CHAPTER

10 Biomolecule;
bowolloto l t l o u b e
sio
for detaled theory

MIND MAP

CARBOHYDRATES

Reducing sugar Non-reducing sugar

Oligosaccharide Polysaccharide " Sucrose
Monosaccharide " Glucose
(di, tri, tetra etc.) " Starch
" Glucose " Fructose
. Sucrose
Cellulose
. Fructose " Maltose
" Maltose |Disaccharide " Glycogen
" Galactose
" Lactose [CBSE 2024]
" Ribose
" Raffinose
[CBSE 2024] HI, A [CBSE 2024]
[CBSE 2024] n-Hexane

NH,OH [CBSE2024)
Glucose 2 Glucose monoxime
Anomers of Gluc0Se
[CBSE2024)
Br,laq) Gluconic acid
Preparation From
[CBSE 2024] (CBSE 2024
a-glucose a-glucose (CH,CO),0 Glucose Pentaacetate
Sucrose
(M.Pt 419 K) (M.Pt 419 K) [CBSE2024)
HNO, Saccharic acid
Conc.
pDt.) + Gluconic acu
Differ in optical rotation Starch
Fehling's Cu,0 (brick red
soln
2024|
HCN Cyanohvdrin [CBSE
Glucose

Cyclic Structure of Glucose Anomers of Fructose (CgH,,0)

Glucose does not react with
a-D-(-)-FructofuYanose
cyclic ring)
(Five membered
24-DNP NaHSO Schiff's reagent
B-D-(--Fructofuranose
ring)
memberedcyclic
(Five
Oligosaccharide

Sucrose Maltose Lactose

H* H,0 H H0 H* H,0
Glucose + Fructose 2 Glucose Glucose + Galactose
(lnvert sugar)
(CBSE 2024]
 Polysaccharide

Glycogen
Importance of Carbohydrates Cellulose
Starch
(Linear)
animals. Amylose water soluble
plants and
" Essential for animals and plants. Amylopectins water insoluble
Storage carbohydrate
food is Cell walls
. Storage of plastic.
of animals
" Cellulose
acetate is (Branched) of plants
explosive).
. Cellulose nitrate (gun cotton is Highly Branched
source of energy. Storage Polysaccharide of plants Linear polymer
" Honey is a cellulose. polymer of a-glucose
plants is made of of B-glucose
Cell wall of Branched polymer of a-glucose
Textile industry.

Amino Acids
[CBSE 20241 [CBSE 2024]
Non-essential
Neutral: Glycine, Alanine Essential
acid Basic: Arginine
Acidic, Glutamic acid, Aspartic Glycine
Valine

Proteins Leucine Alanine

Denaturation Globular Fibrous

Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Proteins
Primary of Proteins Proteins
Structure Structure Structure
e.g. Albumin e.g. Keratin Water B-pleated
Structure
[CBSE 2024] Insoluble
a-helix
Peptide
a-helix
bond Water Soluble
B-pleated
[CBSE 2024]
Enzymes

Maltase, lnvertase
Optimum Specific Highly
Mechanism Highly efficient Lactase, Urease
specific temperature pH
E+S ’ E-S
E-S’E-P
E-P’E + P
Nucleotides [CBSE 2024] Nucleosides

A,G,C,U,T
A,G,C,U,T
Ribose or deoxyribose
Vitamins Ribose or deoxyribose
Adenosine
Fat soluble Water soluble Phosphoric acid residue
A, D, E, K Band C

Antioxidant B, B, B, (Pyridoxine), B,2 Antioxidant ATP ADP AMP

(CBSE 2024] (CBSE 2024] [CBSE 2024]

Currency of energy

Monomers of Nucleic acid

148 7o9ether wtk Phygital Chemistry-12
Nucleic Acids

DNA DNA fingerprinting

RNA

[CBSE 2024] Double helix (held by H-bonds) Identification of Criminal

Single helix
[CBSE 2024]
A,C,U,G [CBSE 2024] A,C,G,T [CBSE 2024) Paternity Test

Ribose Deoxyribose Identify dead bodies

Can't Replicate Can replicate Identify racial groups

Protein synthesis Genetic characteristics

m, t, r-RNA Phosphodiester linkage

Hormones

Amino acid derivative Non-Steroid Functions of Hormones

Steroid
(Thyroidal hormone)
Insulin, Glucagon
Sex hormones Adrenocortical hormones (Peptide hormone)

Carbohydrate
Androgens Estrogen Progesterone metabolism
(Male sex hormone) (Female sex hormone) (Pregnancy hormone)

Responsitble for secondary characteristics

and function sex organs.

TOPIC 10.1
Carbohydrates
COMPETENCY FOCUSSED QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Mca QUESTIONS 1 Mark
1. Which of the following represents D (+) Glucose? [CBSE 2021] [Level-II]

(a) CHO (b) CHO (c) CHO (d) CHO

HO H H H OH H OH
OH
H OH HO OH HO H
H H
H OH H OH
H OH OH
HO H H
H OH HO H HO

CH,OH CH,OH H,OH CH,OH

2. The glycosidic linkage involved in linking glucose units in amylose part of starch is
[CBSE 2023] |Level-1l]
(a) C-Co a-linkage (6) C,-Co B-linkage (c) C,-C, a-linkage (d) C-C, B-linkage
 Biomolecules 149
2Which of the following is non-reducing sugar? (a) p-(), q-(i), r-(üi), s-(iv)
[CBSE 2023] |Level-I] (b) p-(iv), q-(ii), r-(i), s-()
(a) Sucrose (b) Maltose (c) p-(i), g-(ii), r-(iv), s-()
(c) Glucose (d) Lactose (d) p-(ii), g-(i), r-(iv), s-()
4 Oligosaccharides, on hydrolysis could yield? 12. The change in optical rotation when a-glucose is
[CBSE 2023| |Level-I] dissolved in water is called [Level-II]
(a) 3 to 9 monosaccharide (a) Mutation (b) Mutarotation
(b) 4 to 10monosaccharide (c) Specific rotation (d) Inversion
(c) more than 10 monosaccharide 13. Ribose and deoxyribose are
(a) Tetrose (b) Pentose
(d) 3 to 10 monosaccharide
(c) Ketohexose
5. Hydrolysis of sucrose is called (d) Aldohexose for more
otess CBSE 2023] |Level-I] MCQs

(a) inversion (b) hydration CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE

(c) esterification (d) saponification TYPE QUESTIONS
6. On hydrolysis, which ofthe following carbohydrate VERY SHORT ANSWER
gives glucose and fructose? VSA TYPE QUESTIONS 2 Marks
|CBSE 2023] |Level-I]
14. Classifythe following sugars into monosaccharides
(a) Sucrose (b) Starch and disaccharides: [CBSE 2024]
(d) Maltose Galactose, Glucose, Lactose and Maltose
(c) Lactose
7. Which of the following structure represents 15. Account for the following:
D-glucose?e |CBSE 2023| |Level-) be(a) There are 5-OH groups in glucose
ÇH,OHola CH,OH (b) Glucose is a reducing sugar
[CBSE Sample Paper 2023]
H H (B) H OH
(a) H H 16. Which monosaccharide units are present in starch,
OH H OH H cellulose and glycogen and which linkages link
OH OH these units?
H ÖH H OH 17. How will you distinguish 1° and 2° hydroxyl
ÇH,0H
OH groups present in glucose?
OH 18. What is essentially the difference between a-form
(c) H/H \ÇH,OH of glucose and B-form of glucose? Explain.
HO/
19. Which sugar is called invert sugar? Why is it
H
OH HO OHN CH,OH
OH OH
called so? [CBSE 2024; KVS 2023, CBSE 2020]
H H H
20. Name:
8. When D-glucose reacts with HI it gives higher
[CBSE 2023] |Level-I] (i) the major structural polysaccharide in
plants.
of
(a) Gluconic acid (b) n-hexane ii) the polysaccharide is stored in the liver
(c) Saccharic acid (d) Iodohexane animals.
biofuel.
9. On hydrolysis, which of the following carbohydrate (iii) a polysaccharide which acts as
gives only glucose?CBSE 2023] [Level-I| (iv) A water insoluble component of starch.
Hydrogen
(a) Starch EOY (b) Fructose 21. Give the reaction of Glucose with confirmed
(c) Lactose (d) Sucrose cyanide. Presence of which group is
by this reaction? [CBSE 2024, 23]
0. In the ring structure of glucose, the anomeric acetic anhydride.
carbon is [CBSE 2023] [Level-I) 22. Give the reaction ofglucose with
confirmed by this
(a) C-2 (b) C-3 (c) C4 (d) C-1 Presence of which group is |CBSE 2023]
reaction?
l, Match the following and select the correct option: hydroxyl
|Level-II] 23. Give the reaction of heatingglucose with
confirmed by
amine. Presence of which group is |CBSE 2023)
List-I List-II this reaction?
in animal
(p) Glycogen ) Water soluble 24. (i) How are carbohydrates stored
(ii) Animal starch body? Mention any one organ where they
(9) Amylopectin
() Cellulose (i) C-C, linkages are present.
(9) Amylose (iv) Linear polymer of (ii) What is basic structural difference between
starch and cellulose? [CBSE 2023]
B-Glucose
150 ogether wck Phygital Chemistry-12
25. Write two main functions of carbohydrates in 31. How can reducing and
plants. [NCERT] distinguished? Mentionnon-reducing sugars be
the structural feature
26. What is glycogen? How is it different from starch? characterising reducing sugars.
32. Write the chemical
[NCERT|
27. Glucose does not give a positive result with the
reaction
reactions of glucose with equations for the
Schiff's reagent in the Schiff's test. Based on the (i) acetic anhydride
above information (ii)
JCBSE Additional Practice Question 2023|
NH,OH. Also draw Fischer projections of
D-glucose and L-glucose.
(a) Give a reason for the observation. |CBSE 2024; Delhi,
(b) What type of carbonyl group is present in a 33. What is Uttarakhand 20191
glucose molecule? essentially the difference between
a-glucose and B-glucose? What is meant by
SHORT ANSWER Pyranose structure of glucose?
SA 34. Enumerate the reactions of
TYPE QUESTIONS 3 Marks cannot be explained by its openD-glucose which
28. Write the structure of product when chain structure.
reacts with the following: (Any two) D-glucose [NCERT, KVS 2023, Similar to Uttarakhand 2019;
|CBSE 2024, 23| CBSE Sample Paper 2018]
35. (a) Write a balanced
(a) HI (6) HCN equation for the reaction
(c) conc. HNO, (d) Br, water
between glucose and hydrogen cyanide. What
39. (a) What are hydrolysis inference can we draw from it?|CBSE 2024]
products of [CBSE Additional Practice Question 20231
) Lactose
(ii) Maltose (b) Samta reacted glucose with acetic
(b) Give the basic Will the reaction help her to anhydride.
difference between starch and determine the
cellulose. number of secondary alcoholic groups and the
30. Name the three major classes of [CBSE 2023] number of primary alcoholic groups that are
carbohydrates
and give an example of each of these present in a glucose molecule? Justify your
classes. answer.

TOPICS 10.2 &10.3

Proteins, Enzymes
COMPETENCY FOCUSSED QUESTIONS 5. The functional unit that is
repeated in a protein
molecule is: [CBSE 2021] [Level-I
Mca MULTIPLE CHOICE
(a) An ester linkage (6) Aglycosidic linkage
QUESTIONS 1 Mark
1. The specific sequence in
(c) Apeptide linkage (d) An ether linkage
which amino acids are 6. The incorrect statement about
enzyme is
arranged in a protein is called its
[NEET 2022] |Level-II]
(a) Primary structure (b)[CBSE 2024] [Level-I]
Secondary structure
(a) Enzymes are biocalalysts.
(c) Tertiary structure (b) Like chemical catalysts, enzyme reduce
2. The helix structure of (d) Quaternary structure ilod activation energy of bioprocesses.
protein is stabilised by (c) Enzymes are polysaccharides.
(a) peptide bonds [CBSE 2023| (Level-I] (d) Enzymes are very specific for a particularly
(c) hydrogen bondsa (b) disulphide bonds reaction and substrate.
(d) van der
3. Which parts Waals' bonds 7. Which of the following statements is/are
correct
of amino acids about enzyme?
hydrogen bonds in themolecules are linked
a through [Level-]
of proteins? secondary structure Almost all enzymes are globular proen
|CBSE 2023| |Level-1] (b) Maltase converts maltose into glucose
(a)-NH, group (b) (c) Ea for hydrolysis of sucrose is reduced from
V1 (c)-Cand
NH-groups -COOH group 6.22 kJ/mol to 2.15 kJ mol by enzyme.
(d) All of these
(d) None of the above 8. Which of the following is not an
4. enzyme?
Proteins are polymers of [CBSE 2023] |Level-| [Level-I]
(a) Nucleic acid (b) Amino acids (a) Zymase (b) Invertase
(c) Monosaccharide (d) Amines. (c) Amylase (a) Diastase
 Biomolecules 151
0 Diastase enzyme
convertsBTDus
(a) Sucrose to glucose and fructose Level-II] native form, is subjected to a physical change
(b) Lactose to glucose and oalactoseYTke Cnange in temperature or achemical change
(c) Starch to Maltose
like change in pH, denaturation of protein takes
place. Explain the cause. [HOTS]
(d) Cellulose to glucose 16. What are enzymes? Name an
enzyme that
10. Oxidoreductase enzymes:nshy |Level-I| catalyses hydrolysis of maltose into glucose. Write
(a) Catalyse the oxidation of both substrates the chemical reaction involved.
(b) Catalyse the reduction of both substrates 17. Three amino acids are given below:
(c) Catalyse the oxidation of one substrate and Alanine CH,CH(COOH)NH,, Aspartic acid
reduction of another substrate simultaneously.
(d Do not catalyse oxidation and reduction of HOOC-CH,C s and
substrates
11. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
|CFPQ, CBSE] |Level-II|
Lysine H,N (CH,), CH(COOH)(NH,)
(i) Amongst Lysine, Histidine and Serine, Lysine Make two tripeptides using these amino acids and
is the most basic in nature. mark the peptide linkage in both the cases.
(i) All non-essential amino acids are basic in [CBSE Sample Paper 2020]
nature.
18. How do enzymes help a substrate to be
(ii) Adding acids such as lemon juice into attacked by the reagent effectively? for more
Questions
meat protein does not denature the primary
structure yet tenderize meat. SHORT ANSWER
SA TYPE QUESTIONS3
Marks
(a) () only (b) (iii) only
(c) () and (iii) only 19. Define the following as related to proteins: {KVS]
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii) for more
HIMCQs [AI 2014]
CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE () Peptide linkage [CBSE 2024; DoE,
Pre-Board 2023, Similar CBSE 2020;
TYPE QUESTIONS Delhi 2019; DoE]
VERY SHORT ANSWER (ii) Primary structure [DoE]
VSA TYPE QUESTIONS 2 Marks (iii) Denaturation. [KVS 2023, Delhi 2019;
CBSE 2023; Foreign 2014]
12. Define denaturation of proteins. What is effect of 20. Differentiate between globular and fibrous proteins.
denaturation on the structure of proteins?
KVS 2023; Delhi 2020, 2019]
shn [CBSE 2023) 21. Amino acids may be acidic, alkaline or neutral.
15. The melting points and solubility in water of How does this happen? What are essential and
amino acids are generally higher than that of the non-essential amino acids? Name one of each
Corresponding haloacids. Explain.
|DoE, Pre-Board 2023| [HOTS] type.
22. (i) What is the role of streptokinase in blood
14. State what you understand by primary structure
and secondary structure of proteins.[CBSE 2024] clotting?
15. Protein found in a bjological system with a unique (ii) Define:
three-dimensional structure and biological activity (a) Isoelectric point
for more
1S called a native protein. When a protein in its (b) Myoglobin Questions

TOPIC 10.4
Vitamins

COMPETENCY FOCUSSED QUESTIONS (a) A (b) D (c) E (d) C

3. Avitamin which is important for clotting of blood?
Mca1. The deficiency
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS 1Mark
of which vitamin causes Rickets?
(a) A (6) K
|CBSE 2023] |Level-1]
(c) D (d) B
4. Deficiency of which of the following vitamin
otn jCBSE 2023] |Level-I] causes pernicious anaemia?
2. (a) A (6) B(c) C n(d) D [CBSE 2023] |Level-I]
The deficiency of which vitamin causes Scurvy? (a) B, (b) B, (c) B, () Bp
adgtobe rCBSE 2023] [Level-1)
152 Tagether witk Phygital Chemistry-12
5. Deficiency of vit 'B, causes CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
[CBSE 2023| [Level-I] TYPE QUESTIONS
(a) rickets
(b) muscular weakness VERY SHORT ANSWER
(c) scurvy.
VSA TYPE QUESTIONS 2 Marks
(d) beri-beri 8. What are vitamins? Deficiency of which vitamin
6. Which of the following B group vitamins can be causes
|CBSE 2020(C)|
stored in our body? () Pernicious anaemia? [CBSE 20231
(NCERT Exemplar] |Level-II| (ii) Convulsions?
9. Name two fat soluble vitamins, their sources and
(a) Vitamin B, (b) Vitamin B, the diseases caused due to their deficiency in diet.
(c) Vitamin B. d) Vitamin B,2 [CBSE 2024]
7. Match the following and select the correct option: 10. Name two water soluble vitamins, their sources
|Level-I| and the diseases caused due to their deficiency
List-I List-II in diet. |KVS 2023]
(p) Ascorbic acid (i) Xerophthalmia 11. List any four vitamins. Mention the chief sources
and functions of two of them.
(g) Vitamin D (ii) Osteomalacia 12. How are vitamins classified? Name the vitamin
(r) Riboflavin (iüi) Bleeding Gums responsible for the coagulation of blood.
(s) Vitamin A (iv) Cheilosis |CBSE 2024, 20; NCERT]
(a) p-(i), q-(i), r-{iv), s-(i) 13. Why are vitamin A and vitamin Cessential to us?
(6) p-), g-(i), r-(i), s-(iv) Give their important sources. [NCERT|
for more
14. Name the deficiency disease resulting from the
(c) p-(ii), g-(i), r-(iv), s-(1) MCQs lack of vitamin A and E in diet.
(d) p-(iii), q-(iv), r-(i), s-() 15. Namne a (i) water soluble vitamin (ii) fat soluble
vitamin which acts as antioxidant.

TOPIC 10.5 &10.6

Nucleic Acids, Hormones
COMPETENCY FOCUSSED QUESTIONS 7. Pyrimidine present in RNA are
MULTIPLE CHOICE (a) Adenine and guanineo so les
Mca QUESTIONSbio o Mark (6) Thymine and Uracil
(c) Uracil and cytosine
1. Nucleic acids are polymers of bto (d) Thymine and guanine
[CBSE 2021(C)] (|Level-I] 8. The synthesis of daughter DNA from DNA is
(a) nucleosides (b) D-ribose called
(c) amino acids (d) nucleotides |Level-1]
2. RNA and DNA are chiral molecules, their chirality (a) Translation (b) Replication
is due to
[Level-1| (c) Transcription (d) All of these
(a) chiral bases 9. Which of the following purines (nitrogenous bases
(b) chiral phosphate units with two-ring structure) are common to RNA and
(c) D-sugar component DNA? (CBSE Additional Practice Question 2023]
(d) L-sugar component
3. Which of the following is correct about (a) Adenine, Thymine (b) Guanine, Thymine
in DNA? H-bonding (c) Thymine, Cytosine (d) Adenine, Guanine
(a) A-T, G -C [Level-I| 10. Which of the following is/are correct about
(b) A-G, TG
(c) G-I, A-C Hormones?
4. ADP and ATP differ in (d) A - A, T -T |Level-1]
number of ILevel-I](a) Molecules that act as intercellular messenger
(a) phosphate units (b) ribose units
(c) adenine units (b) Produced in ductless glands in body
5. DNA and RNA differ in
(d) nitrogen atoms (c) Poured directly into blood stream which
(a) Sugar |KVS][Level-I| transports them to site of action.
(b) Purines
(c) Pyrimidines (d) Both (a) and (c) (d) All of these
6. The segment of DNA which acts as instrumental ll. In terms of chemical nature. Identify correct
manual for synthesis of protein is [Level-I] statement(s) about Hormones. |Level-I1]
(a) Deoxyribose (b) Nucleoside (() Estrogens, androgens are steroids
(c) Nucleotide (d) Gene () Insulin and endorphins are polypeptides
 Biomolecules 153

(i) Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amino GCG CUG. UGU C GA

acid derivatives
(a) (i) only (b) (i) and (ii)
5' end 3' end
(c) (ii) and (ii) (d) (i), (üi) and (ii)
Which structure of DNA is represented above?
12. Match the following and select the correct option: (a)
Primary
[Level-II| (b)
Secondary
List-I List-II (c)
Tertiary
(p) Insulin (i) Increase blood (d)
Quarternary for more
MCQs
glucose level CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
(g) Glucagon o0(i) Mediate response
to external TYPE QUESTIONS
stimuli VERY SHORT ANSWER
() Epinephrine and (ii) Keep blood VSA TYPE QUESTIONS 2 Marks
norepinephrine glucose level 16. (a) What is difference between nucleoside and
within limit
nucleotide?
(s) Thyroxinebs (iv) Male sex
hormone
(6) What products would be formed when
nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is
() Testosterone(v) Low level causes [CBSE 2023]
hydrolysed?
.e hypothyroidism 17. Write two differences between DNAand RNA.
(u) Progesterone (vi) Prepares uterus [CBSE 2024, 20]
bitole for implantation 18. What are nucleic acids? Why two strands of DNA
lok t of fertilised egg. are not identical but complementary? [CBSE 2020])
(a) p-(ii), q-i), r-(i), s-), +(iv), u-(v) 19. Give two applications of RNA.
(b) p-(), q-(ii), r-(im), s-(iv), -(v), u-(vi) 20. Name two hormones which mediate responses to
external stimuli.
(c) p-(vi), g-(v), r-(iv), s-(ii), +(i), u-)
() p-), g-(i), r-(i), s-(v), -(iv), u-(vi) SHORT ANSWER
13. Which of the following hormone contains iodine? SA TYPE QUESTIONS 3Marks
Level-1|
(a) Adrenaline (b) Thyroxine 21. Name the chemical components which constitute
(c) Insulin
nucleotides. Write any four functions ofnucleotides
(d) Glucagon in a cell1. [CBSE 2024]
14. Low level of Iodine in diet leads to Level-1] 22. Name:
(a) Hypothyroidism (b) Hyperthyroidism (a) A major sex hormone produced in
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these males.
15. The following image shows the structure of DNA, () The main female sex hormone.
ol (c) A fight or flight hormone.
for more
with the letters indicating the bases present. Questions
[CFPQ, CBSE]

la INTEGRATED (MIXED) QUESTIONS

1. (a) Write the product of D-glucose with conc. 3. (a) What is the difference between native protein
and denatured protein?
HNO, l [CBSE 2024] (3 Marks)uto s Which one of the following is disaccharide:
(b)
(6) Amino acids show amphoteric behaviour, Glucose, Lactose, Amylose, Fructose.
why?
(c) Write down the vitamin which is responsible
(c) Write one difference between a-helix and for coagulation of blood.
20231
PFpieated structure of proteins. (CBSE |CBSE 2024, 19] (3 Marks)
k. GIve reason for any 3 of the following observations. 4. (i) What is the difference between acidic
amino
(a) Pentaacetate of glucose does not react with acids and basic amino acids? (3 Marks)
hydroxyl amine. a (ii) Which one of the following is a mono
(6) Amino acids behave like salts. saccharide:
() Water soluble vitamins must be taken Cstarch, maltose, fructose, cellulose
regularly in diet. |CBSE 2024| (iii) Write the name of the vitamin whose
(a) The two strands of DNA are complementary deficiency causes bleeding of gums.
to each other. [CBSE 2023] (3 Marks) |CBSE 2024; Foreign 2015])
154 Together wk Phygital Chemistry12
between (ii) How are these basic units linked to each
5. (i) What is the basic structural difference other, name the linkage.
glucose and fructose? Delhi 2019] (3 Marks) (i) Draw the Haworth structure of the basic
(üi) Write chemical reaction to show that open unit.
structure of D-glucose contains the straight
chain. [Delhi 2019] (3 Marks) (b) ldentify the disaccharide with molecular
(üi) What type of linkage is responsible for the formulae, CzH,,0 which produces 2moles
formation of proteins? of a-D(+) Glucose on hydrolysis. What will
be the observation when Tollen's reagent is
6. Mr. Chatterjee was having pain in his joints. The
shape of one his canines and some of his toes added to such a disaccharide?
got deformed abit. He visited the doctor. Along(c) Change in optical rotation is observed when
with the medications he was asked to take ample sucrose is hydrolysed. What is the reason for
amounts of milk, and eggs. He was also asked to the inversion of configuration observed?
take cod liver oil capsules. The doctor asked Mr. 8. Answer the following questions:
Chatterjee to expose himself to sufficient sunlight [CBSE Additional Practice Question 2023|
every day. |CFPQ, CBSE] (3 Marks) (5 Marks)
(a) What is the most probable disease that Mr. (a) () A polynucleotide chain is seen to
Chatterjee is suffering from? se produce pentose sugar, phosphoric
(b) Mr. Chatterjee found one morning the milk o acid, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and
had curdled. What could be a probable reason boito Thymine on complete hydrolysis.
as for his observation? Explain the observation. Name the nucleic acid having such a
(c) How can exposure to sunlight help in se polynucleotide chain. How are the bases
improving the health condition of Mr. bopaired in this polynucleotide?
Chatterjee? (ii) What links these nucleotides together
7. Answer the following questions:o in a polynucleotide?
|CBSE Additional Practice Question 2023] (ii) Give one important function and one
(5 Marks) application of the above nucleic acid.
(a) () Name an important carbohydrate which (b) Keratin is a hair protein. What kind of
makes the cell wall of bacteria and protein is this? Describe the structure and
plants. What is the basic unit of this links present in this protein. Comment on
carbohydrate? its solubility in water? nento
aoolio lavol:
COMPETENCY FOCUSSED QUESTIONS
AR ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS

In the folowingquestions (Q. No. 1-14), a statement Reason (R): Nucleotides and nucleosides mainly
of assertion followed by statement of a reason is differ from each other in presence of phosphate
given. Choose the correct answer out of the following group. |CBSE 2023)
choices. 4. Assertion (A): Vitamin C can't be stored in our
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct body.
explanation of A. Reason (R): Vitamin C is fat soluble and excreted
(b) Both AandR are true but R is not the correct
from our body in urine. [CBSE 2023]
explanation of A. 5. Assertion (A): D(+)-Glucose is dextrorotatory.
(c) A is true butR is false.
(d) A is false but R is true. Reason (R): Symbol 'D' represents its dextroro
1. Assertion (A): All monosaccharides are reducing tatory nature. |CBSE 2023(C))
sugars. 6. Assertion (A): Glucose is reducing sugar.
Reason (R): They reduce Tollen's reagent and Reason (R): Despite having the aldehyde group,
Fehling's solution. |CBSE 2023(C)) glucOse does not give 2, 4-DNP test.
2. Assertion (A): Proteins åre |CBSE 2021(C)1
polymers of a-amino
acids connected by peptide bonds. 7. Assertion (A): Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.
Reason (R): A tetrapeptide contains four amino Reason (R): Sucrose has glycosidic linkage.
acids linked by four peptide bonds. [CBSE 2023| |CBSE 2020]
3. Assertion (A): The back bone of DNA and RNA 8. Assertion (A): Albumin is globular protein.
Rmolecule in chain consist of heterocyclic base, Reason (R): Polypeptide chain coils around to
pentose sugar and phosphate group. give a straight chain. |CBSE 2020]
 Biomolecules 155

0 Assertion (A): Vitamin D can be stored in our 12. Assertion (A): Vitamins A and K reduce excess
body fat in humans. [CFPQ, CBSE]
body.
Reason (R): Vitamin D is a water-soluble vitamin. Reason (R): Vitamins A and K are fat soluble.
[CBSE 2020] 13. Assertion (A): Sucrose and Fructose can not give
10. Assertion (A): All enzymes are made up of positive Tollen's test. [CFPQ, CBSE]
proteins and all proteins have three dimensional Reason (R): Sucrose and Fructose do not contain
structure. an aldehyde group.
Reason (R): Secondary structure of proteins is a 14. Assertion (A): All amino acids are solid at 20°C.
sequence of amino acids.[CBSE 2020(C)) [CFPQ, CBSE]
11,Assertion (A): Denaturation of protein does not Reason (R): Amino acids can form o O
change the primary structure of proteins. zwitter ions. The ionic nature of the
ICBSE Additional Practice Question 2023] zwitter ions gives amino acids relatively D
Reason (R): The bonding betwecen the carbon and for more
strong intermolecular forces of attraction. Questions
hydrogen atoms during denaturation of proteins
remains intact.S

Cso CASE-BASED/SoURCE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

1. Read the passage given below and answer the 2. Read the passage given below and answer the
questions that follow: questions that follow:
Certain organic compounds are required in Carbohydrates are broadly classified into three
small amounts in our diet but their deficiency
groups: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides
causes specific disease. These compounds are
called vitamins, Most of the vitamins cannot be and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are
synthesized in our body but plants can synthesize held together by glycosidic linkages to form
almost all of them. So they are considered as disaccharides or polysaccharides.
essential food factors. However, the bacteria of
the gut can produce some of the vitamins required
Proteins which contains only a-amino acids are
by us. Allthe vitamins are generally available in called simple proteins. Proteins get denatured if
our diet. The term 'vitamin' was coined from the subjected to change in temperature or pH.
words vital + amine, since the earlier identified [CBSE 2023]
compounds had amino group. Vitamins are Answer the following questions:
classified into two groups depending upon their (a) What is difference between glycosidic linkage
solubility in water or fat namely-fat soluble
vitamins and water soluble vitamins. and peptide linkage?
[CBSE 2024] (b) What is effect of denaturation on the structure
Answer the following questions: of proteins?
(a) What is the other name of vitamin B;? (c) Define the following terms:
(6) Name the vitamin whose deficiency causes (i) Essential amino acids
increased blood clotting time.
iet (ii) Anomers
(©) Xerophthalmia is caused by the deficiency
of which vitamin? Give two sources of this Or
bey Vitamin. (c) What are hydrolysis products of
Or oe (i) Sucrose
(C) Why can't vitamnin C be stored in our body? for more
Questions
(ii) Lactose
Name the disease caused by the deficiency
of this vitamin.

slaign

Answers to all the are given at the endIof all the chapters
 SELF-EVALUATION TEST-1
refer to the text.
*Note: For Assertion and Reason choices,
of a-D-glucose Many people believe that James Watson and Francis
1. Glycogen is a branched chain polymer C, glycosidic Crick discovered DNA in the 1950s. In reality, this
units in which chain is formed by C,
is not the case. Rather, DNA was first identified in
linkage whereas branching occurs by the formation of the late 1860s by Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher.
C,-C, glycosidic linkage. Structure of glycogen is Then, in the decades following Miescher's discovery,
similar to
other scientists-notably, Phoebus Levene and Erwin
(a) Amylose (b) Amylopectin Chargaff--carricd out a series of research efforts that
(c) Celluloseeo (d) Glucose revealed additional details about the DNA molecule,
2. Which of the following acids is a vitamin? TESU
including its primary chemical components and the
(a) Aspartic acid (b) Ascorbic acid ways in which they joined with one another. Without the
(c) Adipic acid (d) Saccharic acid scientific foundation provided by these pioneers, Watson
3. Each polypeptide in a protein has aminoacids linked and Crick may never have reached their groundbreaking
with each other in a specific sequence. This sequence conclusion of 1953: that the DNAmolecule exists in the
of amino acids is said to be form of a three-dimensional double helix.
(a) primary structure of proteins. Chargaff, an Austrian biochemist, as his first step in
this DNA research, set out to see whether there were
(b) secondary structure of proteins. any differences in DNA among different species. After
(c) tertiary structure of proteins. developing a new paper chromatography method for
(d) quaternary structure of proteins. separating and identifying small amounts of organic
4. Which of the following reactions of glucose can be material, Chargaff reached two major conclusions:
explained only by its cyclic structure? () the nucleotide composition of DNA varies among
(a) Glucose forms pentaacetate. species.
(b) Glucose reacts with hydroxylamine to form an (ii) Almost all DNA, no matter what organism or tissue
OXime. type it comes from maintains certain properties,
(c) Pentaacetate of glucose does not react with even as its composition varies. In particular, the
hydroxylamine. amount of adenine (A) is similar to the amount
(d) Glucose is oxidised by nitric acid to sachharic acid. of thymine (T), and the amount of guanine (G)
approximates the amount of cytosine (C). In other
5. Assertion (A):D (+) - Glucose is dextrorotatory in words, the total amount of purines (A + G) and the
nature.

Reason (R): »D' represents its dextrorotatory nature. total amount of pyrimidines (C+ T) are usually
nearly equal. This conclusion is now known a
6. Assertion (A): The two strands in double helix structure "Chargaffs rule." Chargaff's rule is not obeyed in
of DNA are complementary to each other. some viruses. These either have single-stranded
Reason (R): Disulphide bonds are formed between DNA or RNA as their genetic material.
specific pairs of bases. Answer the following questions:
7. When RNA is hydrolysed, there is no 150
relationship among
the quantities of different bases obtained. What does this (a) A segment of DNA has 100 adenine and
cytosine bases. What is the total number of
fact suggest about the structure of RNA? nucleotides present in this segment of DNA?
8. Where does the water present in the egg go after two
the egg?
boiling (6) A sample of hair and blood was found at
sites.Scientists claim that the samples belong to
9. How are vitamins scientists arrive at this
classified? Name the vitamin Same species. How did the
responsible for the coagulation of blood. conclusion?
10. Whyare vitamin A and vitamin C essential to was found to
their important sources.
us? Give (c) The sample ofa virus was tested and it
contain 20% adenine, 20% thymine, 20%o guanine
11. What are nucleic acids? material of this
functions,.
Mention their two important and the rest cytosine. Is the genetic
DNA-single helix
Virus (a) DNA-double helix (b) data?
12. (i) What is the basic structural (c) RNA? What do you infer from this
difference between
glucose and fructose? Or
(ii) Write chemical reaction to infer that the
show that
of D-glucose contains the straight open structure (C) How can Chargaff's rule be used to double-helix or
chain. genetic material of an organism is
(ii) What type of linkage is responsible for the single-helix?
of proteins? formation
13. Read the following passage and answer the questions
that follow:
Strengthening the Foundation: Chargaff Formulates His SCAN ME
for Answers
Rules"
 0 SELF-EVALUATION TEST-2
Note: For Assertion and Reason choices, refer to the text.
1 Which of the following polymer is stored in the liver 13. Read the following passage and answer the questions
of animals? that follow:
(a) Amylose (b) Cellulose Gene Therapy for Cancer
(c) Amylopectin (d) Glycogen It is well established that most cancers result from
2. Dinucleotide is obtained by joining two nucleotides a series of accumulated, acquired genetic lesions in
together by phosphodiester linkage. Between which somatic cells that are faithfully reproduced until a
carbon atoms of pentose sugars of nucleotides are these malignant clone is ereated, which is able to destroy the
linkages present? host. To a larger extent, the genetic lesions associated
(a) 5' and 3' with malignant transformation and progression in wide
(b) 1' and 5'
variety of human cancers are being identified. Armed
(c) 5' and 5' (d) 3' and 3'
with this knowledge of molecular anatomy of the
3. Which of the following B group vitamins can be stored cancer cell, gene therapy has emerged as a new method
in our body? of therapeutic and possible preventive intervention
(a) Vitamin B, (b) Vitamin B, against cancer targeted at the level of cellular gene
(c) Vitamin B, (d) Vitamin B2 expression. In this approach, the complex cancerous
pathophysiological state is altered by delivering nucleic
4. The pyrimidine bases in DNA are
acid into tumor or normal cells. These nucleic acids may
(a) Cytosine and Adenine
be genes, portions of genes, oligonucleotides or RNA.
(b) Cytosine and Guanine
In conventional therapeutics, a cell or tissue phenotype
Thyminetall
(C) Cytosine and is altered by modifying cell physiology or metabolism
(d) Guanine and Uracil at the level of protein expression. In contrast, in gene
5. Assertion (A): Vitamin D can be stored in our body. therapy, this is accomplished by changing the pattern of
Reason (R): Vitamin D is fat soluble vitamin. expression of genes whose products may thus achieve
the desired effect on the cellular phenotype.
6. Assertion (A): Insulin is a globular protein. (Source: Millennium Review - Vol. 35, issue 6, page
Reason (R): Globular protein are water insoluble. 867- 885, June 01, 1999 by J. Gomez-Navarro, D.T.
1. Glucose or sucrose are soluble in water but cyclohexane Curiel, J.T. Douglas]
or benzene (simple six membered ring comnpounds) are
Answer the following questions:
insoluble in water. Explain.ba b (a) What are changes observed in cancer?
8. What are the different types of RNAfound in the cell? (h) What are traditional methods of treating cancer cells?
9. What is the difference between a nucleoside and a (c) How is gene therapy for cancer carried out?
nucleotide? Or
10. Write the important structural and functional differences
between DNA and RNA.
(c) (i) What may be possible components in nucleic
acids delivered to tumor cells?
11. The two strands in DNA are not identical, but are
(ii) What are oligonucleotides?
complementary. Explain.
12. () What is the difference between acidicamino acids
and basic amino acids?
(iü) Which one of the following is a monosaccharide:
n4 starch, maltose, fructose, cellulose
(ii) Write the name of the vitamin whose deficiency
causes bleeding of gums.ecsl nr