JIMMA UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

DETERMINANT OF BANANA PRODUCTIVITY IN MIZAN AMAN BENCH SHEKA

ZONE

A Senior Essay Proposal Submitted to the Department Economics in Partial

Fulfillment of Student for the Requirement for Bachelors of Art Degree in
Economics

By

By: Miftah Yimam

Advisor: Mr. Haile Tesfaye (M.Sc.)

DECEMBER, 2023
JIMMA, ETHIOPIA

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Contents
CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the study.................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem................................................................................................3
1.3. Research question............................................................................................................4
1.4. Objective of the study.........................................................................................................4
1.4.1. General Objective.........................................................................................................4
1.4.2. Specific objective.........................................................................................................4
1.5. Scope of the study...............................................................................................................4
1.6. Significant of the study......................................................................................................5
1.7. Limitation of the paper........................................................................................................5
1.8. Organization of the study....................................................................................................5
CHAPTER – TWO..................................................................................................................6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................6
2.1. Concept of production.........................................................................................................6
2.2. Theoretical literature...........................................................................................................7
2.2.1. Historical development and definition of banana.........................................................8
2.2.2. Factors of increased productivity’s..............................................................................9
2.3. Empirical literature review................................................................................................10
2.4. Banana production in Ethiopia..........................................................................................11
2.5 Significant of banana..........................................................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE...............................................................................................................13
3. METHODOLGY OF THE STUDY...................................................................................13
3.1. Description of the study area.............................................................................................13
3.2. Type and source of data....................................................................................................13
3.3. Sampling and Sampling Technique..................................................................................13
3.4. Method of data analysis....................................................................................................14
3.5 Ethical consideration..........................................................................................................14
CHAPTER FOUR..................................................................................................................15
4. BUDGET PLAN AND TIME SCHEDULE........................................................................15
4.1 Budget break down............................................................................................................15

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4.2 TIME FRAME WORK......................................................................................................15
Reference..................................................................................................................................17

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the study

Banana is perennial crops that grow quickly and can be harvested all year round. There were
cultivated on an area of some nine million hectares in 2008.world production average ninth
two million tons per annum. These are an approximation because bulky of the world banana
production (almost 85%) come from relatively Small plots and kitchen or back yard gardens.
Where statistics were lack in many developing countries. The bulky of banana production is
self-consumed or locally traded there by playing a crucial role in food security, cirad-
flhor(year)

Banana are the world’s fourth most important food crop and are of critical import to the food
security and income generation of more than 70 million of Africans. There is various type of
banana unique to Africa. These can be eaten fresh cooked. Fried and processed to be serve as
a baby food, juicy and beer.East Africa high land cooking banana(EAHB) and plantain makes
up approximately 70%of all bananas grown on the Continent. People live in the highland of
central Africa eats more banana than anyone in the world. Dri(yea(year)ng 35% of their daily
calories from the crop in low land of the Congo basin. Farmers grow a greater diversity of
banana than anywhere in the world. More over this perennial plant are the back bone of many
farming system as they produce fruit the year round. The term used as also a plant planting
banana protects the soil from erosion and survive flood, drought and civil conflict. Sweet
desert banana are grown everywhere and consumed as a snack. But they form a smaller
portion of a total Africa crops. The Cavendish banana which dominated export market
worldwide is known being planted in increasing quantities on large commercial farming in
western, eastern and southern Africa.( source : bioversty International).

Banana is one of the most important staple food crops in East Africa, particularly for Uganda,
Tanzania, Burundi and Ruanda. Per capital annual consumption of banana in Uganda is the
highest in the world at 0.70 kg daily per person. Including Ruanda and Burundi consumption
is about 250-400 kg per person annually, about3-11 banana each day. Uganda itself is the

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second large producer of banana in the world. However it is one of the smaller exporter crops
being extended mostly for national market. Banana is mainly produced in African and Latin
America, while other type of banana was grown in Africa and Asia. Latin American is the
leading region for Cavendish production followed by Asia. The world leading producer of
banana is India, Charlie (2011).

Dessert banana is also the major fruit crop that is most widely grown and consumed in
Ethiopia. It is cultivated in several parts where the growing conditions are favorable.
Especially in the south and southwestern parts of the country, it is of great socioeconomic
importance contributing significantly to the overall well-being of the rural communities
including food security, income generation and job creation. Banana in Ethiopia covers about
59.64% (53,956.16 hectares) of the total fruit area, about 68.00% (478,251.04 tones) of the
total fruits produced, and about 38.30%(2,574,035) of the total fruit producing farmers [CSA,
2014]. On the other hand, about 68.72% (37,076.85 hectares) hectares of land covered by
banana, about 77.53% (370,784.17 tones) of the banana produced and 22.38% (1,504,207) of
the banana producers in Ethiopia are found in the Southern Nations Nationalities and
Peoples’ National Regional State- SNNPRS (CSA, 2014). Gamo-Gofa, Bench-Maji and
Sheka zones are among the major banana producing zones of the SW Ethiopia, of which
Gamo-Gofa zone alone covers over 70% of the total banana marketed across the major
market outlets in Ethiopia (CFC, 2004).

Despite the above stated facts and the concerted effort being made by the government of
Ethiopia to promote and diversify its agricultural outputs as well as exports at large, the
attention given to banana especially in terms of research, extension services, investment
endeavors and overall value-chain management has been very limited. In most parts of the
country, its production has yet been limited to backyard and small-scale productions with the
produce largely supplied to local markets. Large scale banana production in Ethiopia covers
only 0.19 % (1,910.97 hectares) of the total area covered by banana and 0.22% (17, 924.59
tones) of the total banana produced in Ethiopia (CSA, 2014). As stated by (Tekle et al.,
2014), lack of improved varieties is as well one of the critical factors that affect the
production and productivity of banana in Ethiopia. As a result, the productivity of banana in
most places in Ethiopia is 5-8.95 tons/ha [CSA, 2014], which is far below the world average
of 15.8 tons/ha (FAOSTAT, 2012). A summary report by [Nicholas, 2013] based on a
baseline survey results of the Agricultural Transformation Agency of Ethiopia (ATA) also

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indicate that the average yield and revenue obtained from banana sales by banana growing
households in Ethiopia is only 8,759 kg/ha and 21.3 Birr/year respectively.

Various studies have identified that the yield of several crops including banana is influenced
by various determinants (factors) such as inputs of production, agronomic and management
practices, and producer and farm characteristics (Bathan, B.M. and Lanican F. A. (2010).,
Ahmad et al., 2005, Javed et al., 2001, Bakhsh, 2005). However, banana trade beyond a local
scale be it domestic or foreign, suffers from lack of production efficiency, exacerbated by
recent disease outbreaks, and a lack of marketing systems’ efficiency and market knowledge
(Akankwasa et al., 2008). However, in Ethiopia, no empirical data is so far available in this
respect whereby the explanatory variables that influence the yield of banana could be
identified and quantified. In order to fully utilize the production and export potential of
banana, there need to be efficient market domestically. However, little is known as to the
exact production potential, how the national banana markets function and what are the major
constraints and opportunities in the market chain starting from production (Dawit
A.andAsmare D., 2008).Cognizant of this, this study was undertaken to assess and identify
banana value chain and the factors Affecting market supply of banana with a subsequent aim
to provide relevant information that help reinforce concomitant interventions into the future.

1.2. Statement of the problem

In Ethiopia several factors have been site as possible reason for the reduction of farm
productivity, which in terms increased level of vulnerability of food security in Ethiopian
become the main issue, CSA (2010).Agriculture is the crucial in the national economy, its
production and productivity is unsatisfactory. Banana is one of the very important fruit in
Ethiopia, which grow under diver’s climate condition.

Most of the recent studies from southwestern Ethiopia claim that the farmers in that zones
have no way or access for postharvest handling rather than selling their banana at a low
market price due to limited access to credit, transportation problems and lack banana
cooperatives (Benyam & Abatneh, 2019). Moreover, banana yields are continuously not
increasing as expected due to their traditional way of banana production and poor agronomic
practice. However, in Bench Maji and Sheka zones, currently, we could not find any
documented information on the value chain actors with their role and map, what exactly
marketing system looks like marketing channels, market performance and market
participation to encourage and enrich the efforts. Thus, there is a need for a comprehensive
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study about banana value chain in Bench Maji and Sheka zones of southwestern Ethiopia.
More specifically, the study identifies the actors and their roles across the banana value chain.

According to the study conducted by Beneyam & Abatneh (2019)factors affecting the
productivity of banana is low access of credit, low adaption of fertilizer, low access of
education, low access of irrigation, amount of labor used and low improved seed are the
major problems. The research is conducted on Bench Sheka Zone. But still know no research
is conducted on the determinant of banana productivity on Mizan Aman. As per the
knowledge of the researcher there has been more detail study on undertaken regarding the
determinant of banana productivity of small holder farmers in this study area. Due to this fact
the researcher is initiated to address this gap through conducting a study on this issue.
According to the researchers mind their will have been another variable which affects banana
productivity which is not mentioned by the previous researchers, that is distance from farm
place to the market. This research paper will address this gap in detail.

1.3. Research question

* What is the level of productivity of banana in the study area?

*What is the determinant of banana productivity in the study area?

1.4. Objective of the study

1.4.1. General Objective
The general objective of the study is going to examine the determinant of banana farm
productivity in Mizan Aman city.

1.4.2. Specific objective

Specifically, the study concentrates on the following issues.

* To measure the level of productivity of banana in Mizan Aman.

* To assess the determinant of banana productivity in the study area.

1.5. Scope of the study

The research paper is not cover the whole SW Ethiopia with the availability of time and
resources. The study is focus on the determinant of banana productivity in Mizan Aman. This
study uses cross sectional data of (2017) production year. The study also delimit on the

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determinant of banana productivity. The study is limited only Mizan Aman in SW People
state, Ethiopia

1.6. Significant of the study

The research paper will be used us a source of information for those researchers who want to
conduct deepest study in the area. The study provides on insight on the determinant of
showing in a line of agriculture productivity. The result of the study helps for institutions, for
agricultural agents, for students and policy makers in assessing their effort of increasing
banana productivity.

1.7. Limitation of the paper

While investigating banana farm productivity, the researcher may encounter a number of
problems as other researchers face. The most important ones include limited resource, time
and experience of researchers, financial constraints, organized materials and inadequate
documentation of data in the study area, lack of reference materials that are related with the
study etc. make it difficult to conduct the study as it plan.

1.8. Organization of the study

The study will contains five chapters, the first chapter contains introduction, statement of the
problem, objective of the study, scope of the study, significant of the study and organization
of the study. The second chapter will focus on different literature that is both theoretical and
empirical on banana farm productivity .The third chapter will contain methodology of the
study. The fourth chapter will deals data presentation and analysis and the fifth chapter will
contain conclusion and recommendation of the study.

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 CHAPTER – TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Concept of production

The area of efficiency analysis is become the central issue of performance analysis, since the
work of Farrell. Many scholars have used efficiency and productivity interchangeable and
consider both as a major of performance of a given decision making unit. However this two
interrelated are not precisely the same, coeill (2003).coelli et al(2005),based on the above
authors the different terms in efficiency analysis are defined as follow.

Production; it is an absolute concept which is measured by the ratio of output to input. The
measure of productivity involves either total factor of productivity, which is a productivity
measure involving all factors of production or other traditional measure of productivity such
as labor productivity in a factor and land productivity(yield), in farming which are often
called partial measure of productivity.

Efficiency; is a relative concept and measured by comparing the actual ratio of output to
input with the optimal ratio of output to input, which is represented by production frontier.
The coefficient and measurement of efficiency relies on the specification of a production
function, coelli et al( 2005).

Production functions: represent the maximum output attainable from the use of a given
level of input. It describes production performance and productivity is the measure of it.

Production frontier: it represents the maximum output attainable from each in put level.
Hence it reflects the current state of technology in agriculture production.

Technical inefficiency: a situation in which a company or a particular machine fails to

produce the largest possible number of goods with the time, materials, and labor.

Technical efficiency; refers to the ability of farmer to produce a maximum output from a
given set of inputs, it is the ability of a farmer to produce on production frontier, a producer is
technical efficient, if an increasing any output requires a reduction in at least one another
output or an increase in at least one input. The difference between productivity and technical
efficiency isfarmer may be technical efficient without attaining optimal productivity level.

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The farmer can attain the maximum possible productivity by exploiting scale economics,colli
et al( 2005).

2.2. Theoretical literature

Banana has been part of our diet for thousands of years. The written reference date backed
around 500 BC. Today there are the most popular fruit in the world. In fact over 100 billion
bananas are eaten around the world. Every year around 51% of this are eaten breakfast time.
Some horticulture believes that banana were the first fruit on earth. Their origin is placed in
south East Asia in the jangle of Malaysia, Indonesia or Philippines where many varieties of
wild banana still grow today. Africa are credited to have given the present name. Since the
word banana would be derived from the Arab form "finger" they started to be traded in
international by the end of the fourteen century. The development of rail roads and
technological advances in refrigerated maritime transport subsequently enable banana to
become the most traded fruit in the world.

Bananas are grown in more than 150 countries and 105 million tons of fruit are produced
each year. Banana which are grown for local consumption are generally grown in traditional
extensive system. The desert bananas like the Cavendish are huge economic importance to
many countries in the global south, and they account for 43 million tones, and the plantain
accounts for 45million tones. Locally consumed banana are stapled food in many tropical
countries and play a major role in terms of food securities.

People often assume that the banana fruit grows on tree; however the banana is high herb
which can grow up to 15metres. There are over 1000 different varieties of banana growing
around the world, subdivided in to 50 groups. Some are sweet like the Cavendish varieties
which are the most common and most widely exported. It is named after "musa" Cavendish
and was first grown at Chatsworth house in the UK in 1830. This variety of banana is
currently under threat from disease called "sigatoka". This has reduced banana yields 40%
every year.

Banana is the common name for any of the very large tree like, "herbaceous" plants
comprising the genus musa of the flowering plant family musaceae, characterized by an
above ground psudostem (false stem) with terminal crown of large leaves, and hanging
clusters of edible elongated fruit. The term also used for the fruit, which typically has
yellowish or reddish skin when ripe and is very important commercially banana provide

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various culinary, commercial and ecological value. Bananas are cultivated primarily for their
fruit and to a lesser extent for the production of fiber. Banana are native to the tropical region
of south east Asia, themalay Archipelago and Australia, today they are cultivated throughout
the tropics.

2.2.1. Historical development and definition of banana

Banana is one of the oldest fruit known to mankind. It anticipate can be traced back to the
garden of Paradise where ever was said to have used its leaves to cover her modesty. It may
be one of the reason banana called" Apple of Paradise "and potential named "Musa
paradisiac", frequently mention is made up of banana great Indian epics, Ramayana and
Mahabarta. Musa paradisiac are strictly old plant and predominantly Asian. Many of the
cultivated types are mostly in the same Thailand areas. The Malayan areas seem to be the
primary center of origin cultivated banana. The probably spread out ward to areas such as
India and Burma. In this peripheral natural hybridization occurred to produce hybrid
progenies. This shows the greatest diversification in India. The dispersal of edible banana
outside Asia might have been accomplished solely by the transport of vegetative materials to
areas where the crop could encounter suitable ecological conditions. Its introduction to Africa
and the west is comparatively recent. It was introduced to the east Africa before the time of
Christ and then spread the west coast of Africa, across the tropical center of the Contain. It
reached the Mediterranean at about 650 A.D and was taken to the Pacific by Polynesian
travelers are about 1000A.D. The first introduction to the new world was in 1516 A.D from
the canary Island by the Portuguese. The Central America Island subsequently developed the
high quality banana from west India varieties .This Island today account for a large
proportion of banana exporter, N.W Simmonds (year)

According to Rangwassani; bananas originally home is believed to be India. But it is known a

wide spread, highly commercial crops in many countries including Ecuador Honduras,
Panama, Colombia, Cost Rica, Jamaica, Meinco and Sri Lanka. It seems like that banana
have been used by man throughout his History in south East Asia. Probably primitive
communities in a Food gathering stage of evolution would have used the male buds and
inners deaths of the pesedosteam as avegtabl.as this part of the plant are used in the same
manner to this day. When settled Agriculture began, bananas were probably among the first
plant to be domesticated. South East Asia was the earliest home of Agriculture and therefore,
bananas were probably among the first crop plants.

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2.2.2. Factors of increased productivity’s
Fertilizer refers anything that added to the soil and intended the amount of plant nutrients
available for crop growth. There are two type of fertility namely fertilizer which consists of
the farm yard manure and avoid ashes while the chemical type consists of DAP(Di
Ammonium phosphate and Urea(Ammonium nitrate).Fertilizer specialist on the other hand
emphasis on Fertilizer as a major source of growth in Agricultural output in general and crop
production particular.

Uses of credit -the provision of credit to the farmer in the form of inputs such as Fertilizer,
Improved seed, and Technology like tractor, Water transfer equipment than in Cash to
increase the farm output is essential. (FAO, 2010).

Appropriate economic policy taken by government -Development innovation is great

potential for alleviating to be anti-development, if public policy and social institution milt at
the active participation of small farmer involving Agrarian structure, conditions for the
realization of Agricultural progress like and reform.Creatinga structure, creating an effective
policy and integrated development objectives are some of appropriate government economic
policy can increase productivity.

Land reform is often proposed a necessary first condition for Agriculture development. In
many developing countries the program of land reform can be legislated and effectively
implemented by the government. The improved output level and standard of ruler peasants
will be established. (FUFA, et, all, 2001).

Creative an effective policy -the benefit of small scale Agricultural development cannot be
realized, unless government supportive system are created that provides the necessary
incentive. Economic opportunity and access to needed credit and inputs to enable small
cultivators to expand their output.

Technological change-in most developing countries new Agricultural technologies,

innovation in farm practice in precondition for sustain improvement adoption of appropriate
and affordable technology are not more developed. Essential for sustained long run
productivity improvement and Agricultural researches is predominantly the means to develop
new Agricultural replace human labor and biological innovations and chemical innovations
are the major source of increasing farm yield.

9
Improved seed it is varies which gives a significantly higher yield and better quality
compared to locally produced variety of Seed, input contributes to increase productivity.

2.3. Empirical literature review

In this section this paper will review empirical literature manly regarding the determinant of
Agricultural output. Agriculture contributes substantially to the overall Ethiopian economy
on a nominal GDP of USD is 25.6 billion 43% was driven by Agriculture sector. Crop
production accounts for 29%.The sector contribute USD 1,4 billion to export earnings. Crop
and forestry accounts for 60% and remaining export a combination of non-agricultural
Industry, primarily extractive and industrial production. The sector also derives aggregate
employment figure. Estimate shows 83% of the population relies on Agriculture for third
lively hood with more dependent on Agriculture related cottage industries such as textile.

Berhanu G, (2009) conducted a study on small holder institutional service and commercial
transformation in Ethiopia. Based on OLS estimation method, the result shows that the use of
improved seed, Fertilizer, House hold involved in the extension program, Literature house
hold and access to credit are positively related with crop productivity. Zenebe et all(2008)
showed that land ;modern input (Fertilizer, improved seed ,pesticide and value of owned farm
implement were found to be significant . Age and Improvement in off farm activity were
significant on output. Access to credit will have also positive impact.

Samuel et,all (2007) also conducted a study on commercialization of small holder Agriculture
on cross sectional data based on OLS estimated method. The result is that the education
levels of house hold head, Land, Labor and credit have positive impact on banana farm
productivity. Age and sex of house hold will have insignificant effect on output. Menalet
all(2007) will also conducted a study on sustainable Agriculture practice and Agriculture
productivity in Ethiopia. Underscored the significant of plot and house hold characteristics as
well as conventional Agriculture input (seed, labor, chemical fertilizer and oxen) have
positive influence on crop productivity. Technology adoption (Fertilizer, Improved seed) can
enhance Agricultural productivity.

Ander et, al (2007) estimated the determinant of total value of banana grain output in meher
season by using cross sectional data based on maximum livelihood estimation (MLE).The
result shows that Fertilizer has largest effect on total value of grain output next to the size of
land cultivated.

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 2.4. Banana production in Ethiopia
In most countries the geographical distribution of banana cultivation lies between 30°and s
latitude and when winter temperature are above 60°f.(ochse,et,al) have defined the typical
growing regions of for Banana as tropical humid low lands based on methodological data of
the major banana producing locations.

"Simmonds" have defined the effective average rain fall and temperature as100mm and 80°f
each month. According to Chandra banana will grow at a temperature too low for the growth
for some other tropical species provide that the area is free of forest. For instance large
plantations of banana maintained in the canary island where the main winter temperature is
about 61°to 63°f and mean of the hottest month is 72°to 75°f. Bananas have been cultivated
for several years as a garden plant in Ethiopia. The total production in Ethiopia's at present"
approaches is 100,000 tons. As in some other tropical and subtropical regions, banana are
produced by small plantation in small garden owned by small farmers especially in the south
Western and Easter province medium size plantation are not more than 10 hectares.
Supplying local consumer’s relatively large plantations above 20 hectare developed to supply
export market. Out of the total indicated above the family plantation produce from
degenerated clones of low yield and quality. Modern banana plantations were started in
Ethiopia at the beginning of the century. In like family banana plantation those larger
plantations were set up in arid irrigated regions.

2.5 Significant of banana

Banana is an excellent source of potassium. Potassium can be found in a variety of fruits,
vegetable, and even meats, however, a single banana provides you with 23% of potassium
that you daily basis. Potassium benefits the muscle as it helps maintain their proper working
and prevents muscle spasms. In addition recent studies are showing that potassium can help
to decrease blood pressure in individuals who are potassium deficient. Potassium also reduces
risk of stroke. Banana aid in keeping the body healthy in a number of ways, but there is a
major benefit to the bones and muscles in the human body, because banana contains 41% of
what you need each day in vitamin B6. You will find that eating banana helps to increase
your focus and mental acuity. In addition, banana aid in vitality, this means that you will have
more energy both mentally and physically. In fact some studies show that bananas can help
improve your mood whether you have the blues or are suffering potassium muscles. Banana
are also an excellent food for people who want to lose weight ,although they are rather high

11
in calories (200 per banana) and carbs( 51 grams).they are great source of energy. A banana
eaten before a work out can provide you with the necessary energy to complete longer work
out. Banana provides you with many health benefits, in addition to all of that, most people
enjoy eating banana as well. It can be eaten alone or combined with a fruit salad, added to
jellow or made in to a smoothie or a milk shake. They are one of the most affordable fruits in
the market place and can be found near everywhere in the world.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLGY OF THE STUDY

3.1. Description of the study area

Mizan Aman (simply Mizan) is the largest town in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region and
one of four Capital cities of the region. Mizan is also the administrative centre, of the Bench
Sheko Zone in the South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. Located about 160
kilometers southwest of Jimma, Mizan Aman has a latitude and longitude of 7°0′N 35°35′E
and an elevation of 1451 meters. This is surrounded by Debub Bench woreda. Based on the
2007 census conducted by CSA, Mizan Aman has total population 34,080 of whom 18,138
are men and 15,942 women the Majority of inhabitant are orthodox Christian 45.997% of the
population 38.83% are Protestants 17.71% are Muslim and 10.05% practical traditional
believer (https://en.m.wikipedia.org./wiki/Mizan-aman).

3.2. Type and source of data

The research paper will be used both primary and secondary data from different sources.
Primary data will be collected through personal interview from rural house hold in the study
area by using questionnaires. Secondary data will also collect from Agricultural bureau of
Mizan Aman, books or journals.

3.3. Sampling and Sampling Technique

For this study, in order to select a representative sample a multi-stage purposive and random
sampling technique will implement to select banana producer kebeles and sample farm
households. In the first stage, with the consultation of agricultural experts and development
agents, Mizan Aman town will select purposively. In the second stage, out of five kebeles in
the town 4 banana producer kebeles purposively will select based on the volume of banana
production, accessibility and communication. In the third stage, using the household list of
the sampled kebeles 80 sample respondents will select randomly based on proportional to the
population size of the selected kebeles. The next step will be determining the actual sample
size. Sample size will determined based on the following simplified formula (Yemane, 1967).

13
n=____N_______ n= 400_ n = 80

1+(𝑒)2 1+400(0.1)2

n=𝑁

1+ (𝑒)2 n=400

1+400(0.1)2 n = 80 respondents

Where, n is number of respondent farmers,

n is the total number of fruits farmers,

e is the precision level. A 90% confidence level will be taken and e= 0.1,

3.4. Method of data analysis

The research paper will be used both descriptive and econometric method in order to conduct
this study. This study will be used a cross sectional data on various demographic and socio
economic characteristics of respondent to find out determinant of banana productivity in the
study area. The descriptive part will be present the characteristics of respondents and farm
productivity variation across house hold using frequency and percentage.

3.5 Ethical consideration

Ethical consideration can be as one of the most important part of the research. Therefore
ethical consideration needs serious attention in this research .So the research will conduct in
the way of respecting dignity and safety of the study participants. Full consent will be
obtained from participant before to the study. That means the research participant will be
aware of the purpose of the research. After that researcher will be begin the data collection.

14
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. BUDGET PLAN AND TIME SCHEDULE

4.1 Budget break down

No Types of expense Unit Price Total Cost

1 Pen 5*20 100

2 Paper 1 pocket 800

3 Typing and printing 20*5 100

proposal

4 Printing the final 35*5 195

draft and research

5 Transport 350 700

6 Total 1895

4.2 Time frame work

NO Activity Month
Nov Dec Jan Feb. Marc Apr May Jun
h
1 Tittle selection •
2 Review Literature •
3 Refining the tools • •
4 Collecting data • •
5 Tools of preparation •
6 Data Analysis • •
7 Data Interpretation • •

15
 8 Writing Report • •

9 Submission draft •

Reference
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willingness to pay for introduced dessert bananas in Uganda. Paper presented at the
conference “Banana and Plantain in Africa:

16
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Mombasa, Kenya.
 Ayelech Tadesse (2011) Market chain analysis of fruits for Gomma Woreda, Jimma
zone, Oromia National Regional State, M.Sc. thesis presented to School of Graduate
Studies, Haramaya University.
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 CFC (Common Fund for Commodities). (2004). Development of organic banana
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