched ; Jeaves oblong-
lanceolate, rough, hairy; flowers small, green, on peduncles
springing from the axils of the upper leaves, the staminate ones
in racemes, the carpellate in spikes——Woods; abundant.—FI.
April, May. Perennial.
2. M. dnnua. (Annual Mercury)—A much branched, nearly
glabrous species, with sessile leaves of a light green, and some-
times with moncecious flowers—Cultivated land ; not common.—
Fl. July—October. Annual.

Orp. LXXIII. CERATOPHYLLEZ.—THE HORNWORT FAMILY

An Order containing only the one genus Ceratophyllum, the
Hornworts, a group of one or
two species of submerged
aquatic plants that are unim-
portant except from their
structure, which is so distinct
from that of any other known
Dicotyledon as to render their
affinities doubtful. They have
long, slender, brittle, branched
stems ; whorled, sessile, ex-
stipulate leaves, which are
2—4 forked into antler-like
narrow lobes; and minute,
axillary, moncecious flowers,
enclosed in an 8—12-leaved
involucre with bristle-like, per-
sistent lobes. The stamens
are 12—20, without filaments,
but with 2 points to each
anther; the ovary is 1-cham-
bered, _1-ovuled;) siylevsga.
curved; fruit an indehiscent
achene, sometimes with 2
spines at its base. (Name from
the Greek eras, an antler,
CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM phullon, a leaf, from the form
(Common Hornwort). of the leaves.)

1. CERATOPHYLLUM (Hornwort).
 SWEET .GALE FAMILY 443

1. C.demérsum (Common Hornwort).—-Leaves dark green; fruit

with 2 spines at its base and terminated by the persistent, subu-
late, curved style-——Slow streams and ditches, entirely submerged.
—Fl. June—September. Perennial.
2. C. submérsum, paler green, without spines to the fruzt and
with a shorter style, occurs under similar conditions.
S$ Flowers in catkins
Orv. LXXIV. MyrickcE#.—THE SWEET GALE FAMILy
A small group of shrubs and trees, widely distributed in tem-
perate and tropical climates,
and generally characterised
by the excretion of wax.
They have scattered, simple
leaves; generally dicecious
flowers in catkins; siamens
2—16; ovary 1-chambered,
t-ovuled; styles 2; frutt
drupe - like, 1 - seeded,
covered all over with wax.
Myrica cerifera, the Bay-
Dery; Wax’ > Myrtle, or
Candleberry Myrtle of
North America, and WM.
cordifélia of South Africa
have been used in candle-
making. Yang-maes are the
edible sub-acid fruit of W.
Nagi, a native of China and
Japan. The aromatic leaves
of the one European species,
M. Gdle, are astringent and
tonic, and are used for tea
and in rustic medicine.
1. Myrica (Sweet Gale).
—Siamens 4—8. (Name,
the Greek name of the
Tamarisk. )
1. M. Gdlé (Sweet Gale,
Bog Myrtle). — A_ bushy,
MYRICA (Sweet Gale).
resinous shrub, 2—4 feet
high, flowering before leafing ;leaves obovate-lanceolate, shortly-
stalked, serrate towards the apex, fragrant when bruised ; catkins
A444 CUPULIFER

sessile, erect, the staminate longer ; anthers and styles red; drupe
minute, 2-winged by the adherent bracts—Bogs ; common.—FI.
May—July. Perennial.

Orv. LXXV. CuUPULIFERZ.—MAST-BEARING FAMILY

An Order variously limited by different botanists, but which

may be taken as comprising 10 genera and about 4oo species of
trees and shrubs, widely distributed over the globe and of very
great value to man as timber, for bark containing tannin and
useful therefore in dressing leather, and for edible seeds. They
have scattered, stipulate, simple /eaves, either evergreen (in foreign
species) or deciduous; and moncecious flowers which are pollinated
by the wind. ‘The staminate flowers are generally in pendulous,
deciduous catkins, with 2—20 stamens in each flower ; the carpel-
late flowers sessile in an involucre, each generally with a superior
5—6-toothed perzanth, a 2—3-chambered ovary, 2—3 styles, and 1
or 2 ovules in each chamber. ‘The /ruit is a dry indehiscent 1- or
rarely 2-seeded nut, surrounded by the cupule ox enlarged invo-
lucre, which gives its name to the Order ; and the seeds are large,
exalbuminous, with 2, or rarely 3, fleshy or mealy cotyledons.
Cork is the outer bark of Quercus Suber, an evergreen species
of Oak mainly grown in Northern Spain. Its periodical removal
in no way injures the vitality of the tree. The first crop which is
cracked and furrowed is known as Virgin Cork. Quercitron, the
bark of the North American Quercus tinctoria, is mainly employed
as a yellowdye. The bark of our English Oak (Q. Rébur), Valonia,
which is the acorn-cups, and Cameta, the young acorns of the
Levantine Q. 4gilops, are used in tanning; and the galls produced
by insect puncture on Q. zfectdria in the same country are one of
the chief ingredients of ink. The bark of various species of Birch
(Betula) is used in Canada for making canoes and moccasins,
and in Russia for various utensils, as well as in tanning. The
wood of the Alder (Alnus glutindsa) is burnt into charcoal for
making gunpowder, and that of the Hornbeam (Carpinus Bétulus),
on account of its toughness, is specially adapted to the manu-
facture of cog-wheels, as also is that of the American Live Oak
(Quercus virens). ‘The wood of the Quebec Birch (Bétula lénta)
and that of the European B. verrucdsa are largely used in making
furniture, and that of the Beech (Fdgus sylvatica) in Buckingham-
shire, in chair-making; whilst it is unnecessary to attempt to
enumerate the uses of Oak timber. Chestnuts, the fruit of Cas-
tdnea sativa, are an important article of food in southern Europe,
 MAST-BEARING FAMILY 445

whilst in many countries acorns and beech-mast are of great value

as food for pigs.
Tribe t. BETULE%.—AIl flowers in catkins ; ovary of 2 t-ovuled
chambers ; fruit small, compressed.
tr. BETuLA—Stamens 2; scales of fruit-bearing catkin thin,
-deciduous.
2. ALNUS.—Siamens 43 scales of fruit-bearing catkin woody,
persistent.

Tribe 2. CorvLE&.—Staminate flowers in catkins; anthers tufted

with hairs ; carpellate flowers in pairs in axils of leafy bracts ; ovary
2-chambered ; ovules 2.

SNias
abn
eS
LF

Ci

BETULA PENDULA (IWVhite Birch).

3. CarPiNUS.—Fruiting spike with numerous leafy scales.

4. CoryLus.—Fruiting spike with a few brown scales.
Tribe 3. QUERCINEX.—Staminate flowers in catkins ; carpellate
flowers 1—3 together in an involucre of numerous bracts, which
enlarges in fruit; ovary 3—6-chambered; ovules 2 in each
chamber.
5. QuéRcus.—Siaminate flowers in a slender interrupted caticin ;
stigmas 3.
*6. CasTANEA.—-Siaminaie flowers in a long slender catkin;
stigmas 6.
7. FAcus.—Staminate flowers in a globose catkin ; stigmas 3.
1. Béruta (Birch).—Trees and shrubs; flowers all in catkins
with 3-lobed, deciduous scales ; stamens 2, with forked filaments ; _
 446 CUPUL{FER

ovary compressed, 2-chambered, 2-ovuled; fruit small, winged,

1-seeded. (Name, the Classical Latin name of the tree.)
1. B. pendula (White Birch).—A beautiful forest tree which has
been styled ‘‘the Lady of the Woods,” with smooth, silvery-white
bark, scaling off in transverse strips ;copper-brown branches with
resinous tubercles, often weeping ; rhomboid, irregularly serrate
leaves on long stalks, truncate at their base, and with raised veins
on the upper surface ; staminate catkins 1 — 2 in. long, pendulous;
er

= wen QTiy y

SOE
hire aL\ 7atl
NG
c \

AY N
SN
q

ALNUS ROTUNDIFOLIA (Common Alder).

fruiting catkins sub-erect at first, deciduous.—Woods ; common.

—Fl. April, May, Perennial.
2. B. dlba (Common Birch).—Often only a bush; dwigs, and
sometimes leaves, downy ; leaves always rounded at the base with
the veins prominent on the under surface.—Woods ; common.—
Fl. April, May. Perennial.
3. B. intermédia, a small tree with leaves smaller, more orbicular,
and more bluntly toothed than the preceding, and catkins only
 MAST-BEARING FAMILY A47

Lin. long, found in the Scottish Highlands, is probably a hybrid

between the preceding and the following.
4. B. ndna (Dwarf Birch).—A small shrub with short-stalked,
roundish, crenate, glabrous dark-green leaves, and catkins not more
than 4 in. long.—Mountain bogs in the north; rare.—F']. May.
Perennial.
2, ALNus (Alder).—Trees and shrubs ; flowers all in catkins;

CARPINUS BETULUS (Cozemzon Hornbeanr).

stamens 3—s ; fruiting catkin short, with woody, persistent scales.

(Name, the Classical Latin name of the tree.)
1. A. rotundifolia (Common Alder).—The only British species,
a small tree with greyish-black bark; branches triangular when
young; leaves shortly stalked, obovate, cuneate, blunt, wavy,
serrate, glutinous when young, green on both surfaces ; catkins
appearing before the leaves, and the woody scales of the fruiting
ones remaining long on the tree.—-Swampy ground throughout
most of the temperate regions of the globe.—Fl. March, April.
Perennial.
448 CUPULIFERE

3. Carpinus (Hornbeam).—-Trees with deciduous leaves ;

staminate flowers in catkins ; stamens 3-12, with forked filaments
and tufts of hair on the anthers ; carpellate flowers in pairs in the
axils of leafy bracts, forming an erect spike in flower, becoming
pendulous in fruit; ovary 2-chambered, 2-ovuled; styles 2.
(Name, the Classical Latin name of the tree.)
1. C. Bétulus (Common Hornbeam).—A small tree with smooth,
light grey bark ; leaves elliptic-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, strongly
plaited parallel to the pinnate veins when in bud ; fruting catkins

J LUNe a MA pth

CORYLUS AVELLANA (Common Hazel).

2—4 in. long, with large 3-lobed leafy bracts.—Clayey woods in

the south; local. Valuable as fuel and for cogs.—Fl. May.
Perennial.
4. COryLuS (Hazel).—Shrubs. or trees with deciduous leaves;
staminate catkins long, drooping, cylindric; stamens 4——8, with
short filaments and tufts of hair on the anthers; carpellate flowers
in pairs in the axils of the upper bracts of a small head ; ovary
2-chambered, 2-ovuled; styles 2, long, slender fruit a woody nut,
enclosed ina withering leafy capsule. (Name, the Classical Latin
name of the tree, from the Greek horus, a cup.)
 MAST-BEARING FAMILY 449

1. C. Avelldnc (Common Hazel).—A shrub or small tree with

grey bark on stem, brown, hairy, and glandular on shoots; leaves
roundish, obliquely cordate, irregularly serrate, pointed, plaited

QUERCUS ROBUR (Coms0n Oak).

parallel to the midrib in bud; flowers preceding the leaves;

staminate catkins 1—2 in. long, drooping, yellow; carpellate
flowers in small, sessile, ovoid, erect heads, with imbricate bracts
and crimson _ stigmas. — Woods ;
abundant.—Fl. February, March.
Perennial.
5. Quércus (Oak).—Trees with
deciduous (or, in foreign species,
evergreen) leaves ; siaminate flowers
in a slender, drooping, interrupted
catkin ; stamens 10, with slender,
exserted filaments ; carpellate flowers
few, each enclosed in numerous
imbricate scales, forming a cup in
the fruit; ovary 3-chambered, 6-
ovuled; /fruzt or acorn 1-seeded.
(Name, the Classical Latin name of Currant-galls on the Oak.
the tree.)
1. Q. Robur (Common Oak).—A large tree, with deeply fur-
rowed, corky bark ; zigzag branches ; obovate-oblong, sinuate leaves
with blunt lobes, with or without stalks ; flowers appearing with the
leaves ; cup with numerous, adpressed, triangular, blunt scales.
GG
450 CUPUL{FER#&

There are three well-marked varieties: var. pedunculdta, the

White Oak, with sessile leaves, downy beneath when young, and
acorns on long stalks; var. intermedia, the Durmast Oak, pro-
bably a hybrid, with short stalks to both leaves and acorns, leaves
remaining always downy beneath, and very dark green acorns;
and var. sessiliflora, the Red Oak, with downy twigs, long leaf-
stalks, leaves smooth beneath, and nearly sessile acorns.—Woods ;
common. The tree is attacked by numerous insects producing
various galls, such as oak-apples, marble-galls, leaf-spangles, arti-
choke-galls, currant-galls, &c.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.

CASTANEA SATivA (Spanish Chestnut).

*6, CasTANEA (Chestnut).—Trees with long slender catkins,

the staminate ones erect ; stamens 8—zo0; carpellate flowers 3 to-
gether within a 4-lobed, very prickly capsule; stigmas 6; ovary
5—8-chambered ; nut large, surmounted by 6-lobed perianth, 1-
are ae 1—3-seeded. (Name, the Classical Latin name of the
tree.
1.* C. sativa (Sweet or Spanish Chestnut).—A large and hand-
some tree with deeply furrowed bark ; glossy, oblong-lanceolate
leaves with bristly serrations ; catkins 5—6 in. long—Parks and
plantations ; common, but not indigenous.—Fl. May. Perennial.
7. FAcus (Beech).—Trees with deciduous (or, in foreign species,
evergreen) leaves ; staminate catkins globose ; stamens 8—4o, with
 WILLOW FAMILY 45!

slender, exserted filaments ; carpellate flowers 2—4 together within

a 4-lobed, prickly capsule ; stigmas 3; nut 3-cornered, enclosed
in the enlarged hardened cupule. (Name, the Classical Latin
name of the tree.)
F. syludtica (Common Beech).—A large and beautiful tree
sath thin, smooth, olive-grey bark; long, pointed, chestnut-
brown buds ; glossy, ovate leaves, plaited parallel to the pinnate
veins in the bud, silky when young.—Woods on dry soil, chiefly
in the south—Fl. April, May. Perennial.

GO
r ly

Ss

\an
Oe

<b.

FAGUS SYLVATICA (Comzmon Beech).

Orv. LXXVI. Satic{NE#.—WILLOW FAMILY

A small Order of trees and shrubs of very obscure relationships,
occurring mostly in the Arctic and North Temperate zone, the
more northern forms being dwarf and shrubby. ‘They have scat-
tered, simple, stipulate, deciduous leaves ; dicecious flowers in
catkins, commonly appearing before the leaves ; stamens 2—30 ;
ovary 1-chambered; styles 2; ovules numerous ; fruit a 2-valved,
many-seeded capsule ; seeds covered with a tuft of silky hairs.
The wood of Poplars and Willow grows in general so quickly that
it is soft and of little value as timber ; but it is used for cricket-.
bats, charcoal, and paper-pulp. The flexible shoots of certain
GG2
452 SALICINE

species of Willow, known as Osiers, are largely used as wicker-

work ; and the bark of many species is bitter and astringent, and
contains an active principle known as salicine which has some of
the properties of quinine as a preventive of fever. There are
only two genera in the Order.
SALIx.—Catkins usually erect ; catkin-scales entire ; stamens
oat
2. PépuLtus.—Catkins drooping; catkin-scales cut; stamens
43°
SALIx (Willow).—Trees or shrubs ; leaves of various forms,

Staminate catkins ot a Willow. Pistillate catkin of a Willow.

but usually longer than they are broad, stalked, with prominent
stipules ; catkins usually erect or horizontal; scales not cut;
stamens 2—5, exserted; stigmas usually 2-lobed. (Name, the
Classical Latin name of the group.)
Shoots of these trees bearing catkins are popularly known as
Palms, the staminate ones with their conspicuous yellow anthers,
which mature about Easter-time, being called Gold Palm; and
the carpellate ones covered with silky down, Silver Pussy-Palms.
The 17 or 18 British species are somewhat variable: there is
some difference in vegetative characters between the staminate
and carpellate trees in each species ; and the group is rendered
one of the most puzzling in the plant world by the occurrence in
 WILLOW FAMILY 453

a wild state of numerous hybrids. Only the leading types are

here described.
* Leaves convolute ; catkins produced with the leaves ; filaments
free, hairy below’; deciduous peduncle bearing leaves; capsule
smooth. (Including the larger trees in the genus.)
1. S. penténdra (Bay-leaved Willow).—A shrub or tree, 6—20
feet high, with dark brown bark ; handsome and fragrant, broad,
ovate, polished leaves, paler beneath ; stamens 5 ; stigma 2-fid.—
River-sides in the north; frequent. The latest flowering Willow.
—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
2. S. tridndra (Almond-leaved, French or Brown Norfolk Wil-
low).—Naturally a tree 2c—30 feet high, but cut down and treated
as an osier ; bark flaking ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2—4 in. long,
serrate, glabrous, paler beneath, with large stipules ; stamens 3.
—River-banks and osier-beds; frequent.—Fl. April, May. Pe-
rennial.
3. S. fragilis (Crack Willow, Withy).—Growing into a large tree
with ascending, easily detached branches, but often treated as an
osier ; very smooth, highly polished, yellow, orange, or crimson
bark ; elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous leaves, 3—6 in. long,
pale beneath, hairy beneath, with semicordate stipules ; stamens
2; stigma 2-fid; capsule stalked.—Osier-beds ; common.—FI.
April, May. Perennial.
4. S. dlba (White or Huntingdon Willow, White Tree).—A large
tree, but often pollarded, with furrowed bark ; olive-green, silky,
not easily detached fwzgs ; lanceolate, acuminate leaves 2—4 in.
long, silky on both surfaces, with small, ovate stipules ; stamens 2;
stigma 2-fid, recurved ; capsule nearly sessile. The Golden Wil-
low (S. vitellina) is a form with bright yellow twigs, and the
variety cerulea, the Cricket-bat Willow, is apparently a hybrid
between S. dlba and S. frdgilis—Wet places ; common, but often
planted.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.
-** Shrubs and small trees, mostly known as Sallows or Osiers ;
catkins sessile when in flower ; bracts on peduncle small or absent ;
catkin-scales discoloured at the tip ; stamens 2 ; capsule silky.
5. S. purpurea (Purple Osier, Bitter Willow)—A shrub with
slender, tough ‘wigs ; dark red or purple bark; catkins appearing
before the leaves, with purple-black hairy scales ; leaves folded
equitantly in bud, Janceolate , serrate, glabrous; stamens 2, united;
anthers purple, becoming "black. —River- banks and marshes : :
at —Fl]. April, May. Perennial.
. S. vimindlis (Common Osier).—A shrub or small tree, with
454 SALICINEE

long, slender branches, silky when young, then polished ; catkins

appearing long before the leaves, with brown scales ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, 4—10 in. long, with revolute, wavy margins,
silky beneath, with small, lanceolate stipules ; stamens 2 ; anthers
yellow ; style long—Wet places and osier-beds ; common.—F.
April—June. Perennial. }
7. S. Lappénum (Downy Mountain Willow).—A dwarf shrub,
with stout, brown branches ; woolly buds; catkins preceding the
leaves, with black scales with long, white hairs; leaves elliptic-
lanceolate, shaggy on both surfaces, with revolute margins and
small or absent stipules; stamens 2; anthers yellow.—Highland
mountains ; rare—Fl. June, Julv. Perennial.
8. S. cdprea (Goat Willow, Great Sallow)—A small tree, with
smooth buds ; catkins preceding the leaves, with hairy scales black
at the tip; leaves broad, ovate, flat, with wavy, crenate-serrate
margins, cottony beneath ; stamens 2; anthers yellow ; style very
short ; capsule with a slender stalk.—Dryish places ;common.—
Fl. April, May. Perennial.
g. S. aurita (Round-eared Sallow).—A form closely allied to
the following, distinguished by its small size, not exceeding 4 feet
in height ; reddish twigs ; much wrinkled, obovate leaves, downy
on both surfaces, reddish when young, with large, kidney-shaped,
stalked stipules—-Damp woods; common.—Fl. April, May.
Perennial.
to. S. cinérea (Common Sallow).—A large shrub or small tree,
closely allied to S. cdprea, but with downy buds and twigs;
glaucous, obovate-lanceolate leaves, with reddish-brown hairs
beneath, and large, semicordate stipules ; anthers pale yellow.—
Damp places; common. The earliest flowering British Willow.
—Fl. March, April. Perennial.
11. S. phylicifélia (Tea-leaved Willow)—A handsome bush or
small tree with spreading, bright chestnut branches and shining
green leaves, glaucous beneath, ovate, with very small or absent
stipules ; catkins sessile, with black, acute scales; style long;
capsule stalked——By mountain streams in the north.—Fl. April
—June. Perennial.
12. S. arbuscula (Small Tree Willow).—A small, stiff, prostrate
shrub, with yellow, downy twigs, becoming brown ; ovate, smooth,
finely serrate leaves, silky and glaucous beneath ; sessile, bracteate
catkins, with rounded, reddish, downy scales, preceding the
leaves ; style long; capsule nearly sessile-—Scottish mountains;
rare.—F]. June, July. Perennial.
13. S. répens (Dwarf Silky Willow).—A small, straggling bush
with slender branches ; silky buds ; small leaves, variable in shape,
 WILLOW FAMILY 455
silky when young and on the under surface, shining above, with
revolute margins and lanceolate or absent stipules ; catkins short
on leafy peduncles, with silky scales; anthers yellow, becoming
black ; style short; capsule stalked—Heaths; common.—FI.
April, May. Perennial.
14. S. landta (Woolly Broad-leaved Willow).—A beautiful little
shrub with zigzag branches; downy twigs; large, black, hairy
buds ; broadly oval, leathery leaves, shaggy beneath, with large,
semicordate stipules; and catkins with long, golden hairs.—
Occurs by mountain streams in the north of Scotland; rare.—F.
May, June. Perennial.
*** Small bushes ; catkins on long, leafy, not deciduous shoots ;
stamens 2
15. S. myrsinites (Whortle-leaved Willow).—A small, stiff shrub
with silky shoots ; smal, stiff, dark green, glossy, serrate, short-
stalked leaves ; catkin-scales blackish; capsules hairy.—Highland
mountains ; rare—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
16. S. herbdcea (Least Willow).—A minute, herb-like shrub with
its stems spreading amongst stones or under the turf and sending
up short twigs, 2—6 in. high, with brown buds; a few round,
blunt, serrate, shining, ciliate leaves ; and small terminal catkins
on 2-leaved peduncles.—Lofty mountain tops ; not uncommon.—
Fl. June. Perennial.
17. S. reticuldta (Reticulate Willow)—A similar, but larger,
buried form, much branched, with leaves strongly netted with
veins on both surfaces; and much larger, subterminal catkins
on long, leafy peduncles.—Scottish Highland mountains ; rare.—
Fl. June—August. Perennial.
2. PdépuLus (Poplar).—Large trees with broad leaves on long
vertically compressed stalks ; drooping catkins with jagged scales ;
disk cup-shaped ; stamens 4—30, not united ; stigmas 2—4-lobed.
(Name, the Classical Latin name of the tree, and, in spite of a
difference in the quantity of the 0, considered in both ancient.
Rome and modern France to be the tree of the people.)
1. P. dlba (White Poplar, Abele).—A large tree with smooth
grey bark; many suckers ; spreading branches ; downy buds and
shoots ; leaves cottony and snowy white beneath, cordate, more
or less palmately lobed; stamens 6—10; anthers red; stigmas
cruciform, yellow.—Damp woods; frequent, but often planted—
Fl. March, April. Perennial.
2. P. canéscens (Grey Poplar).—Leaves not lobed, with the
“exception of the youngest, slightly cottony and grey beneath ;
stigmas 2, wedge-shaped, 2—4-lobed, purple.—Damp woods; not
 456 SALIC{NEE

common. Possibly a hybrid between the preceding and the

following species—Fl. March, April. Perennial.
3. P. tremula (Aspen).—A tree with grey bark ; many downy
suckers; spreading branches; downy buds and shoots; leaves
nearly round, acute, cordate, serrate, glabrous on both surfaces;
or downy when young; stigmas 2, 2-fid, erect—Woods ; common.
—Fl. March, April. Perennial. —
4.* P. nigra (Black Poplar)—A large tree with grey bark;
no suckers; spreading
branches ; sticky buds ;
glabrous shoois; rhom-
boid, acuminate, serrate,
cuneate leaves, glabrous
on both surfaces, silky
beneath when young ;
stamens 12—20; anthers
red ; stigmas 2, roundish,
2-fid.—River-banks ;_ not
indigenous.—Fl. March,
April. Perennial.
Among _ introduced
forms now largely grown
are P. deltoidea, the
American Black Poplar,
with leaves truncate at
base and with ciliate
margin; and P. serotina,
the Black Italian Poplar,
a very quick-growing
form, with straight stem
and ascending branches,
POPULUS TREMULA (Asfez). a cross between P. nigra
and P. deltoidea.

Crass II. MONOCOTYLEDONS

, In the plants belonging to this class the embryo of the seed has
only a single cotyledon or seed-leaf.. Though in their earlier stages
Palms develop a radicle or tap-root, no British representatives of
the Class do so; nor, with the one exception of the Butcher’s
Broom (Ruscus aculedtus), do they form woody stems. They
have generally bunches of fibrous roots; their stems are often
bulbs or corms, and are not commonly much branched. Internally
there is no distinct pith, separable bark, or annual rings of wood
 FROG-BIT FAMILY 457

or bast, the vessels being grouped in scattered bundles which

are most numerous near the outside of the stem, which, in con-
sequence, is hardest near the exterior and sometimes hollow in the
centre, especially among the Grasses. The leaves are generally
simple, entire, and smooth, with parallel vezns, or a regular net-
work formed by transverse veins which are much finer than the
longitudinal ones. The flowers are often destitute of a perianth,
the place of which is supplied by hard, chaffy scales known as
glumes. he sepals and petals, when present, the stamens and the
carpels are generally 3, or some multiple of 3, in number.

Sup-CLass I. PETALOIDEZ
Flowers usually furnished with a petaloid and coloured, not a
green or glumaceous, perianth.

Series I. EPIGYNA‘.—Orp. LXXVII.—LXXXI

Perianth superior ; ovary inferior
Orp. LXXVII. HyprocHarfpE&.—The Froc-birt FAMILY
A small Order of aquatic plants, often floating, with con-
spicuous, polysymmetric, dicecious flowers, enclosed, when in bud,
in a sheath, or spathe ; sepals 3, green; petals 3; stamens 3—12;
carpels 3—6, united into an inferior, 1- or many-chambered ovary ;
style 1; stigmas 3—9; fruit indehiscent, generally a berry, 1- or
many-chambered. Only three members of the Order occur in
Britain, belonging to three different genera.
*r, ELop£a.—Leaves submerged, linear, whorled.
2. Hypr6ocHARIS.—Leaves orbicular, floating.
3. STRATIOTES.—Leaves submerged ; sword-shaped, serrate.
*7, ELODEA CANADENSIS (American Water-weed, Water-thyme).
—A submerged, dark-green, translucent plant, with a long, slender,
branching, brittle stem, rooting at its nodes; leaves in whorls
of 3, linear-oblong, finely serrate; flowers floating, small, pink,
dicecious, only the carpellate form commonly occurring, which
has avery slender perianth-tube 4—8 in. long ; 3 sepals; 3 petals ;
3 staminodes ; ovary 1-chambered; style slender; stigmas 3,
ligulate.—Rivers, canals, and ponds; common. Introduced
from America between 1836 and 1841. (Name from the Greek
helodes, swampy.)
2. HypROcHARIS (Frog-bit), represented only by the one
species H. Morsus-rdne@, a floating plant with creeping stems ;
roundish, cordate, stalked, floating leaves ; and delicate white
458 HYDROCHAR{DE
flowers which grow 2—3 together from a pellucid 2-leaved spathe ;
stamens 9—12; ovary 6-chambered, many ovules; styles 6.—
Ponds and ditches; not general. The cells of the seed-coat
gelatinise in water and emit their spiral thickening. (Name
from the Greek hudor, water, and chdris, elegance.)—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

ELODEA CANADENSIS HYDROCHARIS MORSUS-RANZ (Frog-bit).

(American Water-weed).

3. STRATIOTES (Water Soldier), represented only by the one

species S. aloides, a submerged plant with runners creeping in
the mud; its leaves all radical, stiff, ascending, sword-shaped,
spinously serrate, like those of an Aloe, brittle, dark green;
flower-stalk 5—6 in. high, bearing at its summit a 2-leaved sheath,
containing either several delicate white staminate flowers, each
with 12 or more stamens and numerous staminodes, or one
carpellate flower with 6 2-fid styles and a 6-chambered, many-
 ORCHID FAMILY 459

ovuled ovary.—Ponds and ditches in the north and east of

England; rare. The plant rises to the surface before flowering
and then sinks to the bottom. (Name from the Greek stratiotes,
a soldier, from the sword-like leaves.)—Fl. June—August.
Perennial.

STRATIOTES ALOIDES (Water Soldier).

Orp. LXXVIII. OrcHfpE&.—THE ORCHID FAMILY

A very extensive and most interesting Order of perennial
herbaceous plants. ‘They are to be found in all climates except
the very coldest and driest ; but are most abundant in hot, damp,
equatorial regions, where they exist in the greatest profusion, not,
as in temperate climates, deriving their nourishment from the
earth, but from the moisture in the air. These epiphytes, as they
are termed, cling to the trunks and branches of trees, to the stems
of large ferns, or to the bare rock. In many of them the large
460 ORCHIDE

and often gorgeously-coloured flowers are the only conspicuous

part of the plant. ‘They have greyish-green aérial roots which
are furnished with a peculiar superficial structure adapted to
the absorption of atmospheric moisture, and clustered, elliptical
branches known as pseudobulbs, from the summit of which spring
a few green, leathery leaves, and slender peduncles which hardly
seem capable of producing the numerous blossoms, beautiful in
form and colour, which they are destined shortly to bear. The
British species have mostly rounded or palmate root-tubers, two
or more glossy sheathing leaves, and a simple spike or raceme
of flowers, which are in most cases red, pink, white, or greenish.
They have 3 sepals, often petaloid; and 3 petals, the lowest
unlike the rest, and frequently spurred. The structure of this
lower lip of the corolla, or labellum, is often most singular,
resembling some insect or presenting a fantastic caricature of
some more important member of the animal kingdom. “ There
is,” says Lindley, ‘‘ scarcely a common reptile or insect to which
some of them have not been likened.” ‘The stamens are united
with the style into a central column, only one, or rarely two, of
them producing pollen, which, though sometimes powdery, 1s com-
monly united into 2 club-shaped masses, or pollinia, one in each
chamber of the anther. The ovary is inferior, and often so
twisted as to invert the flower, and so long as to be mistaken
for a pedicel ; it is 1-chambered, with 3 parietal placentas. The
stigma is a viscid hollow in front of the column; and the fruit
a 3-valved, many-seeded capsule. The floral structure of the
Order is, in spite of the varied form of the labellum, very uniform,
and, in most species, clearly adapted to secure insect-pollination.
The flowers have, in many cases, powerful odours and secrete
honey ; but in the spurred forms this honey is within the tissue
of the spur, instead of being, as in other groups, in the cavity
of the spur. The insect seeking honey is thus delayed by the
necessity of boring for it, and, meanwhile the stickiness of a
gland, or retinaculum, at the base of the pollinium has time to set
on the insect’s head. The whole pollinium is thus removed from
the anther, and, in some cases, while being borne to some other
blossom, it bends, so as more effectually to strike against the
stigma. As only a part of the pollinium is torn off by the
viscidity of the stigma, the insect may thus pollinate many
blossoms. The spur of Angrécum sesquipeddlé, a native of
Madagascar, is no less than g inches long; but, as foretold by
Darwin, a hawk-moth has been found in the same island with
a proboscis of even greater length. In some species the labellum
is irritable. In Caledna nigrita, for instance, the column is a
 ORCHID FAMILY 461

boat-shaped box resembling a lower lip, and the labellum forms

a lid that exactly fits it, and is hinged on a claw which reaches
the middle of the column. When the flower opens, the labellum
turns round within the column, and falls back, so that, the flower
being inverted, it stands fairly over the latter. The momenta
small insect touches its point, the labellum makes a sudden
revolution, brings the point to the bottom of the column, and
thus makes prisoner for a time any insect which the box will
hold. With the exception of Vanilla, the long dried pods of
Vanilla planifolia and other species of that climbing genus, which
is now extensively cultivated throughout the Tropics for the sake
of the crystallisable aromatic substance vanillin, which renders
it valuable as a flavouring for chocolate and other sweetmeats,
no plant of this Order is extensively used in the arts. On
account of their beauty and singular aspect, however, great
attention has of late years been paid to the cultivation of exotic
orchids ; and by imitating their natural conditions of heat and
moisture great success has been attained. If an orchid-house
be well managed, some one or other of these curious air-plants
may be seen in bloom at all seasons of the year, clinging to
bits of wood or virgin cork, or simply suspended by wires from
the roof.
* Anther 1 only
1. MatAxis.—A leafy plant ; flowers stalked, not inverted; lp
posterior, not spurred, entire; column short; pollinia 4, waxy, on
one gland.
2. Lfparis.—Leafy plants; flowers stalked; lp anterior, not
spurred, entire ; column long; pollinia 4, waxy.
3. CORALLORRH{zA.—Brown saprophytes; flowers stalked,
yellowish-green ; 1p anterior, 3-lobed, minutely spurred, white
with red spots ; column short ; pollinia 4, free.
4. Nedttia.—Brown saprophytes ; flowers stalked, light brown,
hooded; /7p anterior, 2-lobed, pouched ; column long; pollinia 2,
united ; pollen powdery.
5. LisTERA.—Leaves 2, opposite; flowers stalked, green; lip
anterior, 2—4-lobed, not spurred ; column very short; pollinia 2,
united ; pollen powdery.
6. SPIRANTHES.—Leafy plants ; flowers not stalked, in a spiral
spike ; /zp anterior, not spurred, entire; pollinza 2, united ; pollen
powdery.
7. EprpActis.—Leafy plants; flowers not stalked, in a spiral
spike; Jp anterior, pouched, entire; pollinia 2, united; pollen
loosely coherent.
462 ORCH{DEA

8. Epip6Gum.—Brown saprophytes; flowers stalked, pale

yellow, not inverted ; lzp posterior, 3-lobed, with a short, inflated
spur; pollinia 2, united ; pollen granular.
g. CEPHALANTHERA.—Leafy plants ; flowers not stalked, erect;
lip anterior, constricted and lobed, pouched; column long;
pollinia 2, united ; ovary twisted.
10. HELLEBOR{NE.—Leafy plants; flowers stalked, drooping;
lip anterior, constricted and lobed; column short; pollinia 2,
united ; ovary straight ; pedicel twisted.
11. Orcuis.—Leafy plants ; flowers not stalked, hooded ; lip
anterior, 3-lobed, spurred; jpollinia 2, distinct, with their glands
in one pouch. |
12. ACERAS.—Leafy plants ; flowers not stalked, hooded; lip
anterior, 4-lobed, not spurred ; pollinia 2, with their glands in one
pouch. |
13. OPpHRYS.—Leafy plants; flowers not stalked; l¢p anterior,
variously lobed, not spurred; jpollinia 2, with their glands in
distinct pouches.
14. HermfnruM.—Leafy plants; flowers not stalked; lp
anterior, 3-lobed, pouched; pollinia 2, distinct, on naked glands.
15. HaBeNArRIA.—Leafy plants; flowers not stalked ; hooded;
lip anterior, spurred ; pollinia 2, distinct, on naked glands.
** Anthers 2
16, CyPRIPEDIUM.—Leafy plants; pertanth spreading; lip
large, inflated ; pollen granular ; ovary not twisted.
1. MaLAxis (Bog Orchis), a genus containing only the one
species M. paludosa, the smallest British orchid, 2—4 in. high,
with angular stem ; 3—5 oval leaves, fringed with bulbils that grow
into new plants ; and numerous minute, yellowish-green flowers on
twisted stalks, in a dense raceme——In bog-moss; uncommon.
Growing as an epiphyte on the moss, and easily overlooked.
(Name from the Greek malaxis, softening.)—F]. July—September.
Perennial.
2. Lfparis.—Very similar little plants, with usually only 2
leaves, inverted flowers on twisted stalks and a longer, slender
column. (Name from the Greek liparos, greasy.)
1. L. Loesélit (Two-leaved Liparis, Fen Orchis)—The only
British species, with 2 oblong-lanceolate, acute, stalked, radical
leaves ; a trianglar peduncle, 4—8 in. high; and 6—12 yellowish
flowers on twisted pedicels in a loose raceme.—On bog-moss in
the eastern counties; very rare. An epiphyte.—Fl. June, July.
Perennial. 3
-
54. Tway-blace

iListeva ovata)
 ORCHID FAMILY 463

3. CORALLORRH{zA (Coral-root).—Brown plants, living in

decaying vegetable matter, without true roots or leaves, but with a
fleshy underground stem with interlacing branches resembling
coral; brown, sheathing leaf-scales ; a few small, stalked flowers,
with a 3-lobed Jip with a minute spur united to the ovary; a
short column; and 4 distinct pollinia. (Name from the Greek
kordllion, coral, rhiza, root.)
1. C. trifida (Spurless Coral-root).—The
only British species, a curious brown plant,
6—10 in. high, with a few leaf-scales and a
loose raceme of 4—8 small, yellowish-green
flowers with a white lip with red warts on
it.—Boggy woods in Scotland ; very rare.—
Fl. July, August. Perennial.
4. NeotTI1A (Bird’s-nest Orchis).—Brown
saprophytes, with sheathing Jeaf-scales ;
flowers brown, in a raceme; sepals and
lateral petals forming a hood ; lp 2-lobed,
pouched at its base. (Name from the
Greek neottia, a bird’s nest, from the inter-
lacing fleshy roots.)
1. N. Nidus-dvis (Bird’s-nest Orchis).—
The only British species, a pale brown plant,
about a foot high, with a voot of many inter-
lacing fleshy fibres, from the extremities of
which the young plants are produced;
numerous brown leaf-scales and brown,
stalked flowers—Shady woods, especially
among fallen Beech leaves ; frequent.—F.
June, July. Perennial.
5. LfsTERA (Twayblade).—Root of fleshy
fibres; leaves 2, opposite ; flowers stalked,
green; sepals and lateral petals spreading ;
lip anterior, 2— 4-lobed, not spurred. oe
(Named in honour of Dr. Martin Lister, an (Bir cae? Dreke,
English naturalist.)
1. L. corddta (Lesser or Heart-leaved Twayblade)—A small,
glabrous plant, 4—8 in. high; stem angular, slender; leaves
sessile, membranous, ovate-cordate, acute; flowers few, small,
greenish, in a loose raceme; /zp 4-lobed.—Mountain moors; un-
common.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.
2. L. ovdta (Twayblade).—A coarse, pubescent plant, 1—2 feet
high, with a tapering stem, round in section ; large, broadly ovate,
454 ORCHIDE

strongly ribbed: leaves; and a long raceme of yellowish-green

flowers with a 2-lobed lip.—-Woods and orchards; common.—FI.
May—July. Perennial.
6. SPIRANTHES (Lady’s Tresses).—Root tuberous ; stem leafy ;
flowers in a spirally-twisted spike ; /¢p not spurred, united to the

LISTERA OVATA-(7wayblade).

base of the column; pollen powdery. (Name from the Greek

speira, a spiral, anthos, a flower.)
1. S. autumndlis (Autumn Lady’s Tresses).—Root of 2 or 3
ovoid tubers ; slem 4—8 in. high, slender, slightly pubescent;
vadical leaves ovate, acute; flowers in a close spiral, white,
fragrant in the evening—Dry downs; not uncommon. The
flowers are arranged in a single row and the spiral turns. either
from left to right or from right to left. The leaves form a tuft
 ORCHID FAMILY 465

just above the crown of the root, and wither before the flowers
begin to expand. These are succeeded by a tuft of new leaves
which arise from the base of the old stem.—Fl. August—October.
Perennial.
2. S. @stivdlis (Summer Lady’s Tresses).—Root of several
cylindrical tubers ; stem 6—18 in. high, glabrous; radical leaves
on the flowering stem, not in a lateral
rosette ; flowers more numerous, larger
and more loosely arranged than in the
preceding.—Bogs in the New Forest and
Wyre Forest, Worcester; very rare.—
Fl. July, August.
3. S. Romanzoffidana, a stout, leafy
species, with much larger flowers in 3
spiral rows, is found in the south-west
of Cork.— Fl. August, September.
Perennial.
7. EprpActis.—Closely allied to Spz-
vanthes, but with a creeping rhizome,
generally stalked leaves, and a pouch at
the base of the zp. (Name of Greek
origin, but of uncertain application.)
1. E. répens (Creeping Goodyera).—
A creeping species with a slender stem
4—8 in. high; stalked, ovate, acute
leaves with a network of veins, pubescent
below ; flowers small, white, in a slender,
spiral spike with linear, adpressed bracts
and glandular hairs.—Fir woods, chiefly
in East Scotland.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
8. Epip6GuM, represented by one
species, E. aphyllum, is a brown sapro- SPIRANTHES AUTUMNALIS
phyte, with stalked, pale yellow flowers =“4¥#7”™ Ladys Tresses)
which are not inverted, and have a short inflated spur to their /7p.
—It has only once been found in a damp wood in Herefordshire.
"(Name from the Greek ez, up, pogon, lip, the lip of the flower
being uppermost.)
g. CEPHALANTHERA (Helleborine).—Leafy plants with a creep-
ing rhizome ; nearly distichous leaves ; flowers in a few-flowered
spike, not stalked, erect; Jp anterior, constricted, lobed, and
pouched ; column long; ovary twisted. (Name from the Greek
HH
 466 ORCH{DEA

hephalé, head, dnthera, anther, the anther forming a head to the

column.)
_ 1. C. rubra (Red Helleborine).—A slender plant about a foot
high, with lanceolate acute leaves and red flowers with downy
ovaries shorter than the bracts.—Woods on limestone in Gloucester-
shire ; very rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
2. C. longifolia (Narrow-leaved Helleborine).—A very similar
but taller plant, with white flowers and smooth ovaries which are
longer than the dbracts—Woods; local. — Fl. May, June.
Perennial.
3. C. grandiflora (White Helleborine).—Stem 1—2 feet high;
leaves 3—6 in. long, ovate-oblong, upper narrower ; flowers rather
large, milk-white, cup-shaped, in a loose spike; ovary smooth,
shorter than the bracts——Woods on calcareous soil ;uncommon.
—Fl. June. Perennial.

to. HELLEBOR{NE (Helleborine).—A genus closely allied to

the preceding, but with drooping flowers on twisted pedicels, with
short columns and straight ovartes. (Name of Greek origin, having
practically the same origin as Helléborus.)
1. H. latifolia (Broad-leaved Helleborine).—Stem 1—3 feet high,
solitary, downy ; leaves broadly ovate, ribbed ; flowers green with a
red lip, shortly stalked, in a long, loose, 1-sided raceme, sub-erect
in bud ; tip of zp roundish-cordate with a small recurved point ;
ovary downy, shorter than the green bracts.— Hilly woods ; common.
—F]. August. Perennial.
2. H. média, a closely allied form, with longer and narrower
leaves and tip of lip triangular-cordate, acute-—Woods ; local.—
Fl. August. Perennial.
3. H. purpurdta, another closely allied form, has many clustered
stems, which, together with the leaves, are much tinged with violet;
yellow-green flowers tinged with pink; and the tip of the lip
triangular-ovate, acuminate——Woods in the south of England;
rare.—F], August. Perennial.
4. H. atrorubens (Dark-flowered Helleborine).—Stem solitary,
about a foot high; with smaller, ovate-lanceolate, acute leaves ;
flowers small, varying from dark yellow to a dingy blackish-red;
tip of 7p broader than long, rounded, with a short, abrupt point.—
Limestone cliffs, chiefly in the north; rare-—Fl. July. Perennial.
5. H. palustris (Marsh Helleborine).—-Stem about a foot high,
downy ; leaves lanceolate-acute ; flowers few; sepals green, striped
with red ; petals white, striped with red ; tip of l¢p blunt, crenate;
bracts shorter than the flowers—Marshes; not uncommon.—F].
July, August. Perennial.
 ORCHID FAMILY 467

11. OrCHIS.—Herbaceous plants with tuberous roots ; leaves

mostly radical, sessile, and sheathing; flowers not stalked, with a
hood formed of the lateral petals ; lip anterior, 3-lobed, with an
empty spur ; pollinia 2, distinct, with their glands in one pouch.
(Name, the Greek name of the genus.)
* Tubers ovoid
1. O.hircina (Lizard Orchis).—Stem 1—3 feet high; flowers
large, in a loose spike ; sepals and lateral petals green, spotted with
red ; Jip over an inch long, strap-shaped, spirally coiled in bud,
white, with red spots——Woods on chalk in Kent, Sussex, and
Wilts.; very rare. The flowers have an unpleasant goat-like
smell.—Fl. May. Perennial.
2. O. pyramiddlis (Pyramidal Orchis).—Stem .6—18 in. high;
leaves lanceolate, acute ; flowers small, deep rose-colour, rarely
white, in a dense pyramidal spike; lip with 3 equal, oblong,
truncate lobes, and a slender spur longer than the ovary.—Lime-
stone pastures ; frequent.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
3. O. ustuldta (Dark-winged or Dwarf Orchis).— Siem 4—6 in.
high ; leaves oblong, acute ; flowers many, small, in a dense oblong
spike, dark crimson at first, and, therefore, at the top of the spike,
becoming white later, that is, lower down; spur much shorter
than the ovary——Upland calcareous pastures ; not common.—F'.
May, June. Perennial.
4. O. purpurea (Great Brown-winged, or Old Woman Orchis).—
Stem stout, 1—3 feet high ; leaves oblong, blunt ; flowers in a dense
spike, greenish-red, with a dark hood, light rose-coloured, 4-lobed,
flat lzp, with raised, rough, red points, and short spur.Woods on
chalk in Kent and Sussex ; rare.—FI. May, June. Perennial.
5. O. militdris (Military Orchis).—A closely allied but smaller
species, with pale red flowers, with a pink hood, pink and white, 4-
lobed 7p with narrow, upcurved segments, and raised, rough, red
points, and short spur.—Chalky hills in the south-east of England ;
rare.—F']. May, June. Perennial.
6. O. simia (Monkey Orchis).—A closely allied but more slender
form, with dark red hood and the lobes of the /zp all long, narrow,
and crimson.—Chalky hills in Berkshire, Oxfordshire, and Kent ;
rare—Fl. May. Perennial.
7. O. morio (Green-winged Meadow Orchis)—Stem 6—12 in.
high ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers few, ina loose spike, deep crimson,
rarely white ; blunt, lateral sepals, and petals strongly marked with
parallel green veins, and bent upwards to form a hood over the
column ; lip pale, spotted with crimson; spur shorter than the
ovary, blunt—Meadows ; frequent—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
HH 2
468 ORCH{DE

8. O. mdscula (Early Purple Orchis).—Siem 6—12 in. high;

reddish-
leaves oblong-lanceolate, blunt, usually blotched with dull
with lighter
black ; flowers few, in a loose spike, crimson, mottled

6rcHIs MASCULA (Early Purple Orehis).

and darker shades, rarely white, each rising from a twisted ovary,
and having a long, stout, blunt spur ; sepals spreading, not forming
a hood.—Woods and pastures; abundant. The colour of the
flower, associated, as it often is, with Cowslips and Wild Hyacinths,
 ORCHID FAMILY 469

is rich and beautiful; but the odour is strong and offensive,

especially in the evening —Fl. April—June. Perennial.
g. O. laxiflora (Lax-flowered Orchis), with unspotted leaves, and
large, bright red flowers in a loose spike, with long, 3—5-veined
bracts and reflexed sepals, occurs only in the Channel Islands—
Fl. May, June. Perennial

** Tubers palmate Xi
>>
>.

to. O. incarndia (Crimson vy

Marsh-Orchis).—Siem about ENS
a foot high, usually hollow ; A 5
leaves radical and _ cauline, EXQa
lanceolate, acute, concave at
the tip, unspotted; flowers
2)
_

rose-coloured, in a _ dense SITES

<=

spike; bracts long, 3-veined,

green; sepals spreading; [7p S
slightly 3-lobed ; spur shorter {Ips=
than the ovary.— Marshes; \
frequent—Fl. June. Peren- W
aa : \ BASES SS
—=

11. O. latifolia (Marsh-

Orchis).—A closely allied and
very similar species; Jeaves
generally with ring-shaped
spots, oblong, flat at the tip.—
Marshes; less frequent.—Fl.
May, June, often over before
the preceding species flowers.
Perennial.
12. O. maculata (Spotted
Orchis).—Stem about a foot
high, solid; Jeaves oblong-
lanceolate, radical, and cauline,
with numerous squarish spots ;
flowers lilac or white, curiously ACERAS ANTHROPOPHORA (Jan-Orchis).

marked with dark lines and

spots, in adense, oblong-pyramidal spike ; bracts 3-veined, green;
lip deeply 3-lobed.—Moist heaths and commons ; abundant.—FI.
May—July. Perennial.

12. ACERAS (Man-Orchis).—Leafy plants with ovoid tubers;

sessile flowers with a hood ; 7p anterior, long, 4-lobed, not spurred ;
ATo ORCHIDE

pollinia 2, with their glands in one pouch. (Name from the Greek
a, without, eras, a horn.)
1. A. anthropophora (Man-Orchis)—About a foot high, with
mostly radical leaves ; and a loose spike of curious little flowers
with a large green hood, and a long, slender, yellow lzp with 2

OPHRYS APIFERA (Bee-Orchis). OPHRYS MUSCIFERA (Fly-Orchis).

lateral and 2 terminal lobes, like arms and legs—Dry chalky

places in the east of England ;. rare——Fl. June, July. Perennial.
13. OpHRyS (Insect-Orchis).—Leafy plants with ovoid tubers ;
sessile flowers; spreading sepals; lp anterior, variously lobed,
usually convex and velvety, not spurred; pollinia 2, with their
glands in distinct pouches. (Name from the Greek ophrus, an
eyebrow, from the markings on the lip.)
 Fig. 55.

Bee Ophrys.
(Ophrys apifera)
 ORCHID FAMILY 471

1. O. apifera (Bee-Orchis)—A curious and beautiful plant,

about afoot high, with short, oblong, mostly radical leaves and 3—
6 flowers in a loose spike, with large, leafy bracts ; sepals white or
pink, spreading, ovate ; lip velvety, broad, brown, variegated with
yellow, convex, 5-lobed, the 2 lower lobes hairy, the 2 lateral
anterior ones bent under the lip and the terminal one long, acute,
and usually also reflexed ; pollinia falling forward and pollinating
the stigma of the same flower—Open places on calcareous soil ;
uncommon. No one who has heard that plants exist bearing the
names of this and the three following species can well doubt their
identity should they fall in his way.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
2. O. fucifidra (Late Spider-Orchis).—A closely similar species
chiefly differing in the Jzp, which is long, velvety, dark purple
variegated with yellow, with a flat, heart-shaped, green, ter-
minal lobe.—Chalk downs in Kent and Surrey ; very rare.—FI.
April—June. Perennial.
3. O. sphegodes (Spider-Orchis)—A somewhat smaller plant
with fewer flowers ; green sepals ; and deep brown hairy /7p with
smooth, yellowish markings and a notched apex without terminal
lobe.—Chalk downs in the south-east; rare-——Fl]. April, May.
Perennial.
4. O. musctfera (Fly-Orchis).—A slender species, about a foot
high, with few oblong leaves; flowers 1—12, in a loose spike;
sepals green ; lateral petals thread-like, resembling the antennz of
a fly ; tp oblong, 3-lobed, brownish-purple with a bluish patch in
the centre.—Shady places on calcareous soil ; uncommon.—F.
May—July. Perennial.
14. Hermfnrum (Musk-Orchis).—Leafy plants with ovoid
tubers ; few leaves ; sessile flowers ; perianth leaves incurved, lip
anterior, 3-lobed, pouched ; pollinia 2, distinct, with large, naked
glands. (Name from the Greek hermin, a bed-post, from the
shape of the tubers.)
1. H. Monérchis (Musk-Orchis).—A diminutive plant, generally
4—6 in. high, with stalked tubers ; slender stem ; radical leaves 2,
lanceolate, cauline 1; flowers minute, green, smelling like honey-
in-the-comb by day and like musk at night; sepals ovate ; lip
narrow, 3-lobed, pouched at the base, terminal lobe longest.—
Chalky downs in the south ; rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
15. HaBENARIA.—Leafy plants with sessile flowers with a hood ;
lip anterior, spurred; pollinia 2, distinct, with naked glands.
(Name of doubtful etymology.)
1. H. conépsea (Sweet-scented Orchis)—About a foot high;
tubers palmate ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, keeled ; flower-
472 ORCH{DEA

buds red. or deep lilac; flowers lighter, not spotted, very

fragrant, in an elongated, cylindrical spike; bracts 3-veined; lip
with 3 equal, entire lobes and a slender spur twice as long as
the ovary.—Dry upland pastures ; common.—Fl. June, July.
Perennial. 3
2. H. intdcta, a small
species with ovoid tubers ;
stem 4—10 in. high ; leaves
often spotted; delicate
pink flowers with an un-
equally 3-lobed lp and
short spur, occurs only in
limestone pastures in the
west of Ireland.—FI. April
—June. Perennial.
3. H. dlbida (Small
White Habenaria).— A
similar but rather large
species, has roots consisting
of numerous fleshy fibres ;
lower leaves oblong, blunt,
upper lanceolate, acute ;
flowers small, yellowish-
white, fragrant; bracts
3-veilned ; lip with 3 un-
equal, acutely triangular
lobes, and a spur shorter
than the short ovary.—
Hilly pastures, mostly in
the north; uncommon.—
Fl. June—August. Peren-
nial.
4. H. viridis (Frog-
Orchis).—Tubers palmate ;
S
stem 3—8 in. high ; leaves
oblong, blunt, smaller up-
HABENARIA CONOPSEA (Sweet-scented Orchis). wards ; flowers green, in a
loose spike; bracts long,
green ; lzp pale brownish-green, linear, flat ;spur very short.—
Upland pastures ;uncommon.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
5. H. bifolia (Lesser Butterfly-Orchis)—A singular, but not
appropriately named, plant, for its flowers bear but a slight resem-
blance to a butterfly. It has 2 broad, glossy leaves at the root;
the stem is slender and angular, about a foot high; and the
 ,

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RAP
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Fig. 56. Butterfly Orchis. (Habenana bifoliai
 IRIS FAMILY 473

flowers white, very fragrant in the evening ; sepals spreading ; lip

linear, strap-shaped, entire ; spur slender, spreading, twice as long
as the ovary ; anther-chambers
parallel.—Moist heaths and
the borders of woods ; com-
mon.—F]. June, July. Peren-
nial.
6. H. virescens (Greater
Butterfly Orchis).—A closely
allied but larger species, with
larger, greener flowers, broader
lateral sepals, a stouter spur
bending downwards, and
anther-chambers diverging at
the base.—In more moist
situations; almost equally
common.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
16.—CyYPRIPEDIUM (Lady’s
Slipper), represented by only
one species in Britain, C.
Calcéolus, one of the rarest,
most beautiful, and interesting
of our native plants; has a
creeping rhizome; a downy
stem about a foot high, bearing
3 or 4 large, ovate, acuminate,
ribbed leaves and 1 or 2 large
flowers with broad, spreading,
reddish-brown sepals and
ste : HABENARIA 5
petals; and the distinctive (Lesser Buiter Ovches).
large inflated l7zp of a pale
yellow.—Woods on limestone in the north of England ; very rare.
(Name from the Greek Kupris, Venus, podion, a slipper.)—FI.
May, June. Perennial.

Orp. LXXIX. IrfpE#.—Iris FAMILy

A considerable Order of herbaceous plants with fleshy, under-
ground stems; long, narrow, often sword-shaped, and equitant
eaves, and showy flowers; perianth superior, petaloid, of 6
leaves in 2 alternating whorls, imbricate, and often persistent;
stamens 3, with extrorse anthers ; ovary inferior, 3-chambered,
474 IR{DEZ

many-ovuled ; style 1; stigmas 3, often petal-like ; fruzt a 3-sided,

3-valved, many-seeded capsule. They are chiefly natives of warm
and temperate, extra-tropical regions, and are most abundant in
Cape Colony, where, at the time of its discovery by the Portu-
guese, the natives mainly supported themselves on the under-
ground stems of plants of this Order, together with such shell-fish
as were left on shore by the
receding tide. Few species
are used in the arts: Orris
root is the rhizome of /vis
florentina and other species,
which, when dried, has a
perfume resembling that of
Violets, and is used as an
ingredient of tooth-powder ;
and Saffron, the dried stig-
mas of Crécus sativus,
formerly used far more ex-
tensively than at present,
as a dye and as a colouring
agent in cooking and in
medicine. Iris, Crocus, Ixta,
Gladiolus and others are
favourite garden genera.
1. Ir1s.—Flowers poly-
symmetric ; sepals reflexed ;
style dividing into 3 broad,
2-fid, petaloid lobes.
*2, (‘CRoCus. — Fides
polysymmetric, funnel-
shaped, with a long tube ;
style slender ; stigmatic lobes
widening upward.
3. RoMuLEA. — Flowers
polysymmetric, with VLE:a short
iRIS PSEUDACORUS 3
(Yellow Iris, Flag, Corn Flag). tube b) sty le slender ) stigmas
2-fid, lobes slender.
4. Sisyrfncuium.—Flowers polysymmetric, with a short tube ;
style short ; stigmas undivided.
s. GiApioLus.—Flowers monosymmetric ; style slender ; stzg-
matic lobes widening upward.

1. Ir1s (Flower-de-luce).—Herbaceous plants mostly with fleshy

rhizomes ; leaves chiefly radical, sword-shaped, equitant ; flowers
Fig. 57 Yellow Iris, Flag. ris pseud-acorus).
 IRIS FAMILY 475

few, large, with a membranous spathe ; pertanth-tube short ; sepals

3, large, petaloid, stalked, reflexed ; petals 3, erect, stalked ; style
stout, dividing into 3 broad, spreading, petal-like lobes covering
the stamens, bifid, with a transverse stigmatic line. (Name from
the Greek iris, the rainbow, from the beautiful colouring of the
flowers.)

CROCUS OFFICINALIS (Saffron Crocus).

1. I. fetidissima (Stinking Iris, Gladden, Roast-beef Plant).—

Stem compressed, with 1 sharp edge, about 2 feet high; leaves
weak ; flowers a dull leaden hue or livid purple, rarely yellow,
with no fringe down the sepals——Thickets, chiefly on calcareous
soil; not uncommon. ‘The leaves are so acrid as to leave a
burning taste in the mouth, or even to loosen the teeth. The
whole plant, when bruised, emits a disagreeable odour. The
476 IR{DEX

bright scarlet seeds remain attached to the plant all through the
winter.—F 1. May—August. Perennial.
2. I. Pseuddcorus (Corn Flag,
Yellow Iris).—A stout aquatic plant
with creeping, acrid rhizomes ; round
stem, 2—5 feet high ; sword-shaped
leaves ; and large, handsome yellow
flowers with unfringed sepals.—
Marshes and river-banks ; common.
The rhizome yields a black dye, and
the seeds, it 1s said, may be roasted
and used asa substitute for coffee.—
Fl. May—August. Perennial.
3.* I. tuberosa, with tubers, 4-
angled leaves, and solitary purple
flowers, found at Penzance and at
Cork, is one of several cultivated
species occasionally found apparently
wild.
*2. Crocus.—Herbaceous plants
with fleshy corms; no aérial stem;
linear, radical eaves, white beneath.
with revolute edges; and generally
solitary, large, funnel-shaped flowers
with a long perianth-tube; style
slender ; stigmatic lobes 3, widening
upwards ; capsule _ pedicellate.
(Name from the Greek hkrokos,
saffron, and that from hkroké, a
thread.) Several species are natural-
ised in various parts of England,
such as C. officindlis, the Purple
Spring Crocus, in meadows at Not-
tingham and elsewhere, flowering in
March and April; but the only
species with any claim to be con-
sidered indigenous is C. nudiflérus
/
|
(Naked-flowered Crocus), with leaves
GLADIOLUS ILLYRICUS. appearing in March, and solitary,
purple flowers in September and
October, occurring in meadows in the Midland counties. This
genus must not be confused with the Colchicums which are mis-
leadingly called Autumn Crocuses or Meadow Saffrons, but belong
to the Liliacez, having 6 stamens.
Fig. 58. Saffron Crocus.
(Crocus officinalts).
 AMARYLLIS FAMILY 477

3. RomuLféa.—A closely allied genus with a corm: short scape ;

linear, radical leaves ; polysymmetric perianth with a short tube
surrounded by a longer spathe; perianth-leaves 6, recurved at the
tip ; stigmas 3, 2-fid, with linear segments. (Name from Romulus,
founder of Rome.)
1. R. Columne, the only British species, a small plant, 3—4
in. high, with a minute corm, very narrow leaves, and 1—3 flowers,
on a short stalk, greenish outside, whitish, with purple veins and
yellow at the base, inside.—It grows only on a sandy pasture called
the Warren, at Dawlish, Devon, and in the Channel Islands.—F1.
March—May. Perennial.
4. SisyRf{NCHIUM (Blue-eyed Grass).—Fibrous rooted plants with
linear, equitant, radical leaves ; tall, umbellate scape ; polysym-
metric perianth with short tube; short style; and 3 undivided
thread-like stigmas. (Name of uncertain etymology.)
1. S. angustifolium (Narrow-leaved, Blue-eyed Grass).—A pretty
plant, about a foot high, with linear leaves and a 2-edged, winged
peduncle bearing 1—6 blue flowers, with a short spathe and pointed
perianth-leaves.—Bogs, Galway, Kerry and Cork.—F/. July, August.
Perennial.
2. S. californicum, a species with 4—5 yellow flowers, with blunt
perianth-leav2s, a native of California and Oregon, was found in
June, 1896, by Rev. E.S. Marshall, in marshy ground at Rosslare,
co. Wexford.
5. GLApioLus.—Herbaceous plants with corms ; leaves sword-
shaped, equitant ; flowers in a tall, 1-sided spike, monosymmetric,
with a short, curved perianth-tube, and 6 segments, slightly 2-lipped ;
style slender ; stigmatic lobes 3, widening upwards. (Namea Latin
diminutive from glddius, a sword, referring to the form of the leaves,
pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, the z having sound
like y.)
one. illjricus, the only British species.-- Corm ovate, small,
with many bulbils and a sheath of slender, parallel fibres ; stem 1
—2 feet high, leafy ; leaves slender, glaucous ; flowers crimson, 4—
8 ina spike; seeds narrowly winged.—In the New Forest and the
Isle of Wight ; rare.—FI. June, July. Perennial.

Orp. LXXX. AMARYLLIDEZ.—AMARYLLIS FAMILY

An extensive Order, principally composed of herbaceous plants
with bulbous stems, sword-shaped, radical leaves, and showy flowers,
which are distinguished from the Liliaceze by their inferior ovary,
that organ in the Lily Family being superior. The perzanth consists
of 6 leaves in 2 whorls, sometimes with a tubular coronet at the
478 AMARYLL{DEZ

mouth of its tube; stamens 6, with versatile, introrse anthers ;

ovary inferior, 3-chambered ; style 1; stigma generally 3-lobed ;
fruit a many-seeded capsule, or rarely a 1—3-seeded berry. Large
and beautiful species belonging to this Order are found in abund-
ance in Brazil, the East and West Indies, and especially Cape
Colony. In the temperate regions they are less common, and by
no means so showy. Numerous species are cultivated in our
gardens and conservatories, though few, if any, are indigenous to
Great Britain. The bulbs of many species are poisonous, some,
it is said, to such a degree that deleterious properties are commu-
nicated to weapons dipped in their juice. Those of the Snowdrop
(Galanthus nivdlis) and Daffodil (Narcissus Psetido-narcissus) are
emetic, and the flowers of the latter species are a dangerous poison.
From the juice of the so-called American Aloe or Century plant
(Agdvé americana)“pulqué,” a fermented liquor which is acommon
beverage in Mexico, 1s prepared. This plant, called by the Mexicans
“‘ Maguey,” is cultivated over an area of 50,000 square miles, the
annual consumption of pulqué in the city of Mexico alone amount-
ing to the enormous quantity of eleven million gallons, so that the
Government derive a considerable revenue from its sale. The
plant attains maturity in a period varying from eight to fourteen
years, when it forms flowers ; and it is only just before flowering
that the juice can be extracted. Thecentral stem with the flower-
bud is then cut off near the bottom and the fleshy leaves are drawn
over the cavity thus left, and tied. Into this reservoir the juice
distils, which otherwise would have risen to nourish the flowers.
It is removed three or four times during the twenty-four hours,
yielding from one to six quarts of liquor. The juice is then placed
in earthen jars, and alittle old pulqué is added, when it soon ferments
and is immediately ready for use. When fresh, pulqué is brisk
and sparkling, and in time even Europeans prefer it to any other
liquor ; but when old it has an unpleasant odour, which has been
compared to that of putrid meat. The Agave grows but slowly in
England, and is so long before flowering as to have acquired the
name Century plant. When it does flower it sends up a stem
some 10—30 feet high from the centre of its chevaux de frise of
spiked leaves, branched above and bearing some thousands of
greenish flowers iin a corymbose manner. ‘These flowers secrete
so much honey as to drip to the ground and moisten it, whilst the
physiological effort is so great that the plant usually dies after once
flowering. The leaves of this species yield a fibre known as Pita
or Mexican Grass, valuable for cordage and paper-making; Agave
vivtpara yields Silk Grass; A. sisaldna, a native of Yucatan, now
grown also in Jamaica, Ixtle Grass or Sisal Hemp.
 AMARYLLIS FAMILY 479

1. Narcissus.—Perianth with 6 nearly equal segments united in

a tube below with a bell-shaped coronet within.
2. GALANTHUS.—Perianth-segments 6, free, the outer larger, the
inner notched ; no coronet.
3. Leucéjum.—Perianth-segments 6, free, equal, thickened at
the point ; no coronet.

NARCISSUS PSEUDO-NARCISSUS (Common Daffodil, Lent Lily).

1. Narcfssus (Daffodil)—Bulbous plants with linear, radical

leaves ; a 2-edged peduncle ; a membranous spathe ; flowers large,
solitary or umbellate, yellow or white, generally drooping, poly-
symmetric ; pertanth with 6 nearly equal petaloid segments in 2
whorls, united into a tube below, the mouth of which terminates
in a bell-shaped coronet differing in colour from the perianth ;
 480 AMARYLL{DE&

stamens 6, alternately shorter, with versatile anthers. (Named

after Narcissus, a youth said in Greek mythology to have been
changed into a flower.)
1. N. Psetido-narcissus (Common Daffodil, Lent Lily).—A
beautiful and favourite flower, with glaucous, blunt, nearly | flat
leaves ; a hollow, glaucous peduncle less than a foot high, bearing

GALANTHUS NIVALIS (Szowdvop). LEUCOJUM 2STIVUM (Summer Snowflake).

one flower, the long, bell-shaped, deep golden coronet of which is

nearly as long as the pale yellow perzanth-leaves, and is notched
and curled at its margin.—Woods and pastures ; frequent.—F.
March, April. Perennial.
* Several other species of Narcissus, such as N. biflorus, with a
2-flowered scape, and N. poéticus, the Pheasant’s-eye Daffodil, with
- a spreading, white perianth, and small, yellow, cup-shaped, red-
_Fig 59 Common Daffodil, Lent Lily (Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus)
 YAM FAMILY 481

edged coronet, are occasionally found near houses, but are in-
variably the outcasts of gardens.
2. GALANTHUsS (Snowdrop).—Bulbous plants with 2 radical,
linear leaves ; flattened peduncle ; membranous spathe ; solitary,
drooping, white flower ; perianth of 6 free segments, the outer
larger and more spreading, the inner erect, notched, greenish ; no
coronet. (Name from the Greek gala, milk, anthos, a flower.)
1. G. nivalis (Snowdrop).—Too well known to need description.
The bulb is ovoid and $ in. across ; the leaves glaucous, keeled, blunt;
the peduncle longer ; the spathe colourless, transparent, with 2 green
veins, 2-fid ; the pedicel slender; the sepals obovate, concave, and
more spreading in the wild form than in cultivated ones —Woods in
the west ; doubtfully indigenous.—Fl. January—March. Perennial.
3. Leucéjum (Snowflake).—A closely allied genus, with more
than 2 leaves; 2 spathes; 1—6 flowers; and nearly equal
perianth-leaves all thickened at their tips; stamens 6, equal.
(Name from the Greek leukos, white, ion, a violet.)
1. L. @stivum (Summer Snowflake).—A bulbous plant, about
2 feet high, producing its linear, blunt, glaucous, keeled leaves,
which are about a foot long, in winter, and its 2-edged flower-stalk,
which is rather longer and bears 2—6 rather large white flowers,
in summer.—Wet meadows in the south-east of England; a
doubtful native, common in gardens.—F]. May. Perennial.
2. L. vérnum (Spring Snowflake).—A much smaller plant, pro-
ducing its leaves and flowers, of which it only bears 1, or 2
together, in early spring—Woods in Dorsetshire.—Fl. February
—April. Perennial.

Orb. LXXXI. DioscORE®.—YAM FAMILY

A small Order of twining herbs or shrubs, which, with the
exception of the Black Bryony (Ta@mus communts), our one British
species, are confined to tropical regions. They often have large
tubers ; their stems twine upwards in the direction of the hands of
a clock ; the leaves somewhat resemble those of Dicotyledons,
being distinctly stalked and net-veined ; the flowers are small,
inconspicuous, and dicecious, in axillary clusters; the perianth
green, superior, of 6 equal segments in 2 whorls, persistent;
stamens 6, with introrse anthers; ovary inferior, 3-chambered ;
style deeply 3-cleft ; fruit a dry, flat capsule, or, in Tdmus,a berry.
Dioscorea, the genus from which the Order takes its name, has
large tubers, which, under the name of Yams, form as important
an article of food in tropical countries as the Potato in temperate
climates. When growing they require support, like Hops. There
bl
482 DIOSCOREE

are several species, D. sativa and D. aldta, natives of India, and

D. Batdias, native of China. ‘Their tubers sometimes weigh 30 or
40 lb., and the Chinese species yields enormous crops in France
and Algeria, and is hardy in this country, but is not appreciated.
1. TAmus (Black Bryony).—Perzanth bell-shaped ;. stigmas
2-lobed ; berry few-seeded. (Name, the Classical Latin name of
the plant.)

TAMUS COMMUNIS (Biack Bryony).

1. I. communis (Black Bryony).—The only British species, a

handsome plant with a large, black tuber ; a slender, green stem,
twining among bushes to the length of many feet, and bearing
numerous very glossy, cordate, acuminate leaves, which in autumn
turn to a purple bronze or to a bright lemon-yellow, and clusters of
small, green flowers, which are succeeded by oblong scarlet berries.
The plant at that season is very attractive ; but the stem dies down
to the ground in winter.—Hedgerows in England ; common.—Fl.
May, June. Perennial.
 LILY FAMILY 483

Series II. HYPOGYNZ. Orv. LXXXII.—LXXXIX

Ovary superior
Orp. LXXXII. Litiécea#.—LIity FaMILy
An extensive family of plants comprising about 2,500 species, of
which the majority are bulbous herbaceous plants with showy
flowers. Some attain the dimensions of shrubs, or even trees, in
which case they resemble the Palms in having no true separable
bark or distinctly marked pith, and in the leaves being never jointed
tothestem. The leaves of Herb-Paris (Paris quadrifolta), a British
species, are net-veined, and so resemble those of Dicotyledons ; but
are not jointed tothe stem. The perianth consists of 6—10 leaves,
generally similar and petaloid, but in 2 whorls, distinct, or united
into a tube ; stasnens 6—10, epiphyllous, with anthers generally
introrse ; ovary superior, 3- rarely 4-chambered; style 1; stigma
simple, or 3-lobed ; fruit a 3-chambered, many-seeded capsule, or
berry-like, 3—5-chambered, 1—6-seeded. ‘The Order is most
abundantly represented in temperate climates, but its members
attain their greatest size in the tropics. The Butcher’s Broom
(Ruscus aculedtus) is the only British species which forms a woody
stem. The Dragon’s Blood (Dracéna Draco), which grows very
slowly and only branches when of considerable age, was represented
at Orotava, in Teneriffe, by a giant specimen 70 feet high and over
48 feet in circumference, which is recorded to have been an ancient
tree and apparently almost as large in 1406 ; but it was destroyed
by a hurricane in 1867. The leaves of many species in the Order
contain tough fibre, the New Zealand Flax (Phormium téenax)
being the most important of these. The Onion (Alliun Cepa), the
Leek (A. Porrum), and the Garlic (A. sativum) are among the most
anciently cultivated of vegetables, and were given divine honours
by the ancient Egyptians ; whilst the young shoots of Asparagus
are among the most esteemed delicacies of our modern kitchens.
In medicine many members of the Order are of great value, among
which aloes, the bitter, condensed juice of Aloé vulgdris, A. succo-
trina, and other species ; squills, an extract of the Mediterranean
Urginea Scilla ; and the corms and seeds of Colchicum autumndlé,
used asa specific for gout, are well known. As ornamental
plants the beauty of this Order has for ages been proverbial,
many species of Lilium, Fritilldria, Scilla, and other genera, the
Lily of the Valley (Convalldria majdlis), the Hyacinth (Hyacinthus
ovientdlis), and the ‘Tulip (Tulzpa) being among the most prized
of our garden flowers.
E12
484 LILIACE

Section I. ASPARAGER.—The Asparagus Group

Never bulbous ; fruit berry-like
1. Rtscus.—Stem woody, with flattened, leaflike branches,
minute, scale-like leaves, dicecious flowers and united filaments.
2. AspARAGUS. Ele succulent, branched; ultimate branches
bristle-like ; stamens not united.
2. EOL yGonAtUM.—Stem leafy ; flowers axillary; pertanth
tubular, 6-cleft.
4. MALANTHEMUM. — Stem erect, aie few leaves ; flowers in a
terminal raceme, generally 4-merous.
5. CoNVALLARIA.—Leaves 2—3, radical; flowers in a terminal
raceme, bell-shaped, 6-merous. .

Section II. AspHopiELE&.—The Asphodel Group

Generally bulbous ; leaves radical ; scape leafless ; fruit a capsule
6. SiméiTHIs.—Not bulbous ; leaves grass-like; flowers in a
panicle, 6-merous.
7. ALLIUM.—Flowers in an umbel, with a 1—2-leaved mem-
branous spathe.
8. Muschri.—Flowers in a bracteate raceme ; pertanth globular.
9g. ScfLLA.—Flowers in a bracteate raceme ; pertanth-segments
free, spreading, blue, purple, or white, deciduous.
10. ENDYMION. —Flowers in a bracteate raceme ; perzanth-seg-
ments united, campanulate.
11. ORNITHOGALUM.—Flowers in a_ bracteate, sometimes
corymbose raceme ; perianih white, persistent, of 6 free, spread-
ing segments. ;

Section III, TuLfpem.—The Tulip Group

* Bulbous ; leaves radical and cauline ; fruit a capsule
*r2. LfL1um.— Flowers few, large; pertanth-leaves 6, free,
spreading, or reflexed, deciduous.
13. FRITILLARIA.—F lowers. few, large, drooping ; perzanth-leaves
6, iree, not reflexed, with a nectary at the base of each, deciduous.
14. TULipa.—Flower solitary, large, erect; perianth-leaves 6,
free, without nectaries, deciduous.
15. GAcra.—Flowers few, small, yellow, umbellate ; perzanth-
leaves 6, free, without nectaries, spreading, persistent.
16. Liéyp1A.—Flowers few, small, white ; pertanth-leaves 6, free,
with transverse nectaries, spreading, persistent.
 LILY FAMILY 485

Section IV. MErLANTHACE®.—Colchicum Tribe

Not bulbous ; leaves mostly radical ; fruit mostly capsular
17. COLCHICUM.—Stem a corm; perianth with a very long
tube. ;
18. NARTHECIUM.—Stem prostrate, creeping; flowers in a
raceme ; perianth of 6 free, spreading leaves, golden-yellow, per-
sistent ; style 1 ; cap-
sule 3-chambered.
19. TOFIELDIA.—
Stem a short rhi-
zome ; flowers in a
raceme, small, green-
ish-yellow; pertanth-
leaves 6, free, spread-
ing, persistent ; styles
3; fruit of 3 follicles.
20. PAris.—RAzt-
zome stout; stem
erect, simple, bear-
ing 4 whorled
leaves ; flower soli-
tary, terminal, green,
generally 4-merous ;
fruit berry-like.

EB - Ravs CUS
(Butcher’s Broom).
—Shrubs with stout,
creeping rhizomes ;
woody, — branched
stems bearing flat-
tened, leaf-like, ever-
ee
green branches or
* cladodes ” in the RUSCUS ACULEATUS (Butcher's Broont, Kunee-Holly),
axils of minute,
scale-like, deciduous leaves ; flowers dicecious ; perianth deeply
6-cleft, green, persistent ; filaments united into a tube ; fruit berry-
like, 1-chambered, 1—2-seeded. (Name said to be from bruscus,
a word of Keltic origin.)
1. R. aculedtus (Butcher’s Broom, .Knee-Holly).—The only
British species, and only British shrubby Monocotyledon, 3—4
feet high, with erect, dark green stems ; ovate, dark green, flat-
486 ”. § LILTACEAS

tened branches, each terminating in a sharp spine ; flowers minute,

green, growing singly from the centres of the flattened branches ;
berries as large as marbles, round, scarlet.— Woods in the south ;
uncommon.—FIl. February—May. Perennial.

2. AspARAGUS.—Herbaceous plants with a stout rhizome ;

branched stem bearing tufts of green, bristle-like branches in the
axils of minute — scale-like
leaves; flowers small, pen-
dulous, often dicecious ; pert-
’ anth deeply 6-cleft, — bell-
\ shaped ; stamens 6, distinct;
X\\) stigmas 33; fruit berry-like,
( 3-chambered, 3-— 6-seeded.
(Name, the Greek name of the
plant.)
1. A. maritimus (Common
\ Y |p Asparagus).—The only British
= _ species, differing chiefly in size
Ve y from the cultivated plant, has
3 i’ its stem prostrate at its base,
BaD. vas ¥ giving off ascending branches
— \ Y about a foot long, slender,
=< % and flexuous; flowers 1—2
4\ together, yellowish - white ;
| berry scarlet.— On the sea-
y f coast in the south-west, especi-
ally near the Lizard; rare.—
ss F]. July, August. Perennial.

eA a 3. PoLyconAtum (Solo-
n mon’s_ Seal). — Herbaceous
| plants with a fleshy rhizome ;
| leafy stem; axillary flowers ;
ASPARAGUS MARITIMUS (Comenton Asparagus). tubular, 6 - cleft pertanth >,
stamens 6, free, included ; fruzt
berry-like. (Name from the Greek polus, many, gonu, a knee,
from the zigzag rhizome.)
1. P. verticilldtum (Narrow-leaved Solomon’s Seal).— Stem erect,
2—3 feet high, angular ; leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, in whorls
of 3—6 ; flowers greenish ; berries red.—Woods in the north ; very
rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
2. P. multiflorum (Common Solomon’s Seal).—A striking plant,
1—2 feet high, with a round, drooping stem, bearing numerous,
¥
Wa
eee
alee
ee oe

Fig. 60. Solomon's Seal. ‘Polygonum multiflorum).

 LILY FAMILY 487

scattered, oblong, acute leaves which hang downwards ; greenish-

white flowers in 2—5-flowered axillary clusters, resembling old-
fashioned bunches of seals; filaments hairy, and blue-black
berries.—Woods ; uncommon.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
3. P. officindle (Angular Solomon’s Seal).—Differing from the
preceding in being smaller, having an angular stem ; thicker leaves ;
larger, usually solitary flowers; and smooth filaments.—Woods ;
rare.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

POLYGONATUM MULTIFLORUM (Comnzon Solomon's Seal).

4. MatiANTHEMUM (May-Lily), of which the only species is

M. Convalldria (Two-leaved May-lily), a graceful little plant. with
a creeping, slender rhizome ; an erect stem, 4—8 in. high, bearing
2 scattered, stalked, cordate, acute leaves, and a terminal raceme
of small, white, fragrant, 4-merous flowers, followed by spotted
berrtes—Woods near Scarborough, and elsewhere; very rare,
though common inthe north of Europe. (Name from the Greek
matos, May, anthemos, a flower.)—F1. May, June. Perennial.
5. CONVALLARIA (Lily of the Valley), represented by the one
species C. majdlis, a beautiful plant with a creeping rhizome ; leaves
488 LILIACEA

2—3, radical, ovate-lanceolate, with a sheathing petiole ; flowers

6—12, globular, pure white, in a terminal, drooping, loose, 1-sided
raceme, with an angular peduncle ; berries red.—Woods on a light
soil; not common. A universal favourite in gardens for the
beauty and fragrance of its blossoms. (Name from the Latin
convallis, a valley.)—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
6. SIMETHIS, a genus represented by the one species S.
planifolia (Variegated Simethis), a slender plant with fibrous roots ;
radical, grass-like, recurved leaves, 6—18 in. long, and a forked,
corymbose cyme, about the same height, of rather large, 6-merous
flowers, purple outside, white inside; fruit a 3-chambered,
6-seeded capsule.—Formerly in fir-woods near Bournemouth and
in Kerry, very rare.-—FI. May, June. Perennial.
7. Attium (Garlic).—Bulbous, strong-smelling plants, with
radical leaves and flowers inan umbel or head, with a membranous,
1—2-leaved spathe and a leafless peduncle ; perzanth of 6 free,
spreading segments; fruit a 3-chambered, 3—6-seeded capsule.
(Name, the Classical Latin name of some species of the genus.)
1.* A. Ampeloprasum (Wild Leek).—The largest species, a7 4
feet high, with a large bulb with large, stalked, lateral ‘‘cloves” or
bulbils ;astout, leafy stem ; distichous, flat, linear, folded, glaucous
leaves with cylindrical sheaths ; a globose umbel of greenish-white —
flowers in a long pointed spathe, often with bulbils; the 3 outer
filaments broader, 3-fid.—Rocky places ; rare, merely naturalised.
Bes July, August.’ Perennial.
. A. Scorodoprasum (Sand Leek).—A smaller plant, z—3 feet
Heh: with a slender, leafy stem; flat, linear, keeled, glaucous
leaves with 2-edged sheaths ; a loose head of red flowers in 2 short,
pointed spathes, with red bulbils——Sandy woods and fields in the
north ; rare.—Fl. May—July. Perennial.
ee spherocéphalum (Small Round-headed Garlic) —A similar
but smaller species, with hollow leaves ;round, compact umbels of
red flowers without bulbils——Bristol and Jersey 5 Very. dre.
June—August. Perennial.
4. A. vinedlé (Crow Garlic)—A similar plant with hollow,
smooth leaves round in section ; and dense, globose heads of red
flowers with greenish or red bulbils.—Waste ground ; common.—
Fl. June, July. Perennial.
5. A. olerdceum (Field Garlic).—-About a foot high, with fleshy,
solid leaves, semicircular in section, grooved above and ribbed
beneath; and a loose head of pale greenish or brownish-pink
flowers in 2 spathes of unequal length, with bulbils ; stamens not
3 fid.—Borders of fields ;uncommon.—FI. July, August. Perennial.
 LILY FAMILY 489

6.* A.carindtum (Keeled Garlic).—A very similar species with

linear, channelled leaves flat towards their tips, and rose-pink
flowers with stamens twice as long as the perianth.—Naturalised
in a few places.—Fl. August. Perennial.
7. A. Schenoprasum (Chives)—A pretty plant with a few
straight, hollow leaves round in section; and dense, globular,
many-flowered umbels of pink flowers, with 2 short spathes, no
bulbils, and included, undivided stamens.—Rocky pastures ; very
rare.—F]. June, July. Perennial.
8. A. sibiricum (Greater
Chives), differing chiefly in its
larger size, sometimes 2 feet
high, and leaves curving out-
wards and roughly ribbed, occurs
on rocks, near the sea, in Corn-
wall.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
9. A. triquétrum (Triangular-
stalked Garlic).—About a foot
high, with a leafless, acutely tri-
angular scape; radical, flat,
linear, keeled leaves; flowers
drooping to one side, in a loose
umbel, with 2 short spathes and
no bulbils ; pertanth-leaves white
with a green midrib; stamens
undivided, included.— Hedges
and meadows, Cornwall and
Guernsey ; very rare.—Fl. April
—June. Perennial.
10.* A. paradoxum, with a
scape leafy at its base, channelled,
involute leaves, and a bell-shaped Pte Cee
perzanth, recorded from Linlith- (Brodd Lien Caste, Ramisiay.
gow, is not indigenous. |
11. A. ursinum (Ramson, Broad-leaved Garlic)—The only
common species of the genus, with broad, flat, radical leaves
scarcely distinguishable from those of the Lily of the Valley; a
triangular scape bearing a flat umbel of pretty white flowers with
2 ovate, acuminate spathes, no bulbils, and undivided, included
stamens—Woods and thickets; common. When bruised the
whole plant emits an intolerable stench of Garlic.—Fl. May, June.
Perennial.
8. MuscAri (Grape Hyacinth).—Bulbous plants with radical
490 LILIACEAE | :

leaves and globular, 6-merous flowers in a_ stalked, bracteate

raceme ; stamens included ; fruit.a 3-chambered capsule. (Name
from the musk-like scent.)
1. M. racemosum (Grape, or Starch, Hyacinth).—Leaves slender,
prostrate, semicylindric, 6—12 in. long ; scape shorter, bearing a
short, cylindric, many-flowered, dense raceme of small, dark blue,
ovoid flowers with minute
bracts, the stalks lengthen-
ing after flowering. —Sandy
fields in the eastern coun-
ties; rare. — Fl. April,
May. Perennial.

g. ScfLtLa (Squill). —
Herbaceous plants with
tunicate bulbs; radical,
linear leaves; flowers 6-
y yy! merous, in a _ raceme;
perianth - segments _ free,
OS LZ
4 —

spreading, blue, purple, or

white, deciduous ; fruit a
3-chambered, many-seeded
capsule. (Name, the Clas-
sical Latin name of the
group.)
I. S.° et ees s
(Autumnal Squill). — A
little plant with a bulb the
size of a walnut; leaves
3-—6 in. long, appearing in
autumn after the shortly
racemose, reddish-purple
as ae flowers ; bracts absent;
f a idlale . pertanth - segments __ free,
is ye spreading ; anthers purple.
|
SCILLA VERNA (Vernal Squiil).
—Dry pastures, especially
near the sea, in the south ;
rare.—Fl. July--October. Perennial.
2. S. verna (Vernal Squill).—A lovely little plant, about the
same size as the last ; with leaves broader. and produced in spring
before the corymbose clusters of fragrant, blue, star-like flowers,
which have lanceolate bracts.—Sea-coast in the west and north ;
uncommon. The turfy slopes of the sea-coast of Cornwall are in
many places as thickly studded with these pretty flowers as inland
 LILY FAMILY 491

meadows are with Daisies. In a few weeks after their flow ering
no part of the plant is visible but the dry capsules containing
black, shining seeds.Fl. April, May. Perennial.
10. EnpYmion (Wild Hyacinth). ese from Scilla mainly
in the perianth which is cam-
panulate, with united, reflexed
segments. (Name, that of
the beautiful shepherd of
Greek mythology, whose pro-
longed sleep may be sug-
gested by the drooping in-
florescence.)
1. E. non-scriptum (Wild
Hyacinth, Bluebell). — Too
well-known a favourite to need
much description. Leaves
1o—18 in. long, sub-acute,
produced in spring, before
the stout, drooping, stalked,
bracteate raceme of 6—12
blue, rarely pink or white,
pendulous flowers, which have
a bell-shaped perianth of
united segments, and yellow,
included’ anthers. — Woods ;
abundant. The name Hya-
cinthus was originally given to
some species of Lily into
which the youth Hyacinthus
was fabled to have been
changed by Apollo. The
petals were marked with dark
spots, arranged so as to re-
semble the Greek word AI,
alas! The present species, ~ Fae
however, having no_ such ‘Si
characters on its petals, was TIN»

named Hyacinthus non-scrip- ENDYMION NON-SCRIPTUM (Wild Hyacinth).

tus (not written) by Linnzus,
and, having been made into a distinct genus, was once called
Agraphis. It is sometimes confused with the Harebell (Campanula
rotundifolia), the Bluebell of Scotland.—F1. May, June. Perennial.
rr. ORNITHOGALUM (Star of Bethlehem).—Closely allied to
492 LILIACEZ

Scilla; but the flowers, which are in a bracteate, sometimes

corymbose, raceme, are white or yellow, but never blue; the
perianth, which consists of 6 free, spreading segments, has a
nectariferous gland at the base of each, and is persistent ;and the
anthers are versatile. (Name from the Greek ornithos, bird’s, gala,
milk.)
1.* O. nutans (Drooping Star
of Bethlehem).—Buld large;
leaves a foot or more in length,
glaucous; flowers few, large,
white, greenish outside, in a
loose, drooping raceme with
long, slender bracts ; filaments
3-fid—Naturalised in fields;
rare.—Fl. April, May. Biennial.
2.* O. umbelldtum (Common
Star of Bethlehem). — Bulb
smaller ; leaves shorter, green,
with a white stripe; flowers
6—10, large, erect, white, with
a broad green band externally,
in a_ long-stalked, corymbose
raceme.—In the neighbourhood
of houses, not indigenous ; fre-
quent.—F 1. April, May. Peren-
nial.
3. O. pyrendicum (Spiked
Star of Bethlehem). — Bulb
large; leaves long, — narrow,
glaucous, withering very early
in the season; flowers numerous,
in a long, erect raceme, with a
stout, leafless peduncle about
2 feet high; bracts lanceolate-
acuminate ; perianth - leaves
ORNITHOGALUM PYRENAICUM
(Spiked Star of Bethlehent). green, with white margins in-
side. Woods in the south;
rare, but very abundant near Bath, where the young shoots when in
bud are sold as “ French Asparagus.”—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

*r2, Lftrum (Lily)—Herbaceous plants with scaly bulbs, cauline

leaves, and large flowers with a deciduous perzanth of 6 spreading,
or reflexed, free segments, with a nectary; anthers versatile.
(Name, the Classical name of some such plants.)
 LILY FAMILY 493

1.* L. pyrendicum (Pyrenean Lily).—About a foot high, with

scattered, linear-lanceolate leaves, and an umbel of a few, drooping,
yellow flowers with black dots at the base of the revolute perianth-
leaves—Near South Molton, North Devon ; a garden escape.
2.* L. Martagon (Turk’s-cap Lily).—z to 3 feet high, with downy

|!
ji
|
FRITILLARIA MELEAGRIS (F77¢illary, Snake's-head),

stem ; whorled, lanceolate leaves, and a raceme of drooping, pale

violet or pink flowers with dark red warts on the revolute perianth-
leaves—Woods at Mickleham, Surrey ; naturalised.—Fl. July—
September. Perennial.
13, FRiTILLARIA (Fritillary).—Closely allied to Lilium, but with
more drooping flowers with a bell-shaped perianth of which the
494 LILIACEZ

segments are not recurved. (Name from the Latin frztillus, a

dice-box, the common accompaniment of a chequer-board, which
the marking of the flowers of some species resembles. )
1. F. Meledgris (Fritillary, Snake’s-head)—The only British
species, a beautiful plant, about a foot high, with a small bulb of
2—3 scales ; stem round, leafy, 1—2 flowered ; leaves linear-acute ;
flower drooping, generally solitary, shaped like a Tulip, curiously
chequered with pink and dull red, rarely white-—Water meadows
in the south ; rare.—Fl. May. Perennial.
14. TULipa (Tulip).—Bulbous plants with radical and cauline
leaves and usually large, solitary, erect flowers with bell-shaped,
deciduous perianth of 6 free segments, recurved at their tips,
without nectaries. (Name from the Persian tulipan, a turban.)
1. T. sylvestris (Wild Tulip).—The only British species ; bulb
chestnut-brown ; stem about a foot high, round, smooth; leaves
few, linear-lanceolate, glaucous ; flowers bright yellow, fragrant ;
perianth-leaves tipped with hairs.—Chalk pits; rare-—Fl. April,
May. Perennial.
15. GAGEA (Yellow Star of Bethlehem).—Bulbous plants with
radical, linear leaves ; few, small, yellow flowers, arranged in an
umbellate manner; perianth-leaves 6, free, without nectaries,
spreading, persistent. (Named in honour of Sir Thomas Gage, an
English botanist.)
1. G. lutea (Yellow Star of Bethlehem).—The only British
species ; bulb small; radical leaf commonly solitary, long and
narrow ; scape shorter than the leaves, with 2 opposite bracts and
-an umbel of yellow flowers——Woods: local.—F]. March—May.
Perennial.
16. Ludéyp1a (Spiderwort).—Small bulbous plants with slender,
leafy stem ; thread-like lzaves ; and 1 or 2 small, erect, white or
yellow flowers ; perianth-leaves 6, free, with transverse nectaries,
spreading, persistent. (Named in honour of Edward Lloyd, the
antiquary, who discovered it in North Wales.)
1. L. serotina (Mountain Spiderwort).—A_ pretty little plant,
with 3-sided leaves, the radical ones longer than the 2—8 in. scape,
which bears one white flower with red veins.—Snowdon ; very rare.
—Fl. June, July. Perennial. :
17. CéLcHicuM (Meadow Saffron).—Underground stem a solid
corm; leaves all radical, produced in spring; flowers mostly
solitary, nearly sessile, erect, with a very long perianth-tube,
resembling those of Crocus, but stamens 6, extrorse ; ovary superior ;
°F
Fig. 61- Meadow Saffron ‘Colchiciim offficinal a1
 LILY FAMILY 495
jruit acapsule. «(Name of Greek origin, from Colchis, a country
famous for medicinal herbs.)
1. C. autumndlé (Meadow Saffron, Autumn Crocus).—Leaves
lanceolate, dark green, glabrous, often a foot long, produced in

; An
x =)
fe ae \\!
ip x fi Ke :

/ / i .

(/
COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE (Meadow Saffron). NARTHECIUM OSSIFRAGUM
(Bog Asphodel).

spring and withering in summer ; flowers light purple or white,

presenting no conspicuous difference from Crocuses except their
6 stamens ; ovary remaining underground until the spring after
flowering, when they are borne up by the elongating peduncle and
496 LILIACE®

ripen.—Meadows, especially on limestone ; local.—F. September,

October. Perennial. The leaves and fruit are poisonous to cattle.
18. Nartuécium (Asphodel).—Stiff plants, with a creeping,
ascending stem ; sword-shaped, equitant leaves ; flowers in a raceme ;
perianth-leaves 6, free, spreading, golden-yellow, persistent ; style
1; capsule 3-chambered. (Name from the Greek narthex, a rod.)
1. N. ossifragum (Bog Asphodel)—The only British species,
an elegant little plant,
6—8 in. high, with tufts
of narrow, — grass-like
leaves, and a tapering
spike of star-like, yellow
flowers, followed by
long, orange-red cap-
sules—The name osst-
fragum, bone-breaking,
was given to this plant
from its being supposed
to soften the bones of
cattle that fed on it.
| Other plants have had
| the © “Same .— propetty
assigned to them, but
there is little doubt
that in every case the
diseases in question are
to be traced to the
noxious exhalations
from the bogs in which
7

the plants grow, rather

PARIS QUADRIFOLIA than’ to » the pit
(Four-leaved otras, True-love Knot). themselves.—Fl. J uly—
September. Perennial.
19. ToriéLp1a (Scottish Asphodel).—Very similar to the pre-
ceding genus, but with greenish flowers and a fruit consisting of
3 many-seeded follicles. (Name in honour of Mr. Tofield, a
Yorkshire botanist of the 18th century.)
1. T. palustris (Mountain Scottish Asphodel)—The only
British species, 4—6 in. high, with tufts of distichous, narrow,
sword-shaped leaves, and almost stalkless, dense spikes of small,
greenish-yellow flowers, with 3 membranous bracts below each.—
Boggy ground in the north; rare—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
20. PARIS (Herb-Paris).—Plants with a stout rhizome; erect,
 RUSH FAMILY 497

simple stem, bearing 4 whorled, net-veined leaves, and a solitary,

terminal, green, generally 4-merous flower, succeeded by a _berry-
like fruit. (Name from the Latin par, equal, on account of the
equal number of leaves in the several whorls.)
1. P. quadrifolia (Herb-Paris, True-Love Knot).—-The only
British species, a singular plant, about a foot high, with 4 large,
ovate, acute leaves ; a rather large flower with narrow perianth-
leaves and a black, 4-chambered berry—Woods ; rather local.—
Fl. May, June. Perennial.

Orv. LXXXIII. JuncAce#.—RusH FAMILY

An Order of plants mostly perennial and inhabiting marshy
situations in temperate or arctic regions. They have mostly
creeping rhizomes; stems herbaceous, seldom branched, erect,
often with considerable central pith ; leaves often resembling the
stems, and filled with a pith-like internal tissue, or flat; flowers
small, green or brown, polysymmetric, and perfect, in cymose
clusters ; perianih inferior, of 6 free, membranous, imbricate, per-
sistent leaves; stamens 6, rarely 3, with introrse anthers ; ovary
1—3-chambered, 3- or many-ovuled ; style 1; stigmas 3, slender ;
fruit a capsule. The true Rushes (Juncus) are, for the most
part, social plants, single species covering wide areas of marsh or
bog and often proving of considerable use in fixing the soil. The
stems of the common species were formerly used to strew the
stone floors of castle halls in lieu of carpets, for twisting into
cordage, and for wicks for tallow candles; but are now seldom
put to any use. The name Rush is extended to members of
other Orders, the name Bulrush being applied to Scirpus lacustris,
which belongs to the Sedge Family (Cyperdce@) and to the genus
T}pha, which gives its name to the Order Typhdcee, whilst the
name Flowering Rush is applied to Butomus umbelldtus in the
Order Alismdacee.
1. JUNcus.—Smooth plants generally with cylindric leaves ;
ovary generally 3-chambered ; ovules many.
2. LGzuta.—More or less hairy plants, with flat leaves ;
1-chambered ovary ; ovules 3.
1. JUNcus (Rush)—Smooth marsh plants, usually with a
creeping rhizome ; cylindric leaves; membranous pertanth ;
stamens 6, rarely 3 ; ovary 1—3-chambered, many-ovuled ; stigmas
3, wind-pollinated. (Name, the Classical Latin name of the
plant, perhaps connected with jungo, I join, referring to the
ancient use of the stems for twisting into cordage.)
KK
498 JUNCACEE

* Perennial ; stems cylindrical, tapering to a point ; leaves solid

1. J. effusus (Soft Rush).—One of the commonest species, with
soft, faintly striate stems, 1—3 feet high ; flowers olive-green, in a
loose, spreading, branched panicle ; pevianth-leaves lanceolate, longer
than the blunt capsule ; stamens 3.—Marshy ground; abundant.—
Fl. July. Perennial.
2. J. conglom rdius
(Common Rush).—Mainly
distinguished from /.
effusus by its usually more
densely crowded, globose
panicles of browner flowers
and by its capsule ending in
a point.—Marshy ground ;
abundant. — FI. July. Pe-
rennial.
3. Jo, tnplecmsa. (kiard
Rush).—Distinguished —by
its rigid, slender, deeply
furrowed, glaucous stems,
12—18 in. high; and very
loose, much-branched, erect
panicle of brown flowers,
below the apex of the stem ;
perianth-leaves narrow, as
long as the oblong, mucro-
nate capsule ; stamens 6.—
Marshy places and road-
sides ; common.—F'. July,
August. Perennial.
* J]. dtffusus, closely re-
sembling /. infléxus, but
with softer, less furrowed
stem, continuous 7th, and
obovoid capsule, is probably
yoncus EFFUsUS (Soft Rush). a hybrid between the two
preceding species.
4. J. bdlticus (Baltic Rush).—A widely creeping species, with
few, rigid, very faintly striated stems, 1—2 feet high; flowers
brown, in small, flat-topped, slightly-branched, erect panicles ;
perianth-leaves ovate-lanceolate, as long as the ovoid, mucronate
capsule ; stamens 3.—Sandy shores in the north-east of Scot-
land ; rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
5. J. filiformis (Thread Rush).—A very slender, pale green
 RUSH FAMILY 499

species, less than a foot high, with faintly striate stems; flowers
few, pale, crowded in a small sessile cyme, about half-way up the
stem ; perianth-leaves lanceolate, longer than the roundish, blunt,
mucronate capsule ; stamens 6.—Stony lake-shores in the north;
very rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
6. J. acutus (Great Sea Rush).—The largest British species,
growing in circular tufts, with stout, rigid, sharply-pointed stems
and leaves 3—6 feet high ; brown flowers in a dense, branched,
corymbose panicle; perianth-leaves half as long as the large,
rounded, polished, mucronate capsule.—Sandy sea-shores ; in great
abundance in few places—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
7. J. maritimus (Lesser Sea Rush).—Resembling the preceding,
but irregularly tufted, with less stout, less rigid, erect, spinous
stems, 1—2 feet high ; similar leaves; very pale flowers in an
interruptedly branched, erect panicle ; perianth-leaves lanceolate,
as long as the elliptic, mucronate capsule—Salt marshes ; fre-
quent,—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
8. J. tviglumis (Three-flowered Rush).—Stems tufted, without
runners, 3—6 in. high, round, leafless ; leaves radical, awl-shaped,
channelled, formed of 6 tubes internally ; flowers 2—3, terminal;
capsule pale red-brown.—Mountain bogs; rare.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.
9. J. bigltmts (Two-flowered Rush).—A very rare alpine
species, 2—6 in. high, with leafless stems channelled down one
side ; leaves radical, awl-shaped, compressed ; flowers 2, chestnut-
brown.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
10. J. castdneus (Clustered Alpine Rush).—Another very rare
alpine species ; stem 6—12 in. high, with runners and 2—3 chan-
nelled, hollow leaves; flowers bright brown, in 2—6-flowered,
terminal, or sometimes also lateral, cymes; perianth-leaves
lanceolate-acute, half as long as the pointed, chocolate-brown
capsule—Bogs on the summits of lofty Scottish mountains ; very
rare.—I'l. July, August. Perennial.
11. J. ir fidus (Three-leaved Rush).—Another small species,
with a creeping rhizome ; crowded, slender,* erect stems, 2—8 in.
high ; with one subulate leaf above, and others reduced to
sheaths ; flowers brown, 1—3 together between 2 long, leafy
bracts ; capsule ovoid, acute, longer than the perianth—Moun-
tain bogs in northern Scotland, forming dense matted masses.
—F]. July, August. Perennial.
12. J. squarrosus (Heath Rush).—Well marked by its rigid’
stems and leaves. The stems are 6—12 in. high, erect, stout,
solid, occurring in tufts, but unbranched and generally leafless ;
leaves mostly radical, rigid, half as long as the stem, grooved;
K K 2
500 JUNCACE
flowers 2—3 together, brown, in a terminal panicle ; perzanth-
leaves ovate-lanceolate, as long as the blunt, bristle-pointed cap-
sule.-—Moors and heaths ; abundant.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
13. J. ténuis (Slender Rush).—Stems about a foot high,
cylindric, very slender; leaves few, mostly radical, linear,
grooved ; flowers pale, some stalked, others not, in terminal
panicles, shorter than the long, erect, thread-like bracts ; pertanth-
leaves lanceolate, longer than the spherical capsule.—Moist, sandy
places, chiefly in the north and west; very rare.—Fl. June—
August. Perennial.
14. J. compréssus (Round
fruited Rush).—A slender plant,
about a foot high, with tufted
stems, hollow, round, and _ leafy
below, compressed above, with
one linear, grooved leaf above;
flowers brown, in a _ compact
terminal panicle ; perzanth-leaves
oval-oblong, shorter than the
nearly round, bristle-pointed cap-
sule-—Damp places; rare.—Fl.
June-—August. Perennial.
15. J. Gerérdt (Mud Rush).—
Stems less-tufted, 3-sided above;
perianth-leaves as long as the
strongly mucronate capsule.—Salt
marshes; common—E)) 3] unae—
August. Perennial.
** Perennial ; stems solid ; leaves
hollow, jointed internally
16. J. sub-nodulosus (Blunt-
juncus supinus (Lesser Jointed Rush). flowered Jointed Rush).—Erect,
2—3 feet high; stem and leaves
smooth and round ; flowers in clusters of 3—8, in repeatedly
branched, spreading corymbs, pale, often reddish ; pertanth-
leaves blunt, as long as the ovate, mucronate, pale brown
capsule. — Marshes; not common. — Fl. July — September.
Perennial.
17. J. acutiflorus (Sharp-flowered Jointed Rush).—Siem erect,
1—2 feet high, slender, slightly compressed, 3—4 leaved ; leaves
slightly compressed, very conspicuously jointed when dry ; flowers
dark chestnut brown, in dense clusters of 3—12, in a terminal,
pyramidal, compound panicle ; perianth-leaves acuminate, barely
 RUSH FAMILY 501
as long as the pale brown, beaked ¢apsule—Boggy places;
common.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
18. J. bulbosus (Lesser Jointed Rush)—A small and very
variable plant, less than a foot high, erect or prostrate ; with
thread-like stems ; bristle-like, slightly-grooved leaves ; flowers in
an irregular, little-branched panicle of a few distant clusters;
capsules pale brown, oblong, blunt, mucronate.—Boggy places ;:
common.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
19. J. alpinus (Alpine Jointed Rush).—Stem erect, about a
foot high, 2—3-leaved ; leaves sessile, pointed, slightly compressed
and striate, with few articulations ; flowers in clusters of 3—8, in
a repeatedly forked, erect, terminal panicle, black or dark brown ;
bracts acuminate ; pertanth-leaves blunt ; capsule blackish, obtuse,
mucronate, longer than the perianth-leaves.—In the north of
Scotland ; rare. Perennial.
20. J. articulatus (Shining-fruited Jointed Rush).—Stem erect,
1—2 feet high, slightly compressed, 3-~-6-leaved ; leaves com-
pressed, with many internal divisions ; flowers in clusters of 4—8,
in a repeatedly-forked, erect, terminal panicle ; pertanth-leaves,
shorter than the large, dark brown, glossy capsule.—Boggy places ;
common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

*E* Annual ; stem hollow

21. J. bufonius (Toad Rush).—A very small species, 2—8 in.
high, with slender, pale green, hollow, repeatedly-forked stems ;
few, narrow, bristle-like leaves ; solitary, sessile, green flowers,
which grow mostly on one side of the stem; and oblong, blunt
capsules, shorter than the pertanth.—Moist places; abundant,
often in large patches —Fl. June—August. Annual.
22. J. capitdtus (Capitate Rush).—A very small, tufted plant,
with naked, erect, unbranched, bristle-like stems, 1—4 in. high;
radical thread-like, channelled leaves, 1—2 in. long; and large,
terminal, bracteate heads of 3—-10 sessile, pale flowers ; perianth-
leaves with slender, awn-like points, twice as long as the pointed
capsule ; stamens 3.—Sandy places liable to flooding, West Corn-
wall and the Channel Islands.—F]. May—July. Annual.
23. J. mutdbilis (Pigmy Rush).—A very small, tufted plant,
I—z2 in. high, with slender, little-branched stems ; leaves mostly
radical, bristle-like ; flowers in afew small clusters ; perzanth-leaves
linear, acute, longer than the oblong-acute, 3-edged capsule.—
Damp places near the Lizard.—Fl. May, June. Annual.
2. Ltzuia (Wood-Rush).—Differing from Juncus in having flat,
more grass-like leaves more or less hairy, with long weak, white
502 JUNCACE

hairs ; flowers in clusters, with prominent anthers, wind-pollinated ;

capsule 1-chambered, 3-seeded. (Name from the provincial
Italian luzziola, a glow-worm, from the sparkling appearance of
the flower-heads by moonlight when wet with dew.)
1. L. Forsteri (Forster’s Wood-Rush).—A slender plant, about
a foot high; leaves linear, hairy; flowers on 1-flowered, erect
peduncles in a loose, slightly branched cyme ; capsule 3-sided,
acuminate.—Shady places
ae on calcareous soil in the
7 south ; rare.—Fl. March—
| June. Perennial.
2. L. pilosa (Broad-
leaved Hairy Wood-rush).
—A very similar plant,
with broader, soft, slightly
hairy leaves; flowers 1—3
together, on peduncles
which bend downwards in
fruit; capsule 3- sided,
blunt.—Woods ; common.
—Fl. April—June. Peren-
nial.
3. L. selvdtica (Great
Wood-rush).—A common
woodland plant, with more
of the habit of a Grass
than a Rush, sometimes
nearly 2 feet high; leaves
linear -lanceolate, chan-
nelled, shining, with hairy
edges; flowers 3—4 to-
gether, in a loose, doubly
compound, terminal pani-
cle with long branches;
LizuLa campéstRis (Field Wood-Rush).
perianth-leaves pale brown,
awned, about as long as
the ovoid, beaked capsule-——Woods ; abundant.—Fl. April—June.
Perennial.
4. L. arcudta (Curved Mountain Wood-Rush).—A_ small
species, 2—5 in. high, with recurved leaves and a 3—5-rayed
umbellate panicle of flowers in 3—5-flowered clusters on drooping
stalks—Summits of lofty Scottish mountains ; very rare.—F1.
July. Perennial.
5. L. spicdta (Spiked Mountain Wood-Rush).—A slender spe-
 REED-MACE FAMILY 503

cies, 3—12 in. high, with a drooping, dense, spike-like panicle of

flowers Mountains ; rare—Fl. July. Perennial.
6. L. campéstris (Field Wood-Rush, Good Friday Grass, Chim-
ney-sweeps).—An early spring meadow flower, 4—6 in. high, with
hairy, grass-like leaves, but distinguished by its panicles of 3 or
4 ovate, dense, 3—4-flowered clusters of dark brown, or almost
black, flowers, suggesting a sweep’s brush—Pastures ; common.—
Fl. March—May. Perennial.
7. L. multiflora (Many-flowered Wood-Rush).—A taller, stouter
species, 8—zo in. high ; with panicles of numerous many-flowered
clusters of flowers, sometimes pale brown, and sometimes on
drooping peduncles.—Heaths, mountains and moist situations;
common.—Fl. June. Perennial.
8. L. palléscens, a more slender species, 12—18 in. high; with
almost glabrous leaves, clusters of numerous, small, pale yellowish-
brown flowers, and minute seeds, occurs in Huntingdonshire fens.

Orp. LXXXIV. TyPpHACE#.—REED-MACE FAMILY

A small Order of marsh and water plants with creeping rhizomes ;
sword-shaped, linear leaves, sheathing at their bases; and
numerous, small, moncecious flowers, which are only rendered
conspicuous by being crowded in compact cylindrical spikes or
globose heads, the staminate flowers being nearest the apex of the
inflorescence ; pertanth of 3 scales, or a tuft of hairs, persistent ;
stamens 1—6, distinct, or united by their filaments; ovary
superior, 1-chambered, 1-ovuled ; fruzt indehiscent, often angular
from mutual pressure. The Order contains only two genera, both
of which are represented by common British species, the Bur-reeds
(Spargdnium) and the Reed-Maces (Typha). The pollen of the
latter is made into cakes in Scinde and in New Zealand.
1. TypHa.—Flowers in long, dense, cylindrical spikes.
2. SPARGANIUM.—-Flowers in globular heads.

1. TypHA (Reed-Mace).—Herbaceous, aquatic plants with

sword-shaped leaves ; long, dense, cylindrical brown spikes of
pistillate flowers, surmounted by a more slender, deciduous spike
of staminate ones ; perzanth of 2 or 3 slender hairs; stamens 3,
monadelphous ; ovary stalked ; style slender. (Name from the
Greek tuphos, a marsh, where these plants grow.)
1. T. latifolia (Great Reed-Mace, or Cat’s tail)—Our largest
herbaceous aquatic, often growing 6—8 feet high, with nearly flat,
linear, glaucous Jeaves, and stout, cylindrical peduncles, sur-
mounted by a club-hke spike of pistillate fowers which is contin-
504 TYPHACEA

uous with that of staminate flowers—Ponds ; common. Often

called Bulrush, a name properly belonging to the large rush-like
Scirpus lacustris—¥Fl. July, August. Perennial.
2. T. angustifolia (Lesser Reed-
Mace, or Cat’s-tail).—-Smaller and
more slender, with narrow leaves
grooved below, not glaucous, longer
than the flowering stems, and the
long, slender spike of pistillate
flowers separate from the staminate
one.—Ponds ; less frequent. Both
\\ these species are now largely sold
i} as ornaments.—Fl. July, August.
/ Perennial.
2. SpaRGANIUM (Bur-reed).—
Graceful aquatics with sword-shaped
leaves and flowers in distinct, dense,
globular heads; pertanth 3—6-
leaved, membranous ; stamens 2—-3,
distinct. (Name in Greek denoting
a little band or strap, from the
ribbon-like leaves. )
1. S. eréctum (Branched Bur-
reed).—A large aquatic with erect,
branched stem, 1--4 feet high;
leaves erect, sword-shaped, triangular
at the base with concave sides;
linear bracts; 1—3 lower heads,
larger, pistillate; upper, half the
size, staminate, olive-brown in bud,
deciduous ; fruits broadly ovoid,
abruptly and_ shortly beaked.—
Ditches ; common.—FI. June, July.
Perennial.
2. S. negléctum (Overlooked Bur-
reed). — A very similar plant,
TYPHA LATIFOLIA
differing
: ,
chiefly in the fruzts, which,
.
(Great Reed-Mace, or Cats:taily, When; Tipe, are -oboyvatey ‘tapenas
gradually into a long beak.
3. S. simplex (Unbranched Upright Bur-reed).—A smaller
plant with unbranched stem; leaves triangular at the base, with
flat sides, sometimes floating; heads in a raceme, the lower
pistillate ones shortly stalked ; the staminate ones sessile, yellow ;
 REED-MACE FAMILY 5°5

fruits resembling those of S. negléctum, but smaller.—Ditches;

common.—Fl. June—August. eg
4. S. ndtans (Floating Bur-reed). — weak, unbranched.
floating plant, with very long, grass- aks flat, floating leaves

SPARGANIUM ERECTUM (Branched Bur-reed).

several staminate heads ; and stalked, long-beaked fruits.—Lakes;

rare.—Fl. August. Perennial.
5. S. minimum (Least Bur-reed).—A more slender form, with
pale, pellucid leaves ; 1—2 staminate heads ; and sessile, short-
beaked fruits. phen and ditches; more common. —Fl. July,
August. Perennial.
506 ARO{DEX

Orv. LXXXV. ArofpE#—THE Cuckoo-PINT FAMILY

A considerable Order of curious plants, many of which much
resemble our British Lords-and-Ladies (Arum maculdtum). ‘They
abound in tropical countries, and possess acrid and even poison-
ous qualities, which, however, may be dissipated by heat. They
mostly have fleshy, underground stems, often large, starchy corms,
with their small flowers on a simple fleshy peduncle or spadix, and
enclosed in one large, sheathing
spathe. The flowers are either
perfect or moncecious; the
perianth absent or represented
by 4-8 scales ; stamens 1—8;
ovary 1—3-chambered, superior;
fruit berry-like. Some species
of Amerphophdllus, natives of
tropical Asia, have enormous
corms : the Dumb-Cane of the
West Indies (Diéeffenbdchia
seguina) is so called from pro-
ducing, when chewed, a violent
and painful swelling of the
tongue and uvula: species of
Calddium are cultivated for
their variegated leaves; and
those of Anthurium for their
spathes, which are sometimes
a brilliant scarlet, for which
reason the name Flamingo-
flower has been applied to them.
Zantedéschia ethiopica, under
the name of Trumpet-lily or
Calla, is one of the best-known ©
members of the Order. In
ARUM MACULATUM 1 aie
(Cuckoo-pint, Wake-Robin, Lords-ana- South Africa as known aed the
Ladies). Pig-lily, pigs feeding on its
corms. ~An attempt has been’
made to utilise the starch in these stems, but it is mixed with
numerous needle-like crystals. ‘These raphides, as they are called,
are also abundant in our British Arum maculdtum, an acridly
poisonous plant, the corms of which were formerly, however,
collected in the Isle of Portland for the manufacture of Portland
Arrowroot. The Sweet Sedge (Acorus Cdlamus), another British
species, has no raphides. ‘This plant in olden times supplied the
 7 ;i a
i
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‘
a= o 7 ‘

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es 2
il ‘é i 4

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baal | 7 co
7
* A —

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y-" s 7

;
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2 . sm

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Fig. 62. Cuckoo-pint (Lords and Ladies), (Arwm maculatum
 CUCKOO-PINT FAMILY 5°7

‘rushes ” with which, before the use of carpets had been introduced
into England, it was customary to strew the floors of the great. As
it did not grow near London, but had to be fetched at considerable
expense from Norfolk and Suffolk, one of the charges of extra-
vagance brought against Cardinal Wolsey was that he caused -his
floors to be strewed with fresh rushes too frequently. Its bitter
rhizome is used in herb-beers, gin, and snuff. Most species of
the Order give out a con-
siderable amount of heat
within the spathe at the
time of flowering, so that
the temperature rises notice-
ably above that of the ex-
ternal air. Many of them
also have lurid colouring
and a fetid odour.
1. ARUM.— Leaves hastate,
net-veined ; | spathe con-
volute ; flowers moncecious ;
perianth absent.
2... AeORUS. — Leaves
sword - shaped, parallel -
veined; spathe leaf-like, not
convolute; flowers perfect ;
pertanth 6-leaved.

rt. ARUM (Cuckoo-pint).

— Rhizome short, fleshy ;
leaves radical, hastate, net-
veined, glabrous, with a
sheathing petiole; spathe
convolute, contracted above
the base ; spadix terminated dr:
by a club-shaped, naked, Acorus CALAmus (Sweet Sedge).
fleshy appendix; flowers
monvecious, the carpellate ones below, separated by some aborted
ones from the staminate ones, above which are some more
aborted ones ; pertanth absent ; fruzt berry-like, 1-chambered, few-
seeded. (Name, from the Greek name of the plant.)
1. A. maculdtum (Cuckoo-pint, Lords-and-Ladies, Wake-Robin).
—A succulent, herbaceous plant, with large, glossy, arrow-shaped, -
radical Jeaves,which are often spotted with dark purple. The pale
yellow-green spathe is erect and twice as long as the spadix. They
may-be discerned wrapped up in the young leaf-stalks even before
508 : LEMNACE&

the leaves have risen above the ground. The appendt~ is a rich
crimson, dull purple, or light pink, which is easily rubbed off, or
yellow. At the base of the spadix are numerous sessile ovartes
or carpellate flowers ; above them a row with aborted styles ; yet
higher up several whorls of purple sessile anthers or staminate
flowers ; and above them some aborted ones or staminodes. ‘The
spathe and appendix soon wither, leaving the ovaries, which
finally become a mass of scarlet berries, conspicuous in autumn.
—Hedges and woods; common.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.
The berries are poisonous.
2. A. itdlicum, a larger species, with larger, longer-stalked,
hastate, winter leaves, sometimes with yellowish veins; spathe
three times as long as the spadix, nodding ; appendix yellow.—
Along the south coast ; local.—Fl. June. Perennial.
2. Acorus (Sweet Sedge).—Rhizome long; leaves radical,
sword-shaped ; spathe leaf-like, not convolute or contracted;
spadix lateral, without an appendix; flowers perfect ; pertanth of
6 membranous segments ; stamens 6 ; ovary 3-chambered, superior.
(Name in Greek denoting that the plant has the power of curing
diseases of the pupil of the eye.)
1. A, Calamus (Sweet Sedge).—The only British species, an
aquatic plant, with somewhat the habit of a Sedge, easily dis-
tinguished from all other British plants by the wavy margins of
the leaves, the peculiar spadix, and the fragrance of the stems
and leaves when bruised.—In water; rare.— Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
Orp. LXXXVI. LEMNACEZ.—DUCK-WEED FAMILY
A small group of widely-distributed, minute, green plants,
floating in standing waters, composed of leaf-like scales, with no
distinction of stem and leaf, generally with unbranched, thread-
like roots hanging downwards in the water, propagating themselves
principally by offsets, but sometimes producing 1—3 minute
flowers, which are moncecious, generally enclosed in a small, mem-
branous spathe ; perianth absent ; staminate flowers each of a single
stamen; carpellate-flower a 1-chambered, 1—7-ovuled ovary ; fruit
bladdery, indehiscent.
1. LkMNA.—Roots present; flowers marginal; spathe mem-
branous ; stamens stalked, with 2-chambered anthers.
2. WO6LFFIA.—Rootless ; flowers on the upper surface ; spathe
absent ; stamens sessile ; anthers 1-chambered.
1. Limna (Duck-weed).—Minute, green, floating plants, with
simple or lobed scale-like fronds; with thread-like roots ; rarely
 WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY 509

producing 1—3 flowers, enclosed in a membranous spathe, in a

marginal cleft ; stamens stalked, with 2-chambered azthers.
(Name, the Greek name of the plant.)
1. L. tristlca (Ivy-leaved Duck-weed).— Fronds thin, pellucid,
3—3 in. long, budding at right angles, obovate-lanceolate, each
bearing 1 root. Bulbils are produced in autumn.—Stagnant
water ; frequent.—Fl. June. Annual.
2. L. minor (Lesser Duck-weed).—Fronds compressed, opaque,
paler beneath, not more than + in. long, obovate, blunt, each
bearing 1 voot.—Stagnant water ; often so abundant as to cover
the surface, where, with the insects which it harbours, it is greedily
devoured by ducks.—F]. June—August. Annual.
3. L. gibba (Gibbous Duck-weed).—Fronds flat above, hemi-
spherical and spongy beneath, opaque, pale, +—% in. long,
obovate, blunt, each bearing 1 voot.—Stagnant water ;uncommon.
—Fl. June—September. Annual.

LEMNA MINOR (Lesser Duck-weed).

4. L. polyrrhiza (Greater Duck-weed).— Fronds dark green

above, purple beneath, compressed, j—4 in. long, broadly
obovate, each bearing many clustered roots.—Ponds and ditches ;
not common.—Flower not known in Britain. Annual.
2. WOLFFIA, represented by the one British species, W. arrhiza,
is the smallest known flowering plant, the rootless, flattish, sub-
globular fronds not being more than ,), in. long.—Ponds near
London. The flowery is not known in Britain. Annual.

Orp. LXXXVII. ALISMACE&.—WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY 7

A small but widely distributed Order of aquatic plants, often
floating, with leaves chiefly radical, with long, sheathing stalks ;
flowers usually perfect ; pertanth of 6 distinct leaves in 2 whorls,
the 3 inner, or all, coloured ; stamens 6, 9, or more, hypogynous ;
510 ALISMACE&

carpels 3, 6, or more, mostly free, superior, I- or more-seeded;

fruit of achenes or follicles.
1. ALfsmMa.—Leaves erect or floating; flowers solitary, or in
whorls, perfect ; outer perianth-leaves green ; stamens 6 ; carpels
numerous, free, 1-seeded, indehiscent.
2. SAGITTARIA.—Leaves erect, arrow-shaped ; flowers in whorls,
imperfect ; otherwise as in Alisma.
3.5 DAMASONIUM.—
/
Leaves floating ; flowers in
NG whorls, perfect; carpels
q Na 6—10, united at the base,
Y : () Ms 1—2-seeded, dehiscent ;
A\ | ve otherwise as in Alisma.
ig 4. Buromus. — Leaves
erect ; flowers in an umbel,
perfect ; pertanth-leaves all
coloured ; stamens g from
the branching of the 3
outer ; carpels 6, united at
the base, many-seeded,
dehiscent.

1. ALfsma (Water-Plan-
tain). — Aquatic plants
with fibrous roots; erect
leaves ; flowers in whorls,
perfect ; outer perianth-
leaves green; Stamens 6;
carpels numerous, free,
1 - seeded, indehiscent.
(Name, the Greek name
of the plant, of doubtful
etymology.)
1. A. Plantdgo-aquatica
: : _. (Great Water-Plantain).—
ALISMA PLANTAGO-AQUATICA (G7eat Water-Plantain). » stout, herbaceous plant,

2—3 feet high, with large, long-stalked, radical leaves, ovate-

lanceolate, 5—7-ribbed, like those of a Plantain ; and a tall, erect,
much-branched panicle of whorled flowers, the inner pertanth-leaves
of which are very delicate, white or pale lilac, and soon fall off ;
carpels 20—30 in a ring.—Margins of rivers, lakes, and ponds ;
common.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
2. A. ranunculoides (Lesser Water-Plantain)—Much smaller
than the last, with linear-lanceolate, 3-ribbed leaves, some of which
 Fig. 63.
Great. Water Plantain.
.(Alisnja Plantago-aguatica:.
 WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY 511

are submerged or floating and pellucid ; flowers in 1 or 2 umbeliate

whorls, larger than in the last; carpels in a globose head.—
Peaty bogs ; not uncommon.—F]. May—September. Perennial.
3. A. ndtans (Floating Water-Plantain).—A slender, often very
long plant with flowers about } in. across.—Mountain lakes in the
west ; rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
2. SacitrARiA_ (Arrow-head).—Roots fibrous; leaves erect,

———

aes
4=a
eS

2S

oea
SS

SAGITTARIA SAGITTIFOLIA BUTOMUS UMBELLATUS

(Common Arrow-head). (Flowering Rush).

arrow-shaped, the basal lobes directed downwards or floating, or

submerged and without the basal lobes; flowers in whorls,
moncecious, the upper ones larger and staminate ; stamens indefi-
nite ; carpels numerous, free, 1-seeded, indehiscent, in a head.
(Name from the Latin sagitta, an arrow, from the shape of the
leaves.)
1.S. sagittifolia (Common Arrow-head).—The only British
species, a pretty plant, easily distinguished by its arrow-shaped
ee NAIADACEZ

leaves and unbranched peduncle, with 3—5 whorls, each of 3—5

rather large, delicate, white or pinkish flowers, rising a few inches
out of the water.—Rivers and ditches; not uncommon.—Fl.
July—-September. Perennial.
*S. heterophjlla,a North American species, with ovate unbarbed
leaves on long sheathing petioles and short peduncles with small
white flowers, resembling those of the Water-Plantains, occurs in
the dixe,
3. DamasOnium (Star-fruit, Thrumwort)—Aquatic plants with
the habit of the Water-Plantains ; but with floating leaves and 6—
10 carpels united at their base and spreading horizontally in the
form of astar. (Name of uncertain origin.)
1. D. Alisma (Common Star-fruit).—The only British species ;
leaves long-stalked, cordate-oblong, 3—5-ribbed, floating ; flowers
in 1—3 whorls, stalked, white, + in. across, with a yellow spot at
the base of each petal ; fruzt generally of 6 rather large, 2-seeded,
long-beaked, dehiscent carpzls. Gravelly ponds and ditches in
the south ; rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
4. Btromus (Flowering Rush), represented only by one species,
B. umbelldtus, is a tall aquatic with a creeping rhizome ; sword-
shaped, radical leaves 2—4 feet long ; and numerous handsome,
rose-coloured flowers, I in. across, in a_ terminal, bracteate,
simple umbel, on a cylindric peduncle 2—3 feet high; the
perianth-leaves are all petaloid; stamens 9, with red anthers;
carpels 6, united at the base, many-seeded, dehiscent down one
side.—Stagnant water and slow rivers; not uncommon. (Name
from the Greek bous, an ox, and temno, I cut; because cattle
were apt to cut their mouths with the leaves of some plant to
which the name was originally applied.)--Fl. June, July.
Perennial.

Orv. LXXXVIII. NarapAcE®.—POND-WEED FAMILY

A small Order of aquatic and marsh plants, usually with a
creeping rhizome; slender, branched, jointed stems; leaves
sheathing at the base, often’ floating, sometimes almost leathery,
but more frequently thin and pellucid ; flowers small, inconspicu-
ous, olive-green, sometimes solitary, but more frequently in spikes ;
perianth of 3—6 inferior, valvate scales, tubular, or absent;
stamens 1—6, hypogynous ; carpels 1—6, 1-ovuled, indehiscent,
sometimes in distinct flowers from the stamens.
1. TRIGLOCHIN.—Leaves linear; flowers ebracteate, perfect;
perianth of 6 similar, erect, green leaves ; stamens 6; carpels 3—6.
Fig. 64. Flowering Rush.

(Butomus umbellatus)
Se
-
Es
- : 7 -
ae

aol
=
rl
a
 POND-WEED FAMILY 513

2. SCHEUCHZERIA.— Leaves linear; flowers bracteate, perfect;

perianth of 6 similar, reflexed, green leaves ; stamens 6; carpels 3,
united below.
3. PoTAMOGETON.—Flowers in a spike, perfect ; perzanth of 4
leaves ; stamens 4; carpels 4, sessile.
4. RGppia.—Flowers in a spike, perfect; perianth absent:
stamens 2; carpels 4, at first sessile, afterwards each raised on a
long stalk.
5. ZANNICHELLIA. —- Flowers
axillary, moncecious; perzanth ()\
absent ; stamen 1 ; carpels 2—6 ; |
stigmas peltate.
6. ZOSTERA.—Flowers monce-
cious, arranged alternately in 2
rows on a long leaf-like spadix ;
perianth absent; stamen 1,
sessile, 1-chambered ; carpel 1,
sessile.
7. Nafas.—Flowers axillary,
dicecious; pertanth absent or
4-lobed ; stamen 1, sessile, 1—4-
chambered ; carpel 1, sessile;
stigmas 2—4, awl-shaped.

1. TRIGLOCHIN (Arrow-grass).
—Roots fibrous; leaves linear;
flowers in an ebracteate raceme,
small, green, inconspicuous,
perfect ; perianth of 6 similar,
erect leaves ; stamens 63; ovary
3—6-chambered, superior ; sézg-
mas feathery
. .
; fruit. 3—6-seeded, TRIGLOCHIN
nee!
PALUSTRE
separating into dehiscent carpels. (Marsh Arrow-grass).
(Name from the Greek ?rezs,
three, and gléchin, a point, from the pointed carpels.)
1. T. palustré (Marsh Arrow-grass).—A plant with something of
the habit of Plantégo maritima, from which it may easily be
distinguished by its fewer flowers and slenderer raceme, as well as
by the different structure of the flowers. It has runners ; leaves
radical, linear, fleshy, 8—ro in. high ; flowers in a loose raceme;
fruit linear, angular, of 3 combined carpels.—Marshy places ;
common.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
2. T. maritimum (Sea Arrow-grass).—Like the last, but larger,
stouter, and well distinguished by its rounded, ovoid capsule of 6
LL
514 NAIADACE

combined carpels.—Salt marshes ; common.—Fl. May—Septem-

ber. Perennial.
2. SCHEUCHZERIA, represented by the one species S. palustris,
has a long, creeping rhizome ; leaves linear, semicylindric, with
swollen brown sheaths ; flowers 4—6, in a loose, bracteate raceme,
perfect ; pertanth of 6 similar, reflexed, green leaves ; stamens 6 ;
carpzls 3,-united below.—Peaty bogs; very rare, found only in
the north. (Name from the Swiss naturalists, the Scheuchzers). aS
Fl. July. Petenmial:
3. PoTaMoGETOoN (Pond-weed).—Floating or submerged plants,
with translucent or opaque, leathery leaves, scattered or opposite,
generally stipulate; flowers in a spike, perfect ; perzanth of 4
small, green, valvate, persistent leaves ; stamens 4; carpels 4,

POTAMOGETON NATANS (Floating Pond-weed).

sessile, free, 1-seeded. (Name from the Greek potamos, a river,

and geiton, a neighbour.)
* Leaves scattered, or the upper opposite, oblong, obovate or
lanceolate, involute ; stipules free
1. P. ndtans (Floating Pond-weed).—An aquatic plant, with
cord-like stems, proportioned to the depth of the water in which
it grows ; upper leaves floating, on long stalks, smooth, leathery,
elliptical to lanceolate, 2—-6 in. long, with small auricles and very
long, pointed stipules, lower not always present, submersed,
reduced to very narrow linear phyllodes a foot long; flowers
numerous, small, green, in dense cylindric spikes which rise
above the surface of the water on stout, axillary peduncles ; carpels
rather large, keeled, with a short beak.—Ponds and ditches ;
common.—FI. June—September. Perennial.
2. P. polygonifolius——A more membranous plant with long-
 POND-WEED FAMILY 515

stalked leaves, the upper opposite, obovate to lanceolate, rounded

at the base, lower linear-lanceolate ; flowers in slender spikes on
slender stalks ; carpels very small, not keeled, red, with very short
beak.—Ponds; very common.—Fl. June—September. Peren-
nial.
3. P. fluitans.—A rare form with an unbranched stem ; very
long, submerged Jeaves and rather leathery, floating ones, and a
fruit resembling that of P. ndtans.
4. P. colordtus (Plantain-leaved Pond-weed).—Leaves mostly
submerged, long-stalked, membranous, pellucid, beautifully
netted, broader than those of the preceding species, elliptic-
orbicular, on slender stalks, with short, broad, blunt stzpules ; very
slender peduncles ; carpels very small, rounded, green.—Peaty
ditches ;uncommon.—F 1. June—September. Perennial.
5. P. alpinus (Reddish Pond-weed).—Stem round, unbranched,
1—4 feet long; leaves reddish, lanceolate, translucent, upper
short-stalked, broader, floating, or erect, rather leathery ; lower
submerged, sessile, many-nerved ; stipules large, blunt ; flowers in
stout spikes on stout stalks ; carpels ovoid, pointed, keeled, red.—
Ditches ; frequent.—Fl. July—September. Perennial.
6. P. sparganitfolius (Bur-reed-leaved Pond-weed), known only
in Galway, has a slender, slightly-branched stem ; long leaves, the
upper often absent, or long-stalked, floating, and rather leathery,
the lower linear and many-nerved ; and long sizpules.
7. P. lanceoldtus (Lanceolate Pond-weed).—A very rare species
with very slender, fragile stem; dark green, oblong, obtuse,
pellucid, reticulate leaves, with slender, pointed stipules; flowers
in short spikes on short, slender stalks, and carpels 3-toothed.—
Rivers in Cambridge, Anglesea, and Down.—Fl. July—September.
Perennial.
8. P. heterophyllus (Various-leaved Pond-weed).—Stem slender,
round, 2—4 feet long, much branched below; leaves flat, upper
floating, opposite, leathery, elliptic, lower submerged, lanceolate,
flaccid ; sizpules small; flowers numerous in dense spikes on
stout, axillary and terminal stalks which thicken upward ; carpels
small, 3-keeled, with a short beak.—Ditches ; frequent—Fl. June
—September. Perennial.
9. P. falcdtus—A dark green or reddish-green plant, with a
tuberous rhizome ; slender, round stem, branched. below ; leaves
amplexicaul, entire, flat, wpper leathery, with 6 opaque ribs on
each side of the mid-rib, lower with 3; stipules herbaceous,
persistent ; flowers in a dense, cylindric spike about an inch long
ona slightly longer peduncle ; frwzts small, dark green, rounded,
keeled, with a prominent beak.—Near Ramsey, Huntingdon.
LL2
516 NAIADACEA

10. P. nitens (Glistening Pond-weed).—A closely allied, much

branched form, with numerous rooting branches springing from
the axils of its upper leaves; leaves usually all submerged,
scattered, recurved, with a wavy margin and a shining surface ;
flowers in shorter spikes, thickening less upward.—Ditches ; chiefly
in the north ; uncommon.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.
11. P. lucens (Shining Pond-weed).—The largest British species ;
stem stout, 3—6 feet long; leaves mostly submerged, shortly-
stalked, 4—1I0 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, wavy, toothed, pellucid,
many nerved ; stipules large, long, keeled; flowers in a stout,
dense, cylindric spike on a short, thick stalk, thickening upward ;
cgrpels small, rounded, with a short, blunt beak.—Lakes ; frequent.
—Fl. June—September. Perennial.
12. P. decipiens—A closely allied form with sessile, broad,
pointed, scarcely toothed leaves ; short, scarcely winged stipules;
and shorter flower-stalks.
13. P. angustifolius—An allied, but smaller, much branched
species ; leaves long-stalked, with entire margins, upper floating,
obovate-oblong, wedge-shaped at the base, rather leathery, lower
often recurved; flower-spikes 1—2 1n., on very long stalks;
carpels rounded.—Ponds ; not common.—Fl. June—September.
Perennial.
14. P. Griffithiit, a rare form, with branched siem; leaves all
submerged, 7—12 in. long, 11—17-nerved, narrow, boat-shaped
at the apex ; stipules long, narrow, and blunt ; flowers in dense
spikes on slender stalks shorter than the leaves ; occurs only in
Aber Lake, Carnarvonshire.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
15. P. prelongus (Long-stalked Pond-weed).—A similar species
with stout, greenish-white stem; leaves iinear-oblong, blunt,
entire, half-sheathing, concave at the tip, 3-nerved ; sizpules large,
blunt ; flowers in dense cylindric spikes on very long, stout stalks ;
carpels large, with sharp keels.—Lakes and deep rivers ; local.—
Fl. May—July. Perennial.
16. P. perfolidtus (Perfoliate Pond-weed).—Stem round, stout,
dichotomously branched; leaves all submersed, egg-shaped 2—3
in. long, embracing the stem, pellucid, 5—9-nerved, brown, and
almost transparent, having when dry the appearance of gold-
beaters’ skin, and so sensitive to moisture that they will curl when
laid on the palm of the hand; stipules small, falling off; flowers
in dense spikes on short, stout stalks ; carpels scarcely keeled,
with short beaks.—Ponds and lakes; common.—Fl. June—
September. Perennial.
17. P. crispus (Curly Pond-weed).—Stem slender, compressed,
dichotomously branched ; leaves alternate, close-set, 1—3 in. long,
 POND-WEED FAMILY 517

oblong, wavy, toothed, 3-nerved, spreading, and recurved ; stipules

small, blunt, falling off ; flowers 6—8 in a loose spike on a taper-
ing stalk ; carpels with a long beak.—Ditches ; common.—FI.
June—August. Perennial.

** Leaves nearly opposite, involute, exstipulate

18. P, dénsus (Opposite-leaved Pond-weed). — Stem slender,
brittle, | dichotomously
branched ; leaves all sub- gy Ge =
mersed, embracing the SN re
aeyh
wD &
KSe 4
stem, ovate, toothed, ¥/ i
‘pellucid, §3—5-nerved,
close - set, recurved ;
flowers few, in very short-
stalked spikes; carpels
with short, recurved
beaks. — Ditches and
ponds; common. — FI.
June — September. © Pe-
rennial.

*** Leaves all similar,

strap-shaped, with flat
margins and _ free Vr
p
stipules | ms
.
19. P. compréssus. — it
Stem compressed, wing- j
ed; leaves 4 — 10 in, A
acute, 3—5-nerved; st- Ye
pules large, acute ; flowers —)}
many, in cylindric, long- \
stalked spikes; carpels ; \,
compressed, 3-ribbed.—
Ditches ; local.—FI. July, POTAMOGETON DENSUS (Offosite-leaved Pond-weed),
August. Perennial.
_ 20. P. acutifolius.—Stem compressed, narrower than in the
preceding ; /Jeaves much as in the preceding but shorter and with
narrower stipules; flowers in a very short oval, short-stalked
spike ; carpels compressed, with a recurved beak.—Lakes and
ditches ; rare.—F]. June—August. Perennial.
21. P. obtusifolius (Grassy Pond-weed).—Stem slender, 4-angled,
much branched ; Jeaves sessile, linear, obtuse, dark green, opaque,
3-nerved ; stipules broad, blunt ; flowers few, in a dense, oval,
518 NAIADACE

short-stalked spike ; carpels compressed, keeled, with a straight

beak.—Ditches ; frequent.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
22. P. Friésitz.—Stem thread-like, compressed ; leaves often in
tufts, linear, 1—3 in., 5—7-nerved ; stzpules small, acute ; flowers
few, minute, in an interrupted spike on a slender, compressed
stalk ; carpels small, swollen, bluntly keeled, with short, stout
beak.—Ponds and ditches ; local—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
23. P. pusillus (Small Pond-weed).—A tangled mass of thread-
like stems; and dull, olive-green, narrowly-linear, 1—3-nerved,
acute leaves ; with numerous, small, loose, long-stalked spikes of
brownish flowers, which are either submersed, or rise partially
above the surface of the water—Ponds and lakes ;common.—
Fl, June—August. Perennial.
24. P. Sturrockit,a very slender, delicate, and elegant form,
closely allied to the preceding, with bright green, pellucid, 3—5-
nerved, obtuse leaves 2—3 in. long ; flowers in a very small spike
on a very slender stalk; and carpels very small and shortly
beaked. Occurs only in Forfar and Perth.
25. P. trichoides (Hair-like Pond-weed).—Stem thread-like, with
numerous spreading dichotomous branches; leaves Dristle-like,
spreading, stiff, acute, 1-veined, dark green, 1—2 in. long, with
slender, acute stipules ; flowers 3—6, very minute, on a slender
stalk ; carpels 1 in each flower, compressed, with a short beak.—
Ponds ; rare.—Fl. August—October. Perennial.

¥*** Teaves all similar, submerged, linear, with flat margins and
stipules united into a sheath
26. P. pectindtus (Fennel-leaved Pond-weed).—Forming dense
tangled masses of thread-like stems with alternate branches;
leaves 3—8 in. long, upper 1-nerved, of 2 hollow tubes, lower flat,
3-nerved ; flowers few, in interrupted spikes on long, slender
stalks ; carpels large, swollen, slightly keeled, with short beaks.—
Streams ;common.—Fl. June—-August. Perennial.
27: P. interruptus, a Closely allied form, with flat, 1—5-nerved
leaves and obscurely keeled carpels, 1s less common. Often in
brackish waters.
28. P. filiformis (Slender-leaved Pond-weed).—Stem thread-like,
with short branches below ; leaves hair-like, 1-nerved, channelled ;
flowers in dense, separate whorls ; carpels small, with very slight
keels and beaks—Lakes; local—Fl. June—September. Pe-
rennial.
4. Rtppia (Tassel Pond-weed).—Slender, aquatic herbs with
thread-like, sheathing Jeaves and an umbellate group of minute,
 POND-WEED FAMILY 519

perfect flowers without a pertanth ; stamens 2; carpels 4, at first

sessile, afterwards each raised on a long stalk. (Named in honour
of H. B. Ruppius, a botanist of the 18th century.)
1. R. maritima (Spiral Tassel Pond-weed).—A much-branched,
thread-like plant, with the habit of Potamogeton pectindtus, 2 feet
or more long ; leaves 1—3 in. long, with inflated sheaths ; flower-
stalk becoming spirally coiled, and 5—6 in. long, when in fruit;
ovate carpels with short beaks, on stalks, 1—2 in. long.—Brackish-
water ditches ; rare—-F]. July—September. Perennial.
Recline, HOSEG LL £2
(Beaked Tassel Pond-
weed)—A more com-
mon form, differing in
the small, close sheaths
of its leaves, its short,
not spiral flower-stalk,
and the oblique base of
its carpels—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

. ZANNICHELLIA
(Horned Pondweed).—
Slender, submerged
plants, with linear leaves
with sheathing bases
and adherent stipules ;
minute, axillary, gener-
ally moncecious flowers
without a _ perzanth ; 7

stamen 1 ; carpels 2—6 ;

stigmas peltate. (Named
in honour of J. J. Zan- :
nichelli, a Venetian RUPPIA MARITIMA (Spiral Tassel Pond-weed).
botanist.)
1. Z. palustris (Common Horned Pond-weed).—A submersed
aquatic with the habit of the preceding genus; stem slender,
3—6 in. long, with spreading branches; opposite, thread-like
leaves 1—3 in. long ; flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so ; stamen
4—1 in. long, with 4-chambered anther ; carpels 2—4, sessile,
with short styles and small, crenulate stigmas —Ditches ; common.
—Fl. May—August. Annual. | +
2. Z. brachystemon, the commonest form, differs in having a
stamen only a quarter as long, with a 2-chambered anther, and a
larger stigma.
520 NAIADACE

3. Z. pedunculdta, a less common form, has a stamen of inter-

mediate length, with a 2-chambered anther, long styles, large
stigmas, and stalked carpels.
4. Z. polycadrpa, a rare form, occurring in the Orkney Islands,
has a very short stamen with a 2-chambered anther, 5—6 sessile
carpels, with very short styles and large stigmas.
6. ZosTERA (Grass-
wrack).—Grass-like, sub-
merged marine plants
with creeping rhizomes ;
compressed stems ; alter-
nate, long, linear, sheath-
ing leaves with adherent
stipules ; flowers monce-
cious, arranged altern-
ately in two rows on a
long, linear, membranous
spadix, enclosed in a
spathe ; pertanth absent ;
stamen 1, sessile, 1-
chambered ; carpels each
with 1 style, 2 stigmas,
and 1 ovule. (Name from
the Greek zostér, a girdle
or riband, from the form
of the leaves.)
1. Z. marina (Common
Grass-wrack). — A com-
mon plant in the sea,
near low-water mark, with
long, cord-like — stems,
bright green grass-like
leaves, 1—3 feet long,
3—7-veined, and _ long,
—— leafy sheaths or spathes
ZOSTERA MARINA (Common Grass-wrack). to the bead-like rows of
numerous simple flowers.
The dried leaves and stems are collected, under the name of
Alva, for stuffing mattresses and packing glass.——Fl. July—
September. Perennial.
2. Z. ndna (Dwarf Grass-wrack), an uncommon species, differs
in having leaves not more than 6 in. long and 1—-3-veined, and
fewer flowers in a shorter spathe, with 2—5 inflexed membranous
appendages or clasping bands.—F]. April—August. Perennial.
 PIPE-WORT FAMILY 521

7. Nafas.
— Slender, submerged, aquatic herbs with linear,
whorled Jeaves, with adherent stipules ; axillary, dicecious flowers ;
stamen 1, sessile, 1—4-chambered, enclosed in 2 sheaths or
perianth-whorls ; carpel 1, sessile; stigmas 2—4, awl-shaped.
(Name from the Greek mazas, a water-nymph.)
1. N. flexilis (Flexible Naias).—A little, submerged plant, with
thread-like, branched, brittle stems ; linear, entire Jeaves in whorls
of 3, about an inch long, bright green, pellucid, with ciliate
sheaths ; flowers 1—3 together.—Deep lakes, Perthshire, Skye,
and Connemara.—Fl. August, September. Annual.
2. N. marina (Larger Naias).-—Siem less branched ; leaves in
whorls of 2 or 3, strongly spinosely serrate, with entire sheaths ;
flowers solitary.—Hickling Broad, Norfolk.—Fl. July.
3.* N. gramin-a. — Leaves olive-green, in tufts with serrate
sheaths.—In a canal at Ashton-under-Lyne ; not indigenous.

Orv. LXXXIX. ErRIocAuLE&.—THE PIPE-worT FAMILY

A group of herbaceous plants chiefly inhabiting tropical
swamps, with their /eaves mostly radical, linear and sheathing, and
often hollow; minute, imperfect flowers in a bracteate head;
perianth inferior, of 2 whorls of 2—3 leaves each ; stamens double
the number of the inner perianth-lobes, but half of them often
rudimentary ; carpels 2—3, united; style single, terminal, short,
persistent ; stigmas 2—3 slender ; ovules solitary in each carpel ;
fruit capsular.
1. ERIOCAULON (Pipe-wort).—Staminate flowers chiefly in the
centre of the head, generally 2-merous; outer pertanth-leaves
spathulate ; zmer united in a tube. (Name from the Greek
erton, wool, kaulos, a stem, some species having a woolly
peduncle.) ’
1. E. septanguldve (Common Pipe-wort). — A little submerged
plant with a creeping rhizome ; short, leafy stem ; leaves subulate,
2—4 In. long, green, pellucid, compressed ; flowers on a 6—8-angled
peduncle from 6 in. to 2 feet high, in a small head with. lead-
coloured bracts ; outer pertanth-leaves black, fringed ; tmner with a
black spot ; stamens usually 4, with dark anthers.—Lakes in Skye
and Connemara; but mainly North American.—Fl. August.
Perennial.

-Sus-Ciass Il. GLUMIFERAZ

Flowers in spikelets (small spikes) each in the axil of one of the
imbricate, rigid, chaff-like bracts or glumes; ferianth absent or
522 CYPERACEE
represented only by minute scales or bristles; carpels I—3 ; ovary
1-chambered, 1-ovuled ; seeds albuminous.

Orp XC. CyYPERACE&.—THE SEDGE FAMILY

A large Order of grass-like and rush-like plants, comprising
more than 2,000 species in about 60 genera, occurring in all
parts of the world, but especially in the colder parts of the
Northern Hemisphere, where they often cover large areas of
marshy ground. ‘Their stems are generally solid, often 3-angled,
and without enlarged nodes; their Jeaves have a tubular sheath,
and are generally linear, being commonly tristichous and sharply
folded longitudinally ; and their flowers are often imperfect. The
perianth is often absent, or consists of three or more scales or
bristles. The stamens are 1—6, usually 3 in number, with flat-
tened filaments and basifixed anthers. ‘The ovary is 1-chambered
and sometimes 3-angled and enclosed in a flask-shaped mem-
branous covering known as a w¢ricle, formed of 2 united bracte-
oles; there is a single terminal style and 2—3-cleft stigma ; and
the fruit is a small indehiscent, 1-seeded caryopsis.
The Sedges differ mainly in structure from the Grasses in their
solid, angular stems with unswollen nodes; their tristichous
leaves with unsplit tubular sheaths; their basifixed anthers ; and
their less feathery stigmas. They differ in a still more marked
manner in their properties and uses to man. Their harsh leaves
and stems contain but little sugar, and form but poor pasturage,
nor do they seem readily susceptible of improvement under cultt-
vation in the size of their grain. The stems of the Bulrush
(Scirpus lacustris) are used for the rush bottoms of chairs, for
making hassocks and mats, and by coopers for placing between the
staves of casks. Those of the African Papyrus antiquorum, cut
in slices, furnished the paper of ancient Eygpt.

* Spikelets many-flowered ; flowers perfect

1. CypERUS. — Spikelets compressed; glumes in 2 rows,
deciduous.
2. ELEOCHARIS.—Sptkelet .solitary, terminal; perzanth of 3-—6
included bristles.
3. Scirpus.—Sptkelets clustered, lateral; perzanth of 3—6
included bristles, or absent.
4. BLYsmus. — Spikelets alternate, in a _ bracteate spike;
perianth of 3—6 included bristles. ;
5. Er1t6pHoRUM.—Sptkelets terminal pertanth of long exserted
bristles becoming silky.
 SEDGE FAMILY 523
** Sptkelets 1- or few-flowered ; flowers perfect
6. RuyNcHospora. — Spikelets clustered in heads, terete;
perianth of 6 included bristles ; mut beaked.
7. SCH&NusS. — Spikelets in compact terminal heads, com-
pressed ; glumes in 2 rows; pertanth of few bristles, or absent ;
nut not beaked.
8. CLApIuM.—SpPztkelets terete; perianth absent; nut blunt,
with a fleshy coat.
*** Spikelets 1—2-flowered ; flowers monecious ; pertanth absent
9. Kopretsta.—Upper flower in each spikelet staminate, lower
carpellate ; ovary enclosed by a glume.
KEKE Spikelets many-flowered ; flowers imperfect
to. CAREX.—Glumes imbricate ; ovary enclosed in a persistent
bottle-shaped utricle.

1. Cyperus (Galingale). — Stems triangular; spzkelets many,

compressed, in terminal or lateral bracteate heads or compound
umbels; glwmes numerous ; distichous, deciduous, each, except
the outermost, containing a perfect flower; perianth absent.
(Name from the Greek kupezros, a reed.)
1. C. fuscus (Brown Cyperus).—Stems short, tufted, grass-like,
2—10 in. high; spzkelets flattened, blunt, not more than 4 in.
long, in a compact umbel, with 3 unequal, leaf-like bracts, 1—4
in. long; glumes brown, with green keels—Wet meadows in
Middlesex, Surrey, and the Channel Islands—Fl. August,
September. Annual.
2. C. longus (Sweet Galingale)—A tall, stout plant, 2—4 feet
high, with a few leaves at the base of the stem ; spzkelets numerous
in a very large, loose, unequally-rayed, compound umbel, with
2—3 long, leafy bracts ; glumes numerous, blunt, reddish-brown,
with green keels and pale margins.—Wet meadows in the south
of England; rare. The aromatic rhizome was formerly much
esteemed as a tonic.—Fl. August, September. Perennial.
2. ELeécuaris (Spike-rush). — Tufted, glabrous herbs with
slender stems ; solitary, terminal spzkelets ; glumes numerous, im-
bricate, nearly all containing perfect flowers ; perianth of 3—6
short bristles ; 2u¢ compressed, tipped with the persistent base of
the style. (Name from the Greek hélos, a marsh, chdiro, I
rejoice.)
1. E. acicularis (Least Spike-rush).—A slender, tufted plant ;
rhizome slender, creeping ; stems subulate, 2—4, or even 12 in.
524 CYPERACE&

high, with short sheaths at the base ; spzkelet minute, oblong, red-
brown; flowers 6—8; glumes blunt; stigmas 3; nut minute,
obovoid, ribbed, and transversely striate——Wet sandy places;
frequent.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
2. E. palustris (Marsh Spike-rush).—A creeping plant with a
stout, branched rhizome and many tufts of stems and leaves ;
stems not 6 in. high at edge of water, a foot or more high and.
more distant when in water, nearly
uy round, with membranous, truncate
Da sheaths ; sptkelets terminal, +—+4 in.
ANG. long, oblong ; glumes numerous, dark
brown, with pale, membranous edges
f and green keel; outer bract similar but
B rather larger; pertanth-brisiles. 4—6 ;
style 2-cleft; mut obovate.—Edges of
pools; frequent. -—FID sjumes sfuly.
Perennial.
3. E. uniglumis, differing mainly in
having the outer bract broader, so as
to enclose the base of the spikelet,
occurs especially near the sea and is
much less common.
4. E. multicaulis (Many-stemmed
Spike-rush).—A_ similar but smaller
plant with stems in 1 tuft with obliquely
truncate, acute sheaths ; rather smaller
sptkelets; blunter glumes; perianth-
bristles usually 6 ; styles usually 3-cleft;
nut obovate, 3-angled.—Bogs; fre-
quent.—F1. July, Aupust> (Pereaneal:

3. Scfrpus (Club-rush). — Mostly

tall, aquatic plants with creeping
rhizomes ; solitary or clustered, terminal
ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS . .
(Marsh Spike-rush). or lateral spzkelets, with 1 or 2 outer
bracts broader and without flowers;
pertanth of 1—6 included bristles, or absent; style slender at the
base. (Name, the old Latin name ; but said to be of Keltic origin.)
* Spikelets small, terminal, solitary ; perianth of 3—8 bristles
1. 8. pauctflorus (Chocolate-headed Club-rush).—.Stems tufted,
with long runners, round, striate, seldom more than 6 in. high,
with a few thin, narrow scales and 1 tight truncate sheath ; outer
bracts 2, blunt, shorter than the spikelet ; flowers not more than
5 or 6: perianth-brisiles usually 6; style usually 3-cleft; nut
 SEDGE FAMILY 525

obovate, 3-angled, with tapering point.—In wet mud ; common.—

Fl. July, August. Perennial.
2, .S. cespitosus (Deer’s-hair).—A similar species, with the
stem covered at the base for 1 or 2 in. with imbricate sheaths, the
outer brown, the inner green, with narrow leafy tips 1 to 2 lines
long ; sptkelet ovoid, brown, +—% in. long ; outer bract as long as
the spikelet, green, stiff; flowers 6—8; perianth-brisiles 4—6;
style 3-cleft ; mut brown, obovate,
pointed. — Bogs; common. — FI.
June—August. Perennial.
3. S. ndnus (Dwarf Club-rush).—
A minute plant, with long, creeping,
hair-like rhizome with small tubers @& ‘
and distant, dense tufts, each of
several round, grooved stems, 1—-2
in. high, each with a close-pressed,
transparent sheath ; spikelet minute,
pale ; outer bract short, blunt, flower-
less ; perianth of 4—8 bristles ; nut
obovate, 3-angled, pale.—Sandy
sea-shores in the south; rare.—F.
July. Annual.
** Spikelets small, lateral, sessile,
clustered, or sometimes solitary ;
perianth absent
4. S. fiuitans (Floating Mud-
rush).—A_ slender floating plant,
rooting from its lower nodes and
much branched in a zigzag manner;
eaves linear, very slender, 1—2 in.
long ; sptkelet solitary, terminal,
ovate, pale ; outer bracts 2, shorter
than the spikelet enclosing it ;
flowers few ; stigmas 2 ; nut obovate, stasis: SieRonae
smooth, pointed, pale—Ditches ; (Bristle-like Mud-rush).
common.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
5. S. filiformis (Savis Mud-rush).—A slender, tufted plant, 3—
10 in. high, with 1 or 2 narrow, channelled leaves ; spikelets 1—
3, sometimes an inch long; outer bracts not longer than the
spikelet ; stigmas 3; fruit sub-globose, 3-angled, pale, shining,
rough, with lines of minute raised points.—Bogs ; rare.—FIl. July.
Perennial.
6. S. setdceus (Bristle-like Mud-rush)—A very similar, but
526 CYPERACE

smaller, less slender, darker plant, 2—6 in. high, with 1 or 2

short, subulate leaves on each stem ; spikelets usually 2—3 %— In.
long, ovoid, lateral ; outer bract long, subulate, resembling a con-
tinuation of the stem ; glumes ovate, blunt, dark brown, with green
midribs ; style 3-cleft ; mut very small, marked with about 8 longi-
tudinal ribs and furrows.—Moist sandy places; common.—Fl.
July, August. Perennial.

SC{RPUS HOLOSCHGENUS SCIRPUS LACUSTRIS

(Round-headed Mud-rush). (Common Bulrush).

7. S. Holoschenus (Round-headed Mud-rush). — Stems stiff,

cylindrical, 1—4 feet high, with 1 or 2 stiff leaves sheathing their
bases ; spzXelets very numerous and small, upwards of 30 together
in compact globular heads, each j—3 in. diameter, of a light
brown colour, forming a lateral umbel; the largest outer bract
stiff, forming a continuation of the stem.— Sandy sea-shores in
Somerset, North Devon, and the Channel Islands.—F1. September,
October. Perennial.
 SEDGE FAMILY 527

*** Spikelets large ; glumes many ; perianth of 1—6 bristles

8. S. lacustris (Common Bulrush).—Rhizome creeping; stems
sometimes as thick as a man’s thumb, spongy, erect, 3—8 feet
high, cylindric at the base, gradually tapering upwards, green,
usually leafless, or with 1 or 2 short keeled Jeaves in still water, or
with long, nearly flat, floating leaves in running water ; sptkelets
numerous, red - brown,
ovoid or oblong, +—}
in. long, in a compound,
lateral, umbellate cyme,
becoming terminal ;
outer bract continuing
the stem ; glumes broad,
brown, fringed at the
edge, notched at the
top, with a little point
in the notch, glabrous ;
pertanth of 5 or 6
bristles ; anthers tipped
with hairs ; nut 3-angled,
smooth. Marshes and
rivers; common. The
rhizome is_ astringent,
and the stems are largely
used for making the
bottoms of chairs, has-
socks, -&c. — FI. = July,
August. Perennial.
* The name Bulrush
is now most commonly
given to Typha (see p.
503).
Q. S. Tabernemontant SCIRPUS MARITIMUS (Sea Clud-rush).
(Glaucous Bulrush).—
A closely-allied form with glaucous stems, glumes rough with raised
dots, and anthers not bearded, occurring mostly near the sea.
10. S. carindtus, another closely allied form, has green stems
becoming obtusely triangular near the top, smooth glumes, and
anthers not bearded.—Tidal rivers in the south; rare.
11. S. triqueter (Three-edged Bulrush).—Rhizome slender ; stems
2—3 feet high, acutely triangular throughout, leafless, except that
I or 2 short sheaths at the base bear a short blade less than an
inch long ; sptkelets usually 8, 10, or more, ovoid, less than } in.
528 CYPERACEE
long, central ones sessile, the others stalked, forming a compound
lateral cyme ; outer bract stiff, triangular, continuing the stem for
an inch or more ; glumes brown, broad, notched or fringed at top,
with a minute point ; perianth of 2—6 bristles; style 2-cleft ; nut
smooth and shining.—Muddy banks of tidal rivers in the south ;
rare.—Fl. August, September. Perennial

y Nae Ua hy j
mayN) Rye
si Ue
fp Mas ¥y :
ey
nN \A RY Shah} Woy) B ¥en Yr,
Qt Ree AWE |
f * “WD f
uy, Vas d)

WY YW | Sia l;
} P ig » if he
if A} vas

Ses
+o
Me
7

ERIOPHORUM VAGINATUM BLYSMUS RUFUS

(Hare's-tail Cotton-grass). (Rufous Club-rush).

12. S. pungens (Sharp Club-rush).—An allied but smaller

species, 6—18 in. high, with acutely triangular stems; 2 or 3
narrow, keeled leaves 4—6 in. long ; 3—6 sessile, lateral spzkelets
each 3 in. long, in a close cluster ; glumes brown, acutely 2-lobed.
—Wet sand, Jersey.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
13. S. maritinus (Sea Club-rush).—Stems sharply triangular,
1—3 feet high, leafy; leaves long, channelled, dark green, 3 in,
 SEDGE FAMILY 529 -

across ; spikelets 1—1i0, in a dense terminal cluster, the outer

ones generally stalked, red-brown, about 3 in. long ; bracts several,
leaf-like ; glumes acutely 2-lobed with an awn between the lobes;
perianth of 1—6 bristles ; style usually 3-cleft—Salt marshes ;
common.—F. July, August. Perennial.
14. S. syludticus (Wood Bee rush).—Stem 2—3 feet high, stout,
leafy ; leaves long, keeled, +—# in. across; spikelets small, ovoid,
dark shining green, very numerous, ina terminal, much- branched,
compact panicle ; bracts several, leaf.like ; glumes ribbed, obtuse,
apiculate ; perianth of 6 bristles ; style 3-cleft—Moist woods;
frequent.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
4. BLiysmus.—Aquatic plants with creeping rhizomes; stem
triangular ; spzkelets small, alternate, in a close distichous com-
pound terminal bracteate spike ; glumes few; perianth of 3—6
included bristles. (Name from the Greek bl§-smos, a spring, from
the wet places where these plants grow.)
1. B. compréssus (Sedge-like Club-rush).—Rhizome creeping;
stem 6—8 in. high, triangular, sheathed at the base; leaves linear,
flat, rough; spzke about an inch long, of 10o—12 ‘oblong, 623-
flowered, pale brown spikelets, each about + in. long; stamens
usually 3; style 2-cleft; nut tapering—Boggy places; not un-
common.—Fl. June—July. Perennial.
2. B. rufus, a plant of about the same size, with tufted, gen
siems ; few, narrower, channelled, smooth leaves;.spike 4—3 in.
long, of about 6 spikelets, each 2—4-flowered, with shining, dark
brown outer bracts, as long as the spikelets. —Wet pastures, chiefly
in the north; uncommon.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
5. ERIOPHORUM (Cotton-grass).—Tufted, herbaceous plants
with terminal spzkelets; numerous imbricate glumes; perfect
flowers ; pertanth of hair-like bristles, forming long, cottony tufts.
ass from the Greek evion, wool, phero, I bear.)
1. LE. alpinum (Alpine Cotton- grass)—A plant resembling
Scirpus cespitésus in every respect but the long perianth-bristles.
—Forfar ; now extinct.—Fl. June. Perennial.
ae oe vagindtum (Hare’s-tail Cotton-grass).—Stems many, tufted,
not a foot high, but lengthening in fruit, round below, triangular
above, with 1 or 2 inflated sheaths; leaves linear; sptkelets solitary,
terminal, ovoid, deep green, 3? in., many-flowered ; pertanth of
very many bristles, forming together a thick, nearly globular,
cottony tuft, about an inch across.—Boggy moors ; common.—
Fl. April, May, Perennial.
3. E. angustifdlium (Common Cotton-grass)—About a foot
high, with solid, solitary stems ; leaves channelled near the base;
MM
530 CYPERACE&

sptkelets 4—12, in a terminal, umbellate cluster, the inner sessile,

the outer on smooth peduncles; perianth of very numerous
bristles, forming dense cottony tufts, 1—2 in. long.—Bogs; the
commonest species. Attempts have been made to spin the
cotton, but without much success. It is used for stuffing pillows,
under “the ‘name ' of
“Arctic Wool.” — FI.
May, June. Perennial.
4. E. polystdcthion
(Broad-leaved — Cotton-
grass). — Stems tufted,
hollow ; leaves flat;
spikelets generally less
numerous, on rough
peduncles.
— Less com-
~ mon.
5. E. grdcile (Slender
Cotton-grass).—A very
slender species, some-
what intermediate _be-
tween the two last, some-
times 2 feet high ; leaves
channelled ; sptkelets
about 4, on downy
peduncles. —Bogs ; very
rare.—June, July. Peren-
H° nial.

6. RHYNCHOSPORA
(Beak-Sedge). — Tufted,
{ leafy plants with terete
spikelets clustered in
terminal or axillary heads,
each 1—2-flowered;
glumes many; pertanth
(Eee Lae of 6 included bristles ;
nut beaked. (Name from
the Greek rhunchos, a beak, spora, seed—the permanent base of
the style forming a beak to the fruit.)
1. R. fusca (Brown Beak-Sedge).—Rhizome long ; stems 6—10
in. high, very slender; leaves few, subulate; spzkelets brown,
usually in two clusters, one terminal, the other lateral ; stamens 3.
—Bogs in the south; very rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
2. R. dlba (White Beak-Sedge).— Rhizome short ; stems 6—18
 SEDGE FAMILY 531

in. high, slender, in dense grass-like tufts; spzkelets nearly white,

in a small, compact, terminal cluster, often with one or two
smaller, axillary, lateral clusters; stamens 2.—Spongy bogs;
frequent.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
7. ScHaNus (Bog-rush).—Stiff, rush-like plants ; spzkelets closely
sessile, in compact terminal heads, 1—4-flowered, with 3 or 4
empty glumes; flowers perfect; pertanth of few bristles, or absent ;
stamens 3; nut not beaked. (Name from the Greek schotnos, a
cord, some species having been used in making cordage.)
1. S. ferrugineus (Brown Bog-rush).—Siems slender, tufted,
about a foot high ; sfzke narrow, oblong, rusty-brown ; lower bract
as long as the spike; glumes in 2 rows, with a smooth keel.—
Loch Tummel, Perthshire; very rare. Perennial.
2. S. nigricans (Black Bog-rush)—A very similar, but less
slender plant ; spzke obovoid, dark red, brown, or black, of 4—10
spikelets, with an involucre of 2—3 broad, brown, leafy bracts,
with stiff points longer than the spike ; glumes with a rough keel.
—Bogs; frequent.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
8. CrAbium (Fen Sedge).—Usually tall, coarse, rough, grassy
plants with very numerous terete spzkelets in a compound panicle,
1—3-flowered ; glumes 5—6; peritanth absent; nut with a thick
fleshy coat. (Name from the Greek klados, a twig.)
1. C. Mariscus (Prickly Fen Sedge).—Rhizome creeping ; stem
3—6 feet high, stout, very leafy ; leaves 2—4 feet long, } in. across,
sheathing, keeled, glaucous, stiff, with minute sharp teeth along
the keel and margins ; spzkelets pale brown, + in. long, in numer-
ous small clusters in corymbose, axillary panicles forming together
a terminal leafy panicle a foot or more long; stamens usually 2 ;
nut beaked.—Bogs ; local. This plant used to be so common in
the fens near Cambridge, before they were drained, that it was
used in that town for lighting fires and for thatch. It forms
floating islands in pools, and is still cut as a crop.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.
g. Kopreésia, represented by one species, K. bipartita (Sedge-
like Kobresia), a low, densely tufted plant with stiff stems 4—8 in.
high; leaves radical, sheathing, wiry, grooved, 2—5 in. long;
sptkelets 4 or 5, short, brown, closely sessile in a short terminal
spike, the upper flower in each spikelet bearing stamens only, and
the lower flower an ovary; perianth absent; style long, 3-cleft.—
Mountainous moorlands in the north; rare—Fl. August, Sep-
tember. Perennial. (Named after Dr. Kobres, of Augsburg.)
to, CAREX (Sedge).—A large and well-defined genus of herbs
M M 2
532 CYPERACEE

with grass-like, chiefly radical leaves; moncecious, or rarely

dicecious flowers, the stamens and ovaries being always in separate
glumes, either in different parts of the same spikelet, which is
then called “ mixed,” or in separate spikelets ; glumes imbricate ;
stamens 3, rarely 2, without a perianth ; ovary enclosed in a vase-
shaped covering; style protruding ; stigmas 2—3. (Name Classical,
connected with the Greek kezro, I cut, in allusion to the sharp-
edged leaves.)
t Spikelet simple, solitary, and terminal
1. C, didica (Dicecious Sedge).—A slender plant, 6—z2 in.
high, with runners ; leaves very narrow, smooth; spzkelets bearing
stamens only or pistils only, and with stamens and pistils on
different plants, brown, the staminate ones cylindric and pale,
the pistillate ovoid, brown; style 2-cleft ; fruit erect, with rough
edges.—Spongy bogs ;common.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
2. C. Davallidna (Davall’s Sedge), a tufted plant, without
runners, with rough edges to its leaves and drooping /ruzt, occurred
formerly near Bath, but has been lost through drainage.
3. C. pulicdris (Flea Sedge)—A small tufted plant, without
runners, 3—8 in. high; leaves narrow, erect, involute; spzkelet
about nine lines long, the upper half bearing stamens; 3 to 7 of
the lower glumes enclosing pistils; style 2-cleft; fruit oblong,
pointed, about 2 lines long, drooping when ripe.—-Bogs ; common:
—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
4. C. rupéstris (Rock Sedge).—A creeping, tufted plant, with
runners ; stems 3—6 in., 3-edged ; leaves flat, stiff, revolute, ending
in a wavy, rough point; spzkelet 4—1 in. long, linear, dark
brown, shining, the upper half staminate; style 3-cleft; fruits
obovate, adpressed.—Lofty Scottish mountains.—FI. July, August.
Perennial.
5. C. paucifléra (Few-flowered Sedge).—A slender species, with
long runners; stem seldom more than 6 in. high, slender, 3-angled,
smooth ; leaves narrow, involute; spikelets pale brown, 3 or 4
lines lonz ; flowers few, the 2 or 3 uppermost staminate, the 2 or
3 lower ones pistillate; styles 3-cleft ; fruit narrow and pointed,
reflexed —Moorland bogs in the north.—-Fl. June, July. Perennial.
tt Spikelets several, all similar, short, sessile, in a compound
spike, mostly with both staminate and pistillate flowers ; styles
2-cleft
6. C. incurva (Curved Sedge).—Root-stock long, creeping ; stems
stout, 2—3 in. high, usually curved, so as to bring the large head
of spikelets down to the ground ; leaves channelled, involute,
 SEDGE FAMILY 533

curved, about the same length; spzkelets 3 or 4, in a dense,

nearly globular head, each with a few staminate flowers at the
top; fruit broad, rather inflated, tapering into a short beak
projecting beyond the glumes.—Sandy shores in the north;
rare.—F]. June, July. Perennial.
7. C. divisa (Bracteate Marsh Sedge).—Root-stock stout ; stems
very slender, 1—3 feet high, erect ; leaves long, narrow ; spikelets
few, short, crowded in a head with a leafy
bract at its base, several upper flowers
staminate ; fruit plano-convex, not
winged, with an acutely 2-fid, finely
toothed beak.—Marshes near the sea; ———

frequent.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.

8. C. disticha (Soft Brown Sedge).—
Root-stock creeping ; stems stouter than in
the preceding, 1—3 feet high; leaves
long, narrow ;- sptkelets in an oblong,
interrupted spike, pale brown, the middle
ones staminate; fruzt ovate-lanceolate, f
narrowly winged.—Marshy places.—FI.
May—July. Perennial.
g. C. arendria (Sand Sedge).—Root- |
stock very long, stout, and branched, i 4
creeping over and binding the sands; Y
stems tufted, 8—ro in. high, stout, rough, |
leafy at base; leaves radical, stiff, in- \§ :
volute ; spikelets many, rather large, ¥ | of
ovoid, in an interrupted spike 1 or 2 in. ‘ , ff
long, the upper ones staminate, the lower N Wi
pistillate, and the middle ones with sa he
flowers of both kinds ; fruzt ovate, veined, % Yi
winged, shining chestnut-brown.—Sandy TE
sea-shores.—FI. June. Perennial. 4
to. C. didndra (lesser Panicled “y
Sedge).—Root-stock creeping, with scat- cérex arendnia (Sand Sedge).
tered tufts ; stems 1—2 feet high, slender,
3-angled ; sprkelets few, oblong, acute, forming a dense compound
spike about an inch long ; fruit ovate, swollen, brown, shining, with
2—5 ribs on the back, beaked.—Boggy meadows.—Fl. June.
Perennial.
11. C. paradoxa, a rare form, intermediate between the
preceding and following species, more densely tufted than the
preceding ; stem covered below by the black fibrous remains of
dead leaves ; sprkelets elongate, in a panicle somewhat interrupted
534 CYPERACE

below ; fruzt with numerous ribs near its base.—Bogs.—Fl. June,

July. Perennial.
12. C. paniculdta (Great Panicled Sedge).—A stout species
forming large tussocks, 2—4 feet across ; stems stout, 1—4 feet
high, triangular, rough, leafy ; leaves long, narrow, flat ; spzkelets
numerous, brown, crowded into a compound spike or panicle,

SN

CAREX ECHINATA (Star-headed Sedge).

4—5 in. long, the lower branches spreading ; glumes with bristly
points and pale membranous margins; fruit ovate, beaked, with
many faint veins.—Bogs ; common.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
13. C. vulpina (Great or Fox Sedge).—A stout tufted plant,
2—4 feet high, with runners ; stems numerous, 3-angled, with
rough edges, leafy ; leaves broad, flat, sharply pointed; spzkelets
numerous, green or pale brown, crowded into a compound
interrupted spike 1—3 in. long; bracts bristly, spreading ;. fruit
 SEDGE FAMILY 535
much flattened, ovate, beaked, pale.— Wet places ; common.—F.
June, July. Perennial.
14. C. vulpinoides, an allied North American species, has been
recorded from the banks of the Thames near Kew.
_ 15. C. muricdta (Great Prickly Sedge)—A densely tufted
species, with short runners; stems 1—2 feet high, slender, 3-
angled, rough ; leaves narrow, flat ; spikelets 4—6, rather short,
brown or shining green, with a
few staminate flowers at the top
of each crowded into a terminal
spike about an inch long, or the
lower ones distant ; fruzt rather
large, ovate, pointed, spread-
ing, 2-fid, finely toothed above.
—Gravelly pastures ; common.
—Fl]. May, June. Perennial.
16. C. divulsa (Grey Sedge).
—An allied species with more
slender, flaccid stems and 5 or
6 paler, greyish, more distant
sttkelets, forming an_inter-
rupted spike, 2—3 in. long,
occurs in moist, shady places.
—F]. May, June. Perennial.
Ej C. . echindia., (lesser
Prickly or Star-headed Sedge).
—Tufted, rarely above 6 or 8
in. high; leaves shorter than
the stems ; spikelets 3—5, some
distance apart, except some-
times the 2 uppermost, nearly
globular when ripe, pale ; fruzt
spreading, broadly ovate, much
beaked, about 2 lines long.—
Boggy places : common.—FI. CAREX REMOTA (Distant-spiked Sedge).
May, June. Perennial.
18. C. remota (Distant-spiked Sedge).—A tufted plant ; stems
slender, 1—2 feet high; leaves narrow; sptkelets small, pale, a
considerable distance apart, the lower ones each in the axil of a
long, leafy bract ; the lower flowers mostly staminate ; fruit ovate-
lanceolate, longer than the glumes, with notched beak.— Damp
copses ;common.—FI. June. Perennial.
19. C. axilldris (Axillary Sedge), possibly a hybrid between the
preceding and C. muricdta ; has taller, stouter, leafy stems, 1—2
536 CYPERACEE
feet high; flat /eaves, and less distant spikelets, and the lowest
spikelet is either branched, or there are 2 or 3 together; glumes
broader, rigid.—Marshes ; rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
20. C. Boenninghausidna, possibly a hybrid between C. remota
and C. paniculdta, has. slender, rough stems, 1—2 feet high;
spikelets small, in a spike sometimes a foot long, the upper ones
simple, the lower branched, without bracts, and with pale silvery-
brown, smooth, membranous glumes. —Marshes ;
rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
21. C. elongdta (Elongated Sedge).—Tufted,
without runners ; stems numerous, slender, about
2 feet high, rough, leafy ; leaves long, narrow,
flat, flaccid ; spikelets many, pale greenish-brown,
oblong, touching one another, without bracts;
fruit spreading, linear-oblong, beaked, not winged,
2 lines long.—Marshes ; rare.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
22. C. approximdta (Hare’s-foot Sedge).—A
tufted plant, with short runners; stems wiry,
1—10 in. high, 3-angled, smooth; leaves flat;
spikelets 2—4, small, fuscous, ovoid, touching
one another, with minute bracts; fruit erect,
elliptic, not winged, with a short beak ; glumes
reddish, ovate, nearly as long as the fruit.—
Lofty mountains in Aberdeenshire ; very rare.—
Fl. July, August. Perennial.
23. C. canescens (White Sedge). — Tulted,
without runners ; stems slender, 12—18 in. high ;
leaves not quite as long; spikelets 4—8, some
distance apart, elliptical, 3 or 4 lines long, pale
green ; glumes membranous, whitish, with a
green keel; fruit erect, broadly ovate, com-
pressed, acute, with a short beak, faintly ribbed,
not longer than the glumes.—Bogs ; common.—
(Gander Soaeos Fl. June, July. Perennial.
24. C. hélvola, probably a hybrid, differs in
having fewer spzkelets, few-flowered ; glumes browner ; fruit with a
deeply 2-fid beak.—Mountain bogs in the north.
25. C. leporina (Oval-spiked Sedge).— Stems about a foot high,
loosely tufted at the base, without runners; Jeaves shorter,
narrow, flat, with fine points ; spzkelets about 6, sessile, distinct,
but close together, ovoid, pale brownish-green, shining, about
4 lines long, with a few staminate flowers at the base of
each ; frutt yellowish, erect, ovate-acuminate, with a membranous
 SEDGE FAMILY 537
toothed margin. —- Wet places; common. — Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
TTt Sptkelets several, dissimilar, the terminal one or more usually
wholly staminate, the other (axillary) ones bearing fpistils only,
or ptstillate and staminate flowers
26. C. Hadillert (Alpine Sedge).—A rather slender species, 6—
18 in. high, tufted, with short runners ; leaves short, narrow, flat,
recurved ; spikelets 2—-4 close together, ovoid, black or dark
brown; styles 3-cleft, fruzt green, obovoid, shortly beaked, pro-
jecting beyond the glumes.—Clova Mountains ; rare.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.
27. C. atrdta (Black Sedge).—Another tufted alpine species,
with runners ; stems 6—18 in. high, smooth; leaves broad and
flaccid ; spzkelets 3—6, oblong, shortly stalked, near together, 8 or
9 lines long, very dark brown or black, ultimately drooping ; outer
bract leafy ; styles 3-cleft ; fruit elliptical, very acutely triangular
when ripe, with a short beak.— Mountains of Scotland, Westmore-
land, and North Wales.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
28. C. poljgama (Dark Sedge), found only on an island in
Lough Neagh, is a creeping species, with stems 1—2 feet high;
leaves narrow, flat, with reddish-brown sheaths with filamentous
edges ; sptkelets 3 or 4, oblong, in a loose spike; glumes dark
brown, with a green keel prolonged into a point; styles 3-cleft;
frutt flattened, glaucous green.—F]. June—August. Perennial.
29. C. Hudsonii (Tufted Bog Sedge).—A densely tufted species ;
stems 1—-3 feet high, slender, stiff ; leaves narrow, flaccid, with a
webbing of filaments on the sheaths; sprkelets 3 or 4, erect,
cylindric, 1—z2 in. long, sessile, styles 2-cleft ; fruits oblong, in 6—
9 rows, larger than the dark glumes.—Bogs ; local.—Fl. May,
June. Perennial.
30. C. gracilis (Slender-spiked Sedge).—A tufted species, with
or without runners; stems 2—3 feet high, 3-angled; leaves as long,
broad, flaccid, their sheaths not webbed ; spzkelets 49, 1—4 in.
long, nodding; styles 2-cleft ; lower bract long, leaf-like, with long
auricles.—Wet places; not uncommon.—Fl. June—August.
Perennial.
31. C. trinérvis, a low-growing species, less than a foot high,
with long, scaly root-stocks and runners; stems smooth, 3-angled ;
leaves narrow, smooth, involute ; spzkelets few, close together, 4
—1 in. long; lower bract slender, stiff, longer than the spikelet ;
frutt compressed, brown, dotted.—Wet sandy places on the Nor-
folk coast.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
32. C. rigida (Stiff Mountain Sedge).—A dwarf alpine form,
538 CYPERACE®

scarcely 6 in. high, with short, flat, rigid leaves with revolute
margins ; spikelets 3—6, erect, short, dark ; fruit obovoid, com-
pressed, not veined.—Wet stony places on mountains in the north.
—Fl]. June—August. Perennial.
33. C. aqudtilis (Water Sedge).—A tall, tufted form, with
runners ; stems 1—2 feet high, 3-angled, rigid, polished, leafy
below ; leaves long, erect, flat, involute ; spzkelets 3—6, cylindric,
slender, 1— 2} in.
mw long; fruit rounded,
h: compressed, not
Wh veined.—Scottish
ie bogs ; rare.—Fl. June
psy —August. Perennial.
;Wy 34. C. salina, var.
N
mn fe ' Kattegatensts, with
;
i erect, 3-angled stem,
Myte

i 12— 18. in. high;-

f leaves of the same
Breer

length, with rough

keels and margins;
bracts leafy and longer
than the spikelets ;
staminate spikelets
2—3, sessile ; prstillate
ones 3—4, on short
stalks, dark brown,
i, has been recorded
in from the sandy banks
8 of the River Wick,
iN Caithness.
35. C. Goodendwit
(Common Tufted
\ Sedge).—A tufted or
1 creeping species;
CALEX GOODENOWII (Cominon Tufted Sedge). stems 1—2 feet high,
stiff, slender, 3-angled,
rough; leaves slender, narrow, erect, recurved; sptkelets 3—5,
erect, sub-sessile, not more than an inch long, near together;
bracts with short auricles ; fruit rounded, compressed, many-veined.
—Marshes and wet meadows; common.—Fl. May-July.
Perennial.
36. C. fldcca (Glaucous Sedge).—A creeping species ; stems few,
wiry, a foot or more in height, 3-angled, smooth ; Jeaves narrow,
flat, glaucous ; staminate spikelets 2 or 3; pistillate spikelets 4—6,
 SEDGE FAMILY 539

sub-erect, cylindric, $—1 in. long, long-stalked ; glumes dark brown ;

styles 3-cleft ; fruit ovoid, triangular, not beaked.—Damp places;
common.—FI. June, July. Perennial.
37. C. magelldnica,—A slender, creeping species ; stems a foot
or more high, nearly smooth ; leaves linear, flat, smooth-edged,
not glaucous ; pistillate spikelets 2 or 3, long-stalked, drooping ;
bracts leafy, broad, flat ; glumes purple, lanceolate, with long points;
fruit roundish, faintly
ribbed, beaked. — f
Spongy bogs in the a
north ; rare.—Fl. June. i Se
Perennial. Y ge
38. C. limosa (Mud ay i
Sedge). — A closely 4g
allied, slender, creeping | #
species ; stems 3— 12 | 7 ip
in. high, rough ; leaves
narrow, glaucous, chan-
nelled ; staminate sptkelet
$—1 in. long; prstillate
spikelets 1% or 2, on
slender stalks, drooping,
6—8 lines long; bracts i
leafy ; glumes rather dark‘ : \
brown with green mid- 3
rib, ovate, upper ones ,= “ '
pointed ; styles 3-cleft; . |
fruit rather large, round- 3
ish, compressed, not
beaked.—Spongy bogs ; . Se
rare.—Fl. June. Peren- Seay [/
nial. \
ag, C. rasrtifiéra |
(Loose-flowered Alpine CAREX FLACCA (Glaucous Sedge). 3
Sedge). — A creeping
plant ; stems 6—12 in. high, wiry, smooth ; leaves narrow, erect,
rough-edged ; staminate sptkelet short, sub-erect ; pistillate sptkelets
2 or 3, drooping, 4 in. long, on slender stalks of the same length,
6—8-flowered ; bracts with short sheaths ; glumes brown, shining,
obtuse, with a minute point ; fruit obovoid, faintly veined, shortly
beaked.—Elevated bogs in Scottish Highlands.—F1. June—August.
Perennial.
40. C. digitdta (Fingered Sedge) —Densely tufted; stems slender,
curved, 6—10 in. high, sheathed at the base, leafless ; leaves
540 CYPERACEE

radical, flat, shorter, revolute ; staminate spikelet terminal, 6 lines

long ; pistillate sptkelets close together, 2 or 3, shortly stalked,
spreading in a finger-like manner ; flowers lax ; bracts brown and
sheathing ; styles 3-cleft ; fruit obovoid, and minutely downy.—
Woods on limestone ; rare.—Fl. April, May. Perennial.
41. C. ornithdpoda (Bird’s-foot Sedge), a closely allied. form
with broader bracts and longer fruit, occurs in Derbyshire and
Yorkshire. — Fl, May — July.
Ny _ Perennial.
/ 42. C. humilis (Dwarf Silvery
MM | Sedge).—A creeping, tufted
RLY of species ; stems 1—5 in. high;
Ray leaves longer, stiff, involute,
curved ; staminate-sptkelet term1-
yg nal, about g lines long; pistillate
g/ ones 3—5, much smaller,
4 y — stalked, placed at intervals on
? the stem, scarcely protruding
M from the sheath of silvery mem-
E i] branous bracts; glumes with
: membranous edges ; styles long,
: 3-cleft ; fruit ovoid, obtuse, rib-
bed, slightly downy.—Limestone
hills in the south-west ; rare.—
Fl. May, June. Perennial.
43. C. montdna (Mountain
Sedge).—A - “creeping, ruled
species, with slender stems,
6—18 in. high ; narrow leaves ;
sptkelets few, sessile, crowded,
bright red - brown, polished ;
fruit obovoid, hairy, longer
than the glumes, with a short,
= notched beak.—Heaths and
CAREX PILULIFERA (Round-headed Sedge). woods in the south.—F. April,
May. Perennial.
44. C. ptlulifera (Round-headed Sedge).—Tufted, with few
slender stems, 6—12 in. high, 3-angled, rough; leaves shorter,
broad, weak, and flexible; pzstillate spikelets 2 or 3, globose,
sessile, close under the terminal staminate one ; bracts short, leafy;
glumes brown, broadly ovate, pointed ; styles 3-cleft ; fruit small,
nearly globular, shortly beaked—Wet heaths; common.—F.
May—July. Perennial.
45. C. ertcetérum (Heath Sedge).—A creeping, tufted plant;
 SEDGE FAMILY 541

stems 2—6 in. high, stiff, curved, 3-angled, smooth ; leaves recurved,
keeled ; staminate spikelet spindle-shaped, 4 in. long; pvsiillate
sptkelets 1—3, ovoid, sessile, small, close together, 6—10-flowered ;
glumes brown, with a broad pale edge, very blunt, ciliate, as long
as the frutt—Chalk banks in the eastern counties; rare.—Fl.
April—June. Perennial.
46. C. caryophjllea (Spring Sedge).
—A small, creeping species with
runners ; Stem 6—12 in. high, 3-
angled ; leaves short, keeled, curved,
densely tufted; staminate sptkelet
slender, erect; /pzstillate sptkelets
I—3, oblong, close together ; glumes
small, broad, with a distinct, fine
point, brown edges, and green midrib
as long as the ovoid, 3-sided, shortly
beaked and slightly downy fruit.—
Dry pastures ; common.—Fl. April,
May. Perennial.
47. C. tomentésa (Downy-fruited
Sedge), known only from Marston
Maisey, Wiltshire. Root-stock creep-
ing ; stem slender, erect, 12—18 in.
high; leaves narrow, erect, short;
staminate sptkelet terminal, about an
inch long; pzstillate spikelets 1 or 2,
at some distance, oblong, erect,
nearly sessile, $ in. long, compact;
lower bracts leafy; glumes small,
brown; styles 3-cleft; fruit small,
globose, with copious white down.—
Wet meadows. — Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
48. C. palléscens (Pale Sedge)—
Stems tufted, without runners, leafy
at the base, 1—2 feet high ; stamznate CAREX PANICEA (Caruation-grass).
sptkelet terminal, light brown, about
6 lines long ; pistillate spikelets 2 or 3, pale yellowish-green, shortly
stalked, erect or slightly drooping, oblong, shorter than the
staminate one and at short distances below it ; bracts leafy ; styles
3-cleft ; fruit smooth, blunt—Wet places ;common.—Fl. June,
July. Perennial.
49. C. panicea (Carnation-grass). — A tufted, creeping plant
with runners ; stems 1—2 feet high, smooth, leafy ; leaves rather
542 CYPERACEAE
short, erect, flat, glaucous, resembling those of the Carnation, but
with rough edges ; spikelets usually 3, the terminal one staminate,
the others pistillate, distant, erect, stalked, 3—1 in. long ; flowers,
especially the lowest, some distance apart; bracts short, leafy,
with sheaths ; glumes brown ; styles 3-cleft ; fruat ovoid, triangular,
smooth, shortly beaked.—Wet meadows; common.—Fil. June,
July. Perennial.
so. C. vagindta (Short Brown-spiked Sedge).—A closely allied
alpine species, but not glaucous, with broader, recurved leavzs ;
shorter bracts with looser, funnel-shaped sheaths ; looser spzkelets ;
paler and more blunt glumes; and larger, more beaked fruit.—
Scottish mountains.—FIl. July. Perennial.
51. C. atrofisca (Dusky Sedge).—Stem 3-10 in. high ; leaves
very short, broad ; staminate spikelet terminal ; prstillate sptkelets
2—4, ovoid, shortly stalked; bracts sheathing ; glumes ovate,
acute, dark purple, with a pale midrib ; fruit dark purple, rough-
edged, with a 2-fid beak.—Ben Lawers.—Fl. July. Perennial.
52. C. Sddleri (Cold Sedge).—A small, tufted, and_ slightly
creeping species, 3—12 in. high, with slender stems bearing 1 or 2
leaves, and numerous long, flat, broad radical leaves ; spikelets
4—6, spindle-shaped, rich dark brown, the terminal one stamin-
ate, the upper one sessile, the lower long-stalked and becoming
pendulous ; fruit with a long, slender, ciliate, 2-fid beak.—Wet
turf, Glen Callater, Aberdeenshire.—Fl. August. Perennial.
53. C. capilldris (Dwarf Capillary Sedge).—A tufted species ;
stems 3—9 in. high, slender, smooth, longer than the soft, recurved
leaves ; staminate sptkelet terminal, small ; pistillate spikelets 2 or
3, drooping, on long hair-like stalks, pale-coloured, loose, few-
flowered, seldom 6 lines long; lower bracts enclosing several
peduncles ; glumes ovate, obtuse, with membranous edges, as long
as the beaked fruit ; styles 3-cleft.—Mountains in the north;
local.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
54. C. péndula (Great Drooping Sedge).—A tufted species,
without runners; stems stout, triangular, leafy, 3—6 feet high ;
leaves long, nearly 4 in. broad ; spzkelets 4—6 in. long, numerous,
drooping; the stalks of the pistillate ones almost concealed in the
sheaths of the long, leafy bracts ; glumes ovate-lanceolate, brown,
with green keel ; styles 3-cleft ; fruit small, ovoid, with short beak.
—Wet woods ; frequent.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
55. C. strigésa (Loose-spiked Wood Sedge).—A tufted, creeping
plant ; stems 1—2 feet high, 3-angled, smooth, leafy; leaves
short, broad, pale, flaccid ; spikelets slender, drooping, 1—3 in.
long, the lower pistillate ones on long stalks ; flowers many, lax;
bracts leafy, short, with long sheaths ; fruzt tapering at both ends,
 SEDGE FAMILY 543
longer than the pointed, transparent gluwmes.—Thickets; rare.—
Fl. May, June. Perennial.
56. C. depauperdta (Starved Wood Sedge).— Tufted; stems
slender, 1—z2 feet high, 3-angled, smooth, leafy ; leaves long,
narrow, flat ; staminate sptkelet slender, an inch or more long;
pistillate spikelets 3—5, about 3} in. long, erect, green, 3—4-
flowered, the lower on long stalks ; fruzts few, very large, globose,
many-ribbed, with a long beak.— Dry woods
in the south; very rare.—Fl. May, June.
Perennial.
57. C. syludtica (Wood Sedge).—Tufted ;
stems weak, 1—3 feet high, leafy ; leaves
flaccid ; staminate sptkelet pale, about an
inch long; pistillate spikelets distant,
slender, an inch or more in length, on
long stalks, loose-flowered ; dracis leafy,
with long sheaths ; glumes green, narrow,
pointed ; styles 3-cleft; fruit elliptical,
smooth, obscurely veined, tapering into a
long beak.—Damp woods ; common.—F'.
May, June. Perennial.
58. C. helédes (Smooth-stalked Sedge).—
Tufted, creeping ; stems smooth, 2—3 feet
high ; leaves short, broad, dotted beneath ;
staminate sptkelets 1—2 in. long, 3-angled;
pistillate spikelets distant, cylindric, 1—2
in. long, slender, green, stalked; fruit
ovoid, tapering at both ends, ribbed, with
a rough beak.—Wet places ; not common.
—Fl. June. Perennial.
59. C. binérvis (Green-ribbed Sedge).—
A closely allied, but much smaller species,
generally about a foot high; leaves rigid,
keeled, recurved ; pistillate spikelets not
more than an inch long, brownish ; fruit cirex pisrans (Loose Sedge).
with two prominent green ribs and a
broad, smooth beak. — Heaths; common. — Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
6o. C. distans (Loose Sedge).—Another closely allied species,
less coarse ; leaves glaucous ; spikelets 4 or 5, far apart, the ter-
minal one staminate, sometimes with a small one close to it, the
others pistillate, 3—1 in. long, oblong, erect, stalked, but some-
times appearing sessile, the stalks being enclosed in the sheaths of
the leafy bracts ; glumes brownish; styles 3-cleft ; fruit yellowish-
544 CYPERACEZ

brown, ovoid, smooth, faintly ribbed with a narrow, rough beak.

—Brackish marshes near the sea.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
61. C. punctdta (Dotted-fruited Sedge).—Another nearly allied
species, 12—18 in. high, slender; glumes pale red with a broad
green band down the back; fruzt ovoid, membranous, swollen,
shining, only nbbed at the angles, dotted, longer than the glumes,
with a slender, smooth beak.—Marshes near the sea.—Fl. June.
Perennial. ;
62. C. fulua (Tawny Sedge).—Another nearly allied species,
with a rough-edged stem, 2 or 3 pale prstillate spikelets, which are
ovate-oblong; glumes ovate, not mucronate, with transparent
tips; fruit broadly ovoid, ribbed, with a rough beak.—Marshes,
chiefly at high altitudes.——Fl. June. Perennial.
63. C. exténsa (Long-bracteate Sedge).—Tufted, rather slender,
8--.13 in. high ; leaves very narrow, stiff, erect, often convolute ;
sptkelets nearly sessile, near together at top of stem, or only the
lower one distant, oblong, brown-green ; bracts long, narrow, leafy,
with short sheaths, the lowest much longer than the stem ; glumes
mucronate; styles 3-cleft; fruit ovoid, triangular, strongly-
ribbed, tapering into a conical beak.—A sea-coast plant, general
round the British Isles.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
64. C. fldva (Yellow Sedge).— Usually densely tufted and leafy,
3—18 in. high, acquiring frequently a yellowish hue, especially
the pistillate spikelets ;terminal staminate spikelet 6—g lines long ;
pistillate spikelets 1, 2 or 3, sessile or shortly stalked, and very near
the terminal one, and often one much lower down on a longer
stalk, all erect, ovoid, and when ripe nearly globular; dracés all
leafy and sheathing; styles 3-cleft; frwzt ovoid, ribbed, beaked,
spreading.—Wet places ; frequent.—Fl. May, June.
65. C. lasiocdrpa (Slender Sedge).—Root-stock creeping, with
runners ; stems 1—3 feet high ; /eaves very slender, stiff ; stamznate
spikelets 2 or 3, slender, 1—2 in. long, brown ; pistillate spikelets 1
—3, remote from them, nearly sessile, oblong, 6—g lines long,
loose-flowered ; styles 3-cleft ; fruit ovoid, with a short 2-fid beak,
very downy.—Peat-bogs ; local.—Fl. May. Perennial.
66. C. hirta (Hairy Sedge or Hammer Sedge).— Root-stock creep-
ing, jointed, scaly ; stems weak, leafy, 1—2 feet high, and, as well
as the leaves, more or less hairy ; terminal staminate sptkelets 1 or
2; pistillate ones 2 or 3, very distant, stalked, cylindric, an inch
or more long ; bracts with long sheaths ; frut tapering into a long,
2-fid beak, covered with short, spreading hairs——Damp woods.—
Fl. May, June. Perennial.
67. C. Pseudo-cypérus (Cyperus-like Sedge).—A stout, tufted
form ; stems 1—3 feet high, 3-angled, rough ; leaves broad, long,
 SEDGE FAMILY 545

rough ; staminate spikelet 2—3 in. long, slender, pale; pistillate

sptk-lets 4—5, not more than 2 in. long, cylindric, green, long-
stalked, drooping when in fruit ; bracts broad, long, and leafy,
without sheaths; glumes narrow, pointed, rough, green; styles
3-cleft ; fruit spreading, lanceolate, ribbed, with long, stiff, 2-fid
beak.—River-banks ; not common.—FI. June. Perennial.
68. C. acutiformis (Pond Sedge).—A
a
tall, stout species, with a creeping root-
stock and runners ; stems 2—3 feet high,
stout, 3-angled, rough; leaves erect, long,
broad, glaucous ; staminate spikelets 2 or 3,
I—z in. long, sessile, dark brown, with
blunt glumes; pistillate spikelets 2 or 3,
rather distant, sessile, or the lowest §
shortly stalked, often 2 in. long, erect, §
cylindric, blunt, with pointed glumes;
bracts leafy, without sheaths ; siyles 3-cleft ;
fruit ovate, slightly triangular, but much
flattened, tapering into a very short, 2-fid
beak. — Ditches; common.—Fl. May,
June. Perennial.
69. C. r1pdria (Greater Pond Sedge).—
A nearly allied, but much larger species,
being by far the largest British Sedge;
stems 2—5 feet high; leaves broader;
spikelets more numerous and very large,
3—6 staminate, crowded, 14—2 in. long,
with acute glumes, 4—6 pistillate, pointed ;
fruit oblong-ovoid, convex on both sides.
—Ditches ; common.—Fl. May. Peren-
nial.
70. C. inflata (Bottle Sedge).—A stout,
tufted and creeping species, with stems
1—2 feet high, smooth, slightly 3-angled ; CAREX ACUTIFORMIS
leaves long, channelled, glaucous ; spzkelets ie
I—2 in. long or even more, 2—3 staminate, 2—4 pistillate,
remote, erect, stout, cylindric, pale, the lowest shortly stalked ;
bracts leafy, without sheaths; styles 3-cleft; fruit flask-shaped,
that is, ovoid, inflated, narrowing suddenly into a long slender
beak.—Bogs ; common.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
71. C. rhynchophysa, a taller and more glaucous, somewhat
tufted plant, 2—3 feet high; bracts leaf-like, longer than the
staminate spikelets ; sptkelets curved outwards at the base, 3—4
pistillate, 4—6 staminate, the pistillate ones 2—3 in. long, the
NN.
546 GRAM{NE&

staminate ones 1—2 in.; styles deeply 3-cleft; fruzt globose,

tapering into a rather long beak.—Found in 1892 by Mr. Lloyd
Praeger in Mullaghmore Lough, co. Armagh.—Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
72. C. vesicdria (Bladder Sedge).—Nearly allied to C. inflata,
but with rough, triangular stems ; flat, green leaves ; rather shorter
spikelets ; and fruits, although inflated, more conical, tapering
gradually into a shorter subulate beak.—Bogs ; less common than
C. rostréta—F1. May, June. Perennial.
73. C. saxdtilis (Russet Sedge).—An alpine form of the preced-
ing; root-stock creeping, the scaly runners ending in tufts of
leaves ; stems 4—10 in. high, leafy ; spzkelets 3 or 4, distant, 1 or
2 staminate, the pistillate ones ovoid, dark brown, 6—8 lines
long, the lowest on a slender stalk, with a leafy bract at its base ;
styles 2-cleft ; fruit ovoid, inflated with a very short, 2-fid point.—
Only found on the higher Scottish mountains.—Fl. May, June.
Perennial.

Orp. XCI. GrRAamMfNE#.—THE Grass FAMILY

The grasses form one of the largest, most naturally defined,
and most widely distributed Orders in the Vegetable Kingdom,
and at the same time one which is unrivalled in its utility to man.
It comprises about 3,600 species in 310 genera. They are ever-
green, annual, or perennial herbs, though some of them reach a
large size, Bamboos being sometimes too feet in height and
nearly a foot in diameter. Many perennial grasses have rhizomes
or grow in tufts. The stem is furnished with prominent nodes
with long, generally hollow znternodes, is circular in section, or
2-edged, and contains much siliceous matter, being often hard
and polished externally. The Maize (Zéa Mays) and the Sugar-
cane (Sdccharum officindrum) are exceptional in having solid
stems. The leaves are alternate, simple, and usually linear, with
no petiole, except in a few Bamboos, but with a long sheath
embracing the stem, and split down the side opposite to that
on which the blade is. At the junction of the sheath and blade
there is generally a little membranous outgrowth, termed the
ligule. The flowers are in sptkelets, and these are variously
arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles. Each spikelet consists
of 1—5 flowers, arranged alternately on a very short axis, or
rachilla, but some of these flowers are often represented merely
by glumes. At the base of the rachilla are usually two boat-
shaped, green or purplish glumes with nothing in their axils.
Within these are the flowers, each with two other glumes, the
 GRASS FAMILY 547
lower or outer of which is termed the flowering glume, the inner,
which is generally of very delicate texture and has two green
ribs, being terméd the pale. Within these two glumes, and
alternate with them, are found 2, or rarely 3, very minute scales,
known as lodicules, but these are sometimes wanting. ‘There is,
in fact, a frequent suppression of certain parts of the floral
envelope, glumes being often empty or sterile, and the whole
spikelet, or locusta, sometimes consisting of only 1 glume and
rt pale. In many grasses one or more of the glumes bears a
bristle-like point or awn, which is sometimes very Jong, and may
either be terminal, proceeding from the point of the glume, as in
Barley, or be inserted on its back or at its very base. Each
flower has usually 3 stamens (rarely 1, 2 or 6), with long anthers,

Spikelet of Wild Oat : a, outer glumes; 4, flowering glume, with awn; c, pale;
d, \odicules ; ¢, ovary ; 7, stamens.

the lobes of which diverge at each end, and weak, hair-like

filaments. The ovary is 1-chambered and t1-ovuled, and is
crowned by 2 (rarely 1 or 3) styles with feathery stigmas, the
pellen being generally carried by wind. The fruit or grain,
technically known as a caryopsts, is entirely filled by the seed,
so that their coats adhere; and the embryo lies to one side at the
base of a mass of mealy or farinaceous albumen.
Grasses are abundant everywhere on land, and there are
species inhabiting fresh water; but there are no marine forms.
In the tropics they acquire a much greater height than in colder
regions ; but the compact grassy turf, which is such a charm of
our English scenery, is almost entirely wanting in the Torrid
Zone, those species which have the “social” habit being mainly -
characteristic, in fact, of the colder parts of the Temperate Zone.
The cereal grasses, Wheat (Triticum estivum and T. hybérnum),
NN 2
548 GRAMINEE

Oats (Avéna sativa), Barley (Hordeum distichum and H. hexdsti-

chum), Rye (Secdlé ceredlé), Maize (Zéa Mays), Rice (Ovjza sativa),
and various Millets, cultivated for the sake of their grain, are the
most valuable members of the Order to mankind ; while the
value of grasses as fodder for cattle is hardly second to that of
their corn for human food.
Among the most esteemed fodder grasses are Rye-grass (Lolium
perénné) and its variety, Italian Rye-grass (Loliwm perénné, var.
itdlicum), especially for hay ; Cock’s-foot grass (Ddctylis glomerdta)
and Timothy-grass (Phléum praténsé), especially for heavy or peaty
land ; the sweet-scented Vernal-grass (Anthoxdnthum odordtum)
which gives much of its delicious fragrance to new-mown hay ;
Poa pratensis for dry, sandy soils; P.
nemordlis, var. sempervirens, and P.
ivividlis for permanent pasture ; and the
Fescues (Festuca duriuscula and F.
eldtior) also for permanent pasture, and
F. rubra for sandy soils. Cattle are
very fond also of the ‘Tussock-grass
(Ddctylis cespitosa) of the Falkland
Islands, which has been introduced in
the Hebrides.
Sugar is a general product of grasses,
and can be easily tasted in spring if we
chew the stem of almost any meadow
grass. It is, however, chiefly manufac-
eae pe eee tured from the stems of the Sugar-cane
ag aie Se (Saccharum officindrum), a native of south-
, radicle. sp ’ eastern Asia, now cultivated throughout
the tropics; and, to a much smaller
extent, from those of the Guinea Corn (Sorghum sacchardtum). In
eastern countries the Bamboos are used for numberless purposes
—houses, furniture, cordage, and even sails of ships being made
from them. Alfa or Esparto-grass(Macrochloa tenactssima), a native
of northern Africa, is a valuable material for paper-making;° and
various Indian species of Andropogon yield aromatic “Grass
Oils,” such as Vetivert, Lemon-grass, or Verbena, Citronella,
and Geranium or Ginger-grass, which are largely used in
perfumery.
The classification of grasses is a matter of great difficulty;
but the British species fall under eight tribes, which may be
grouped in two Sub-orders.
 GRASS FAMILY 549

Sub-order I. Panicacee.—Sprkelets jointed upon the pedicel ;

rachilla persistent; glumes 1—4, only the uppermost enclosing
a perfect flower.
Tribe 1. Panicee. — Flowering glume 3- or more-nerved,
not awned
1. DiciTAr1a.—Glumes 4 ; pedicels of spikelets naked or hairy;
flowering glume 3-veined, not awned.
*2, ECHINOCHLOA.—Glumes 4; flowering glume 5-veined, mu-
cronate or awned.
*3. SETARIA.—Glumes 4; pedicels of spikelets bristly.
4. SPARTiNA.—Glumes 3 ; spikes upright, in a raceme.
Tribe 2. Oryzee.—Sptkelets laterally compressed ; flowering glume
and pale 1-nerved
5. Leérsia. — Sprkelets in a loose panicle;. empty glumes
absent.

Sub-order II. Podcee.—Spikelets rarely jointed upcn the pedicel ;

rachilla deciduous ; glumes 3 or more, the two lowest empty
Tribe 3. Phalaridee.—Spikelets distinctly stalked, laterally com-
pressed ; rachilla not produced beyond the uppermost glume; glumes
3—6, uppermost only with a perfect flower; pale absent or 1-
nerved.
6. PHALARIS.—Glumes 6, awnless ; stamens 3.
7. ANTHOXANTHUM.—Glumes 6, 2-awned ; stamens 2.
8. HIEROCHLOE.—Glumes 6, 2-awned, with 3 stamens each;
uppermost perfect flower with 2.
g. ALOPECURUS.—Sptkelets jointed on the pedicel in a spike-
like panicle; glumes 3 or 4; flowering glume with dorsal awn;
stamens 3.

Tribe 4. Agrostidee.—Spikelet 1-flowered ; glumes 3 ; flower

erfect ; pale 2-nerved
* Rachilla not produced beyond flowering glume
10. Mittum.—Panicle loose ; flowering glume hardening round
fruit ; no awn.
11. PHL~tuM.—Panicle dense, cylindric, spike-like ; flowering
glume enclosing the fruit.
12. Mis6ra.—Sprkelets in a 1-sided raceme, dorsally com-
pressed, awnless.
13. AGRoéstis.—Panicle loose ; spikelets very small; flowering
glume transparent,
550 GRAM{NEZ

14. PoLtypécon.—Panicle spike-like ; glumes awned.

15. CALAMAGROSTIS.—Rachilla with long, silky hairs ; flowering
glume awned.
** Rachilla produced beyond flowering glume
16. GastRipiuM.—Panicle spike-like ; outer glumes awnless;
flowering glume minute, 4-toothed.
17. APERA. —Panicle loose ; flowering glume slightly 2-fid, with
a long, slender awn.
18. AMMOPHILA.—Panicle spike-like ; spzkelets large; rachilla
long, silky ; flowering glume minutely awned.
19. Lactrus.—Panicle spike-like, ovate ; outer glumes ending
in a long, fringed bristle ; flowering glume 3-awned.

Tribe 5. Avénee.—Spikelets in panicles, 2—4-flowered ; rachilla

generally produced beyond the flowering glume; glumes 4 or more,
2 lowest empty, equalling or overtopping the flowers; flowering
glumes with twisted dorsal awns
20. Afra.—Panicle loose ; rachilla not produced ; awn dorsal,
generally bent ; ovary glabrous.
21. CORYNEPHORUS.—Flowers 2, perfect; aw jointed in the
middle, with a club-shaped tip.
22. Houicus.—Flowers 2, lower perfect, awnless, upper stami-
nate, awned.
23. TRISETUM.—Flowers 2—6; flowering glume with 2 acute
teeth and a bent, twisted dorsal awn ; ovary smooth.
24. AvENA.—Flowers 2 or more ; flowering glume with 2 points
and a bent, twisted, terminal awn ; ovary hairy.
25. ARRHENATHERUM.—Flowers 2, lower staminate, with long,
basal, bent, twisted awn, upper perfect, awnless, or with short,
straight awn.

Tribe 6. Chloridee.—Spikelets in 2 rows on a flattened rachis,

forming a 1-sided spike or raceme, laterally compressed, 1-flowered
26. CyNoDON.—Spikes spreading, digitate ; glumes awnless.

Tribe 7. Festucee.—Rachilla usually produced ; glumes 6 or more,

the 2 lowest emply ; awn terminal or absent
27. SIEGLINGIA.—Spzkelets seldom more than 5 or 6, in a race-
mose panicle, awnless, 2—4-flowered ; flowering glume with 3
minute teeth at the top.
28. PHRAGM{TEs. — Spzkelets in a spreading panicle, 1—6-
flowered, awnless ; vachilla bearded with long, silky hairs,

‘'
a
 GRASS FAMILY 551

29. SESLERIA.—Sp?kelets in an ovoid, spike-like panicle, awnless,

with a soft ciliate glume below each.
30. Cynostrus.— Sptkelets in a 1-sided, spike-like panicle,
2—5-flowered, with bristly comb-like glumes below them.
31. KoELERIA.—SpPztkelets in a sub-cylindric spike, 2—5-flowered;
flowering glume membranous, keeled, pointed.
32. Moxfnia.—Sprkelets in a narrow but loose panicle, lanceo-
late, 1—3-flowered ; glumes hardening on the fruit.
33. CATABROSA.—Sptkelets in a spreading panicle, with whorled
branches, 1—3-flowered ; empty glumes very unequal, blunt;
flowering glume truncate at the top.
34. Meéxica.—Spztkelets in a slender panicle, ovate, awnless,
1—2-flowered ; upper glumes forming a club-like rudiment.
35. DActy.is.—Spzkelets 3—5-flowered, densely crowded in a
1-sided panicle ; flowering glume shortly awned.
36. Briza.—Spikelets panicled, pendulous, short, flat, densely
and distichously imbricate, 3- or more-flowered ; glumes mem-
. branous, boat-shaped, blunt.
37. Péa.—Sprtkelets panicled, awnless, 2- or more-flowered;
glumes acute, unequal ; flowering glume keeled, 3—5-veined.
, many-flowered ;
glumes obtuse ; flowering glume sub-cylindric, 5—7-ribbed, obtuse.
39. SCLEROCHLOA.—Differing from Glycéria in the flowering
glume being cylindric and faintly 5-veined, the lodicules slender,
and the fruzt compressed.
40. Festtca.—Leaf-sheath split to base ; sptkelets in a panicle
or spike, 3- or more-flowered ; flowering glume rounded at the
back ; 3—5-ribbed, pointed or awned; styles at the top of the
smooth ovary.
41. Broémus.—Leaf-sheath split half-way; spzkelets panicled,
many-flowered ; flowering glume rounded at the back, with a long,
dorsal awn ; styles below the hairy top of the ovary.
42. SERRAFALCUS.—Leaf-sheath split less than half-way ; lower
empty glume 5-veined, upper 7—9-veined ; otherwise much as in
Bromus.
43. Bracuypopium. — Spzkelets in a spike or raceme, long,
many-flowered ; rachis not indented; glumes unequal; flowering |
glume with terminal awn ; ovary hairy at the top.

Tribe 8. Hordee@.—Spikelets in 2 cr more rows, sessile in the notches

. of a simple rachis, forming a spike; rachilla generally produced
44. LoL1um.—Spzkelets solitary in the notches, with their edges
to the rachis, 3- or more-flowered.
552 GRAM{NE&
45. Triticum.—Sptkelets solitary in the notches, with their
broad sides to the rachis, 3- or more-flowered.
46. Leprtrus.—Sprtkelets solitary in the notches, with their
broad sides to the rachis, 1-flowered.
47. NArpus.—Spztkelets solitary in the notches of a 1-sided
spike, 1-flowered.
48. HérpveuM.—Spztkelets 3 in each notch, 1-flowered, with
long awns.
49. E.ymus.—Spzrkelets 2 or 3 in each notch, 2—7-flowered,
awnless.
1. DiciTAria (Finger-grass.)—Spikelets 1-flowered, arranged 2
together along one side of linear, digitate spikes, glumes 4, usually
not awned, the lowest small; flowering glume 3-veined. (Name
from the Latin digitus, a finger, from the form of the inflorescence.)
1.* D. sanguindlis (Fingered Panic)—An introduced weed of
cultivated ground ; stems 1—2 feet long, spreading at base, then
erect; leaves flat, hairy, panicle of 2—6, rarely more, simple,
slender, digitate, spike-like branches, 2—4 in. long.—South of
England.—Fl. August. Annual.
2. D. linedris (Red Millet, Finger-grass).—Very like the pre-
ceding, but much smaller and less hairy ; stems 6—8 in., prostrate ;
panicle of 2—5 branches ; spikelets minute, purplish, ovate,
stalked, in pairs——Sandy fields in the south-eastern counties;
rare.—Fl. July, August. Annual.
*2. ECHINOCHLOA.—Sptkelets 2-flowered, panicled, the lower
flower staminate ; glumes 4; flowering glume 5-veined, pointed or
awned. (Name from the Greek echinos, a hedgehog, chléa, grass.)
1.* E. Crus-gdalli (Loose, or Cockspur, Panic).—A coarse
naturalised weed ; stems 1—4 feet, ascending ; leaves broad, gla-
brous, rough-edged ; panicle 3—6 in. long, irregularly pyramidal,
with alternate or opposite, rather 1-sided branches and downy, 3-
sided rachis; spikelets green, on hairy pedicels; third glume
pointed or awned ; flowering glume polished.—Fields in the south- -
eastern counties.—F1 July. Annual.
*3. SetAria (Bristle-grass)—Spzkelets in a dense, cylindric;
spike-like panicle, resembling those of Pdnicum, but with stout
bristles on their pedicels and no awns. (Name from the Latin
seta, a bristle.)
1.* §. viridis (Green Bristle-grass or Panic).—An erect plant,
1—2 feet high ; leaves flat, rough on the edges; panicle green, 1
—3 in. long, with downy, 3-edged, whorled branches; bdrtsiles
purplish, + in. long, with ascending teeth ; flowering glume smooth. e

—A casual in cultivated fields.—Fl. July, August. Annual.

 GRASS FAMILY 553

2.* S. glauca (Glaucous Bristle-grass).—A very similar plant;

panicle 1—132 in. long ; flowering glume transversely wrinkled.—A
cornfield casual, Weybridge, Surrey.—Fl. September. Annual.
3.* S. verticilldta (Rough Bristle-grass or Panic)—Another very
similar species ; but with a narrower, rather loose panicle ; down-
ward pointing barbs to the drzsiles ; and a smooth flowering glume.
—Cultivated fields near London and Norwich.—F1. July, August.
Annual.
4. SPARTINA (Cord-grass).—Spikelets 1-flowered, } in. long,
laterally compressed, sessile in 2 rows along one side of the erect,
spike-like branches of a raceme ; glumes 3, lowest smaller, second
s-nerved ; flowering glume shorter, t-nerved, awnless ; styles long,
united half-way up. (Name from the Greek spartiné, a cord, from
a use to which the leaves have been put.)
1. S. stricta (Common Cord-grass)—A remarkably stiff, erect
grass, with a long, branched, creeping root-stock ; stems 1—1+ feet,
stout, polished, leafy ; leaves erect, leathery, pointed, glaucous
above, with blades jointed to their sheaths; sprkes 2 or 3, ad-
pressed, 1—3 in. long; outer glume 1-nerved, hairy; rachis
scarcely extending beyond the last spikelet— Muddy salt marshes
in the south; local. It is cut at Southampton by the poorer
classes for thatching.—Fl. July—September. Perennial.
2.* S. alterntfiéra (Many-spiked Cord-grass).—A larger species,
2—3 feet high; leaves with blades not jointed to the sheaths ;
spikes 3—8 ; outer glume 5-nerved, glabrous except on its keel ;
rachis produced beyond the last spikelet—Mud flats, Southamp-
ton.—Fl. August. Perennial.
3. S. Townséndz, a still larger form, with shorter leaves ; broader,
larger sptkelets ; more lanceolate, downy glumes; and a flexuous
tip to the rachis ; has recently spread along the shores of South-
ampton Water, the Beaulieu River, Poole Harbour, and the Isle
of Wight.
5. Leférsia (Cut grass), of which L. oryzoides is the only
British species, has a smooth, shining stem, 2—3 feet high, leafy
and hairy at the nodes; broad, rough, glaucous leaves with a
truncate, torn ligule; panzcle few-flowered, very loose, with
slender, wavy branches, mostly enclosed in the leaf-sheath ;
sptkelets shortly stalked, laterally compressed, consisting of only 2
parchment-like glumes.—Wet places, Surrey, Sussex, and Hants.
(Named in honour of John Daniel Leers, a German botanist.)—
Fl. August—October. Perennial.
6. PHALARIS (Reed-grass).—Sptkelets 1-flowered, much com-
pressed laterally, in panicles, awnless ; glumes boat-shaped, keeled,
554 GRAM{NEZ
membranous, nearly equal; flowering glume and pale leathery,
closely investing the fruit. (Name from the Greek phalos, white,
applied by Dioscorides to some plant with shining fruit.)
1.* P. canariénsis (Canary-grass).—An erect, leafy plant, 2—3
feet high, glaucous; spikelets densely crowded into an ovoid
panicle, 1—1} in. long; glumes very flat, acute, but not awned,
winged on the keel, pale yellow, with a broad green line down

PHALARIS CANARIENSIS (Canary-grass). PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA (eed-wrass).

each side.—A casual escape. _Much cultivated as canary-seed in

central and southern Europe.—Fl. June—August. Annual.
2.* P. paradoxa, a branched plant, 1—3 feet high, with a spike-
like panicle, and glumes with a toothed wing on the keel and many-
veined, has occurred, probably only casually, at Swanage, Dorset.
—Fl. July. Annual.
3. P. arundindcea (Reed-grass).—A glabrous plant, with creep-
ing root-stock ; stems 2—6 feet high; leaves with large ligules ;

ia
ie
 GRASS FAMILY BES

panicle erect, with spreading branches; outer glumes lanceolate,

keeled, but not winged or awned, whitish with 3 green nerves.—
On river banks and in marshes, especially on sand ; common.—
Fl. July, August. Perennial.
7. ANTHOXANTHUM (Vernal-grass).—Sweet-scented plants with
stalked spikelets in a spike-like panicle ; lowest glume 1-nerved,
2nd larger, 3-nerved, 3rd and 4th shorter, bifid, with dorsal
awns ; flowering glume blunt, 5—7-nerved; stamens 2. (Name
from the Greek anthos, flower, and
xanthos, yellow.)
1. A, odordtum (Sweet Vernal-
grass).—Erect, shining, 6—18 in,
high ; leaves hairy; panicle oblong,
spike-like, interrupted below, 1—s5 in.
long; anthers purple in meadow
form, yellow in woods.—Pastures,
abundant, containing the aromatic
principle coumarin, which exists also
in Woodruff, Melilot, and Tonka-
bean, and imparts its sweet scent to
new-made hay.— Fl. May — July.
Perennial.
2.* A. aristdtum, a smaller species,
with many slender, much-branched
stems ; lax panicles; long, slender
awns ; anda fainter perfume.—Occurs
occasionally as a modern introduction
in sandy fields——Fl. July—Septem-
ber. Annual.
8. H1iEROCHLOE (Holy-grass), of
which H. odordta (Northern Holy-
grass) 1s the only British species, is a ;
faprant prass, about a foot high, S7ezryre ceamemm
glabrous, with creeping root-stock ;
tufted stems ; long ligules ; a spreading panicle of small, brown,
shining, ovate, 3-flowered sptkelets ; flowering glume with short
awn ; the two lower flowers with 3 stamens, the uppermost perfect,
with 2 stamens.—Wet banks, Caithness, (Name from the Greek
hieros, holy, chloé grass, it having been used to strew on church
floors.)
> ALOPECURuS (Foxtail-grass).—Spzkelets much compressed
laterally, 1-flowered, densely crowded into a cylindric, spike-like
panicle ; outer glumes nearly equal, often connate below, awnless ;
556 GRAM{NEZ

flowering glumes with a slender, bent, dorsal awn. (Name from

the Greek alopex, fox, oura, tail.)
x. A, myosuroides (Black-grass. Slender Foxtail).—Stem erect,
rough, 1—2 feet high ; leaves with a large, blunt ligule; spzke 2—
3 in. long, slender, flexuous, more pointed than in the other
species ; glumes acute, united to about the middle, nearly smooth.
—A troublesome weed in England.—Fl. April—November.
Annual

ALOPECURUS MYOSUROIDES ALOFECURUS GENICULATUS

(Slender Foxtail-grass). (floating Foxtail).

2. A. equdlis (Orange-spiked Foxtail).—A glaucous plant ; stem

ascending, bent at the nodes, 1—2 feet high ; leaf-sheaths rather
inflated ; ligule oblong ; spike 2—3 in. long, pale ; glumes united
below, ciliate ; anthers short, broad, at first white, then orange.—
Ditches in the midland and southern counties ; rare.—Fl. June— .
September. Perennial.
3. A. gentculdtus (Marsh or Floating Foxtail)—A closely allied,
not glaucous species ; leaf-sheaths cylindric ; spike 1—2 in. long,
blunt ; glumes connate, blunt, ciliate; flowering glume with a
sub-basal awn, half as long again as the glume; anthers linear,

a
 GRASS FAMILY 557

violet-yellow. — Wet places; common. — Fl. April — August.

Perennial.
4. A. bulbosus (Tuberous Foxtail).—A tufted, not glaucous,
form with the lower part of the ascending stem forming ovate
tubercles ; upper /eaf-sheath inflated ; sptke 1 in. long, pointed ,
glumes not connate, acute, downy ; flowering glume with sub-basal
awn twice as long as the
glume.—Salt marshes ; rare.—
Fl. May—July Perennial.
. A. praténsis (Meadow
Foxtail).— Stem 1—z2 feet high,
erect, smooth, with runners ;
sheaths of upper leaves rather
loose; spike 1—3 in. long,
blunt, soft, pale green ; glumes
acute, scarcely united at the
base, hairy ; awn twice as long ="
as the flowering glume ; anthers
yellow.—Rich pastures; com- “”
mon.— FI. April—June. Pe-
rennial.
6. A. alpinus (Alpine Fox-
tail).—An allied, but usually
shorter, species, with looser
sheaths to the upper leaves;
spike seldom more than an
inch long, unless cultivated,
and softly silky with the rather
long hairs which cover the
acute, connate glumes. — By
streams on lofty Scottish
mountains.—Fl. July, August. SOS
Perennial. SAV
Ea fl

to. MiLtium (Millet-grass), M{LIUM EFFUSUM (Spreading Millet-grass).

of which M. effusum (Spreading
Millet-grass) is the only British species, is a slender, erect, smooth
grass, 1—4 feet high; with broad, flat, thin leaves ; panicle long,
loose, spreading, and slender, its branches whorled ; spzkelets
small, pale green, or purple, awnless ; flowering glume smooth,
white, hardening round fruit—-Damp woods; common. (Name
in Latin meaning millet.)
11. PHLEUM (Cat’s-tail grass).—Panicle dense, cylindric, spike-
like, of compressed, 1-flowered spzkelets ; flowering glume awnless,
 558 GRAM{NE&

or shortly awned, enclosing the fruit. Resembling the Foxtails,

but distinguished from them by the possession ofa pale. (Name
from the Greek phileds, some reed-like plant.)
1. P. alpinum (Mountain Cat’s-tail).—Stem solitary, ascending,
6—18 in. high ; leaf-sheaths inflated ; ligule short ; spzke oblong,
purplish, about an inch long ; glumes truncate, with bristly awns
as long as the glumes.—By streams on lofty Scottish mountains ;
rare.—Fl, July. Perennial.
2: P. praténsé (Timothy-grass, Meadow Cat’s-tail) —Siem tufted,
ascending, smooth, 1—3 feet high; leaf-sheaths not inflated;
ligule long ; spike cylindric, obtuse, 1--6 in. long,
green ; glumes truncate, with bristly awns, not
half as long as the glumes; anthers yellow or
purple.— Meadows; common. (Named after
ta
Oe
ee
oF
see
se
Timothy Hanson who cultivated it in North
=
BE America.)—F]. June—August. Perennial.
3. P. phleoides (Purple-stalked Cat’s-tail)—
EE
\

co Erect, like the Timothy-grass, but usually smaller;

SS
s
SS. outer glumes linear-lanceolate, tapering into a
=Si
—_—
minute, stiff point ; margins white; anthers linear-
oblong.—Dry fields in the eastern counties;
rare.—Fl. July. Perennial.
4. P. arendrium (Sea Cat’s-tail) —Erect, 2—-12
in. high; leaves broad, with long ligules, the
upper ones with inflated sheaths ; spzke {—1 in.
long, cylindric, tapering at the base, glaucous;
glumes lanceolate, tapering into a short point;
anthers minute, yellow.—Sandy coasts ; frequent.
—F]. May—July. Annual.
PHLEUM PRATENSE 12. Mrsoéra, of which M. minima (Early Sand-
(Meadow grass) is the only species, is a little tufted plant,
Cat's-tait).
2—,4 in. high; leaves short, bristly, rough, with
white, inflated sheaths; spzkelets 5—10, minute, sub-sessile,
purplish, awnless, dorsally compressed, in a 1-sided spike, }—1
in. long ; flowering glume thin, very hairy, truncate, jagged at top.—
Wet sandy shores of Anglesea and the Channel Islands ; rare—
Fl. March, April. Annual.
13. AGROsTIS (Bent)—A large genus having numerous small,
t-flowered spikelets in an elegant panicle, with whorled branches;
outer glumes boat-shaped, unequal, pointed, awnless; flowering
glume shorter, transparent, with a short, slender, dorsal awn, or
awnless. (Name, the Greek name for some kind of grass.)
>
1. A. setdcea (Bristle-leaved Bent).—Séems erect, rough, about

I
ia
 GRASS FAMILY 559
a foot high; leaves numerous, mostly radical, densely tufted,
fineiy subulate, involute, rough; particle close, oblong, with short
branches; glumes acute, the lowest longer than the second;
flowering-glume 4-ribbed, jagged at the top, with a fine bent and
twisted basal awn.—Dry heaths in the south ; rare. Fl. June, July.
Perennial.
2. A, canina (Brown Bent).—Siems ascending, 1—2 feet high,
smooth, sometimes with runners;
leaves narrow, flat, smooth ; panicle
with long, slender branches, spread-
ing when in flower, purplish or
green; glumes acute, the lowest
longer than the second ; flowering-
glume 5-ribbed, jagged, with dorsal
awn from below the middle.—
Peaty heaths ;common.—F'. July,
August. Perennial.
3. A. dlba (Fiorin-grass or Marsh
Bent).— An elegant but most
variable grass, nearly allied to the
preceding; stems more or less
prostrate below, often with long
runners, 6—24 in. high, rough;
leaves with roughish sheaths and
long, acute ligules ; panzcle spread-
ing in flower, afterwards close;
glumes nearly equal; flowering
glumes seldom awned.—Pastures;
common. — Fl. July—September.
Perennial.
4. A. tenuis (Fine Bent).—A
closely allied, very variable, but
generally smaller species, with
smooth stems and_ leaf-sheaths,
AGROSTIS ALBA
short, truncate ligules; panicle (Fiorin-grass, Marsh Bent).
spreading both in flower and fruit.
—Pastures ; common.—Fl. June—September. Perennial.
5. A. nigra (Black Bent).—Another nearly allied but more
rebust species, with runners ; rather rough leaf-sheaths ; long, trun-
cate ligules ; panicle-branches sub-erect both in flower and fruit.—
Borders of fields.—Fl. July. Perennial.

14. Potypécon (Beard-grass)— Spikelets 1-flowered, densely.

crowded in a spike-like, cylindric, or branched panicle ; glumes
560 GRAM{NEZ

notched, with awns 2 or 4 times as Jong as the glumes, from

below their tips ; flowering glume shorter and more shortly awned.
(Name from the Greek polus, many, pdogdén, beard, from the long
awns.)
1. P. monspeliénsis (Annual Beard-grass)—A very beautiful
species, procumbent at base, or rarely erect, 1—1} foot high;
stems stout, smooth ; leaves large, broad, rough; panicle 1—6 in.
long, dense, lobed, of a yellowish
shining green, silky ; glumes blunt,
less than half as long as the awns ;
flowering glume awnless.— Damp
pastures in the south-eastern coun-
ties; rare. — Fl. June — August.
Annual.
2. P. littordlis (Perennial Beard-
grass).—Nearly allied, variable in
size, sometimes several feet in
height ; panicle smaller, more
branched, purplish ; glumes longer,
tapering into an awn scarcely longer
than the glume itself.—Salt marshes
on the south-east coast ; rare.—Fl.
July, August. Perennial.

15. CALAMAGROSTIS (Small-reed).

—Tall grasses with spreading, some-
what 1-sided panicles of 1-flowered
sptkelets ; flowering glume awned,
with a tuft oflong, silky hairs on the
rachilla at its base. Distinguished
from the true reed (Phragmites) by
the 1-flowered spikelets. (Name
from the Greek kalamos, reed,
, agrésits, grass.)
Sr ase eee 1. C. epigéjos (Wood Small-
reed).— Stem 3—5 feet high, stout,
erect ;leaves long; acuminate, rough, glaucous beneath; panzcle
branched, but not spreading except when in full flower, 4—12 in.
long, with nurmerous crowded, purplish spzkelets ; flowering glume
with very short and slender awn from about the middle.—In
moist open places in woods; not generally common. One of the
handsomest grasses.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
2. C. canéscens (Purple Small-reed).—A tall grass, 2—4 feet ae
ea

high, resembling the preceding, but slender ; leaves narrower and

 GRASS FAMILY 561

smoother; panicle looser, 5 or 6 in. long, drooping at the tip,

shining purple ; flcwering glume notched with a very short terminal
awn.—Wet places; rare.—F]. June—August. Perennial.
3. C. sirigdsa, found in 1885 by Robert Dick, the baker
naturalist of Thurso, in Caithness, has larger spikelets and more
acuminate glumes than the following. It is a northern type.
4. C. neglécta (Narrow Small-reed).—Stem erect, 1—3 feet high,
slender, polished; Jeaves short, stiff, with
short ligules; panicle 2—6 in. long, narrow,
erect, close, pale purplish, and green ; glumes
acute, longer than the hairs ; flcwering glume
shorter, with awn inserted rather below the
middle—Bogs in Cheshire and Antrim;
rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
16. Gastrfpium (Nit-grass), of which G.
lendigerum (Awned Nit-grass) is the only
species, is an elegant, erect grass, 6—12 in.
high, with rough-edged flat leaves and a
tapering spike-like panicle 1—3 in. long, pale
green with silvery lustre, and is easily dis-
tinguished from other British grasses by the
peculiar glossy, swollen base of the outer
glumes —Fields near the sea that are occasion-
ally overflowed, in the south; rare. (Name
from the Greek gasiridion, a swelling.)—FI.
June—October. Annual.
17. APERA (Wind-grass).—Annual grasses
with panicles of small, shining, 1-flowered
sptkelets ; outer glumes 2, membranous, acute,
awnless, the lower the smaller; flowering
glume shorter, slightly 2-fid, with a long,
slender, subterminal awn. (Name from the
Greek apéros, undivided.) es.
1. A. Spica-vénts (Silky Wind-grass) —One Cael gan Meek.
of the handsomest of grasses, 2—3 feet high,
with rather narrow, flat leaves ; panicle 3 in. long, spreading, with
very slender branches, and little shining spzkelzts hardly a line long ;
awn 3 or 4 times as long as the spikelet ; anthers linear—Sandy
fields ; rare—F]. June, July. Annual.
2. A. interrupta, with a close panicle, the branches of which
never spread, and short, oval anthers, occurs rarely in the eastern
counties.—F1. June, July .—Annual.
18. AMMOPHILA (Marram-grass).—Panicle spike-like ; rae
oe)
562 GRAM{NE

large, 1-flowered, much compressed laterally ; rachzlla long, silky;

glumes sub-equal, awnless ; flowering glume shorter, 5-nerved, with
a minute sub-terminal awn. (Name from the Greek ammos, sand,
philo, I love.)
1. A. arendria (Sea Marram, Murram or Matgrass, Sea-reed).—
Root-stock creeping ; stems erect, stiff, 2—4 feet high ; leaves long,
stiff, erect, glaucous above, polished below, with very long, torn
ligules ; panicle cylindric, straw-coloured, 3—6 in. long, acute;
glumes acute ; flowering glume 3 times as long as the hairs.—Sand-
dunes ; frequent. Its value as a sand-binder cannot be overrated.
At the end of the 18th century a large district near Moray Firth
was destroyed by drifting sand owing to the wanton destruction of
Marram.—F1. July, August. Perennial.
2. A. bdltica, distinguished by its vertical root-stock ; looser,
less cylindric, purplish panicle ; lanceolate, acuminate glumes ; and
flowering glume twice as long as the hairs; occurs on Ross
Links and Holy Isle, Northumberland —Fl. July—September.
Perennial.
19. Lac&rus (Hare’s-tail grass), of which L. ovdtus is the only
species, is a very ornamental grass, with numerous, stout, pubes-
cent stems 6—12 in. high; short leaves hoary with soft down,
with rather swollen sheaths; and sptkelets closely crowded into
an ovate, softly hairy, whitish head, 1—r14 in. long, the glumes
being densely clothed with soft hairs——Sandy places in Guernsey.
(Name from the Greek lagés, hare, oura, tail.)—Fl. June, July.
Annual.
20. Afra (Hair-grass).—Spzkelets 2-flowered, laterally com-
pressed, in a loose panicle; glumes nearly equal, not awned ;
flowering glume 2-fid, with a twisted dorsal awn from below the
middle ; ovary glabrous ; jruit furrowed on the back. (Name,
the Greek name for some grass.)
1. A. cespitosa (Tufted Hair-grass)—Forming large dense tufts;
stems 2—4 feet high ; leaves flatand rough; panicle 6—8 in. long,
very elegant, with slender, spreading, rough branches; spzkelets
1 in. long, much compressed, silver-grey or purplish, 2-flowered;
flowering glume with a short, fine, hair-like, straight, sub-basal awn.
—Moist places ; abundant, indicating that pasture requires under-
draining —Fl. June—August. Perennial.
2. A. alpina (Alpine Hair-grass).—An allied but smaller species,
6—12 in. high, with channelled involute leaves; closer panicle
with smooth branches ; and a bent awn from above the middle of
the flowering glume.——Wet rocks, Scotland and west of Ireland ;
rare.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
 GRASS FAMILY 563

3. A. setdcea (Bog Hair-grass).—Stems erect, slender, polished,

about a foot high ; leaves hair-like with linear-lanceolate ligules ;
panicle spreading, drooping at the end ; flowering glume with bent,
twisted, sub-basal awn ; that of the upper flower on a stalk half its
own length.—Wet peaty bogs.—F1. July, August. Perennial.
4. A. flexuosa (Wavy Hair-grass)—A closely allied species, with

Afra c#sPITésa (Tufted Hair-grass). _

Short, blunt, almost bristle-like leaves with short, truncate ligules

and rough sheaths ; panicle spreading, 2—3 in. long, triply forked
with wavy branches ; spzkelets shining, with fine, hair-like, bent,
twisted, sub-basal awns protruding beyond the glumes ; pedicel of
upper flower not a quarter of its length.— Heathy places ; common.
Fl. June, July. Perennial.
5. A. caryophyllea (Silver Hair-grass)—A tufted, slender, and
002
564 GRAMINE

graceful species ; stems 2—12 in. high, bent below, rough, often
purplish ; leaves short, bristle-like, blunt, with rough sheaths;
panicle 1—2 in. long, very spreading,
with long, triply forked branches.—
Dry places; common.—Fl. June,
July. Annual.
6. A. précox (Early Hair-grass).—
A similar but smailer species, not
more than 6 in. high, greener, with
smooth leaf-sheaths and a close,
oblong, spike-lke panicle, }—1 in.
long, with short branches—Dry
places ; common.—Fl. April, May.
Annual.
21. CORYNEPHORUS, of which C.
canescens (Grey Hair-grass) is the
only British species, is a tufted,
slender plant, less than a _ foot
high, with numerous short, bristle-
like, glaucous Jeaves with rough
sheaths ; panicle rather dense, 1—3
in. long, spreading in flower, with
short branches ; spzkelets variegated
with purple and white ; glumes with
slender, transparent tips; flowering
glume shorter, with a bent, sub-basal
awn, bearded at the joint, and
thickening into a club-shaped tip ;
anthers purple ; fruit grooved, adnate
to the flowering glume and pale—
Sandy coasts of Norfolk, Suffolk, and
the Channel Islands.—Fl. June,
July. Perennial. (Name from the
Greek korunéphoros, a mace-bearer.)
22. Hdéditcus (Soft-grass).—Spzke-
lets numerous, much compressed
laterally, in an open panicle, 2-
flowered ; lower flower perfect, awn-
less ; upper staminate, with a twisted
HOLCUS MOLLIS (Creeping Soft-grass). dorsal awn to its 5-nerved flowering
glume. (Name said to be from the
Greek holkos, connected with helko, I draw, referring to a supposed
power of drawing thorns out of the flesh.)
 GRASS FAMILY 565

1. H. mollis (Creeping Soft-grass)—Root-stock creeping ; stems

about a foot high, hairy at the nodes, slender ; leaves rough, with
smooth sheaths; panicle 2—3 in. long, rather loose, whitish ;
upper glumes acute; the awn of the flowering glume of the upper
flower rough, projecting beyond the glumes.—On light soil;
abundant.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
2. H. landtus (Yorkshire Fog, Meadow Soft- NE
grass).—A similar plant, tufted, 1—2 feet high, AWG
the whole plant clothed with a very short down, Nai
giving it a pale soft appearance ; panicle pale SS |FF
whitish or reddish ; upper glumes blunt; awn ts |Lak
smooth, except at the tip, not projecting. — _ EN Ne
Meadows; abundant.— Fl. July, August. Ss bee
Perennial.

23. TRISETUM, of which T. flavéscens (Yellow

Oat) is the only British species, has erect,
smooth stems, 1—2 feet high, with runners ;
radical leaves flat and hairy, with blunt ligules ;
panicle with slender, spreading branches ; spike- ay
lets numerous, shining, yellowish, 3—4-flowered ; }
glumes very unequal ; flowering glumes with two
awned points and a short, twisted, bent, dorsal
awn between them.—Dry pastures ; common.
(Name from the Latin #77, three, seta, bristle.)—
Fl. June—August. Perennial.
24. AVENA (Oat).—A genus closely allied to
the preceding, with panicles of large, 2- or
more-flowered spikelets; glumes sub-equal;
flowering glume 2-fid, with a long, twisted, bent,
terminal awn; ovary hairy at the top; fruit
adherent to the glume. (Name, the Classical
Latin name fer the Oat.) \
1. A. pubéscens (Downy Oat).—Stem creeping
below, 1—2 feet high; radical leaves short, othe Oa
downy, with acute ligules; panicle nearly
simple, lower branches in fives, bearing 2—4 sub-erect spikelets.—
Dry or chalky pastures ; common.—FI. June, July. Perennial.
2. A. praténsis (Narrow-leaved Perennial Oat)—A nearly allied
species, with runners ; stems rough, erect, 1—3 feet high; leaves
smooth, glaucous, with ovate, acute ligules; panicle racemose;
spikelets erect, pale, shining, 4—2 in. long, 3—4-flowered ; awn
twice as long as the flowering glume.—Dry pastures ; frequent—
Fl. June—August. Perennial.
566 GRAMINEZ

3.* A. strigosa (Bristle Oat).—Stems 2—-3 feet high ; leaves

sometimes hairy ; panicle 1-sided ; spikelets 2-flowered, drooping ;
flowering glume smooth, ending in 2 long, straight bristles—Corn-
fields; rare, not indigenous.—Fl. June—August. Annual.
4. A. fdétua (Havers, Wild Oat).—Nearly allied to the preceding,
but stouter ; s/ems smooth, but with hairy nodes; leaves rough;

AVENA FATUA (Havers, Wild Oat).

panicle loose, 6—10 in. long, spreading ; spzkelets 3-flowered, 1

in. long, on unequal pedicels, drooping, green; flowering glume
with long, brown hairs outside.—Cornfields ; frequent—F1. June,
July. Annual.
25. ARRHENATHERUM (Oat-grass), of which A. eldtius (False
Oat) is the only British species, has a creeping or tuberous root-
stock ; stem 2—3 feet high, slender, smooth; leaves rough, flat ;
 GRASS FAMILY 567

panicle 6—12 in. long, narrow, nearly simple, with sub-erect

branches, only spreading when the flowers are open; spzkelets
3 in. long, pale greenish, 2-flowered ; lower flower staminate, with
long, basal, bent, twisted awn; upper perfect, usually awnless.—
Hedges and pastures; common. (Name from the Greek arrhén,
male, athér, awn.)—FI. June, July. Perennial.
26. CyNODON (Dog’s-tooth grass), of which C. Ddctylon

ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS CYNODON DACTYLON

(Common False Oat). (Creeping Dog's-tooth grass),

(Creeping Dog’s-tooth grass) is the only British species, is a low,

prostrate grass, with long, tough runners and short, flat, glaucous
leaves, distinguished from all other British grasses, except
Digitaria sanguindlis and D. linearis, by the digitate arrangement
of the 3—5 slender, purplish spikes in its panicle, each of which
is 1—1 in. long, and from those two species by having its awn-
less spikelets arranged singly, not in pairs, along the spikes.—
Sandy pastures by the sea in the south-western counties; very
568 GRAM{NEA

rare. It is a good sand-binder and one of the best pasture

grasses of many dry climates, such as India, where it is called
Doorba or Doab-grass, and Bermuda, where it is called Bermuda
grass. (Named from the Greek odous, a tooth, kunos, of a dog.)
—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
27. SIEGL{NGIA (Heath-grass), of which S. decumbens (Creep-
ing Heath-grass) is the only British
species, 1s a bright green, densely
tufted plant with stiff, smooth stems,
6—12 in. high; blunt, thick leaves
with a tuft of hairs for a ligule;
sptkeleis 5 or 6, rarely, 1c, ma
flexuous raceme, 3 — 4-flowered,
| rather large, awnless, pale green and
| purplish ; flowering glume 5-ribbed,
. hairy at the base, with 3 minute
teeth at the top.—Dry heaths and
iy
ff
LY,
moors; common, indicating poor
° .
‘
i Me
, soil. (Named in honour of Pro-
: W fessor Siegling, of Erfurt.)—F. July,
e August. Perennial.
28. PHRAGMITES (Reed), of which
P. communis (Common Reed) is
the only species, is a stout grass,
5-10 feet high, with a long, creep-
ing yroot-stock ; numerous long
leaves, often an inch broad, glaucous
beneath, all up the stem ; a dense,
drooping panicle 1o—18 in. long, of
a purplish - brown colour, with
=— numerous branches; spikelets very
numerous, 4—# in. long, shining,-
1—6-flowered, awnless, with long,
SIEGLINGIA DECUMBENS
silky hairs on theoe rachilla which
:
(Creeping Heath-grass). lengthen as the fruit ripens and give
the panicle a beautiful silvery ap-
pearance.—In wet ditches, marshes, and shallow waters, almost
all over the world; common. It is very serviceable on river
banks for binding the soil, and is used for thatch. The runners
are nutritious, containing much sugar, and might be used as fodder.
(Name said to be from the Greek phragma, a hedge.)—FI. July,
August. Perennial.
29. SESLERIA (Moor-grass), of which S, cerulea (Blue Moor-

e
 GRASS FAMILY 569

grass) is the only British species, is a tufted plant with stems

6—12 in. high; short, linear, glaucous radical leaves with small
rough points ; panicle oblong, rather 1-sided, 4—# in. long, dark
blue-grey or lead colour.—Limestone and micaceous rocks ; local
in the north, and in the west of Ireland. (Named in honour
of Leonard Sesler, an Italian botanist.)—Fl. April—June. Pe-
rennial.

PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS (Common Reed).

30. Cynostrus (Dog’s-tail).—Spzkelets in a 1-sided, spike-like

_ panicle, 2—5-flowered, with bristly comb-like glumes below them,
awnless. (Name from the Greek oura, tail, kunos, of a dog.)
1. C. cristdtus (Crested Dog’s-tail).—Slightly tufted, with
runners ; stems slender, erect, about a foot high; Jeaves short,
narrow, with 2-fid ligules ; spzke 1—4 in. long, simple, unilateral ;
flowering glumes shortly awned.—Pastures ; abundant. A _ useful
grass ; but the wiry stalks when not eaten by sheep remain in a
570 GRAMINE&

dry state and are known as “bents.”—Fl. July, August. Pe-

rennial.
2. C. echindtus (Rough Dog’s-tail)—A larger plant with broad,
flat leaves and an ovate, irregularly lobed panicle ; awn as long as
the flowering glume—sSandy places in the Channel Islands.—F1.
July, August. Annual.
31. KoeLERIA (Hair - grass).—
Spikelets compressed, in a_ sub-
cylindric spike, 2— 5 - flowered ;
flowering glume membranous, keeled,
pointed. (Named in honour of G.
L. Koler, a German writer on
grasses.)
1. K. cristata (Crested Hair-grass).
—Stem 6—18 in. high, downy ; leaves
downy or glabrous; spzke oblong,
interrupted below, crowded ; flower-
ing glumes white, with a green keel,
giving the spike a variegated, shining,
silvery-grey aspect.—Dry pastures;
common.—Fl. June, July. Peren-
nial.
2. K. gracilis includes some com-
mon related forms, found on lime-
stone or in moist situations, with
shorter, involute leaves and more
» slender and more interrupted spzkes.
3. K. glauca, with short, glaucous,
convolute leaves and scarcely inter-
rupted spzke, occurs rarely on sandy
coasts in Scotland, Wales, Cornwall,
and Dorset.
4. K. spléndens, a tufted form, with
glaucous, convolute Thrift-like leaves,
the sheaths breaking up into an
CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS interwoven web ; stem 3—18 in. high,
Sa rly pubescent, and spike uninterrupted,
occurs on limestone rocks at the coast end of the Mendips.
32. Motfnia, of which M. c@rulea (Purple Molinia, or Purple
Melic) is the only species, is a rather coarse, stiff plant, some-
times 3 feet high, with 1 node near the base of the stem; leaves
chiefly radical, long, linear, attenuate, rather stiff, without ligules ;
panicle 6—12 in. long, narrow, loose, generally purplish, with
 GRASS FAMILY 571

slender, erect branches; spikelets few, erect, lanceolate, 1—3-

flowered, awnless ; glumes acute, equal.—Wet heaths ; common.
Growing in tussocks in company with Scabiosa succisa. The
stems are sold in bundles by tobacconists for cleaning pipes.
(Named in honour of G. J. Molina, a Chilian botanist.)—FI.
July, August. Perennial.

CATABROSA AQUATICA (Water Whorl-grass).

33. Carasrosa (Whorl-grass ), of which C. aqudtica (Water

Whorl-grass) is the only species, is a soft, smooth, pale green
plant, creeping or floating below, sometimes much branched,
1—2 feet high ; leaves short, flat, blunt, with inflated sheaths and
blunt ligules; panicle 1— 4 in. long, pyramidal, with slender,
spreading, whorled branches; spzkelets 1—3-flowered ; empty
glumes very unequal, and both these and the flowering-glume
572 GRAMINEZ

truncate and torn at the top.—In ditches and by the margins of

ponds ; rather scarce, though distributed over the whole island.
One of the sweetest of grasses, water-fowl and cattle being fond
of it; but unsuitable for cultivation from the character of its
habitat. (Name from the Greek katabrosis, an eating out,
alluding to the torn ends of the glumes.)—Fl. May, June.
Perennial.

MELICA NUTANS (Wood Melic-grass).

34. Mética (Melic).—-Panicle slender; spzkelets rather large

and few, ovate, awnless, 1—2-flowered ; glumes nearly equal ;
rachilla produced and terminated by a club-shaped rudimentary
flower of empty glumes; fruit loosely wrapped in the flowering
glume. (Name said to be from the Latin mel, honey, on account
of the sweetness of the stem.)
1. M. monténa (Mountain Melic).—A slender, erect plant, 1—2
feet high, with delicate, flat, sparsely hairy leaves; panicle 2—3 i

in. long, nearly a simple raceme, 1-sided, with slender, short,

 GRASS FAMILY 593
usually erect branches ; spzkelets about 5—15, drooping, brown
or purple, 2-flowered.—Shady rocky places in the north and west.
—F]. May, June.—Perennial.
2. M.nitans (Wood Melic).—An elegant, very slender plant,
1—2 feet, with long, narrow Jeaves with a sheath closed, as in the
sedges, and a short, blunt ligule with a slender acuminate lobe on
one side; panicle lax, slightly drooping, with few, long, slender

DACTYLIS GLOMERATA (Cock’s-foot Grass).

branches, each bearing 1 or more of the erect, 1-flowered, purple

sptkelets—Shady woods ;common.—Fl. May—July. Perennial.
35. DActy.is, of which D. glomerdta (Cock’s-foot Grass) is the
only species, is a coarse grass, 1—2 feet high, creeping below,
with long, broad, flat eaves with rough sheaths and long ligules;
sptkelets numerous, small, rough, ovate, flattened, 3—5-flowered,
densely crowded into thick 1-sided, ovate clusters, arranged in
an irregular panicle with a few long branches below, horizontal in
flower, erect in fruit: glumes lanceolate, strongly keeled, shortly
574 GRAM{NEE

awned just below the tip—Meadows; abundant. A valuable

agricultural grass. (Name from the Greek ddktulos, a finger,
from the finger-like clusters of spikelets.)—Fl. June—August.
Perennial.
36. Brfza (Quaking- or Totter-grass)—Panicle loose, with
slender branches; spikelets pendulous, short, flat, broad, 3- or
more - flowered, unawned; glumes
e) membranous, boat-shaped, blunt,
densely and distichously imbricate.
(Name from the Greek brithdé, I
balance, from the delicately sus-
pended spikelets.)
1.* B. mdxima (Greatest Quaking-
Jn grass), with large, oblong, cordate,
ae awk 9—17-flowered spikelets, is becoming
MES Nees naturalised in Jersey.
a ie 2. B. média (Common Quaking-
or Totter-grass).—A favourite little
plant, a foot or more in height, with
a short, truncate ligule to its leaves,
and a very loose, spreading panicle
of ovate spikelets variegated with
green and purple, and containing
5—9 flowers, usually 5 or 6.—Downs
and dry pastures; common.—F.
June, July. Perennial.
3. B. minor (Lesser Quaking-
grass).—A smaller and more slender
plant with a long, acute ligule to its
leaves and more numerous, pale
green, triangular spzkelets containing
about 7 flowers——Dry and sandy
fields in the south-west; rare.—Fl.
BR{ZA MEDIA July, August. Annual.
(Common Quaking-grass).
37. Pé6a (Meadow-grass).—Spzke-
lets panicled, awnless, compressed, 2- or more-flowered ; glumes
rather unequal, generally acute; flowering glume compressed,
keeled, 3—5-veined, not adherent to the fruit. (Name from the
Greek poa, fodder.) .
1. P. dnnua (Annual Meadow-grass).—Tufted, 2—10 in. high,
with flat, flaccid, bright green glabrous /eaves ; panicle erect, loose,
spreading, with a triangular outline, 13—3 in. long, somewhat 1-
sided, with branches in pairs, becoming deflexed ; spzkelets 3—6-
 GRASS FAMILY 575
flowered ; flowering glume 5-nerved.—Waste places, everywhere.—
Fl. nearly all the year round. Annual.
2. P. bulbésa (Bulbous Meadow-grass).—A low, tufted, glabrous
plant, 6—10 in. high, remarkable for the bulbs formed by the
swollen base of the stems and leaf-sheaths ; leaves narrow, finely
serrate, with long, acute ligules; panicle ovoid, scarcely spreading,

POA ANNUA (Annual Meadow-grass).

not much more than an inch long, with branches in pairs ; spzkelets
ovate, 3—4-flowered ; flowering glume pointed, keeled, with minute,
silky hairs on keel and edges, and a few short, woolly ones on the
rachilla at its base.—Sandy shores, chiefly in the south-east ; rare.
—Fl. April, May. Perennial.
3. P. alpina (Alpine Meadow-grass),—A nearly allied species,
tufted, often somewhat swollen at the base ; leaves short, rather
broad, rounded and mucronate at the tip; ‘panicle spreading, 2
 BO in, GRAM{NE

in. long, with branches in pairs, frequently viviparous, the spzkelets

being converted into leafy bulbils.—Lofty mouutains in the north;
very rare—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
4. P. stricta, a closely allied form, has slightly compressed
stems ; narrower leaves flat throughout ; pamzcle open in flower and
spreading in fruit, often viviparous ; spikelets 3-—4-flowered, with
few or no hairs on the rachilla—Loch-na-Gar ; very rare.—FI.
July, August. Perennial.
5. P. ldxa (Wavy Meadow-grass), another very closely allied
form, has channelled leaves hollowed at the tip; panicle open in
flower and closed in fruit, rarely viviparous ; spikelets 3—4-flowered,
webbed with fine cottony fibres on the rachillaa—Loch-na-Gar-;
very rare.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
6. P. glauca (Glaucous Meadow-grass).—A slightly creeping
plant, 6—12 in. high, with glaucous leaves with very short, blunt
ligules ; panicle slender, erect ; spikelets 2—3-flowered ; flowering
glume with 5 veins, only 3 hairy.—Lofty mountains, Ben Lawers,
Ben Nevis, Clova, Snowdon ; very rare.—Fl. July. Perennial.
7. P. Balfouriz, an almost indistinguishable form, rather larger,
with leaves not glaucous, with longer, blunt ligules ; spzkelets 2—a-
flowered, sometimes webbed.—Occurs in similar positions.
8. P. nemordlis (Wood Meadow-grass).—Another closely allied,
very variable form, or series of forms, is a slightly creeping, slender,
glabrous plant, 1—3 feet high ; leaves narrow, with short ligules ;
panicle slender, rather drooping, 2—5 inches long, spreading or
close, sometimes 1-sided, with branches 2—5 together; spzkelets
small, 1—5-flowered, generally 3-flowered, yellowish-green and
purplish, generally webbed ; flowering glume with 5 veins, 3 hairy.
——Woods ; general.—I'l. June, July. Perennial.
9. P. compressa (Flat-stalked Meadow-grass).—A glabrous and
somewhat glaucous species, with creeping rool-stock, and runners ;
stem flattened, 6—18 in. high; leaves flat, with short, truncate
ligules ; panicle 2—3 in. long, slightly 1-sided, spreading when in
flower, branches 2—3 together; spzkelets ovate, 4—7-flowered,
slightly webbed ; flowering glume with 3—5 hairy veins.—Walls
and other dry places ; frequent.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
10.* P. Chaixii, with a 2-édged stem 2—3 feet high; leaves
with rough sheaths, midribs, and margins, and very short, blunt
ligules ;panicle spreading ; spikelets oval, of 3, rarely 5 flowers,
not webbed ; flowering glume with 5 smooth veins, occurs in deep
shady places near Kelso. Perennial.
11. P. praténsis (Smooth Meadow-grass).—Root-stock creeping,
with runners ; stem round, smooth, 1—2 feet high, but very
variable in size ; leaves sometimes glaucous, smooth, with long,
 GRASS FAMILY 577

blunt ligules; panicle 2—6 in. long, spreading, with slender

branches 3—5 together; spzkeleis ovate, 3—-4-flowered, much
webbed ; flowering glumes with 5 prominent veins, 3 hairy.—
Meadows; abundant.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
12. P. palustris (Marsh Meadow-grass).—Without runners ;
leaves with longer and more conspicuous ligules than the preced-

Wo?

POA PRATENSIS (S7z00th Meadow-grass).

ing ; flowering glumes indistinctly veined.—Marshes by the Tay

below Perth, and by the Severn.—Fl. July. Perennial.
13. P. irividlis (Rough Meadow-grass).—Chiefly distinguished
from P. praténsis by the absence of runners ; a general roughness
of surface ; long, acute ligules ; more slender panicles, often 6 in.
long, with slender, spreading branches given off 5 together ; spzkelets
usually 2-flowered, rarely 1 or 3—5; flowcring glume 5-veined,
marginal veins glabrous.—Moist places; abundant.—Fl. June,
July. Perennial.
PP
578 GRAMI{NE

38. GrycériaA (Manna-grass.)—Tall, semi-aquatic, perennial

grasses, with unsplit Jeaf-sheaths ; spikelets panicled, awnless,
many-flowered ; glumes unequal, membranous, obtuse ; flowering
glume sub-cylindric, 3—g-ribbed, obtuse. (Name from the Greek
glukeros, sweet, in allusion to the sweetness of the grain.)

GLYCERIA FLUITANS GLYCERIA AQUATICA

(Flote-grass, Manna-croup). (Reed Manna-grass).

1. G. fluitans (Flote-grass, Manna-croup).—Rool-stock creeping ;

stem 1—3 feet, thick, but weak, smooth, floating, or creeping;
leaves often floating, flat, acute, with long, compressed, striate l
c

sheaths ; panicle slender, about a foot long, slightly branched,

branches erect in fruit; spikelets few, linear, adpressed, +—2 in.
long, 7—20-flowered ; flowering glume nearly thrice as long as
 GRASS FAMILY 579
broad ; anthers about five times as long as broad, purple, yellowish
when empty.—Watery places; common.—Fl]. June—September.
Perennial.
2. G. plicdta (Plaited-leaved Manna-grass), a nearly allied form,
has glaucous, rather blunt leaves, plaited when young, with fur-
rowed sheaths ; panicle with many branches, spreading when in
fruit ; flowering glume twice as long as broad ; anthers about thrice
as long as broad, cream-coloured, brownish when empty.—Stag-
nant water ; frequent.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
3. G. aquatica (Reed Manna-grass).—<A conspicuous and impos-
ing grass, 4—6 feet high ; root-stock creeping ; leaves never floating,
sub-erect, flat, rough on-the edges, with long, smooth sheaths ;
panicle erect, about a foot long, much branched, with spreading,
slender branches ; sptkelets numerous, 5—10- flowered, oblong;
flowering glumes 14 line long, loosely imbricate, 5—7-ribbed.—
Watery places ; frequent in England and Ireland, but rare in Scot-
land. A fine covert for waterfowl.—FI. April—August. Perennial.

39. SCLEROCHLOA (Maritime Manna-grass).—A group closely

related to Glycéria ; but differing in the cylindric, faintly 5-veined
flowering-glume ; the slender lodicules ; and the dorsally com-
pressed fruit. (Name from the Greek skléros, hard, chloa, grass.)
1. S. maritima (Sea Manna-grass).— Root- stock creeping, with
runners ; stems about a foot high; leaves involute, with smooth
sheaths ; panicle erect, 1-sided, t— 4 in. long, generally com-
pact, branches short, solitary, or in pairs, rarely 3 or more to-
gether ; spzkelets not numerous, 4—8-flowered ; flowering glume
apiculate.—Sandy or muddy salt marshes ; frequent.—Fl. June—
September. Perennial.
2. S. festuciférmis, over two feet high, slightly geniculate; with
broader convolute Jeaves and stouter build, occurs on the shore
of Strangford Lough, co. Down.
3. S. distans (Reflexed Manna-grass).—An allied species, tufted
and generally without runners; sfems 1—2 feet high, slender ;
leaves flat; panicle spreading, with long, slender branches, 4—5
together, ultimately deflexed ; spzkelets + in. long, 3-—7-flowered ;
flowering glume truncate.—Sandy salt marshes ; not common.—FI.
June—October. Perennial.
4. S.Borrert, somewhat intermediate between the two preced-
ing species, is densely tufted, without runners, 6—20 in. high;
leaves flat ; panicle 3—6 in. long, with short branches 2-—4'> f0-
gether, ascending ;; sptkelets very small, crowded, 3—7- flowered;
_ flowering glume apiculate.—Salt marshes on the east and south
coasts ; rare.-—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
PP2
580 GRAMINE#
5. S. rupéstris (Procumbent Manna-grass).—Tufted, decumbent,
3—8 in. high, stiff; leaves flat, glaucous, with inflated sheaths ;
panicle 1-sided, 1—2 in. high, compact, with short, stout, ascend-
ing, rigid, distichous branches ; spzkelets small, crowded, nearly
sessile, about 4-flowered ; flowering glumes 3—5, 5-ribbed, apiculate.
—Salt marshes ;uncommon.—Fl. June—August. Annual.
6. S. rigida (Hard Manna-grass).—A_ tufted, stiff, glabrous,
often purple plant, 4—6 in. high ; panicle about 2 in. long, with
distichous branches, a broadly channelled rachis, and 3—5 ’ spike-
lets, which are about 3 lines long and 6 Sflenareen flowering
glume smooth, shining, apiculate-—Dry places; common.—f'l.
June, July. Annual.
7. iS. lolidcea (Dwarf Darnel-like Manna-grass).—A glabrous,
green, stiff, dwarf plant, 2—6 in. high, resembling the preceding;
spikelets nearly sessile in 2 rows on alternate sides of the rachis,
but all turning one way so as to resemble a 1-sided spike; spzke-
lets about 3 lines long, 6—12-flowered ; flowering glumes mucron-
ate, with well-marked marginal veins.—Sandy sea-shores; un-
common.—Fl. June—August. Annual.

40. Festuca (Fescue).—Leaf-sheath generally split to the base ;

spikelets in a spike or panicle, 3- or more-flowered ; flowering glume
rounded at the back, 3—5-ribbed, pointed or awned ; styles at the
top of the smooth ovary. (Name, a Classical Latin name.)
1. EF. membrandcea (Single-husked Fescue).—Stem 4—12 in.
high, bent below, slender, glabrous, leafy ; leaves bristle-like;
panicle 1-sided, spike-like, but with some very short lower
branches in pairs, 2 in. long, pale green, shining ; spzkelets 4—10-
flowered ; outermost glume wanting, and awned ; flowering glumes
ending in awns longer than themselves.—Sandy sea-shores in the
south ; rare.—Fl. June, July. Annual or biennial.
2. F. ambigua (Doubtful Fescue).—A slender plant, 8—12 in.
high, with narrow, involute /eaves; panicle long, narrow, erect,
close ;upper empty glume 3—6 times as long as the lower ; flower-
ing glumes ending in awns as long as themselves; sfamen 1.—
Sandy places, Dorset, Isle of Wight, Suffolk, and Norfolk ; very
rare.—F]. May, June. Annual.
3. F. Myuros (Rat’s-tail, or Wall Fescue).—A closely allied, but
generally taller species, about a foot high, slender; panicle 2—6
in. long, slender, 1i-sided, sometimes spike-like, interrupted, nod-
ding ; upper empty glume thrice as long as the lower.—Walls and
sandy places; not uncommon.—Fl. June, July. Annual.
Ad bromoides (Squirrel-tailed Fescue).—Another closely allied
species, differing in the upper part of the stem being leafless ; the
 GRASS FAMILY 581

shorter panicle being more open, with slender ascending branches

below ; and the upper empty glume twice as long as the lower.—
Occurs in similar situations more commonly.—Fl. June, July.
Annual.
5. F. ovina (Sheep’s Fescue).—A densely tufted, glaucous grass
3—24 in. high; stem slender,
4-angled, rough below the
inflorescence ; leaves chiefly
radical, subulate, almost
cylindric, with 2-lobed
ligules ; panicle rather com-
pact, slightly 1r-sided, 13—-4
in. long, purplish; spzkelets
small, 3—6-flowered ; flower-
ing glumes mucronate or ¥
with an awn shorter than Mi 4
themselves, often viviparous.
Se

—Dry hilly pastures; one

of the commonest grasses.
Very variable.— Fl. June,
July. Perennial.
6. F. rubra (Creeping
Fescue).—A creeping plant
with runners and scattered
tufts; stem many - angled,
smooth below the inflores-
cence ; leaves bristly, flat or
involute ; panicle broadish
below, slightly 1-sided, red-
dish ;_ spikelets 4 — 10-
flowered, shortly awned.—
Sandy places; common.
Very variable. — Fl. June.
Perennial.
7. £. oradria, a creeping )
plant with rush-like, cylin- FESTUCA OVINA (Sheep’s Fescue).
dric, sharply-pointed leaves
and downy flowering glumes, closely allied to the preceding,
and occurring on sandy sea-shores, has been recorded as
British.
8.* F. heterophylla (Various-leaved Fescue).—A densely tufted
plant, 2—4 feet high; radical leaves numerous, capillary, triangular,
rough, sometimes a foot long ; cauline leaves flat, narrow, rather re-
curved ; ovary downy at the apex; otherwise resembling F. rubra.
\
582 GRAMI{NE -

Shady places in the south; a doubtful native.—Fl. June, July.

Perennial.
9. F. sylvdtica (Reed Fescue).—A tall, reed-like grass, 2—4
feet high, stiff, glabrous, with short runners; leaves very long,
rather broad, flat, glaucous above, rough-edged ; panicle 3—6 in.
long, much branched, spreading ; spzkelets numerous, small, awn-
less, 3—4-flowered, pale yellow-green; flowering glumes pointed,

FESTUCA ELATIOR (Tall Fescue). BROMUS RAMOsUS (Hairy Brome).

finely toothed along their dorsal ribs.—Moist hilly woods;

uncommon.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.
10, F. praténsis (Meadow Fescue).—Root-stock creeping, with
runners ; sfems 1—6 feet high, nodding, smooth ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, flat, smooth ; panicle 3—10 in. long, nodding, with a
3-angled, smooth rachis, either spreading with rough branches in
pairs, or (var. praiénsis) reduced almost to a simple, 1-sided spike,
with almost sessile, 3—10-flowered spikelets, 4—# in. long;
flowering glumes 5-ribbed, obtuse, mucronate or acute.—River-
banks and wet places; common.—Fl. June, July. Perennial,
 GRASS FAMILY 583

11. F. eldtior (Sea Fescue) is a closely allied species, forming

large tufts, with stems 3—6 feet high, and a panicle, the branches
of which are in pairs, spread outwards both in flower and fruit,
and each bears 2 or more 5—6-flowered spzkelets—Banks near
the sea ;common.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
12. F. gigantea (Giant Fescue).—A glabrous plant, 3—4 feet
high ; leaves very long, broad, flaccid, bright green, rough above,
with smooth sheaths ; panicle loose, with long, drooping branches
in pairs and rough, 3-angled rachis; spikelets 4 in. long, 3—6-
flowered, with slender, flexuous awn twice as long.—Shady places ;
common.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

41. Brémus (Brome-grass).—Leaf-sheaih generally split half-

way down; spikelets panicled or racemed, many-flowered ; lower
empty glume ti-veined, upper 3—5-veined ; flowering glume
rounded at the back, with a long dorsal awn; styles below the
hairy top of the ovary, (Name from the Greek bromos,
oats,
oe ramosus (Rough or Hairy Brome).—2—6 feet © high;
leaves long, flat, with scattered reflexed hairs on the sheaths ;
panicle loose, with long, slender branches, 2—6 together, droop-
ing to one side; spzkelets glaucous, linear-lanceolate, above an
inch long, 5—10-flowered ; flowering glume hairy, 5—7-ribbed,
with a straight, fine awn half as long as itself-—Damp woods ;
common,.—FI. July, August. Annual or Perennial.
2. B. erectus (Upright Brome).---An erect plant, 2—3 feet high ;
leaves narrow, almost subulate; sheaths hairy, with ascending
hairs ; panicle compact and erect, 3—5 in. long ; spzkelets 3—1} in.
long, 6- or more-flowered, linear-lanceolate ; flowering glume hairy,
indistinctly 7-ribbed, twice as long as the awn.—Sandy fields;
common,—-Fl. July, August. Perennial.
3. B. madritensis (Compact Brome).— Stem erect, seldom above a
foot high, smooth, leafy ; leaves narrow, flat, hairy ; panicle erect,
2—4 in. long, with few, erect, adpressed branches and rough
rachis and pedicels; spzkelets linear-lanceolate ; flowering glume
7-ribbed, with an awn as long as itself; stamens usually two.—
oatplaces iin the south ; rare.—Fl. June, July. Annual.
* B. tectorum, an introduced plant, occurring as a casual in
ee aae is closely allied to the preceding, but has a panicle
drooping to cae side and the pale much shorter than the flowering
glume.
5. B. rigidus (Great Brome).—A Bessitital grass, 1—2 feet high,
pubescent ; panicle erect, lax, ultimately drooping, slightly
branched, 4—7 in. long; spikelets with their awns 2—3 in, long,
584 GRAMINEX

pale green or purplish, long-stalked after flowering.—Sandy

shores, Channel Islands.—F]. June—August. Annual.
6. B. siérilis (Barren Brome).—Stem 1—2 feet high; leaves
hairy ;panicle 6—-16 in. long, very lax, drooping, with very long
branches ; spzkelets with their awns more than 2 in, long, 6—10-

BROMUS STERILIS (Barren Brome).

flowered ; flowering glume rough on the back, distinctly 7-nerved,

with a straight awn longer than itself.—Fields and waste places.—
Fl. June—August. Annual.
42, SERRAFALCUS.—Annual or perennial grasses, allied to
Bromus, but with the leaf-sheath split less than half-way down;
the lower empty glume 5-veined, the upper 7—9-veined ; the flower
 GRASS FAMILY 585

not compressed, and the awns mostly short. (Name from the
Latin serra, a saw, falx, a sickle.)
1. S. secalinus (Rye Brome).—Siems erect, stiff, 1—4 feet high,
smooth, or rarely pubescent ; panicle slightly branched, loose,
spreading, 3—5 in. long, with rough, flexuous rachis and branches
3—5 together ; spzkelets oblong, glabrous, 5—10-flowered ; flower-
ing glume longer than the pale, about as long as its awn.—Corn-
fields ; common.—F]. June—September.—Annual.
2. S. racemosus (Smooth Brome).—
A stiff, nearly smooth plant, 1—3 feet
high ; leaves stiff, ciliate ; panicle long,
erect, narrow, simple, with long, slender
branches, 3—5 together; sfzkelets
ovate, glossy, 6—10-flowered, with
awns as long as the flowers; lower
empty glume lanceolate; flowering
glumes imbricate, rounded at the
sides.—Fields and waste places.—F1.
June—September. Biennial.
3. S. commutdtus (Meadow Brome).
—A stouter form, more hairy ; panicle
more compound, loose, slightly droop-
ing; sptkelets shorter, oblong-lanceo-
late; flowering glumes imbricate,
bluntly angular at the sides——Com-
mon.—Fl. June, July. Biennial.
4. S. hordedceus (Soft Brome, Lop-
grass).—A glaucous green, pubescent
plant, resembling S. racemosus, 1—-2
feet high; leaves soft, with rough
edges ; panicle 1—3 in. long, ovoid,
erect, close, slightly branched, with
very short branches; spikelets ovate, "(a
Ea Brena
pubeseent, 6 — 10-flowered ; lower
empty glume broadly ovate; flowering glumes imbricate, bluntly
angular at the sides, pubescent, with awns as long as themselves.—
Roadsides; common. Very variable.—F]. May—July. Annual.
5.* S. arvensis (Field Brome), 1—3 feet high, with smooth stem ;
hairy leaves; panicle spreading, pyramidal, 4—8 in. long, with
very long, hair-like, roughish branches given off 5—7 together
and becoming horizontal, with a few green or dull violet lanceo-
late sptkelets, each about } in, long, near their ends, and straight,
dark awns as long as the flowers, is commonly naturalised.—FI.
July, August. Annual.
586 GRAMINEE

43. Bracuypépium (False Brome).—Perennial grasses with

long, many-flowered spikelets in a spike or raceme, with an un-
indented rachis ; glumes unequal ; flowering glume with a terminal
awn; ovary hairy at the top. (Name from the Greek brachus,
short, podion, a foot-stalk, in allusion to the short stalks of the
spikelets.)
1. B. sylvdticum (Slender False Brome).—Root fibrous ; stem
usually solitary, erect, I—3 feet high;
leaves broad, flat, rather long, flaccid, hairy ;
" spikelets 6—18, usually only 6 or 7, dis-
« tichous, sub-sessile, adpressed, 1—2 in,
NY fh long, nearly cylindric when young, flattened
N YY, f when in fruit, 8—1o-flower:d, in a loose
BY Al sptke, more or less drooping; glumes
\eh 4
| A\ i pointed ; flowering glume ending in an awn
as long as, or longer than, itself—Woods
\) yy f and hedges; common.—Fl, June, July.
ey V A Perennial,
SB), | V) 2. B. pinnditum (Heath False Brome).—
. ty Vi Root-stock creeping ; stems several, erect,
X \ i 1—-3 feet high, smooth, glaucous; leaves
My narrow, involute, rigid, almost glabrous;
A, spike erect, with smaller, green or purplish
My ) Sptkelets curving away from the rachis ; awn
| shorter than the flowering glume.—Dry
3 jf places on limestone ; not commom, absent
from Scotland and Ireland.—Fl. July,
August. Perennial.

44. Lo.tium (Rye-grass). — Perennial

H grasses with their spzkelets solitary, sessile
i in the notches of a simple rachis, forming
| a sptke, compressed, with their edges
he towards the rachis, 3- or more-flowered.
ACHYPODIUM SYLVATICUM . ‘
(Slender False Brome) (Name, a Classical Latin name.)
1. L. perénné (Rye-grass, Way Bent).—
Stem ascending, 1—2 feet high, with leafy runners ; spike 6—12
in. long ; spikelets not close together, 8- or more-flowered ; outer
glume strongly ribbed, not as long as the whole spikelet, varying
in shape; flowering glume obtuse, pointed or awned.—Waste
places ; common.—F1. May—July. Perennial.
*L. itdlicum (Italian Rye-grass) is an annual or biennial variety,
with much longer spikelets and more flowers, known only in a
cultivated state. It is one of the most valuable of fodder grasses.
 GRASS FAMILY 587

2.* L. linicola, occurring also in cultivated fields, is an annual,

with no leafy runners, with a slender spike and spikelets 7—11-
flowered.—Fl. June, July.
3. L. temulentum (Darnel).—Closely allied to L. perénné, but
without runners, and with spzkelets usually about 6-flowered, not
longer than the outer glume; flowering glume usually awned.—
Cornfields ; fortunately not common in Britain, as its fruit is so
poisonous that when ground with flour it is said to cause serious
headache and giddiness.—Fl. June—August. Annual.

LOLIUM PERENNE (Rye-grass).

45. Triticum (Wheat).—Perennial grasses with their spikelets

solitary, sessile in the notches of a simple rachis, forming a spike,
compressed, with their broad sides towards the rachis, 3- or more-
flowered. (Name Classical Latin, from éritus, rubbed.)
1. T. caninum (Bearded Couch).—Root fibrous; stem erect,
i—3 feet high, slender ; spzke 2—10 in. long, very slender, often
flexuous and nodding ; spikelets 2—5-flowered, bright green ; empty
glumes 3—5-ribbed, usually 3, shortly awned; flowering glume
longer, prominently 5-ribbed, with a rather long terminal awn.
—Woods and waste places ; frequent.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
588 GRAMINEE®

2. T. répens (Couch-grass).—Root-stock extensively creeping,

long, jointed ; stems solitary, ascending, glabrous, 1—2 feet high,
hollow ; leaves at first involute, afterwards flat, flaccid, with
numerous slender ribs each with 1 row of rough hairs above;

TRITICUM REPENS (Couch-grass).

spikelets 2—7-flowered ; rachis slender, not brittle ; empty glumes

acuminate, s5-ribbed; awns usually short. A very variable,
common, and troublesome weed.—Fl. June—August. Perennial.
3. T. biflorum (Alpine Couch-grass).—A closely allied ‘form,
occurring on Ben Lawers, differs in having its pale 3-toothed.
4. I. pungens (Stiff-leaved Couch),—Densely tufted; stems
 GRASS FAMILY 589

solid above ; leaves involute, firm, with numerous thick ribs, each
with a row of sharp points above ;
Sandy sea-shores ; rare.—Fl. July. Perennial.
5. T. acutum (Acute Couch).—Loosely tufted ; stems solid,
-bent below; leaves much as in the preceding ; spike long, lax,
arching ; spikelets 4—8-flowered ; rachis very broad between the
spikelets. — Sandy sea-
shores.—Fl. July, August. \
Perennial.
6. T. 7unceum (Rush-like |
Couch).—A prostrate, stiff XN
plant, creeping extensively \
so as to form large patches,
often glaucous; stems
ascending, smooth ; leaves
leathery, involute, downy
above ; spike 2—4 in. long,
curved, rather lax, with a
brittle rachis; sptkelets
large, shining, pale, 4---8-
flowered ; glumes often
obtuse.—Sandy sea-shores ;
local. Fl. July, August.
Perennial.
46. LepTtrus, of which
L. filiformis (Sea Hard-
grass) is the only British
species, is a genus of
slender grasses differing
from Triiicum in having
1-flowered spzkelets. These
are, as in that genus, soli-
tary and sessile in the Ws S
notches of the rachis, dis- NARDUS STRICTA (Mat-grass).
tichous, and placed with
their broad sides towards the rachis, and are awnless. Our British
species is a little glabrous, decumbent grass, 4—8 in. high ; leaves
short, leathery, rough; spzke 2—6 in. long, cylindric, slender,
with a stiff, grooved rachis; spikelets 1 in. long, green.—Waste
places near the sea; uncommon, (Name from the Greek leptos,
slender, oura, tail, from its slender spikes. )—Fl. July—September.
Annual.
47. NArpbus (Mat-grass), of which N. stricta is the only species,
is a densely tufted, erect, wiry, glabrous plant, 4—10 in. high,
590 GRAM{NEA

with fine, stiff, bristle-like leaves; spike erect, slender, 1—3 in.
high, 1 sided; spztkelets reddish or purplish, rather far apart,
solitary in the notches of the rachis, 1-flowered; outer glumes
absent ; flowering glume shortly awned; stamens 3; style 1.—
Heaths; common. (Name from the Greek zardos, some strong-
smelling plant; but why applied to this scentless grass it is
difficult to say.)—Fl. June, July. Perennial.

48. Horpeum (Barley).—Spzkelets 2 or 3 together in each

notch of a simple rachis, sub-sessile,
distichous, with their broad sides towards
the rachis, each with one perfect flower ;
outer glumes and flowering glumes awned.
(Name, the Classical Latin name.)
1. H. europe@um (Wood Barley).—
Stems 1—3 feet high, erect, smooth;
leaves broad, flat, thin, rough, with
reflexed hairs on sheaths; spzke cylin-
dric, not very dense, about 3 in. long;
spikelets 3 together ; flowers of the two
lateral spikelets in each notch perfect,
the central spikelet reduced to two
narrow, linear glumes, empty, or rarely
containing a staminate flower ; flowering
glume terminating in a long awn.—
Woods, on a calcareous soil ; rare.—F.
July, August. Perennial.
2. H. nodosum (Meadow Barley).—
Creeping ; stems very slender, ascending,
1—2 feet high ; leaves rather narrow;
HORDEUM MURINUM
sptke 1—3 in.: long,
;
close, cylindric
Vall Barley compressed, inclined, yellow-green;
sptkelets 3 in each notch, the central
one with a perfect flower, the two lateral ones imperfect ; glumes
all bristle-like, rough, with awns not longer than themselves.—
Moist pastures ; frequent.—Fl. June, July. Perennial.
3. H. murinum (Wall Barley).—A rather coarse grass; root
fibrous ; stem ascending, 6—18 in. high, smooth; Jeaves small,
narrow, rough ; spzke dense, cylindric, compressed, 1—~3 in. long,
slightly nodding, green, thickly beset with long, rough awns;
sptkelets 3 in each notch, the central one with a perfect flower
and linear-lanceolate, ciliate glumes, the two lateral ones with
imperfect flowers and awn-like glumes.—Waste places ; common.
—F]. June, July. Annual.
 GRASS FAMILY 591

4. H. marinum (Squirrel-tail Grass, Sea Barley).—Nearly allied

to the preceding but smaller and somewhat glaucous; sptke
I—2z in. long, erect, with shorter, more spreading awns, becoming
yellow-brown.—Pastures and banks near the sea in England.—
Fl, June, July. Annual.
49. Erymus (Lyme-grass), of which E. arendvius (Sand Lyme-
grass) is the only British species, is a stiff,
glaucous grass, with a long, creeping root-
stock ; stems 2—6 feet high, stout, smooth ;
leaves stiff, broad, pointed ; spzke some-
times rather dense, 3—12 in. long, with
the spzkelets in rather distant pairs, or 3 ©
together in the notches of the flexuous
rachis, each an inch long, imbricate,
adpressed, inserted with their broad sides
towards the rachis, 2—7-flowered, awnless ;
glumes lanceolate, stiff, generally downy,
very pointed.—Sandy sea-shores, chiefly in
the north.—Fl. July, August. Perennial.

Division II. GYMNOSPERMS

Having their seeds exposed, the carpels
being either open so as not to form an
ovary, orabsent. ‘They have thus no style
or stigma, the pollen-grains being carried
directly into the micropyle of the ovule.
This more lowly organised and, geologi-
cally speaking, more ancient Division of
Flowering Plants is represented at the
present day by far fewer forms than the
Angiosperms; but falls into three very
distinct classes, Conifere, Cycaddcee, and
Gnetdcee, of which the first only is repre-
sented in Britain, the other two classes
being either tropical :or sub-tropical. The E A
three classes comprise 5 Natural Orders, (Sand.Rgeekaa’
46 genera, and 470 species.

Crass I. CONIFERA:
The largest of the three Classes of Gymnosperms, including
2 Natural Orders, 34 genera, and 350 species. They are trees
or shrubs, mostly evergreen, often reaching a large or, as in the
case of the Mammoth Tree and Redwood of California, a gigantic
592 ARAUCARIACE®

size. ‘They have 2 cotyledons, sometimes deeply divided, so as to

appear like many; and in the formation of annual rings of wood
in the siem they resemble Dicotyledons. Resin-passages generally
occur in all parts of these plants. ‘The primary branches com-
monly appear to be whorled; but they generally themselves
branch horizontally. ‘There are sometimes short shoots or spurs
of limited growth. In the genus Pinus, foliage-leaves occur only
on such shoots, The leaves are either needle-shaped, linear, or
scale-like, the only exception being the interesting Maiden-hair
Tree of Japan (Ginkgo biloba). The flowers are generally in the
form of cones, that is, with an elongated floral axis, whence the
name of the Class; and they are always imperfect ; nor is there
any perianth. ‘The staminate flower consists of a cone of stamens,
each of which is a flat or peltate scale bearing from 2—g pollen-
sacs on its lower surface. The seed-bearing or “ fertile” flower
differs widely in the two Orders.

Orv. XCII. ARAUCARIACE#.—THE PINE FamiIty.

Leaves spirally arranged or whorled, needle-shaped or scale-like ;
fertile flower, generally described as a “cone” or axis, bearing a
number of scale-like carpels, which either bear the ovules directly,
or have in their axils other scales, the placentas, which bear them;
ovules inverted or erect; cove becoming woody or fleshy as the
seed ripens ; seed with a woody or leathery festa, sometimes winged.
The Arucaridceé form extensive belts of forest in many regions,
especially north of 40° N. lat. and on mountains, large areas
being sometimes occupied by a small number of species, such as
the Larches (Larix europea and L. sibirica), the Northern Pine
(Pinus sylvésiris), the Spruce (Picea excélsa), &c. Japan and
China, with the genera Ginkgo, Cr\ptoméria, &c., the Himalayas,
with the Deodar Cedar (Cédrus Deoddra) and various species of
Pine and Spruce, and the Pacific slope of North America,
with the Mammoth Tree and Redwood (Sequoia gigdntea and
S. sempervirens), the Oregon or Douglas Spruce (Pseudotsuga
Dougldsit), Cupréssus Lawsonidna, &c., form other great centres
of the Order in the Northern Hemisphere ; whilst Avaucaria, the
““Monkey-Puzzles,” and other genera are confined to the Southern
Hemisphere.
The Order is one of the highest utility to man. Among
timbers, the Northern Pine (Pinus sylvéstris), the Pitch Pine of
the Southern United States (P. ausirdlis) and others, the Larch
(Larix europea) and the Douglas Spruce may be mentioned as
pre-eminent. The turpentine of the Northern Pine, the Pitch
 PINE FAMILY 503

Pine, and the Cluster Pine (P. Pindster); Canada balsam,

obtained from Abies balsdmea; Kauri gum and other kinds of
Dammar or varnish resin, obtained from species of Agathis in
the Southern Hemisphere; the bark of the Hemlock Spruce
(Tsuga canadensis), so largely used in tanning; and the wood
of the so-called Pencil Cedars (Juniperus virginidna and J.
bermudidna) are among the other valuable products of the
Order.

PINUS SYLVESTRIS (Scots F77r).

1. Pfnus.—Cone woody ; scales persistent.

2. JUN{PERUS.—Cone fleshy, berry-like.
1. Pinus (Pine).—Evergreen trees with leaves of two kinds,
spirally arranged, scale-leaves on the long shoots, and needle-
shaped leaves in clusters of 2, 3, or 5 on short shoots; flowers
moncecious ; sfaminate cones in spikes; stamens 2-chambered;
pollen-grains with two air-bladders ; cone-scales becoming woody
and terminating above in a rhomboid mass (apophysis) with a
deciduous point, persistent ; ovules 2, inverted at the base of each
scale. (Name, the Classical Latin name.)
QQ
594 ARAUCARIACEE

1. P. sylvéstris (Scots Fir, Northern Pine).—A lofty tree,

so—i100 feet high; stem reaching 4 feet in diameter, with scaly,
red-brown bark ; leaves in pairs, 2—3 in. long, glaucous, grooved
along the upper surface ; cones 1—3 together, ovoid-conical when
young, 1—2 in. long, scales recurved when ripe; seeds with a
wing thrice their length.—Only indigenous in the Northern High-
lands of Scotland; but extensively planted and self-sown further
south.—Fl. May, June. Perennial.
2.* P. Pindster (Cluster
Pine), a native of south-
ern Europe, distinguished
by its longer, more deeply
channelled leaves and
cones 4—6 in. long, in
clusters of 4—7, has
become almost natural-
ised at Poole, Dorset-
shire.

2. JUNIPERUS (Juni-
per).—Trees or shrubs,
with fragrant red wood ;
leaves whorled, subulate,
or scale-like; stamuinate
flower of numerous 2—6.
chambered anthers ; cone
small, globose, berry-like,
of 4—6 whorled scales,
becoming fleshy and con-
fluent ; ovules 1—2 under
each scale, erect. (Name
the Classical Latin name.)
1. J. communis (Com-
JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS (Common Juniper). mon Juniper).—An ever-
green, erect shrub, 1—5
feet high, rarely reaching the size of a small tree; bark red-brown,
flaking ;leaves subulate, less than an inch long, in decussating
whorls of three, glaucous above; berry blue-black, glaucous, less
than } in. diam.— Dry hills, chiefly on calcareous soil; frequent.—
Fl. May, June. Perennial.
2. J. sibirica (Dwarf Juniper).—A prostrate shrub, with more
crowded, shorter, broader, incurved leaves and longer berries.—
Mountains in the north.—Fl. May. Perennial.
 YEW FAMILY 595

Orp. XCIII. Taxhce#.—Tue Yew FAamity

A small Order of trees and shrubs, represented in both hemi-
spheres and comprising 9 genera and about 75 species. Their
flowers are dicecious and they do not form perfect cones, the ovules
being frequently not on the carpels but in their axils, or the
carpels being altogether absent. The seed has either a fleshy
testa, or 1s surrounded by a fleshy aril. Several members of the

TAXUS BACCATA (Common Ye).

Order yield valuable timber, such as the Huon Pine (Daerjdium

Frankliniit) of Tasmania. The Yews (Ydxus) are remarkable
among Coniferze for the absence of resin.

1. TAxus, of which JT. baccdta (Common Yew) is the only

British species, is an evergreen tree, seldom of any great height,
but reaching a great age, possibly sometimes 2,000 years, and
a diameter of nearly 1o feet ; bark brown, fibrous ; leaves linear,
Oe
596 TAXACEE

acute, leathery, about 1 in. long, polished above, lighter beneath,

in 2 rows on the twigs from a twisting of their bases; staminate
flower oval, with 5—8 peltate anthers each 4—8-chambered, with
imbricate scales below; ovule solitary, terminal, erect, green, with
some scales below, surrounded later by a bright rose-red, fleshy,
cup-shaped aril, about } in. across. —Woods and hillsides, chiefly
on calcareous soil; frequent. The wood was formerly much
used for bows. ‘The leaves have often proved fatal to cattle and
children ; but the aril, though insipid, is harmless. (Name, the
Classical Latin name.)—Fl. March, April. Perennial.
* T. fastigidta (the Irish or Florence Court Yew), originally
found at Florence Court, Enniskillen, is a variety with erect,
fastigiate branches.
 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX

The names of Orders and larger groups are in small capitals ; the scientific ur Latin
names of genera in italics; the popular or English names in Roman characters ; descriptive
terms begin with small letters and are indented.

Abele, 455 A lsine, 86

accumbent cotyledons, 32 Althéa, 93
Acer, 111 Alyssum, 48
Aceras, 469 Amaranth, 407
ACERINE&, I11 AMARANTH FamMILy, 407
achene, xxxi AMARANTHACE, 407
Achilléa, 262 Amaréanthus, 407
ACHLAMYDEA, xlvii, 434 AMARYLLIDE&, 477
achlamydeous flowers, xxiv AMARYLLIS FAMILY, 477
Aconite, Winter, 17 Ammt, 206
Aconttum, 19 Amméphila, 561
A corius, 508 amplexicaul, embracing the stem, applied
Actéa, 19 to the base of leaves.
acuminate, with a long tapering point. Anagéllis, 322
Adder’s-meat, 82 Anchiisa, 338
adnate, united. Andrémeda, 306
Adénis, 7 Anemone, 5
Adéxa, 229 : Angélica, 219, 220
adpressed hairs, xxli angiosperms, XXxVi, XXxix, I
adventitious roots, xvi angustisept siliqua, 32
A gopédium, 209 annular, ring-shaped.
aérial stem, one that is above ground, xvii,| Axtenndria, 257
xix Anthemis, 263
zstivation, xxviii anther, xxviii, xxix
A thtisa, 217 Anthoxdnthum, 555
Agriménia, 153 Anthyllis, 126
Agrimony, 153 Antirrhinum, 358
Agrostis, 558 antiscorbutic, 32
Afra, 562 Apéra, 561
Ajuga, 400 apiculate, with a small abrupt point.
albumen, the food-store round the embryo | Agzz72, 204
in the seed. apocarpous carpels, xxix
Alchemilla, 153 apocarpous fruits, xxxi
Alder, 447 APOCYNACEZ, 326
Alder, Berry-bearing, 111 Apple, 161
Ale-hoof, 389 Aquilégia, 17
Alexanders, 202 Arabis, 38
Alfa-grass, 548 ARALIACEA, 225
Alfsma, 510 ARAUCARIACE, 592
ALISMACE, 509 Arbutus, 305
Alkanet, 338 Archangel, 397
Alleluia, 104 Archangélica, 220
Allitéria, 44 Arctium, 275
Allium, 488 Arctostéphylos, 306
All-seed, 98 ArenGaria, 79
Almond, 138 aril, a fleshy outgrowth on the seed, as in
Alnus, 447 the Spindle-tree, 109
Aloe, American, 478 Aristol6chia, 431
Aloes, 483 ARISTOLOCHIACE2, 430
Alopectirus, 555 Armoréacia, 50
597
598 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX

Arnéseris, 283 BERBERIDE, 20

AROIDE#, 506 Bérberis, 21
Arrhendtherum, 566 Bermuda-grass, 568
Arrow-grass, 513 berry, xxxii
Arrow-head, 511 Béta, 412
Artemtsia, 268 Betony, 392
artificial system, xxxiv Bétula, 445
Arthrclobium, 130 Bidens, 261
Arum, 507 bifid, notched, two-lobed.
Asarabacca, 431 bi-labiate calyx, xxvi
Asarum, 431 bi-labiate corolla, xxvii
ascending stem, xix Bilberry, 303
Ash, 324 Bindweed, 345
Ash, Mountain, 161 Bindweed, Black, 417
Aspiragus, 486 BINDWEED FAmILy, 345
Aspen, 456 bi-pinnate leaf, xxi
Aspér ugo, 337 Birch, 445
A spérula, 238 Bird’s-eye, 370
Asphodel, Bog, 496 Bird’s-foot, 129
Aster. 254 Bird’s-foot Trefoil, 126
Astrégalus, 128 Bird’s-nest, 312
Astrdntia, 199 Birb’s-NEST FaMILy, 312
asymmetric flowers, xxv Birthwort, 431
Atriplex, 412 BiIRTHWORT FamMILy, 430
A tropa, 351% Bishop’s-weed, 209
Aticuba, 331% Bistort, 419
auricle, an ear-like lobe at the base of a Bittersweet, 350
leaf, xxxiv Blackberry, 144
Avéna, 565 Blacksténia, 329
Avens, 146 Blackthorn, 141
Awl-wort, 51 Bladder Campion, 73
awn, a long bristle-like appendage, 547 Bladder-seed, 200
axil, xvii Bladderwort, 375
axile placentation, having the seeds at- Blinks, Water, 88
tached to the central axis of the fruit. Blite, Sea, 415
axillary bud, xvii Blobs, Water, 15
Aziklea, 309 Bluebell, 491
Blue-bottle, 282
baccate, berry-like. Blijsmus, 529
Bald-money, 218 Bog-bean, 332
Bal ota, 398 Bog-rush, 531
Balm, 387 Borage, 338
Balm, Bastard, 390 BoraGE FAMILY, 334
Balsam, 105 BoRAGINE&, 334
Baneberry, 19 Bortgo, 338
Barbaréa, 37 Box, 441
Barberry, 21 Brachy podium, 586
BARBERRY FAMILY, 20 bract, xxill
Barley, 548 bracteoles, minute bracts below the flower.
Barrenwort, 21 Bramble, 144
Béartsia, 362, 363 Brandy-bottle, 23
basal, applied to ovules cr seeds that spring Brassica, 46
from the base of the ovary, xxx Bread-fruit, 426
basifixed anthers, xxix Briar, Sweet, 158
Basil, 386 Bristle-grass, 552
bast, 96 Briza, 574
Beak Sedge, 530 Brome, False, 586 -
Beam, White, 160 Brome-grass, 583
Bearberry, 306 Brémus, 583
Beard-grass, 559 Brooklime, 371
Bear’s-foot, 17 Brookweed, 323
Bedstraw, 236 Broom, 118
BEDSTRAW FAMILY, 234 Broom-rape, 372
Beech, 450 BROOM-RAPE FAMILY, 371
Beet, 408, 412 Brydnthus, 310
Belladonna, 351 Bryénia, 190
Bell-flower, 297 Bryony, Black, 482
BELL-FLOWER FAMILY, 295 Bryony, White, 190
Béllis, 254 Buck-bean, 332
Bent, 558 Buckthorn, 110
 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX 599
BUCKTHORN FAMILY, 110 Castélia, 23
Buckthorn, Sea, 425 Castdnea, 450
Buckwheat, 417, 420 Castor-oil, 437
Bugle, 400 casual, a plant not truly wild, that occurs
Bugloss, 339 occasionally as a seedling for a year or
Bugloss, Viper’s, 344 two, but does not become established.
bulb, xvii Catabrésa, 57%
Bullace, 141 Catchfly, 72
Bulrush, 527 catkin, xxiii
Bupletirum, 202 Catmint, 388
Buplever, 202 Cat’s-ear, 289
Burdock, 275 Cat’s-foot, 257
Burnet, 156 Cat’s-tail, 503
Burnet Saxifrage, 210 Cat’s-tail grass, 557
Bur-Marigold, 261 Caticalis. 223
Bur-Parsley, 223 cauline leaves, xx
Bur-reed, 504 Cayenne pepper, 349
Burweed, 261 Cedar, 592
Butcher’s Broom, 485 Celandine, 13, 28
Biitomus, 512 CEL ASTRINE#, 108
Butter-bur, 271 Celery, 204
Buttercup, 10 Centatirea, 280
BuTTerRcuP FaAmILy, 1 Centatir on, 329
Butterwort, 376 Centaury, 329
BuTTERWORT FAMILV, 374 central placentation, xxx
Buxus, 441 Centiinculus, 323
Century plant, 478
Cabbage, 46 Cephalinthera, 465
CABBAGE FAmILy, 31. Cerdstium, 83
caducous calyx, xxvi CERATOPHYLL EX, 442
Caktlé, 58 Ceratophyllum, 443
Calamagréstis, 560 Cherophyllum, 211
Calamint, 385 Chaffweed, 323
Callttriché, 183 chambers of the ovary, xxix
Callina, 306 Chamomile, 263, 266
callus, a swelling overgrown with cork. Charlock, 47
Caltha, 14 Chetrdnthus, 34
CALYCIFLOR#, xlii Chelidintum, 28
calycifloral insertion, xxvi CHENOPODIACE#, 408
calyx, xxiv, xxvi Chenopédium, 409
Canpanu’a, 299 Cherléria, 79
CAMPANUL ACER, 295 Cherry, 142
campanulate, bell-shaped. Cherry, Cornelian, 227
Campion, 73 Cherry, Winter, 349
Canary-grass, Chervil, 21x
Candleberry ieee, 443 Chestnut, 450
Candytuft, 56 Chickweed, 81
Canterbury ‘Bells, 300 Chickweed, Jagged, 81
capillary filaments, xxix Chickweed, Mouse-ear, 83
capitate, head-like, clustered. Chicory, 283
CAPRIFOLIACEZ, 228 Chimney-sweeps, 503,
Capsélla, 51 Chives, 489
capsule, xxxi chlorophyll, the green colouring-matter of
Caraway, 207 leaves.
Cardamtiné, 4 42 Chrysdnthentum, 264
Carduus, 276 Chrysosplénium, 170
Carex, 531 Cicely, Sweet, 211
Carlina, 274 Cicéndia, 330
Carnation, 71 Cichdérium, 283
Carnation-grass, 541 Cicitta, 206
carpellate flowers, xxiv cilia, delicate hairs.
carpels, xxiv, xxix ciliate, fringed with hairs.
Carpinus, 448 Cinchina. 235
carpophore, an elongated floral axis ex- Cinquefoil, 148
tending between the carpels, as in the Circéa, 189
Geraniacez,p. 99, and Umbelliferz,p.191 eee coilcd up like a pastoral staff, as
Carrot, 223 in the leaves of ferns.
C.drum, 207 CisTINE#, 61
CAkYOPHYLLACEA, 69 Clédium, 531
caryopsis, xxxi, 547 cladode, 485
600 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX

Clary, 388 ‘ Cotonedster, 164

claw of petal, xxvi Cotton, 93
Clayténia, 87 Cotton-grass, 529
Cleavers, 238 Cotton-weed, 263
cleistogene flowers, those which do not Cétula, 267
open, 64 Cotylédon, 174
Clématis, 3 cotyledons, xxxii, r
Clinopédium, 385 Couch-grass, 588
Cloudberry, 146 Cowbane, 206
Clove Gillyflower, 71 Cowberry, 303
Clover, 122 Cow-Parsnip, 222
Club-rush, 524 Cowslip, 319
cocci, or nutlets, portions of a partially Cow-tree, 425
dehiscent fruit, 335 Cow-wheat, 366
Cochledria, 49 Crab-weed, 414
Cock’s-comb, 366, 407 Crakeberry, 435
Cock’s-foot grass, 548 Crambé, 57
Coffee, 235 Cranberry, 303
Célchicunz, 494 CRANBERRY FAMILY, 302
Cole-seed, 46 Crane’s-bill, roo
Colocynth, 189 CRANE’S-BILL FAMILY, 99
Colt’s-foot, 270 CRASSULACE#, 172
Columbine, 17 Cratégus, 163
Coémarum, 152 Creeping Jenny, 320
Comfrey, 337 cremocarp, xxxli, 191
commissure, 191 crenate leaf, xxi
complete flower, xxiv Crépis 285
ComposiT, 246 Cress, 54
ComPosiTE FaAmILy, 246 Cress, American, 38
compound flowers, 247 Cress, Bitter, 40
compound inflorescence, 247 Cress, Rock, 38
compound leaf, xxi Cress, Thale, 43
conduplicate leaf, xix Cress, Wall, 43
cone, 592 Cress, Winter, 37
ConiFERs, |, 591 Cress, Yellow, 36, 50
Contumt, 200 Crtthmum, 214
connate leaves, xxi Crdcus, 476, 495
connivent, with tips approaching one Crosswort, 236
another. Croton-oil, 437
contorted petals, xxviii Crowberry, 435
Convalléria, 487 CROWBERRY FAMILY, 434
convolute leaf, xix Crowfoot, 10
convolute petals, xxviii CRUCIFERAE, 31
CONVOLVULACEZ, 345 cruciform corolla, xxvi
Convélvulus, 345 crumpled petals, xxviii
Corallorrhtza, 463 Cuckoo flower, 41
Coral-root, 41, 463 Cuckoo-pint, 507
cordate, heart-shaped, generally applied Cuckoo-PINT FamMILy, 506
to the base of a leaf. Cucumber, 190
Cord-grass, 553 Cucurbitécee, 189
Coriander, 222 Cudweed, 256
Cortdndrum, 222 cupule, xxiii
cork, 444 CUPULIFERZ, 444
corm, xvii Currant, 171
CoRNACEA, 226 Cuscuta, 347
Corn-cockle, 76 Cut-grass, 553
Cornel, 227 Cficlamen, 319
Cornflower, 282 cyme, xxili
Corn Marigold, 264 Cynodon, 567
Corn-salad, 242 Cynogléssum, 336
Cornus, 227 Cynostirus, 569
corolla, xxvi CYPERACEA, 522
Coronilla, 129 Cyperus, 523
Corénopus, 51 Cyphel, Mossy, 79
Corrigtola, 406 Cypripedium, 473
Corydalis, 30 cypsela, xxxil
Cérylus, 448
corymb, xxili Daboécia, 311
corymbose, resembling a corymb. Déctylis, 573
Corynéphorus, 564 Daffodil, 479
 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX 60!

Daisy, Common, 254 Dropwort, Parsley, 216

Daisy, Moon, 265 Dropwort, Sulphur-wort, 215
Daisy, Ox-eye, 265 Dropwort, Water-, 215
Damaséniunt, 512 Drésera, 178 ’
Dammar, 593 DROSERACE, 177
Dania, 200 dru aceous, resembling a drupe.
Dandelion, 291 drupe, xxxi
Danewort, 231 drupel, xxxi
Déphné, 424 Drjas, 146
DapuHNeE FamMILy, 423 Duckweed, 5c8
Darnel, 587 DucKWEED FamILy, 508
Dattira, 352 Dyer’s Rocket, 60
Daticus, 223
Dead- -nettle, 396 ebracteate inflorescence, xxiii
deciduous calyx, xxvi Echinéchloa, 552
deciduous leaves, xxii Echium, 344
decompound leaves, xxii eglandular, without glands.
decumbent, prostrate. EL#AGNACEA, 425
decurrent, xx Elatiné, 89
decussate, applied to opposite or whorled ELATINE#, 89
leaves when the successive pairs are Elder, 230
at right angles, or the successive whorls Elder, Water, 231
alternate. Elecampane, 259
Deer's-hair, 525 Eleécharis, 523
deflexed,. bent downwards. Elm, 427
Delphinium, 18 Elodéa, 457
deltoid leaf, xx Elymus, 59%
dentate leaf, xxi emarginate, notched at the apex.
Dentéria, 43 embryo, the young plant when still en-
Deodar, 592 closed in the seed.
descent, theory of, xxxv EMPETRACEA, 434
diadelphous, in two brotherhoods or Empétrum, 434
bundles, applied to the stamens, as in Enchanter’s Nightshade, 189
Fumariacez, 29 endocarp, the inner layer or ‘ ‘stone” in a
Didnthus, 70 fruit, 137
dichasial cymes, cymes repeatedly forking Endjmion, 491
into two branches. entire leaf, xxi
dichotomous, forking in two equal epicalyx, a circle of bracts below the calyx.
branches. epicarp, the outer layer or “skin” in a
dicotyledonous seed, xxxii fruit, 137
DICOTYLEDONS, xxxil, XXXIX, I epigynous insertion, xxv
didynamous stamens, xxviii Epilobium, 184
Digitdélis, 361 LEpinédium, 2%
Digitaria, 552 Lpipdctis, 465
dicecious flowers, xxiv epipetalous stamens, xxix
DioscéRE#, 481 epiphytes, 459
Didtis, 263 Epipégum, 465
Diplotéxis, 48 Eranthis, 17
DipsAcE, 243 Ertca, 307
Dipsacus, 243 ERICACE4, 304
disk, an outgrowth from the floral recep- Erigeron, 255
tacle between the calyx and the ovary. Errocat LEZ, 521
disk-florets, 247 Eriocatilon, 521
distant, far’ apart. Eriéphorum, 529
distichous, in two vertical rows, as are Erédium, 103
the leaves of Grasses. Eryngium, 199
Dittander, 53 Eryngo, 199
Doab-grass, 568 Erysintum, 45
Dock, 420 Esparto-grass, 548
Dodder, 347 essential organs, xxiv
Dog’s-tail, 569 etzrio, xxxl
Dog’s-tooth grass, 567 Eudnynius, 108
Dogwood, 228 Eupatérium, 253
DoGwoop FaAmILy, 226 Euphérbia, 438
Dorontcumt, 271 EUPHORBIACEA, 435
dorsifixed anthers, xxix Euphrésia, 362
Drédba, 48 evergreen leaves, xxii
Dragon’s Blood, 483 Everlasting, 257
Dropwort, 143 exogenous, I
Dropwort, Hemlock, 216 expelling hairs, 248
 602 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX

exserted, projecting beyond the corolla, a Fumitory, 31

term applied to stamens. FumitTory FAMILy, 29
extrorse anthers, xxix Furze, 116
Eye-bright, 362 fusiform, spindle-shaped, tapering towards’
both ends.
fagopyrum, 420
Fagus, 450 Gdgea, 494
Falctéria, 209 Galéinthus, 481
falcate, sickle-shaped. Galeépsis, 394
fascicled, crowded ina tuft, as the leaves Galingale, 523
of the Larch or the flowers of Sweet Galinséga, 262
William. Gdlium, 236
fasciculate roots, xvi GAMOPETALE, xliil, 228
Fat Hen, 409 gamosepalous calyx, xxvi
Fennel, 233 Gangweed, 66
Fennel, Hog’s, 220 Garlic, 488
Fen Sedge, 531 Garlic-Mustard, 44
Fenugreek, 119 Gastridium, 561
Férula, 193 Gean, 142
Fescue, 580 generic name, xxxili
Festtca, 580 Gentsta, 116
Feverfew, 265 Gentian, 330
Fig, 425 Gentidna, 330
Fizwort, 358 GENTIANEZ, 327
Ficwort FamILy, 353 Gentianella, 328
Fiilago, 256 GENTIAN FamILy, 32
filament, xxviil genus, xxxili
filiform, thread-like, very slender, xxix GERANIACE&, 99
Finger-grass, 552 Gerdnium, 100
Fiorin-grass, 559 Germander, 398
Fir-rape, 312 Géunze, 146
Fir, Scots, 594 Ginkgo, 592
fistular stems, xvii Gipsywort, 384
Flag, Corn, 476 glabrescent, becoming smooth.
Flax, 98 glabrous surface, xxii
FLrax Famity, 97 Gladden, 475
Flax, New Zealand, 483 Glidiolus, 477
Flax-seed, 98 glands, small internal hollows in the tissues
Flea-bane, 255, ‘260 of plants containing special secretions
Fleawort, 274 such as oils.
flexuous, wavy, less angular than is g’andular surface, xxii
implied by the term ‘“‘ zigzag.” Glasswort, 414
Flixweed, 44 Glaticiunz, 27
florets, xxlii glaucous surface, xxii
Flote-grass, 578 Glaux, 321
flower, xxiv Globe-flower, 15
Flower-d:-luce, 474 glomerules, axillary cymes with sessile or
flower-stalk, xxiv nearly sessile flowers.
Fluellen, 357 glumaceous, resembling a glume. :
fantculunt, 213 glume, a stiff bract drying into a chaff-like
follicle, xxxi scale, as in Grasses, 521 :
Forget-me-not, 335, 341 glume, flowering, 547
Foxglove, 361 GLUMIFERA, xlix, 521
Foxtail-grass, 555 Glycéria, 578
Fragdria 147 Guaphdlium, 258
Frankénia, 68 Goat’s-beard, 205
FRANKENIACE#, 67 Golden-rod, 253
LPrYaXINUS, 324 Goldilocks, r2
free-central placentation, having the seeds Goldilocks, Flax-leaved, 256
attached to the central axis of the fruit Gold of Pleasure, 50
without partitions connecting that axis Good Friday grass, 503
with the side-walls of the ovary, xxx Good King Henry, 411
Fritilléria, 493 Goodyéra, 465
Fritillary, 493 Gooseberry, 171
Frog-bit, 457 Goosefoot, 409
FRoG-BIT FAMILY, 457 GoosEFoot FAMILy, 408
fruit, xxx Goose-grass, 150, 238
fugacious corolla, xxvii Gorse, 116
Fumitria, 31 GourD FamIry, 189
FUMARIACEA, 29 Gout-weed, 209
 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX 603
GRAMINE&, 546 Hlerniaria, 405
Grass, Black, 556 flésperis, 43
Grass, Blue-eyed, 477 heterostyly, 317
Grass-cloth, 426 Flierdciunt, 287
Grass Fami ty, 546 HHierochloé, 555
Grass of Parnassus, 170 Hippocrépis, 130
Grass-wrack, 520 Hippophaé, 425
Green-weed, 116 fTippiris, 181
Gromwell, 343 hispid, with short stiff hairs.
Gromwell, Smooth, 340 Hog’s-Fennel, 220
Ground Ivy, 380 Hog-weed, 222
Ground Pine, 400 fl6lcus, 564
Groundsel, 272 Holly, 106
Guelder Rose, 231 Hotry Famity, 106
Guinea-corn, 548 Hollyhock, 93
Gum Arabic, 114 Holly, Sea, 199
GyMNosPERMIA, xxxil, 1, 591 Hlolésteum, 81
gynandrous stamens, xxix Holy-grass, 555
Honewort, 203
Habendria, 471 Honeysuckle, 233
Hair-grass, 562 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILy, 228
hairs, xxii Hlonkeny42, 78
HALORAGE #®, 180 Hop, 427
Haléscias, 218 Hérdeumy, 590
Hard-grass, 589 Horehound, Black, 398
Hard-head, 281 Horehound, White, 391
Harebell, 301 Hornbeam, 448
Hare’s-ear, 202 Hornwort, 443
Hare’s-tail grass, 562 HorNWORT FAMILY, 442
Hartwort, 222 Horse-radish, 50
hastate, halberd-shaped, xx Horseshoe-vetch, 130
Havers, 5€6 Flotténia, 316
Hawk-bit, 290 Hound’s-tongue, 336
Hawk’s-beard, 285 House-leek, 176
Hawkweed, 287 Humulus, 427
Hawthorn, 163 Hutchtnsia, 56
Hazel, 448 Hyacinth, Grape, 489
head, xxiii Hyacinth, Starch, 490
Heartsease, 65 Hyacinth, Wild, 491
. Heath, 307 HYDROCHARIDE-, 457
Heather, 307 Hydrécharis, 457
HEATH FAMILY, 304 Hydrocétylé, 198
Heath-grass, 568 Flyoscyamius, 352
Heath, St. Daboec’s, 311 HYPERICINE, go
Hédera, 225 Hy péricum, go
Hedge-mustard, 43 Hypocheris, 289
Flelidnthemumnz, 61 hypogynous insertion, xxv
Heliotrope, Winter, 271
Hellebore, 17 LIbéris, 56
fTelleborine, 465, 466 Ilex, 106
Helléborus, 17 ILICINE#, 106
Hlelmintia, 285 ILLECEBRACEZ, 404
Hemlock, 200 Lllécebrum, 405
Hemlock Spruce, 593 imbricate leaves, xix
Hemlock, Water, 206 imbricate sepals, xxvili
Hemp, 426 imparipinnate, pinnate with a terminal
Hemp Agrimony, 253 leaflet.
Hemp-nettle, 394 Impatiens, 105
Henbane, 352 imperfect flowers, xxiv
Henbit-nettle, 396 t
included, within the flower, peal
Flerdcleume, 222 applied to the stamens.
herbaceous, when applied to stems, mean- INCOMPLETA, xlvi, 407.
ing not woody; when to leaves or other incomplete flower, xxiv
x
organs, green and leaf-like. incumbent cotyledons, 32
Herb Benet, 146 indehiscent fruit, xxx
Herb Christopher, 20 Indiarubber, 425, 437
Herb Gerard, 209 indigenous, native to the country, not
Herb Paris, 496 _known to be of human or recent intro-
Herb Robert, 103 _ duction.
Hermtnium, 471 inferior calyx, xxv
604 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX

inferior ovary, Xxx Laurel, Spurge, 424

inflated calyx, xxvi Lavatéra, 94
inflorescence, xxii Lavender, 379.
insertion of the flower, xxv leaf, x1x-xxii
internode, xvi Leek, 488 |
interzuptedly pinnate, leaves in which Leérsia, 553
alternate pairs of leaflets are large and Legotisia, 302
small, as in Agrimony, 154 legume, xxxi
, introrse anthers, Xxvill LEGUMINOS&, 113
Inula, 259 Lénna, 508
involucel, a secondary involucre or circle LEMNACE&, 508
of bracts on the branches of a compound LENTIBULARIEA, 374
inflorescence, 191 Leéntodon, 290
involucre, xxiil Leontirus, 395
involute leaf, xix Leopard's-bane, 271
Tpecacuanha, 235 Leptdiunt, 52
IRIDE, 473 Leptirus, 589
Iris, 474 Lettuce, 292
Iris FAMILY, 473 Leucéjum, 48%
Isatis, 57 Lightwort, 340
Isnardia, 187 ligulate corolla, xxvii
Ivy, 225 ligule, a small scale at the base of a leaf, as
Ivy FamI_y, 225 in Grasses, p. 546, or ofa petal, as in ‘the
Mignonettes and Campions.
Jacob’s Ladder, 334 LIGULIFLOR&, 252
Jacop’s LappDER FAMILY, 334 Ligustrum, 326
Jalap, 345 Lilac, 324
Jastoné, 297 LILIACE#, 483
Jerusalem Artichoke, 249 Ltlium, 492
Joint-vetch, 130 Lily, 492
Jujube, 110 Lity Famity, 483
JUNCACE, 497 Lily-of-the-Valley, 487
Stincus, 497 limb of petal, xxvi
Juniper, 594 Liménium, 313
JSuntperus, 594 Limosélla, 360
Jute, 96 Lindria, 356
Kauri pine, 593 Linden, 96
keel, the two lower petals in the flowers LINDEN FAMILY, 96
of the Pea Family, xxvii
LinEA, Es
Kentrdnthus, 242
Ling,:0
ge oees
Kidney-Vetch, 126
Linnean system, xxxiv
Knapweed, 280
Linosyris, 256
Kunattia, 246
Linseed, 98
Knawel, 406 Linum, 98
Knot-grass, 417 Liparis, 462
KwNotT-GRASS FAMILY, 404 Liquorice, Wild, 119
Kobrésia, 531 Listera, 463
Koeléria, 570 Lithospérmumt, 343
labellum, 460 Littorélla, 404
LABIATA, 379 Liébydia, 494
Lace-bark, 423 lobed leaf, xxi
Lacttca, 292 Lobélia, 296
Lady’s Fingers, 126 Locust Beans, II4
Lady’s Mantle, 153 lodicule, 547 -
Lady’s Slipper, 473 Léliunt, 586
Lady’s Smock, 40, 41 lomentum, a pod-like fruit with transverse
Lady’s Tresses, 464 partitions, 32
Lagirus, 562 London Pride, 167
Lamb’s Lettuce, 242 Lonticéra, 233
Lamb’s-tongue, 402 Loosestrife, 320 =
Ldmiunt, 396 LoosEsTrIFE FAMILy, 178
lanceolate leaf, xx Loosestrife, Purple 179
Lapsdna, 284 Lop-grass, 585
Larch, 592 LORANTHACEA, 431
Larkspur, 18 Lords-and-Ladies, 507
Lastopéra, 363 Létus, 126
Lathrea, 374 Lovage, 218
Léthyrus, 134 Lucerne, 120
latisept siliqua, 32 Ludwigia, 187

2
a
x

a
 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX 605
Lungwort, 339 Menthol, 379
Lizula, 50r Menydnthes, 332
Lychnis, 74 Menziesia, 310
Lycium, 351 Mercuriélis, 441
Lycépsis, 339 Mercury, 411, 441
Lycopus, 384 mericarp, 192
Lyme-grass, 59r_ Mérténsia, 340
lyrate leaf, xxi mesocarp, the middle layer or “flesh” of a
Lysiméchia, 320 fruit, 137
LYTHRARIE#, 178 Méspilus, 169
Lythrum, 179 Meu, 218
Méum, 218
Madder, 235 Mezereon, 424
Madder, Field, 239 Mibéra, 558
Madwort, 337 Microcdéla, 328
Matidnthemum, 487 M gnonette, 60
Maidenhair tree, 592 MIGNONETTE FAMILY, 50
Maize, 546, 548 Milfoil, Common, 262
Malixis, 462 Milfoil, Water, 181
Mallow, 95 Milium, 557
Matiow FamIty, g2 Milk-vetch, 128
Mallow, Marsh, 93 Milkwort, 66
Mallow, Tree, 94 Mirtxwort FamIty, 66
Miélva, 95 Millet, 548
MALVACE, 92 Millet-grass, 557
Manchineel, 436 Millet, Grey, 343
Mandrake, 349 Mimulus, 360
Mangold Wurzel, 408 Mint, 381
Manioc, 436 Minudrtia, 78
Manna, 324 Mistletoe, 433
Manna-croup, 578 MISTLETOE FAMILY, 431
Manna-grass, 579 Meénchia, 85
Maple, 111 Moltnia, 570
MapPtLeE FamILy, 111 monadelphous stamens, xxix
marcescent, withering but remaining Monéses, 311%
attached, xxvi Money-wort, 320
Mare’s-tail, 181 Money-wort, Cornish, 360
MAkE’S-TAIL FAMILY, 180 Monkey-flower, 360
Marigold, Corn, 264 Monkey-puzzles, 592
Marigold, Marsh, 14 Monk’s hood, 19
Marjoram, 384 monocarpellary fruits, xxxi
Marram, Sea, 562 MoNOoCcHLAMYDE2, xlvi, 407
Marribiunz, 391 monochlamy deous flowers, xxiv
Marsh-wort, 204 monocotyledonous seed, xxxii
MAST-BEARING FAMILy, 444 MoNOcOTYLEDONS, xxxii, xlviii, 456
Masterwort, 221 moneecious flowers, XXIV
Maté Tea, 106 monosymmetric flowers, XXV
Matfellon, 281 Monétropa, 312
Mat-grass, 589 MoNOTROPE&, 312
Matrictéria, 265 Meéntia, 87
Matthtola, 34 Moor-grass, 568
May, 164 Moschatel, 229
May-Lily, 487 Moss Campion, 74
May-weed, 2¢6 Mother-of-thousands, 356
Meadow-grass, 574 Motherwort, 395
Meadow-rue, 4 Mountain Ash, 161
Meadow-sweet, 143 Mouse-ear, 340
Mecondpsis, 27 Mouse-tail, 9
Medicégo, 120 Mud-rush, 525
Medick, 120 Mudwort. 360
Medlar, 163 Mugwort, 269
Melampyrunz, 366 Mulberry, 426
Melic, 572 Mulgédium, 293
Melica, 572 Mullein, 354
Melilot, raz Muscéri, 489
Melilétus, 121 Mustard, 47
Melissa, 387 Mustard, Garlic, 44
Meltttis, 390 Mustard, Hedge, 43
membranous leaf, xix Mustard, Mithridate, 55
Meéntha, 381 Mustard, Tower, 39
606 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX

Mustard, Treacle, 45 Orchis, 467

Myosbétis, 340 organ, any part of a plant which performs
Myoséton, 83 some definite function.
Myostrus, 9 Ortganum, 384
Myrtca, 443 Ornithégalum, 491
MyricAckE, 443 Orntthopus, 129
Myriophpllum, 181 OROBANCHACE#, 371
Myr his, 210 Orobdnché, 372
Myrtle, Bog, 443 Orpine, 174
Orris-root, 474
NAIADACEA&, 512 Osiers, 452
Natas, 521 ovary, Xxix
Narctssus, 479 ovate leaf, xx
Ndrdus, 589 ovoid, nearly egg-shaped.
Narthéciun, 496 ovules, xxix
Natural Orders, xxxv, xxxix Oxalis, 104
natural system, xxxiv Ox-eye, 264
naturalised, growing freely from self-sown Ox-lip, 319
seed, though not truly indigenous. Ox-tongue, 285
Navew, 46 Oxyria, 420
nectary, any organ secreting honey, gener- Oxytropis, 129
ally part of the flower.
Nebdttia, 463 Peénia, 20
Népeta, 338 Paigle, 318
Nettle, 428 pale, 547
Nettle, Dead, 396 palmate leaf, xx1
NeETTLE FamILy, 425 palmate venation, xx
neuter flowers, xxiv palmatisect, cut in a palmate manner.
Nightshade, 349 Panic, 552
NIGHTSHADE FamIity, 348 panicle, a branched cluster of flowers.
Nipplewort, 284 Pansy, 65
Nit-grass, 561 Paptiver, 24
node, xvi PAPAVERACE, 24
nodulose roots, xvi papilionaceous corolla, xxvii
Nonsuch, 120 pappose, in the form of a pappus or circle
nut, xxxli of hairs.
nutlets, xxx pappus, xxvi
Nymphéa, 23 parasite, a plant which is attached to, and
NyMPHA&ACEA, 21 derives its food from, another living being,
Nymphotdes, 333 as does the Mistletoe. They are often
brown, as are the Broom-rapes.
Oak, 449 parietal placentation, xxx
Oat, 548, 565 Parietdéria, 429
Oat, False, 566 Péris, 496
Oat-grass, 566 Parndssia, 170
Oat, Yellow, 565 Parsley, 205
obconic, reversedly cone-shaped. Parsley, Beaked, 211
Obtoné, 414 Parsley, Bur-, 223
oblanceolate leaf, xx Parsley, False Milk, 219
oblique leaf, xx ParRSLEY FAmILy, 191
obovate leaf, xx Parsley, Fool’s, 217
obovoid, nearly reversedly egg-shaped. Parsley, Hedge-, 224
Odontttes, 362 Parsley, Milk, 220
Endnthé, 215 Parsley Piert, 153
Cnothéra, 188 Parsley, Stone, 208
offset, xix Parsnip, 221
OLEACEA&, 324 Parsnip, Cow, 222
Oleander, 326 Parsnip, Water, 209
OLEASTER FamILy, 425 Pasque-flower, 6
OLIVE FaMILy, 324 Pastindca, 221
ONAGRARIF&, 184 Patchouli, 379
Ondbrychis, 131 Pea, Everlasting, 136
Oxndéuts, 118 Pea FamI_Ly, 113
Ondpordum, 279 Pear, 162
Ophrys, 470
opposite leaves, xx
Pearl-wort, 77
Peas Earth-nut, 136
Orache, 412 pedate, with lateral lobes given off from
orbicular, nearly round, applied to leaves. one another in a cymose manner.
ORCHIDEA, 459 , pedicel, xxii
OrcHID FamILy, 459 Pediculiris, 364
 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX 607
peduncle, xxii PLANTAIN FAMILY, 401
Pellitory, 429 Plum, 141
peltate leaf, xx PLUMBAGINEA, 313
Penny Cress, 54 plumose, feathery, 247
Pennyroyal, 383 plumule, x
Pennywort, Marsh, 198 Péa, 574 |
Pennywort, Wall, 174 pod, xxxi
pentamerous (often written 5-merous) POLEMONIACEA, 334
having 5 leaves in each whorl. Poleménium, 334
Peony, 20 pollen, xxvili
Péplis, 178 pollinia, 460
Pepper, Cayenne, 349 polyadelphous stamens, xxvili
Peppermint, 382 polycarpellary fruits, xxxi
Pepperwort, 52 Polycarpon, 87
perennials, herbaceous, xix Poljygala, 66
perfect flower, xxiv PoLyYGaLACE&, 66
perfoliate leaf, xx PoLYGONACE#, 416
perianth, xxiv Polygonatunt, 486
perigynous insertion, xxv Poljgonunz, 416
Periwinkle, 326 POLYPETALA, XXXIX, I
PERIWINKLE FAMILY, 326 polypetalous corolla, xxvi
Persicaria, 416 Polypogon, 559
PEersICcARIA FAMILY, 416 polysepalous calyx, xxvi
persistent calyx, xxvi polysymmetric flowers, xxv
persistent corolla, xxviii pome, xxxii
personate corolla, xxvii Pond-weed, 514
petaloid bracts, xxiii POND-WEED FAMILY, 512
petaloid calyx, xxvi Poplar, 455
petaloid filaments, xxviii Poppy, 24
PETALOIDEA, xlvilii, 457 Poppy FaMILy, 24
petals, xxvi Poppy, Horned, 27
Petasttes, 27% Poppy, Violet Horned, 28
petiole, the stalk of the leaf Poppy, Welsh, 27
Petroselinum, 205 Pépulus, 455
Peucédanunt, 220 PoRTULACE&, 87
Phiélaris, 553 Potacnogéton, 514
PHANEROGAMIA, XXxix Potato, 348
Pheasant’s-eye, 7 Potato, Sweet, 345
Phléum, 557 Potentilla, 148
Phlox, 334 Potérium, 155
Phraguittes, 568 premorse rhizome, xviii
phyllodes, leaf-stalks so flattened as to re- Primrose, 316
semble leaf-blades, 135 Primrose, Evening, 188
Phytetima, 298 PRIMROSE FAMILY, 315
Picris, 284 Primula, 316
Pig-nut, 207 PRIMULACEA, 315
pilose, hairy, 247 Privet, 326
Pimpernel, 322 Prunélla, 389
Pimpernel, Bastard, 323 Priinus, 141
Pimpernel, Yellow, 321 pseudobulbs, 460
Pimpinélla, 210 Pulicaria, 260
Pine, 593 Pulmonaria, 339
Pine FamILy, 592 Pulqué, 478
Pine, Ground, 400 Purslane, 87
Pinguicula, 376 PuRsLANE FAMILY, 87
Pink, 70 Purslane, Sea, 78, 414
Pink FamIty, 69 Purslane, Water, 179
pinnate leaf, xxi Pyrola, 311
pinnate venation, xx Pyrus, 159
pinnatifid, slightly pinnately cut.
Pinus, 593 Quaking-grass, 574
Pipewort, 521 Quércus, 449
Pipewort FamILy, 521 quinate leaf, xxi
placenta, xxx Quinsy-wort, 239
placentation, xxx Taceme, xxiii
plaited calyx, XxXvl rachilla, 546
plaited leaf, xix radical leaves, xx
PLANTAGINES, 401 radicle, 1
Plantigo, 402 Radtcula, 35
Plantain, 402 Radiola, 98
608 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX

Radish, 58 Riscus, 485

Ragged Robin, 75 Rush, 497
Ragwort, 271 Rusu FAmILy, 497
Rampions, 298, 301 Rush, Flowering, Sig
Ramsons, 489 Rye, 548
RANUNCULACE, 1 Rye-grass, 548
Rantinculus, 10
Rape, 46 Safflower, 249
Raphanus, 58 Saffron, 474, 494
taphides, 506 Sage, 387
Raspberry, 144 Sage, Wood, 400
ray-florets, 247 Sagina, 77
receptacle, xxv Sagittaria, 511
receptacle, common, xxiii, 247 sagittate, barbed like an arrow at the base,
Red-rattle, 364 applied to leaves.
Reed-grass, 553 Sainfoin, 131
Reed-mace, 503 SALIC{NEA, 451
REED-MACE FAMILY, 503 Salicérnia, 414
Reed, Small, 560 Salix, 452
regma, xxxi Sallow, 454
reniform, kidney-shaped, applied to leaves, Salsafy, 295
xx Salsola, 415
replum, xxx Saltwort, 415
Reséda, 59 salver-shaped corolla, xxvit
RESEDACE, 59 Sélvia, 387
Rest-harrow, 118 samara, xxxi
resupinate, reversed, hanging downwards. Sambticus, 230
retinaculum, 460 Samolus, 323
revolute leaf, xix Samphire, 214
RHAMNEA, 110 Samphire, Golden, 260
Rhaninus, 110 Samphire, Marsh, 414
Rhinadnthus, 365 Samphire, Rock, 215
rhizome, xvil SANDALWOOD FamILy, 433
rhomboid leaf, xx Sand-grass, 558
Rhubarb, 416 Sandwort, 78
Rhubarb, Monk’s, 423 Sandwort-Spurrey, 86
Rhynchéspora, 530 Sanguisérba, 156
Ritbes, 171 Sanicle. 199
Rice, 548 Santcula, 199
ringent corolla, xxvii SANTALACEA, 433
Rocket, 48 Saponaria, 72
Rocket, London, 44 saprophyte, a plant living on decaying
Rocket, Sea, 58 organic matter, such as dead leaves or
Rock-rose, 61 manure. They are often brown, as is
Rock-RoOSE FAMILY, 61 the Bird’s-nest (p. 312).
Raeméria, 28 Sarcthamnus, 118
Roneuléa, 477 Satin-flower, 82
root, xvi Sausstirea, 279
root-hairs, xvi Saw-wort, 280
root-stock, xvii. Saatfraga, 166
Résa, 156 Saxifrage, 166
RosACE&, 137 SAXIFRAGE, 165
Rose, 156 Saxifrage, Burnet, 210
Rose-bay, 185 SAXIFRAGE FaAmILy, 165
RosE FamILy, 137 Saxifrage, Golden, 170
Rosemary, 379 Saxifrage, Meadow, 168, 213
Ros=-root, 174 Saxifrage, Pepper, 217
Rosewood, 114 Scabidsa, 245
rosulate, in a rosette, applied to leaves. Scabious, 245
rotate corolla, xxvii Scabious, Sheep’s, 297
Rowan, 161 Scammony, 345
Ribia, 235 Scdéndix, 212
RuBIACE&, 234 scape, xxii
Riibus, 144 scattered leaves, xx
Rumex, 420 Scheuchzéria, 514
ruminate, with infolded surface, 225 Schenus, 531
runcinate, with recurved points, 291 Sctlla, 490

|
Scirpus, 524
ie
te
Dt 2
runner, X1x
Riippia, 518 Sclerdnthus, 406
Rupture-wort, 405 Scleréchloa, 579
 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX 609
Scorpion-grass, 340 Snowflake, 481
Scorzonéra, 249 Soapwort, 72
Scrophuléria, 358. Soft-grass, 564
SCROPHULARINA, 353 SoLANACE, 348
Scurvy-grass, 49 Solénum, 349
Scutellavtz, 389 Solidégo, 253
Sea-Campion, 73 Solomon’s Seal, 486
Sea-Heath, 68 Sdéuchus, 293
Sea-HEATH Famiy, 67 Sorrel, 420, 423
Sea-kale, 57 Sorrel, Mountain, 420
Sea-Lavender, 313 Sowbane, 409
Sea-Milkwort, 321 Sow-bread, 319
Sea-Pink, 314 Sow-thistle, 293
Sedge, 531 Sow-thistle, Blue, 293
SEDGE FamILy, 522 spadix, xxili, 506
Sedge, Sweet, 508 Sparganium, 504
Sédum, 174 Spartina, 553
seeds, xxxii spathe, a large sheathing bract, such as the
Self-heal, 389 brown membranous one enclosing the
Selinum, 219 flower of the Daffodil, or the pale green
Sempervtvum, 176 one enclosing the spadix of the Lords-
Senécio, 271 and-Ladies, 506
sepals, xxvi spathulate, spoon-shaped.
septum, a partition. Spearwort, 12
Serrafalcus, 584 species, Xxxiii
serrate leaf, xxi specific name, xxxli
Serrdtula, 280 Speedwell, 368
Service-tree, 159, 161 Spérgula, 85
Séseli, 213 SPERMATOPHYTA, XXXVi, XXxix
Sesléria, 568 Spiderwort, 494
sessile anthers, xxviii Spignel, 218
sessile leaf, xix spike, xxiii
Setdria, 552 spike, compound, xxiii
Setterwort, 17 Spikenard, 240
Sheep’s-bit, 297 Spikenard, Ploughman’s, 260
Shepherd’s Needle, 212 Spike-rush, 523
Shepherd’s Purse, 51 Spinach, 408
Shepherd’s Rod, 244 Spindle-tree, 108
Sheradrdia, 239 SPINDLE-TREE FAMILY, 108
Shore-weed, 404 spinescent stem, xix
shrub, xix Spirea, 141
Shrubby Rocket, 61 Spirdnthes, 464
Sztbbdldia, 152 Spruce, 592
Szbthérpia, 360 Spurge, 436, 438
Sieglingia, 568 SPURGE FAMILY, 435
Szléus, 217 Spurge Laurel, 424
Szléné, 72 Spurrey, 78, 85
Siler, 217 Spurrey, Sandwort, 86
silicle, 32 Sauuls, 483
siliqua, xxxi, 3 Squirrel-tail Grass, 591
Silver-weed, 150 sub-, partly.
Stlybum, 279 subulate, awl-shaped, slender, and tapering,
Szméthis, 488 as in the prickles of the Gorse.
simple leaf, xxi subulate filaments, xxix
Sindpis, 47 sucker, xviii
Sison, 208 Stéchys,39t _.
Sisymbrium, 43 stamens, XxXvVill
Sisyrinchium, 477 staminate flowers, xxiv
Stfum, 209 staminode, an aborted stamen, not con-
Skull-cap, 389 taining pollen.
sleep of plants, rr4 standard petal, xxvii
Sloe, 141 Star-fruit, 512
Smallage, 204 Star-of-Bethlehem, 491, 494
Smyrnium, 202 Star-thistle, 282
Snake’s-head, 494 Starwort, Sea, 255
Snake-root, 419 Starwort, Water, 183
Snakeweed, 419 Stéticé, 314
Snapdragon 358 Stelldéria, 81
Sneezewort 263 stellate, star-shaped, applied to hairs.
Snowdrop, 481 stem, xvi
610 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX
=

stigma, xxix testa, the outer skin or coat of a seed, often

stipules, xix brown and bitter, xxiii
stipules, interpetiolar, 234 tetradynamous starnens, xxix
Stitciiwort, 81 tetramerous (often written 4-merous),
St. John’s-wort, go having 4 leaves in each whorl.
St. JOHN’S-worT FamILy, go Teuicriun, 398
Stock, 34 THALAMIFLORA, XXXI1X, I
stoloniferous, with stolons or runners. thalamifloral insertion, xxv
Stonecrop, 174 thalamus, xxiv
STONECROP FaMILy, 172 Thaltctrum, 4
Stonewort, 208 Thésiunit, 433
Stork’s-bill, 103 Thistle, 276
Strapwort, 406 Thistle, Carline, 274
Stratiétes, 458 Thistle, Cotton-, 279
Strawberry, 147 cube Ground, 279
Strawberry-tree, 305 istle, Milk-, 279, 2
styles, xxix Thistle, Plume-, ee 3
Suéda, 415 Thistle, Scottish, 279
Subuliria, 51 Thlispt, 54
Succory, 249, 283 Thorn Apple, 349, 352
Succory, Lamb’s, 283 Thorow-wax, 202
Succory, Swine’s, 283 Thrift, 314
Sugar-beet, 408 TuHRIFT FAmMILy, 313
Sugar-cane, 548 Thrincta, 290
Sulphur-wort, 215, 217, 220 throat of corolla, xxvi
Sundew, 178 Thrumwort, 512
SUNDEW FaMILy, 177 Thyme, 385
superficial ovules, xxx Thyme, Basil, 386
superior calyx, xxvi THYMELA:ACE&, 423
superior carpels, xxv Thymus, 385
superior ovary, Xxv Ttlia, 96
Swede, 46 TILIACEA, 96
Sweet Gale, 443 Tilléa, 173
Sweet GALE FAMILY, 443 Timothy-grass, 548, 558
Swine’s-cress, 52 Toad-flax, 356
Sycamore, 112 Toad-flax, Bastard, 433
Symphptum, 337 Tobacco, 349
sympodial, a term applied to inflorescences Tofiéldia, 496
in which a series of successive branches Tomatoes, 349
simulate a continuous axis. Toothwort, -374
syncarpous carpels, xxix Tordylium, 222
syncarpous ovary, XXix _ Torilis, 224
syngenesious stamens, xx1x Tormentil, 149
Totter-grass, 574
TAMARISCINE#, 88 Touch-me-not, 106
Tamarisk, 89 Tragopégon, 295
TAMARISK FAMILY, 88 Traveller’s Joy, 4
Tamarix, 89 Treacle-mustard, 45
Tadmus, 482 Trefoil, 122
Tanacétum, 268 Trefoil, Bird’s-foot, 126
Tansy, 268 | Trefoil, Marsh, 332
tap-root, xv1 Trientalis, 321
Taraxacum, 291 rifoliume, 122
Tare, 132 Triglichin, 513
TAxACE, 595 Trigonélla, 119
Taxus, 595 trimorphism, 180
Tedk, 377 Trinta, 203
Tea-tree, Duke of Argyll’s, 351 tripinnate, thrice divided pinnately, as in
Teazle, 243 the leaves of many ferns and Umbellifere.
TEAZLE FAMILY, 243 Trisétunt, 565
Teazle, Fuller’s, 243, 244 tristichous, in three vertical rows, as are
Teesdélea, 56 the leaves of Sedges.
Telegraph-plant, 114 Trtticumt, 552
tendril, a slender, spirally twisting climbing Tréllius, 15
organ. : ? Trumpet-lily, 506
tentacles, pointed leaf-lobes, as in Drose- tuber, xvii
racez, 177 tubercle, xvi
terete, round and tapering. tuberculate root, xvi
terminal ovule, xxx tubular calyx, xxvi
ternate leaf, xxi tubular corolla, xxvii
ees

|—
 GENERAL AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX 611

TUBULIFLORE®, 249 Wahlenbérgia, 297

Tulip, 494 Wallflower, 34
Tulipa, 494 Wall-pepper, 175
tunicate bulb, xvii Wart-cress, 51
Turnip, 47 Watercress, 35
Tussilago, 270 Water-lily, 21
‘Tussock-grass, 548 WATER-LILY FAMILY, 21
Tutsan, go Water Pepper, 8y, 418
Tway-blade, 463 Water Plantain, 510
Typha, 503 WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY, 509
TyPHACE, 503 Water Soldier, 458
Water-thyme, 457
Ulex, 116 Water Violet, 316
Ulmus, 427 Water-weed, American, 457
umbel, xxiii Waterwort, 89
UMBELLIFER&, I9I WaATERWORT FAmILy, 89
umbellules, secondary or partial umbels, 191 Way Bent, 586
undershrub, xix Way-bread, 402
urceolate calyx, xxvi Wayfaring-tree, 232
urceolate corolla, xxvii Weasel-snout, 397
Urtica, 428 Weld, 60
URTICACEA, 425 Wheat, 547
utricle, 522 Whin, 116, 117
Utricularia, 375 Whinberry, 303
VACCINIACEZ, 302 White Bottle, 73
Vacctnium, 302 White-rot, 198
Valerian, 241 Whitethorn, 164
VALERIAN FAMILY, 239 Whitlow-grass, 48
Valerian, Greek, 334 whorled leaves, xx
Valerian, Spur, 242 Whaorl-grass, 571
Valeriana, 241 Whortleberry, 302
VALERIANEZ, 239 Willow, 452
Valerianélla, 242 WILLow FAMILY, 451
Valonia, 444 Willow, French, 185
valvate leaves, xix Willow-herb, 184
valvate sepals, xxviii WILLOW-HERB FAMILY, 184
Vanilla, 46x Windflower, 5
variety, xxxiv Wind-grass, 561
Venus’ Comb, 213 wing petals, xxvii
Venus’ Fly-trap, 177 Winter-green, 311
Venus’ Looking-glass, 302 Winter-green, Chickweed, 321
Verbascum, 354 Witches’ Gowan, 16
Verbéna, 378 Withy, 453
VERBENACE, 377 Woad, 57
Vernal-grass, 555 Woad-waxen, 116
vernation, x1x Welffia, 509
Verbnica, 368 Wolf’s-bane, 19
versatile anthers, xxvili Wood Anemone, 6
verticillaster, xxiii Woodbine, 233
Vervain, 378 Woodruff, 238
VERVAIN FAMILY, 377 Wood-rush, 501
Vetch, 131 Wood Sage, 400
Vetch, Bitter, 137 Wood-sorrel, 104
Vetch, Crown, 129 Wormseed, 45
Vetch, Horseshoe-, 130 Wormwood, 248
Vetch, Joint-, 130
;
Woundwort, 391
Vetch, Milk-, 128
Vetchling, 134 NXanthium, 261
Vibtirnum, 231
Vicia, 131 Yam Famity, 481
Villarsia, 333 Yarrow, 262
Vinca, 326 Yellow-rattle, 365
Vtola, 64 Yellow-weed, 60
VIOLACE#, 63 Yellow-wort, 329
Violet, 64 Yew, 595
Violet, Dame’s, 43 Yew FamILy, 595
VIOLET FAMILY, 63 Yorkshire Fog, 5€5
Viper’s Bugloss, 344
Viscunt, 433 Zannichéllia, 519
vitte, 192 Zostéra, 520
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Ricuarp Cray &x Sons, LimiTeD, >5

BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND
_-s BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. |
 ork Botanical Garden Libraary
-Qk306 Jtgit

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