ALOK KUMAR (FACULTY CLASSIFICATION OF MISSILES

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY) 1. Based on Launch Mode:

alokkumar.faculty@gmail.com o Surface to Surface
o Surface to Air
DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY
o Air to Air
• Missile Development in India
o Air to Surface
• Ballistic Missiles in India & Types:
o Surface to Sea / Sea to Surface
o Surface-to-Air
o Anti-Tank Missiles
o Air-to-Air
o Submarine Launched
• Cruise Missiles
2. Based on Range:
• Anti-Tank Guided Missiles
o Short-Range Missiles
• Anti-Satellite Weapons (Mission Shakti)
o Medium-Range Missiles
• Missile Testing Facilities
o Intermediate-Range Missiles
• Propulsion Systems
o Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
• Air Defence Systems
3. Based on Propulsion:
• UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles)
o Solid Propulsion
• Indian Navy Ships
o Liquid Propulsion
• Aircraft Carriers
o Hybrid Propulsion
• Fighter Jets & Helicopters
o Ramjet
• Tanks
o Scramjet
• Artillery
o Cryogenic
• Chemical and Biological Weapons
4. Based on Warhead:
• Treaties, Control Regimes, Agreements
o Conventional
• Defence PSUs
o Strategic (Nuclear)
• Exercises
5. Based on the Guidance System:
• PYQ (Previous Year Questions - Prelims &
Mains) o Wire Guidance

Missile Technology and Related Issues o Command Guidance

History o Inertial Guidance

• Tipu Sultan used rockets in the Anglo- o Laser Guidance

Mysore War against the British. o RF and GPS Guidance
Missiles based on Trajectory • Can travel at subsonic, supersonic, or
hypersonic speeds during the whole flight,
Ballistic Missile: unlike ballistic missiles.
• Follows ballistic trajectory. Types of Cruise Missiles (Based on Speed)
• No active propulsion during its actual flight; 1. Mach Number: ratio of the speed of an object
guided only during the initial phase. to the speed of sound in the same medium.
• Trajectory is fully determined by initial Mach Number= Object Speed/ Speed of Sound
velocity, effect of gravity, air resistance,
and motion of Earth. 2. Classification:

• Short-range ballistic missiles stay within the o Subsonic: Less than 1 Mach
atmosphere. o Transonic: Mach = 1.0
Types of Ballistic Missiles:(Range) o Supersonic: Mach > 1
• Short-range (Tactical) Ballistic Missile o Hypersonic: Mach > 5.0
(SRBM): Range between 300 km and
1,000 km. Speed Classifications of Missiles

• Medium-range (Theatre) Ballistic Missile 1. Hypersonic (Mach 5):

(MRBM): 1,000 km to 3,500 km. o Five times the speed of sound (Mach
• Intermediate (Long-Range) Ballistic Missile 5).
(IRBM or LRBM): 3,500 km to 5,500 o Example: BrahMos-II
km.
2. Supersonic (Mach 2-3):
• Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM):
Above 5,500 km. o Faster than the speed of sound.

World's Longest Range Intercontinental Ballistic o Example: BrahMos

Missiles 3. Subsonic (Mach 0.8):
• R-36 M - Russia o Slower than the speed of sound.
• DongFeng 5A - China o Example: Nirbhay
• Trident II - US Comparison Between Ballistic and Cruise Missiles
• MSI ICBM - France Ballistic Missile Cruise Missile
• Propelled only • Self-propelled
for a brief till the end.
duration. • Similar to a jet
Cruise Missile • Similar to a engine.
• These are guided missiles throughout the rocket engine. • Flight path
flight (can change direction). • Long-range remains within
missiles leave the Earth's
• Remains in the atmosphere throughout the the Earth's atmosphere.
flight. atmosphere and • High precision
re-enter. (Types: Based
• Travels at constant speed.
on Speed).
• Highly accurate, unlike ballistic missiles.
 • Low precision • Range is small • Timeline: IGMDP started in 1983 and
(Types: Based (below 500 completed in 2012.
on Range). km).
• Very long range • Payload is • Predecessor: Project Devil (initiated in
(300 km to limited. 1972) to develop medium-range surface-to-
12,000 km). • Carries surface missiles.
• Heavy payload. conventional Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
• Can carry warheads.
conventional or • High precision. • Informal grouping started in 1987 by
nuclear Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK, and
warheads. US.
• Low precision.
• Places restrictions on rockets and UAVs
Sea Skimming with payload capacity of 500 kg and range
of 300 km.
• Definition: A cruise missile, when fired by a
submarine, is known as sea skimming. • It is not a treaty and does not impose any
legally bounded obligation.
• Examples: Klub Missile (Russia), BrahMos
(Russia and India). • India became a member in 2016.

Important Points to Note: Development of Five Missile Systems (PATNA)

1. Developed by? 1. Prithvi:

2. From where to where? (S-A, A-A, A-S, o Short-range, surface-to-surface

etc.) ballistic missile.

3. Purpose? 2. Agni:

4. Acquisition? o Intermediate-range, surface-to-

surface ballistic missile.
5. Speed/Type?
3. Trishul:
6. Range?
o Short-range (12 km), low-level,
7. Fuel/Propulsion? (Stages) surface-to-air missile.
8. Warhead Capacity? 4. Akash:
9. Country? o Medium-range, surface-to-air
missile.
Missile Development in India
5. Nag:
Integrated Guided Missile Development
Programme (IGMDP): o Third-generation, anti-tank missile.
• Started by: Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam to make
India self-sufficient in missile technology.
• Against: MTCR restrictions (Missile
Technology Control Regime).
Note: • Payload: 1,000 kg
• After its success, the Agni Missile Program • Characteristics:
was separated from the IGMDP upon
o Two-stage (solid and liquid
realising its strategic importance.
propellant).
o Navy version.
Ballistic Missiles in India Shaurya
Ballistic Missiles: Surface-to- • Range: 600 to 700 km (now 1,600 km).
Surface (Short Range) • Payload: 1,000 kg
Prithvi (General Characteristics):
• Characteristics:
• Surface-to-Surface, short-range ballistic o Hypersonic (7.5 Mach).
missile
o Canister launch (easy to transport).
• Tactical and strategic nuclear warhead
capable o Supports both conventional and
nuclear warheads.
• Dhanush Missile: Navy version of Prithvi
o Can work as both ballistic and cruise
• Submarine Variant: Sagarika
missile.
Prithvi-I:
o Developed by DRDO.
• Range: 150 km
o Can be used by both Army and Navy.
• Weapon Payload: 1,000 kg
o Two-stage solid propellant.
• Characteristics:
o Less vulnerable to anti-ballistic
o Indigenous missile defence systems.
o Army Version o Only the US, Russia, and China have
this capacity.
o Nuclear Capable
Agni-I
o Single-stage, liquid propellant
• Range: 700 to 900 km
o First missile developed under IGMDP
• Payload: 1,000 kg
Prithvi-II:
• Characteristics:
• Range: 350 km
o Single-stage solid propellant.
• Weapon Payload: 1,000 kg
o conventional and nuclear warheads.
• Characteristics:
Prahaar
o Air Force Version
• Range: 150 km
o Single-stage, liquid propellant
• Payload: 250 kg
Prithvi-III (Dhanush)
• Characteristics:
• Range: 350 to 650 km
 o Will replace Prithvi-I. o nuclear and conventional warheads.
o Single-stage solid propellant. o Multiple Independent Targetable Re-
entry Vehicle (MIRV):
Pralay
▪ A ballistic missile payload
• Range: 150 to 500 km
containing several
warheads.
Ballistic Missiles: Surface-to- Agni-VI (Surya) (Development Stage)
Surface (Intermediate-Range) • Range: 11,000 to 16,000 km
Agni-II • Payload: 1,000 to 3,000 kg
• Range: 2,000 to 3,500 km • Characteristics:
• Payload: 1,000 kg o Nuclear warhead.
• Characteristics: o Supports 10 MIRV.
o Two-stage solid propellant.
o conventional and nuclear warheads.
Agni-III
• Range: 3,000 to 5,000 km
• Payload: 2,000 to 2,500 kg
• Characteristics:
o Two-stage solid propellant. Notes
o conventional and nuclear warheads. • At present, US, China, Russia, UK, France,
and Israel and India are known to have ICBM
Agni-IV
capabilities.
• Range: 3,500 to 4,000 km
Agni-P (Prime)
• Payload: 1,000 kg
• Advanced Variant of the Agni class.
• Range: 1000 to 2000 km.
Ballistic Missiles: Surface-to- • Features:
Surface (Long Intercontinental
o Canister missile.
Range)
o Designed to replace Prithvi, Agni-I,
Agni-V
and Agni-II.
• Range: 5,500 km
o Two-stage solid propellant.
• Payload: 1,500 kg
• Characteristics:
o Three-stage solid propellant.
Submarine-launched Ballistic Surface-to-Air Short Range Missiles
Missiles Trishul
Sagarika or K-15 • Range: 7 to 12 km
• Range: 750 km • Weapon Payload: 5 kg
• Payload: 1,000 kg • Characteristics:
• Characteristics: o Short-range, low-level.
o Replica of Prithvi. (Shaurya is a land Barak-8
variant of Sagrika)
• Range: 70 to 100 km
o Short-range, nuclear-capable.
• Weapon Payload: 60 kg
o Navigation from IRNSS.
• Characteristics:
o Faster than Agni missiles.
o India-Israel venture.
K-4
o Maximum speed: 2 Mach.
• Range: 3,500 km
o Part of the Naval Air Defence
• Weapon Payload: 1,000 kg System.
• Characteristics: Akash
o Nuclear-capable under water. • Range: 30 km
o Launch Pad: Arihant-class • Weapon Payload: 50 kg
submarine.
• Characteristics:
o Submarine version of Agni-III.
o Supersonic speed: 2.5 Mach.
o Solid propellant.
o Part of the Air Defence System.
K-5
o Can engage multiple targets.
• Range: 5,000 km
New Variants
• Characteristics:
1. Akash-NG (New Generation):
o Launch Pad: Arihant-class
submarine. o Indian Air Force version.

K-6 2. Akash Prime:

• Range: 6,000 km o Features Radio Frequency Seeker.

• Characteristics: o Built with Indigenous Seeker

Technology.
o Intercontinental Submarine
Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM). Maitri

o Based on indigenous technology. • Range: 25 to 30 km

• Weapon Payload: 10 kg
 • Characteristics: Air-to-Air Missiles
o Quick reaction surface-to-air Broadly classified into two types depending on the
missile. range:
o Altitude range: 30 m to 6 km. 1. Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile (SRAAM)
o Joint venture of India+France or Within Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile
(WVRAAM).
Revati
2. Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile
o Navy version of Maitri. (BVRAAM).
Rohini I - Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile (SRAAM)
o Air Force version of Maitri. • Range: 30 km.
Igla-S • Mostly uses infrared guidance, called heat-
• Range: 6 km seeking missiles.

• Characteristics: • Also referred to as dog-fight missiles.

o Man-portable, shoulder-launched air II - Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile

defence system. (BVRAAM)

o Quick reaction surface-to-air. • Range: Beyond 37 km.

QRSAM (Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile) • Enables fighter pilots to engage targets
beyond their visual range.
• Range: 30 km
• Uses radar guidance, as infrared signatures
• Characteristics: are weak at long ranges.
o Developed by DRDO. ASTRA
o Replace Akash • A Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile.
Vertical Launch Short Range Surface-to-Air • Developed by: DRDO.
Missile
• Range: 80–110 km.
• Developed by: DRDO
• Warhead: 50kg conventional
Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM)
• Propulsion: Single-stage solid propellant.
• Range: 70 km
• ASTRA Mk-II
• Characteristics:
• Range: 160 km
o Jointly developed by DRDO and
Israel. • ASTRA Mk-III
o Army and Navy versions available. • Range: 350 km
o MRSAM is produced by Bharat • Characteristics: Solid-fuelled,
Dynamics Limited. ducted ramjet.
Anti-Tank Guided Missiles • Weapon Payload: 500
kg(conventional+nuclear)
NAG
• Characteristics:
• Range: 3 to 7 km
o Subsonic missile (0.7–0.9 Mach).
• Weapon Payload: 8 kg
o First indigenously developed long-
• Characteristics: range cruise missile.
o Fire-and-forget capability. o Can fly at tree-top altitude (10 m).
o Available in different variants. o Two-stage solid-fuelled propulsion.
o Man-portable, shoulder-carried. o Centroidal missile(ballistic+cruise)
HELINA BrahMos
• Range: 7 km • Range: 290 km
• Weapon Payload: 8 kg • Weapon Payload: 300 kg
• Characteristics: • Characteristics:
o Helicopter-launched version of Nag. o Supersonic (2.8 Mach).
SPIKE o Joint venture between India and
• Characteristics: Russia.
o Israeli, fourth-generation anti-tank o Named after the Brahmaputra and
guided missile. Moskva rivers.
o Better than Nag (Nag facing seeker o Two-stage propulsion: solid-fuelled
issues). and liquid ramjet.
Spice 2000 o After India's entry into MTCR,
range and payload are being
• Characteristics: increased.
o Israeli-guided missile for the Indian o Can be launched from air, land, and
Air Force. water.
Milan New Variants
• Characteristics: • BrahMos NG: Air Force version.
o Acquired from France for the Indian • BrahMos II: Hypersonic (6 Mach).
Army.

Hypersonic Technology Weapon

Cruise Missiles
• Characteristics:
Nirbhay
o Very complex technology.
• Range: 750–1,000 km
 o Can move faster than 5 Mach (high Advantages of Hypersonic Missiles
temperature, guidance, navigation
issues). • Faster and long-range cruise.

Different Types of Hypersonic Weapons: • Undetectable.

1. Hypersonic Cruise Missiles • Quick-reaction missile.

2. Hypersonic Glide Vehicle (HGV) • Manoeuvrability.
o A hypersonic glide vehicle is boosted • Dual-use capabilities.
on a rocket to high altitude and then
glides to its target, manoeuvring • More lethal (more dangerous).
along the way. • Deterrence
Examples: Examples
o China's Dongfeng-17. • Zircon: Hypersonic missile of Russia.
o Russia's Avangard. • Fatah: Hypersonic missile of Iran.
o US Navy's Conventional Prompt Hypersonic Missiles
Strike System.
• HGV-202F: India
Note:
• Avangard: Russia
• The Kinzhal is a hypersonic cruise missile of
Russia. • DF-2F: China

Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle • Hypersonic Vehicle 2: USA

(HSTDV)
• Unmanned scramjet demonstration aircraft.
Anti-Satellite Weapons (ASAT)
• Hypersonic speed with air-breathing
• In March 2019, India successfully tested
scramjet technology.
ASAT.
• Speed: 6 Mach.
• Destroyed a live satellite in low Earth orbit
• Air-breathing engine uses oxygen from the (283 km).
atmosphere.
• India became the 4th country after the US,
• India became the 4th country to develop this Russia, and China to have this capability.
technology after the US, Russia, and China.
• Mission Shakti is the name of ASAT.
• Can be used as dual-use technology (e.g.,
• Joint program of DRDO and ISRO.
low-cost, small satellite launcher).
• Can track down incoming missiles (can be
Challenges Faced by HSTDV
used in defence).
• Heat caused by friction of air. Note:
• Manoeuvring capacity to change path. • Mission Shakti of the Ministry of Women
and Child Development focuses on
• Communication.
 strengthening interventions for women's • Quick response.
safety, security, and empowerment.
• Versatile (can be used for multiple purposes).
• Force multiplier in the Indian defence system.
Pinaka Missile System • Promotes foreign exchange savings.
• Indigenous multi-barrel rocket launch
system.
Missile Testing Facility
• Started by DRDO in the 1980s as an
alternative to the Russian Grad System. 1. Dr. Abdul Kalam Island
• Can launch 12 high-explosive rockets in 44 o Formerly known as Wheeler Island,
seconds. Odisha.
• Successfully used during the Kargil War, in 2. Integrated Test Range Chandipur, Odisha
1999.
3. Gullalamoda Village in Krishna District,
Pinaka MBRL - Manufacturers Andhra Pradesh
1. Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO)
Propulsion System
2. Ordnance Factories Board (OFB)
Types of Propulsion System
3. Tata Power Strategic Engineering Division
• Solid Propulsion
4. Larsen and Toubro (L&T) ✓ Mostly aluminium powder (Ammonium
Pinaka MBRL - Different Variants Perchlorate)
✓ Can be easily stored
1. Pinaka MK-I: Range of 48 km
✓ Reaches high speed quickly
2. Pinaka MK-I Enhanced: Range of 66 km
• Liquid Propulsion
3. Pinaka MK-II: Range of 70-90 km
✓ Hydrocarbons
4. Pinaka MK-III: Range of 120 km (still under ✓ Storage is difficult and complex
development)
✓ Can be controlled easily
Navigation System
• Navigation System aided by the Indian
Regional Navigation Satellite System Types of Atmospheric Jet Engines
(IRNSS) 1. Turbojet
Benefits of Pinaka o Turbojet is an air-breathing jet
• Enhances artillery capability. engine used in aircraft.

• Increases strike rate. 2. Turbofan

• Indigenous self-reliance. o Type of air-breathing jet engine

widely used in aircraft propulsion.
• Area saturation and separation.
3. Ramjet
 o Uses the forward motion of the • These are the improvement of ramjet
engine to take in air for combustion engines.
that produces thrust.
• Efficiently operates at hypersonic speed
4. Scramjet and allows supersonic combustion.
o In which combustion takes place in • That's why it is known as a supersonic
supersonic airflow. combustion ramjet.
Ramjet • India is the 4th country after the US,
Russia, and ESA.
• It's a form of air-breathing jet engine that
uses the engine's forward motion to Characteristics:
compress incoming air without any moving
• Does not have a compressor to compress
parts.
air. Instead, it uses high-speed forward
• Requires assistance for take-off to reach a motion to compress air.
speed to produce thrust.
• Scramjet engines cannot work until they
• Works efficiently at supersonic speed attain a certain speed.
around Mach 3 and can operate up to Mach
• Scramjet engines, developed by ISRO, use
6.
hydrogen as fuel and oxygen from the
• Ramjet efficiency drops after reaching atmosphere as an oxidizer.
hypersonic speed(shockwaves).
Dual Mode Ramjet
• Provides greater range and high average
• A type of jet engine where the ramjet
speed than other propellant systems (for
transforms into a scramjet over 4 to 8
missiles).
Mach.
• Ramjet missiles do not have to carry
• It means it can efficiently work both at
oxidizers.
supersonic and hypersonic speeds.
SFDR (Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet)
Significance:
• India is developing it with Russia.
• Technological key for low-cost space
• Uses the Ramjet principle. transportation.
• It's a type of air-breathing engine. • The second stage in rockets uses scramjet
engines (needs a certain speed).
• DRDO is primarily working on it.
• Reusable launch vehicles
Significance
• Reduces weight of rocket
• Can develop missiles with supersonic speed
and long range.
• Does not need an oxidizer.
• Can develop supersonic jets.
Scramjet
 o Single-stage solid-fuelled.
Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) AD-1 Missile
System
• AD-1 is a long-range interceptor missile
designed for both exo-atmospheric and
endo-atmospheric interception.
• Propelled by two-stage solid motors.
• India now in the club of US, Russia, Israel
with having capabilities of indigenous long-
range interceptor ballistic missiles.
S-400 TRIUMF Missile System
Air Defence System
• Origin: Russia.
Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme
• It is a mobile, long-range, surface-to-air
• Started in 1999 after Kargil War. During missile system.
Kargil War, we understood the importance
of a Defence System. THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
System/Patriot)
• So, we decided to develop a defence system
in two parts: • Origin: US.

1. Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) • A transportable, ground-based system.

2. Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Iron Dome Aerial Defence System

Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) • Origin: Israel.

o Also known as Pradyuman Ballistic S-400

Missile System. • It's a surface-to-air missile defence system
o Designed for high-altitude of Russia.
interception (exo-atmospheric). • And it is ahead of THAAD.
o Altitude: 50-80 km. Features/Significance of S-400
o Range: 600 km. • Long range.
o Two-stage solid propellant. • Highest accuracy.
Advanced Air Defence (AAD) • Multiple targets.
o It is an endo-atmospheric • Capable of deployment in 5 minutes
interceptor. (Patriot of US takes 25 minutes).
o Low altitude interception. CAATSA (Countering America's Adversaries
o Also called Ashwin Ballistic Missile through Sanctions Act)
Interceptor. • A US Federal Law, enacted in 2017.
o Altitude: 30 km.
 • Ultimate goal: To prevent Russia from • Developed by DRDO.
getting revenue (e.g., selling arms &
• Ghatak
ammunition).
DRDO NETRA
• Also against Iran & North Korea.
• Used for surveillance and reconnaissance
operations.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles • Made by DRDO and IdeaForge.
Rustom-2 • It is lightweight.
• Developed by Aeronautical Development Note :-
Establishment (ADE), Bengaluru.
NETRA Project by ISRO
• Indigenous.
• Aimed to track debris and space junk.
• Altitude range: 28,000 ft (can range
between 10,000 - 30,000 ft). NETRA

• Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) • It is an airborne early warning and control
drone: system.

o Can stay for a longer time (up to 24 • Developed by DRDO.

hrs, goes up to 48 hrs). • Used by the Indian Airforce.
• Powered by Twin Turboprop engines. • Capable of long-range surveillance.
• Also known as Tapas-BH. Note:
• It's a surveillance drone. • If we are making Tapas, then we don't have
• Currently, India is using the Heron drone of to buy MQ-9 Predator, a US drone.
Israel. Nagastra-1
Nishant UAV • It's a suicide drone.
• A multi-mission UAV with day and night • Developed by IIT Kanpur.
capability.
• It's a version of the Kamikaze drone
• Used by the Indian Army for surveillance. (Russia).
Panchi Swarm Drone
• A wheeled version of the Nishant UAV. • Seeker drone.
• Capable of take-off and landing.
AURA (Autonomous Unmanned Research Aircraft)
• Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle.
• Designed by ADE, Bengaluru.
• Capable of releasing missiles, bombs, and
precision-guided munitions.
Indian Navy Ships (INS) o Built under Project 75 (Mazagon
Dock Limited)
Indian Navy Submarines
o Includes technology transfer from
• Total submarines in fleet: 15. France.
• Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN): o Features superior stealth and
o Subsurface, ballistic, nuclear- precision-guided weapons.
powered. o INS Kalvari/INS Khanderi/INS
• Nuclear-Powered Attack Submarines Karanj/INS Vela/INS Vagir/INS
(SSN): Vagsheer (in the advanced stage of
outfitting).
o Subsurface, nuclear-powered.
• Diesel-Electric Attack Submarines (SSK):
Nuclear Ballistic Submarine (Classified as SSBN)
o Subsurface, diesel-powered.
• Submersible ship ballistic missile nuclear
• Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) Enabled: submarines.
o If AIP enabled, they can stay o Strategic attacks.
underwater for a longer time.
o Kept in secret locations.
Conventional Diesel-Electric Submarines
(Classified as SSKs) INS Arihant
1. Four are Shishumar Class: • It is a nuclear-powered ballistic missile
submarine built indigenously.
o Bought and then built in India in
collaboration with the Germans. • Based on the Russian Akula-1.
o Shishumar/Shankush/Shalki/Shan • Uses a Pressurized Light Water Nuclear
kul Reactor.
2. Eight are Kilo Class or Sindhughosh Class: INS Arighat
o These were bought from Russia. • An upgraded version of Arihant, likely to be
commissioned next.
o INS Sindhughosh (S55)/INS
Sindhudhvaj (S56)/INS Sindhuraj Nuclear Triad
(S57)/INS Sindhuvarta (S59)/INS • Capable of launching nuclear weapons from
Sindhukesari (S60)/INS Sindhukirti land, ocean, and air.
(S61)/INS Sindhuvijay (S62)/INS
Sindhurashtra (S65) Land Vector

3. Three are Kalvari Class (Scorpene o Prithvi-II/Agni missile

Submarines): Air Vector
o Built at India's Mazagon Dock in o Sukhoi-30 MKI
partnership with France's Naval
Group (earlier called DCNS). o Mirage-2000
o Jaguar Fighters
 o Rafales 2. Frigates
Sea Vector 3. Destroyers
o INS Arihant 4. Cruisers
Note:-India is the 6th nation in the world after the Details of Warships Based on Size and Capabilities
US, Russia, France, China, and the UK with nuclear
1. Corvettes:
triad capabilities.
o The smallest of the warships.
INS Aridhaman
2. Frigates:
• Second Arihant-class submarine.
o Larger than corvettes and smaller
• It is a nuclear submarine.
than destroyers.
• Can carry twice the missile capacity of
3. Destroyers:
Arihant.
o The main workhorse of the modern
• Can move faster than Arihant.
navy.
S4
Project 28 (Kamorta Class)
• Third Arihant-class submarine.
• It is for Corvettes.
Nuclear-Powered Attack Submarine (SSN)
• By Garden Research Ship Builders,
• Lacks long-range missiles. Kolkata.
• Chakra I, Chakra II, Chakra III leased from • Includes:
Russia.
o INS Kamorta
• Powered by nuclear reactors.
o INS Kadmatt
Projects for Submarines
o INS Kiltan
Project 75
o INS Kavaratti
• Building 6 diesel-electric attack submarines.
Project 17A
• Kalvari Class based on Scorpene Class
• Focused on developing Frigates.
(France).
• Development and manufacturing done by
• By Mazagon Dock Limited.
MDL (Mazagon Dock Limited) and GRS.
Project 75 (I)
• Includes:
• Upgradation of Project 75.
o INS Nilgiri
• Indigenous construction of 6 modern
o INS Udaygiri
conventional submarines with AIP.
o INS Taragiri
Other Projects
Types of Warships
• Project 17: Shivalik Class Stealth Frigate.
1. Corvettes (INS Shivalik/INS Satpura/INS Sahyadri)
 • Project 16: Godavari Class Frigates. NOTE:- Nimitz-class of the US and Liaoning of
China.
• Project 16A: Brahmaputra Class Frigates.(
INS Brahmaputra/INS Betwa/INS Beas) Other Aircraft Carriers
• Talwar Class:- INS Talwar/INS • USA: USS Gerald R. Ford Class
Trishul/INS Teg/INS Tarkash/INS
• China: Fujian
Trikand
• UK: Queen Elizabeth Class
Project 15 Series (MDL)
• Russia: Admiral Kuznetsov
1. Project 15: Delhi Class Destroyers
• France: Charles De Gaulle
o Includes Delhi, Mysore, Mumbai.
• Italy: Cavour
2. Project 15A: Kolkata Class
Amphibious ships:-
o Includes Kolkata, Kochi, Chennai.
o INS JALASWAR
3. Project 15B: Visakhapatnam Class
BLUE WATER FORCE:-OPEN SEA
o Includes Portugal, Paradip,
Porbandar. GREEN WATER:-COASTAL
BROWN WATER:-RIVER+OCEAN

Aircraft Carriers
INS Vikrant Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) (Shaksham)
• First Aircraft Carrier. • These are used for patrolling.
• Largest naval ship to be designed and built in • Example: Shaksham
India.
• After the US, UK, France, Russia, Italy, and
China, India has this craft. Fighter Jets and Helicopters [Air fleet]
• INS Vikrant originally belonged to India’s • Key details include:
first aircraft carrier acquired from the UK. o Origin
• Designed by Warship Design Bureau. o Engine
• 76% Indigenous material. o Speed
INS Vikramaditya o Acquisition
• Commissioned in 2013. o Developed by
• India-Russia joint collaboration. o Capabilities
INS Viraat Combat Aircraft
• Broken at Alang, Gujarat (Dismantled). MiG-21
INS Vishal o Origin: Russia (Soviet Union).
• Nuclear powered
MiG-29
o Origin: Russia (Soviet Union).
Sukhoi Su-30
o Origin: Russia.
HAL Tejas
o Origin: India (designed to replace
aging MiG-21).
Mirage 2000
o Origin: France.
Dassault Rafale Helicopters
o Origin: France. 1. CH-47 Chinook (United States):
SEPECAT Jaguar o Transport/Utility.
o Origin: UK/France. 2. Mil Mi-26 (Russia):
LCA Tejas o Heavy lift.
• 4.5 Generation. 3. Mi-35 (Russia/Soviet Union):
• Multi-role fighter aircraft. o Attack.
• Excellent flight safety record. 4. HAL Dhruv (India):
• Light Combat Aircraft. o Utility.
• Will replace MiG-21. 5. HAL Chetak (France/India):
• Developed by HAL. o Utility.
• Single engine. 6. HAL Cheetah (France/India):
• Multi-purpose. o Utility.
• Air-to-air refuelling capability. 7. Apache AH-64E (United States):
• Maximum speed: 1.8 Mach. o Attack.
Variants of Tejas 8. HAL Rudra (India):
1. Tejas Trainer o Attack.
2. LCA Navy 9. Kamov Ka-226T (Russia):
3. LCA Tejas Navy Mk2 o To replace India's ageing fleet of
Cheetah and Chetak.
4. LCA Tejas Mk-1A
Transport
1. Boeing C-17 Globemaster - US.
 2. Boeing C-17 Globemaster - US. • Built by L&T, with technology from South
Korea.
3. C-130 J Super Hercules - US.
• Mainly acquired for use in deserts, but can
4. Dornier Do 228 aircraft - Germany.
also be used in mountainous regions.

Tank and Artillery

Chemical & Biological Weapons
Tanks • Chemical Weapons: Involve the use of certain
• Arjun MBT chemicals.
• T-90 Bhishma - Russia. • Biological Weapons: Involve the use of
certain biological agents or materials.
• Vijayanta Tank:
o First indigenous battle tank of India Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
(not in service now). • A multilateral treaty.
• T-72 Ajeya Tank - Russia. • Negotiations began in 1980 at the United
• BMP-2 Sarath Tank - Russia. Nations Conference.
• The Organisation for the Prohibition of
Artillery Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is an
• Artillery is large-calibre guns used in modern international body established in 1997 to
warfare on land. implement the
CWC.HQ(Hauge,NETHERLAND)
• Artillery Guns are divided into 3 Major
Parts: • Countries such as Egypt, North Korea, and
South Sudan have neither signed nor ratified
1. Field Artillery.
the treaty but have passed similar acts in
2. Mortars Artillery. their own countries.
3. Self-Propelled Artillery. • India is a signatory to this convention.
Key Artillery Systems • The Chemical Weapons Convention Act was
established in 2000.
1. K9 Vajra:
o Imported from South Korea and Biological Weapons
assembled by L&T. • 1925 Geneva Protocol:
2. Dhanush Artillery Gun: o Prohibits biological weapons in war.
o First indigenous gun developed by o India ratified the Geneva Protocol.
OFB.
• Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention
3. Sharang Artillery Gun: (BTWC):
o Developed by OFB. o Came into force in 1975 to prohibit
K9 Vajra biological weapons.

• Self-propelled Howitzer. o India ratified it in 1975.

 • Does not ban ballistic missiles but places
restraints on production, testing, and
Treaties and Control Regimes transport.
1. Geneva Protocol • India joined in 2016.
• Prohibits the use of chemical and biological 7. New START Treaty
weapons in warfare.
• Between US and Russia.
• Came into force in 1928 and was signed in
1925. • Signed in 2010, came into force in 2011.

2. Outer Space Treaty • Focused on nuclear arms reduction.

• Formally known as the "Treaty on Principles 8. Non-Proliferation Treaty

Governing the Activities of States in the • A multilateral treaty.
Exploration and Use of Outer Space".
• Sponsored by the United Nations, based in
• Drafted by the United Nations. Switzerland.
• Opened for signature by US, UK, and Russia Objectives (Non-Proliferation Treaty - NPT)
in 1967.
• Controlling the spread of nuclear weapons
• Came into force in 1967. beyond P5 countries (US, Russia, UK,
3. Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty France, China).

• Agreement between the US and Russia. • Reduction of nuclear weapons.

• Signed in 1972. • Peaceful application of nuclear technology.

• The US withdrew from the treaty in 2002. • Came into force in 1970.

4. Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty • India, Israel, South Sudan, and Pakistan
never signed the NPT.
• Between US and Russia.
• North Korea withdrew from the treaty.
• Prohibits intermediate and short-range
missiles. 9. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
(CTBT)
• In 2019, the US withdrew from the treaty.
• Prohibits all nuclear testing.
5. Treaty on Open Skies
• Negotiated at the Conference on
• Allows a program of unarmed aerial Disarmament (CD) in Geneva in 1994.
surveillance over the entire territory.
• Opened for signature in 1996.
• Entered into force in 2002.
• Can enter into force only if 44 specific
• US withdrew in 2020. nations(ANNEX 2) ratify it.
6. Hague Code of Conduct (HCOC) • China, North Korea, Egypt, India, Iran,
• Against ballistic missiles. Israel, Pakistan, and the US have not
ratified this treaty.
• Established in 2002.
 • India, North Korea, and Pakistan have not o China, New Zealand, Ireland,
signed the treaty. Turkey, Austria.
• The CTBT Organisation (CTBTO) is the • India is not a member of NSG.
implementing body.
6.Australia Group
• INDIA WHY? Not comprehensive/allow
• An informal group.
subcritical/other already have stockpiled
• Ensures that exports do not contribute to
the development of chemical and biological
Export Control Regimes weapons.

1.Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG): • Historical context:

o Controls the export of nuclear- o Iraq used chemical weapons against

related technology. Iran during the Iraq-Iran War.

2.Australia Group (AG): 7.Wassenaar Arrangement

• Controls the export of chemical and • A voluntary export control regime.

biological technologies that could be • An informal grouping with 42 members
weaponized. currently.
3.Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) • Exchanges information on the transfer of
• For the control of rockets and other aerial conventional weapons and dual-use goods
vehicles capable of delivering weapons of and technology.
mass destruction. • Headquarters: Vienna, Austria.
4.Wassenaar Arrangement • Most members are from NATO and the EU.
• On export controls for conventional arms • India joined in 2017.
and dual-use goods and technologies.
8.Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
5.Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
• An informal treaty, established in 1987 by
• Seeks to prevent the spread of nuclear G7 countries:
technology globally.
o Canada, France, Germany, Italy,
• First met in 1975 in London (referred to as UK, US, Japan.
the London Club).
• Limits the risk of weapons of mass
• Created in response to India's first nuclear destruction.
test in 1974 (Smiling Buddha).
• Focuses on rockets and UAVs with:
• Has 48 members.
o Payload of 500 kg.
• Ensures that nuclear transfers are only for
peaceful purposes. o Range of 300 km.

• Decisions are made through consensus. • Limits the spread of missiles and missile
technology.
• Opposition to India's membership:
• Not a treaty:
 o Does not impose any legally binding • A Mini Ratna (Category-1) public sector
obligations. company.
• India joined in 2016. • Established in 1964, headquartered in Delhi.
• Decisions are made by consensus. MIDHANI (Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited)
• China is not a member. • Established in 1973.
• Cryogenic Technology from Russia allows • Located in Hyderabad.
exporting BrahMos to Vietnam.
MDL (Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited)
• Can increase payload and range of
• Specializes in the production of warships and
BrahMos.
submarines.
• Headquarters: Mumbai.
International Agreements and Subjects(PYQ)
GRSE (Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers
• Alma Ata Declaration - Healthcare of the Limited)
people. • A Mini Ratna Category-1 company.
• Hague Convention - Illegal adoption. • Headquarters: Kolkata.
• Talanoa Dialogue - Global climate change. GISL (Goa Shipyard Limited)
• Under 2 Coalition - Climate change. • Classified as a Mini Ratna Group-I
company.
Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL)
Defence PSUs
• HSL is Visakhapatnam's largest and
HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited) strategically positioned shipyard.
• A Navratna company under the Ministry of
Defence, Department of Defence
Production. RADAR/ SONAR
• Headquarters: Bengaluru. • RADAR is an acronym for Radio Detection
And Ranging. A detection system that uses
• Established in 1940.
radio waves to determine the range, angle, or
BEL (Bharat Electronics Limited) velocity of objects is known as RADAR.
• A Navratna company. • SONAR is an acronym for Sound
• Established in 1954. Navigation Ranging. Sonar is very similar to
RADAR but uses sound waves rather than
• Headquarters: Bengaluru. radio waves. It's primarily used by ships and
BDL (Bharat Dynamics Limited) submarines, as water tends to absorb radio
waves.
• A Mini Ratna (Category-1) company.
• Headquarters: Hyderabad.
BEML (Bharat Earth Movers Limited)
 List Of The SONAR Systems Used By Indian
Armed Forces
• Abhay (Compact Hull-Mounted Sonar for
Small Ships & Shallow Water Crafts)
• HUMSA-UG (Upgrade for the Hull-Mounted
Sonar Array (HUMSA) Series of Sonar
Systems for Ships)
• NACS (Near-field Acoustic
Characterization System (NACS) for Ship
Sonars)
• AIDSS (Advanced Indigenous Distress
Sonar System (AIDSS) for Submarines):
• MIHIR is a first generation helicopter sonar
system
List Of The Radar Systems Used By Indian Armed
Forces
• Indra Radar INDRA stands for Indian ARMY INDUCTS INDIGENOUS AKASHTEER
Doppler Radar. SYSTEMProject Akashteer is part of the Indian
• Rajendra Radar Developed by DRDO and Army's "Decade of Transformation" and "Year
used by Aakash Air Defense System of Tech Absorption" initiatives. The project is a
significant step in India's air defense moderniz
• Swathi Weapon Locating Radar
• Central Acquisition Radar
• It had two variants – Revathi and
Rohini.
• Air Force uses the Revathi variant,
whereas the Rohini variant is used by
the Indian Army.
• Ashwini Radar
• Tethered Aerostat Radar
• It is an American low-level airborne
ground surveillance system
• Swordfish Radar (LRTR)
• Swordfish was created mainly to
detect ballistic missiles.