Ancient

Civilization
History, science, math, discoveries, and
technological advancements
MESOPOTAMIA – Mesos (middle) & Potamos (river)
● HISTORY
● - civilization formed on
the banks of Tigris and
Euphrates (modern
day Iraq and Kuwait)
12000 BCE Neolithic
Revolution.

● -composed of tribes:
Sumerian, Assyrian,
Akkadian and Babylon
Civilizations.
MESOPOTAMIA – Mesos (middle) & Potamos (river)

TECH, SCIENCE, &

DISCOVERIES
- developed metal working, glass
making, textile weaving, food and
water control, and water storage.
- they also created the first wheel,
the chariot, the sailboat, and the
plow, time (divided time unit into
60 parts), the map, astronomy,
astrology and constellations.
- they also made the first form of
writing the CUNEIFORM.
MESOPOTAMI
A – Mesos
(middle) &
Potamos (river)
MATHEMATICS

- sexagesimal system (base 60,

helped to develop the 360-
degree circle and the 12th
month year concepts. They
used 12 knuckles to count on
one hand and another five
fingers on the hand . They used
base 6 where digits in the left
column represent large values.
They also invented the concept
of zero.
 MESOPOTAMIA – TRIBES

SUMERIANS

- 1ST civilization located in

Southern Mesopotamia
(4000 BCE).
- they wrote the EPIC OF
GILGAMESH one of the
world’s first greatest
literature.
- credit for creating the
wheel.

- built sail boats for

trading with the
HARRAPANS (Northern
Indians).
 MESOPOTAMIA – TRIBES
AKKADIAN

- 2nd civilization located in

Northern Mesopotamia
(3000 BCE) named after
the city of Akkad.
-created the language
SEMITIC related to
HEBREW AND ARABIC.
- started the world’s first
dynamic empire the 2334
BCE Sargon of Akkad
which only lasted 180
years. ( ruled over both the
Akkadian and Sumerian
speakers in MESO and
LEVANT, modern day
SYRIA AND LEBANON
 MESOPOTAMIA – TRIBES
ASSYRIAN

- Asur is an ancient city.

They also speak SEMITIC
language.
-stretched from EGYPT
and CYPRUS in the west to
the borders of PERSIA,
IRAN, in the west.

- The only exception to

Assyrian dominance were
the Babylonian Empire,
established by Hammurabi.
 MESOPOTAMIA – TRIBES

BABYLON

- a minor city state in central

Mesopotamia for a century
after founded in 1894 BCE.
- Hammurabi, the 6th king
of the first Babylon Dynasty,
freed Babylon from foreign
rule and then conquered the
whole of southern
Mesopotamia.
-Created the CODE OF
LAWS, first important works
and the oldest deciphered
writings, which is written in
Slete (stone slabs); it
consists of 282 laws. This
empire was casted for 260
years until it got invaded by
1531BCE.
Ancient Civilization of Egypt
Origin

- The civilization of Egypt emerged around 2649 BC (Old

Kingdom), along the banks of Nile River.

- Ancient Egyptian eras: Old Kingdom (2649 - 2152 BC),

Middle Kingdom (2040 – 1640 BC), New Kingdom (1550 –
1070 BC).
 Kingdoms of Egypt

Old Kingdom: Middle Kingdom: New Kingdom:

The "Old Kingdom" is a period of time The "Middle Kingdom" is a period of time during The time of Imperial Egypt when it
during the history of Ancient Egypt. It the history of Ancient Egypt. It lasted from 1975 extended its reach beyond the former
lasted from 2575 BC to 2150 BC. Over BC to 1640 BC. The Middle Kingdom was the borders to create an empire. Literacy
these 400 years, Egypt had a strong central second peak period of the Ancient Egyptian had expanded during the Middle
government and a prosperous economy. The civilization (the other two being the Old Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) and Second
Old Kingdom is most famous as a time Kingdom and the New Kingdom). During this Intermediate Period so that, by the
when many pyramids were built. time all of Egypt was united under a single time of the New Kingdom, more people
government and Pharaoh. were writing and sending letters.
Language

Demotic - refers to the ancient Egyptian script derived from northern forms of hieratic used in the Delta, as well as the stage of
the Egyptian language following Late Egyptian and preceding Coptic. By convention, the word "Demotic" is capitalized in order to
distinguish it from demotic Greek.
Coptic - Coptic is the last phase of ancient Egyptian. It is the direct descendant of the ancient language written in Egyptian
hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic scripts. The Coptic alphabet is a slightly modified form of the Greek alphabet, with some
letters (which vary from dialect to dialect) deriving from demotic.
Hieroglyphs - The Egyptian hieroglyphic script was one of the writing systems used by ancient Egyptians to represent their
language. Because of their pictorial elegance, Herodotus and other important Greeks believed that Egyptian hieroglyphs were
something sacred, so they referred to them as ‘holy writing’. Thus, the word hieroglyph comes from the Greek hiero ‘holy’ and
glypho ‘writing’.
Mathematics

Ancient Egyptians served as the pioneers of modern mathematics. By

counting their fingers, Ancient Egyptians developed base 10 as their
numbering system (Developed and used by the greeks later on).
Unlike modern mathematics, it was not used for theoretical science.
Egyptian geometry and arithmetic was used for trading, measuring,
and building structures.
Rhind Papyrus, is one of the early instructions of multiplication
written. These corresponding blocks of counters could then be used
as a kind of multiplication reference table: first, the combination of
powers of two which add up to the number to be multiplied by was
isolated, and then the corresponding blocks of counters on the other
side yielded the answer.
 Ancient
Egyptian
Inventions
Clocks
- In order to tell the time Egyptians invented two types of
clock. Obelisks were used as sun clocks by noting how its
shadow moved around its surface throughout the day From
the use of obelisks they identified the longest and shortest
days of the year.

Locks
- One of the oldest locks can be found in Egypt. The locks
consists of pins, bolts, and keys, major components that can
still be seen being used today. Due to the complex design,
Locks were only used in royal structures, palaces, and
temples - Buildings that houses treasures.
Ox-drawn plough
- Using the power of oxen to pull the plough revolutionised
agriculture and modified versions of this Egyptian invention
are still used by farmers in developing countries around the
world.

Herodotus Machine
- This Egyptian made lift is theorized that this is the machine
Ancient Egyptians used to build the Pyramids.
ANCIENT GREECE
“HELLAS”
 Was formed in
1300 BCE fell in
the 146 BCE due to
the invasion of the
roman empire

Uses “Hellenic Language”

ALPHABET
POLIS OR POLEIS
- the structure of communities in the
ancient Greece
 - Became urban
● Initially, the term centers and created
polis referred to forms of governance
a fortified area or like monarchies,
citadel. democratic and
militaristic societies
OLYMPIC GAMES
•It is a festival for honoring Greek Gods
and was held in Olympia

• long jump, discus throw, pankatron,

speed races, boxing and wrestling
CONTRIBUTIONS
•Major contributions in
Math and science • Medical
(Geometry, treatments
mathematical and remedies
concepts,
Heliocentric system)
for diseases.
INVENTIONS
AND
DISCOVERIES
WATER MILLS (250 BCE)
ALARM CLOCK (300 BCE)
Crane (515 Bce)
Catapults (399 BCE)

“Katapeltikon”
GREEK PHILOSOPHY

● Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BCE and continued
throughout the Hellenistic period and the period in which
Ancient Greece was part of the Roman Empire. It dealt with a wide
variety of subjects, including political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics,
ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric, and aesthetics.
 THE GREEK
PHILOSOPHERS
Parmenides
• Parmenides of Elea was a Presocratic Greek philosopher.
As the first philosopher to inquire into the nature of
existence itself, he is incontrovertibly credited as the
“Father of Metaphysics.” Parmenides' only written work is a
poem entitled, supposedly, but likely erroneously, On
Nature.

• Parmenides prescribes two views of reality. In "the way of

truth" (a part of the poem), he explains how all reality is
one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless,
uniform, and necessary. ... Scholars have
generally believed that either Parmenides was responding
to Heraclitus, or Heraclitus to Parmenides.
Heraclitus

• Heraclitus of Ephesus was a pre-Socratic Greek

philosopher, and a native of the city of Ephesus,
then part of the Persian Empire. He was of
distinguished parentage. Little is known about his
early life and education, but he regarded himself as
self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom.

• Heraclitus was known as the ''dark'' philosopher

because his writings were difficult to understand
and because he thought that the world revolved
around conflict. Since he saw conflict as
so important to humanity, he encouraged it
wherever he went.
Zeno of ELea
• Zeno of Elea was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of
Magna Graecia and a member of the Eleatic School
founded by Parmenides. Aristotle called him the
inventor of the dialectic. He is best known for his
paradoxes, which Bertrand Russell has described as
"immeasurably subtle and profound“.

• A member of the Eleatic school of philosophy, he

was famous throughout antiquity for the rigorously
logical and devastating arguments which he used to
show the absurdities and contradictions of his
opponents.
Thales/Thales of MIletus (c. 624 - 546 B.C.)
• Thales of Miletus was a pre-Socratic philosopher,
mathematician and astronomer from Miletus in Ionia,
Asia Minor.

• Thales is known as the first Greek philosopher,

mathematician and scientist. He founded the geometry
of lines, so is given credit for introducing abstract
geometry. It is possible that Thales has been given
credit for discoveries that were not really his.

• was an early Pre-Socratic philosopher, mathematician

and astronomer from the Greek city of Miletus in Ionia
(modern-day Turkey). He was one of the so-called
Seven Sages of Greece, and many regard him as the
first philosopher in the Western tradition.
Anamaximander

• Anaximander, was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher

who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia. He belonged to
the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his
master Thales. He succeeded Thales and became
the second master of that school where he counted
Anaximenes and, arguably, Pythagoras amongst his
pupils.

• Anaximander explained the origin of the universe

with the theory of 'apeiron'. 'The universe is
boundless but consists of a primary substance’.
Anaximander wrote on geography, astronomy,
cosmology and biology.
Empedocles

• Empedocles was a Greek pre-Socratic

philosopher and a citizen of Akragas, a Greek
city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best
known for originating the cosmogonic theory of
the four classical elements. He also proposed
forces he called Love and Strife which would
mix and separate the elements, respectively.

• Empedocles, a philosopher of Greek descent,

lived in Sicily. Empedocles discovered air as a
separate substance. In his cosmology fire, air,
water and earth mingle and separate under the
compulsion of love and strife. He wrote a
poetic treatise 'On Nature’.
Phytagoras
• Pythagoras of Samos was an ancient Ionian
Greek philosopher and the eponymous founder
of Pythagoreanism. His political and religious
teachings were well known in Magna Graecia
and influenced the philosophies of Plato,
Aristotle, and, through them, Western
philosophy.

• He is mainly remembered for what has become

known as Pythagoras' Theorem (or
the Pythagorean Theorem): that, for any right-
angled triangle, the square of the length of the
hypotenuse (the longest side, opposite the right
angle) is equal to the sum of the square of the
other two sides (or “legs”).
Democritus

• Democritus was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic

philosopher primarily remembered today for his
formulation of an atomic theory of the universe.
Democritus was born in Abdera, Thrace, around
460 BC, although there are disagreements about
the exact year.

• He developed the concept of the 'atom', Greek for

'indivisible'. Democritus believed that everything in
the universe was made up of atoms, which were
microscopic and indestructible.
Socrates (469-399 B.C.)
• Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher credited
as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as
being the first moral philosopher of the Western ethical
tradition of thought.

• Socrates believed that philosophy should achieve

practical results for the greater well-being of society.
He attempted to establish an ethical system based on
human reason rather than theological
doctrine. Socrates pointed out that human choice was
motivated by the desire for happiness.

• The Socratic method, also known as method of

Elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate, is a
form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between
individuals, based on asking and answering questions
to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and
underlying presuppositions.
Plato (428/427 - 348/347 BCE)

• Plato is considered the pre-eminent Greek

Philosopher, known for his Dialogues and for
founding his Academy north of Athens,
traditionally considered the first university in
the western world.

• Plato was a student of Socrates and a

teacher of Aristotle. His writings explored
justice, beauty and equality, and also
contained discussions in aesthetics,
political philosophy, theology, cosmology,
epistemology and the philosophy of
language.
Aristotle (384 B.C. to 322 B.C.)

• Aristotle (c. 384 B.C. to 322 B.C.) was an Ancient

Greek philosopher and scientist who is still
considered one of the greatest thinkers in politics,
psychology and ethics. In 335, Aristotle founded his
own school, the Lyceum, in Athens, where he spent
most of the rest of his life studying, teaching and
writing.

• Aristotle famously rejected Plato's theory of forms,

which states that properties such as beauty are
abstract universal entities that exist independent of
the objects themselves. Instead, he argued that
forms are intrinsic to the objects and cannot exist
apart from them, and so must be studied in relation
to them.
MIDDLE CIVILIZATION
COLOSSEUM
● Also k n o w n as Flavian
Amphitheater
● O p e n e d in 80 CE
● Games, gladiator fights,
animal fights
● 50,000 capacity
● Only ⅔ of original remain
LEGAL SYSTEM

● Citizenship, crime &

punishment, local politics,
etc.
● Twelve Tables - helped treat
Ro man s as equals & gave
t h e m certain legal rights
 ROMAN REPUBLIC
● 2 elected consuls that acted as a
president an d an elected senate
● This m o d e l would be used by a lot
of countries today
 CONCRETE
● Mortar is m a d e of volcanic ash, lime, and
seawater
● After 10 years, a rare mineral called aluminum
tobermorite is formed that allows it to maintain
strength
● Can last u p to ~1000 yrs. comp ared to m o d e rn
concrete w h i c h lasts only ~50 yrs.
 ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

● Paved 55,000 miles (88,500 km) all over

Europe in the course of 700 yrs.
● Faster travel for military, commerce, etc.
JULIAN CALENDAR

● Julian date is 13 days earlier

than Gregorian date
● I.e. Gregorian = Feb. 18; Julian
= Feb. 5
NEWSPAPER

● Acta senatus - record

of senate meetings
● Acta diurna - daily
gazette for the public
PLUMBING & SEWERS
● Aqueducts transported running water to
developed areas
● Helped in developing a complex piping systems
● Sewers were used to reduce flooding
COURIER SERVICE

● Cursus Publicus - 1st courier

service
● Relayed messages & tax info from
one person to one place
CENTRAL HEATING

Hypocaust
● F o u n d in public
bathhouses
● Constantly burning fire
under the floor heats floor
a n d water
ROMAN NUMERALS

● Used to help price

goods & services
● C o m m o n l y used
during R o m a n times
BOUND BOOKS

● Codex - b o u n d
papyrus or
parchment
CESAREAN SECTION

● Caesar declared that all

dead or dying mothers be
cut open to save the child
● Was a last resort; n o w a
common method
MEDICAL TOOLS

● B o n e forceps,
obstetrical hooks,
vaginal sp ecu lu m
CITY PLANNING

Grid cities
● Control traffic flow
● Make c o m m e r c e &
production more efficient
● Cardo - north-south
● Decumanus - east-west
ASTRONOMY
● Astrolabes were used to time sunrises
& sunsets; a n d to determine time of
fasting during Ramadan
● Length of a degree
● Longitude & latitude
● Relative speeds of sound & light
● Al-Biruni discussed the possibility of
earth’s rotation on its o w n axis
● Notable astronomers gathered to the
Maragha observatory in the 13th century
MATHEMATICS
● Sifr - zero
● Arabic Numerals
● Al-Khwarizmi - founder of algebra
MEDICINE

Al Razi
● Medical encyclopedist
● 1st to diagnose smallpox &
measles

Ibn Sina
● forerunner of psychometrics
● Believed s o m e illnesses were
psychosomatic
OPTICS
Ibn Al-Haitham
● “humans see objects by light
reflecting off of t h e m a n d entering
the eye”
● Camera obscura phenomenon -
the eye sees images upright d u e to
connection between optic nerve &
brain
COFFEE

● First brewed in Yemen in the 9th

century
● Helped Sufi Muslims stay u p late for
devotion
● Brought to Italy in 16th century
 TOOTHBRUSH

● Miswak - twig f r o m the arak tree

that can clean teeth & freshen the
breath
● Said to be popularized by the
prophet M o h a m m e d
FLYING CONTRAPTION

Ibn Firnas
● Constructed a flying machine
resembling a bird costume
● M a d e an attempt at a
controlled flight f r o m the side
of a m o u n tai n & went airborne
for several minutes
 GEOGRAPHY
● Al-Idrisi - produced very accurate
maps
● Al-Muqdishi - produced
accurate m a p s in color
COMPASS
● For religious use
● To see if house was in
perfect harmony with
nature
● If house was facing North,
you a nd nature would get
along
● O n e of the 4 great
inventions
GUNPOWDER
● Accidentally invented
w h e n attempting to
m a ke an elixir of life
● Mix of sulphur, saltpeter
a n d charcoal
● Lead to development of
cannons & fire arrows
● O n e of the 4 great
inventions
PAPER MAKING
● H e m p fiber & silk were
used at first b u t the
quality was not great
● Cai Lun invented paper
f r o m worn fishnet, bark
a n d cloth
● O n e of the 4 great
inventions
PRINTING
● Invented fixed-type
engraved printing
around 600 A D
● Bi Sheng invented
m o v i n g & reusable clay
type
● O n e of the 4 great
inventions
FIREWORKS

● Originally for shows

● Later used to scare enemies
during war
● Small b a m b o o cases filled with
gunpowder, with a fuse
MATHEMATICS

● Abacus - predecessor to
the calculator
● Zu Chongzi calculated Pi
until the 7th digit
● Liu Ju-Hsieh discovered
“Pascal’s” triangle
EARTHQUAKE WEATHERCOCK

● First seismograph
● Told w h e n a n d where an
earthquake would c o m e
FAN

● Mostly carried by w o m e n &

soldiers
● Silk wrapped around
b a m b o o spines in a
half-circle
SILK

● M a d e f r o m the cocoons
of silkworms
● Valuable export
● Lead to the
development of the Silk
Road, a route running
f r o m China to Europe
TEA
● Dates back 5000 yrs. ago
● Discovered by Emperor
Shen N u n g w h e n the wind
blew leaves into his water
● Used as medicinal drink
● Later also b e c a m e a social
drink
WHEELBARROW

● Used to carry heavy

loads
● N i c k n a m e d as “wooden
ox”
 SOURCES
● https://list25.com/25-indispensable-roman-contributions-to-the-worl
d/
● https://www.adc.org/arab-contributions-to-civilization/
● edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/01/29/muslim.inventions/index.
h tml
● travelchinaguide.com/intro/focus/inventions.htm
● https://www.crystalinks.com/chinascience.html
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkVsus8Ehxs&t=167s
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6Su3rBxea8&t=129s
The ModernAges
THE MODERN ERA INCLUDES
THE EARLY PERIOD, CALLED
THE EARLY MODERN
PERIOD, WHICH LASTED
FROM 1500-PRESENT.

2
Early M o d e r n
Period
It is a p e r i o d in t h e history o f Europe
beginning in about 1 3 0 0 – 1 6 0 0 ,
following t h e Medieval period. It is a
French w o r d meaning “rebirth”.
It was t h e e m e r g e n c e o f m o d e r n science during
t h e early m o d e r n period, w h e n d e b e lo p me n ts in
mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and
chemistry transformed societal views about
nature that unfolded in Europe b e t w e e n 1550-
1700.
FamousScientists during
theScientific Revolution
✓ Father o f M o d e r n A s t r o n o m y
✓ Father o f M o d e r n Physics
✓ Father o f M o d e r n Science
Heliocentric Theory
A heliocentric system is o n e in
which t h e planets r e v o l v e around
a fixed sun.
The Laws of Planetary Motion
1 . A l l planets m o v e about t h e sun in elliptical orbits.
2 . A radius v e c t o r joining any planet t o t h e sun
sweeps o u t equal areas in equal lengths o f time,
having t h e sun as t h e foci.
3. The squares o f t h e sidereal periods o f t h e planets
are directly proportional t o t h e cubes o f th e i r mean
distances f r o m t h e sun.
Laws of Motion
1. Law o f Inertia
2. Law o f A c c el e r at io n
3. Law o f Interaction
The Enlightenment was an intellectual
movement, d e v e l o p e d mainly in France,
Britain and Germany which advocated
freedom, democracy and reason as the
primary values o f society.
Mid M o d e r n
Period
It is a per iod in the history of Europe
beginning in about 1 3 0 0 – 1 6 0 0 , following
the Medieval period. It is a French w o r d
meaning “rebirth”.
It was a p e r i o d o f widespread social
activism and political r e f o r m across t h e
United States that spanned f r o m t h e
1890s t o t h e 1920s.
It is an era that includes t h e early 2 0 t h
century. It forms a late part o f t h e
Second Industrial Revolution.
Contemporary
Period
It is t h e state o r condition o f being
post m odern - after o r in reaction t o
that which is modern, as in p ostmodern
art.
It was a situation w h e r e defensive
technologies w e r e far superior t o
offensive ones.
It is t h e p e r i o d o f history following th e
detonation o f t h e first nuclear bomb,
Trinity, during W o r l d War II.
 SOME TEChnOLOGIES ThaT ShaPED WORLD WaR II

AIRPLANES SUBMARINES RADAR SONAR

ELECTRONIC ATOMIC BOMB

TANKS CODE-BREAKING WARFARE
 Space Age
A TIME PERIOD ENCOMPASSING
THE ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE
SPACE RACE, SPACE
EXPLORATION, SPACE
TECHNOLOGY, AND THE
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
INFLUENCED BY THESE EVENTS.
 It is characterized by t h e rapid shift f r o m
traditional industry that t h e Industrial
Revolution brought through
industrialization, t o an e c o n o m y based on
information technology.
 Scientific and
Technological
Advancementin the
Field ofMedicine
16 th Century

A c c u r a t e painting of
Syphilis First Microscope
t h e human anatomy
17th Century

Medical Microorganisms Bark f r o m Cinchona

Thermometer w e r e first observed Tree
18 th Century

Tracheotomy Microorganisms First ambulance

w e r e first observed
19 th Century

First Stethoscope Antiseptic Rubber Gloves

Surgery
19 th Century

X-ray Ophthalmoscope Clinical

Thermometer
19 th Century

Aspirin
20 t h Century

Antibiotics,
Artificial Kidney
Streptomycin, Iron Lung
Machine
Pemicillin
20 t h Century

First Laser CAT MRI

21 st Century

Bionic Eye Full Face Transplant Telesurgery

Engine Technology
Engine
It is a machine designed t o c o n v e r t
one form of energy into
mechanical energy.

It is a dev ic e which transforms the

chemical energy of a fuel into
thermal energy.

HeatEngine
TWO TYPES OF InTERnaL EnGInE
Internal Engine t h Century
18th Century 2 0
a. Gas Turbine a. Hybrid Vehicles
b. Rocket b. Electric Vehicles
c. Diesel/Gasoline

External Engine
Steam Engine
Mathematical and
Scientific
Equations
Numerical Calculations
a. Logarithm
b. Prime Numbers
Symbolic Logic
a. Venn Diagram
Algebra
a. Boolean Algebra
Invention o f Differential
and Integral Calculus

Cartesian Coordinate System

 Space
Explorationand
Discoveries
1705 : Discovery o f C o m e t
1781 : Discover o f Uranus
1 8 9 0 : Photograph o f Milky
Way Galaxy and Comets
1972 : Big Bang Theory
Others
 o STETHOSCOPE
o CAMERA
o MICROPHONE
o SEWING
MACHINE
o REFRIGERATOR
o TELEGRAPH o INTERNET
o TELESCOPE o SMART PHONE
o FAX MACHINE
o POCKET WATCH o ETC
o STAPLER

o MICROSCOPE o ROBOT
o BATTERY
o FLUSHING o MOBILE PHONE
o ADDING
TOILET o CD
MACHINE
o GPS
o BAROMETER
o SMS
o AIR PUMP
o TYPEWRITER
o COMPUTERS
GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society

Historical Antecedents of
Science and Technology
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

● Discuss the interactions between science and technology, and society throughout ancient times.
● Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment during
ancient times.
● Explain how Philippine scientific and technological inventions shaped and were shaped by various
social contexts
 GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society

Historical Antecedents of Science

and Technology in the World
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
SCIENCE
• SCIENCE is(knowledge from) the careful study of the structure and behavior of
the physical world, especially by watching, measuring, and doing experiments,
and the development of theories to describe the results of these activities

• SCIENTISTS (Natural Philosophers in the Ancient Time) formulate testable

explanations and predictions based on their observations
 TECHNOLOGY
• TECHNOLOGY is the application of scientific knowledge for practical
purposes, especially in industry. It is a scientific or industrial process,
invention, method, or the like.

• It is from Greek from tekhnē (art or craft) and -logia (study or

knowledge).

• ANTECEDENT is a thing or event that existed before or logically

precedes another
ANCIENT TIMES
 Mesopotamians
• Wheel
The wheel was used not for transportation but as
potter’s wheel and existed around 3500 BC.
The Wheel.Top 11 Inventions and Discoveries
ofMesopotamia.Source:https://www.ancienthis

• Chariot torylists.com/mesopotamia-history/top-11-
inventions-and-discoveries-of-mesopotamia/
It was originally based on two wheels which were
attached with an animal like a horse using wood and
ropes
Cuneiform fron ancient
Mesopotamia. Source:
https://topancienthistory.com/the-
mesopotamians-inventions/history/ • Cuneiform
The Sumerians developed the first form of writing called
“cuneiform” to maintain business records.
Scale model of a simple two-wheeled chariot
which was invented by the Sumerians in
Mesopotamia.
SSPL/Getty Images. Source
https://www.history.com/news/sumerians-
inventions-mesopotamia
 Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia was an ancient region located

in the eastern Mediterranean bounded in the
northeast by the Zagros Mountains and in
the southeast by the Arabian Plateau,
corresponding to today’s Iraq, mostly, but
also parts of modern-day Iran, Syria and
Turkey.
 Egyptians
• Aeolipile or steam engine
Hero of Alexandria as he was often known, was a
Greek born in 10AD in Alexandria, part of Egypt,
invented the Aeolipile or steam engine. It was used Papyrus.Source:https://www.museumfacts.co
.uk/20-great-inventions-of-ancient-egypt-
to automate opening of temple doors by lighting a that-changed-the-world/

fire on the altar.

• Papyrus Sheets
Papyrus sheets are the earliest paper-like material
An illustration of aeolipile, the earliest
recorded steam engine. Source:
https://www.museumfacts.co.uk/20-
great-inventions-of-ancient-egypt-
that-changed-the-world/
• Ox-drawn Plough
Using the power of oxen to pull the plough
revolutionized agriculture. The Ox-drawn Plough.
Source:https://discoveringegypt.com/ancient
-egyptian-inventions/
 Egyptians
• Ink
The black ink was the often used one for writing in hieroglyphs. This ink was
very black like carbon black and could not deteriorate when been applied
over the papyrus to write.
Black Ink. Source:

• Sunclock (sundial) https://topancienthistory.com/ancient-

egyptian-inventions/history
The Egyptians were so advanced that had the idea of calculating time as
early as the 3,500BC and they invented the sun clock (sundial). The sundial
made it possible to differentiate between and predict morning, afternoon
and night. The oldest surviving sun clock was found in the 2013 in the Valley
of the Kings.
Sunclock.

• Mummification Source:https://topancienthistory.com/anci
ent-egyptian-inventions/history/#sun-clock
The ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife, plenty gods and goddesses
which made to actually start the process of mummification (to preserve the
human body from decaying). They whole heartedly believed that when a
Pharaoh dies his life energy (ka) would move from his body to another realm
temporarily, so it was important to them to preserve the body from decaying
when the spirit returns. Mummification. Source:
https://topancienthistory.com/ancie
nt-egyptian-inventions/history
 Chinese
• Great Wall
This is one of the seven famous wonders of the world, representing a
series of fortifications made initially of stone, earth and later of bricks. It
Great Wall of China. The Most Important Inventions of
was erected in 221 BC with the goal of protecting the northern borders Ancient China. Source: http://www.infoniac.com/offbeat-
of the country from different nomadic groups that invaded the Chinese news/the-most-important-inventions-of-ancient-china.html

Empire

• Compass
Originally, it was used in fortune-telling and architecture until the
Chinese figured out it could be used for traveling

Compass. The Most Important Inventions of Ancient

China. Source: http://www.infoniac.com/offbeat-
news/the-most-important-inventions-of-ancient-
china.html
 Chinese
• Seismograph
Each of the dragons was facing downwards and had a small ball in its
mouth. In the case of an earthquake, the dragon facing the closest
direction would open its mouth releasing the ball into the mouth of Ancient Chinese seismograph.
Source:https://ninchanese.com/blog/2016/06/09/ancie
small bronze frog underneath. nt-chinese-inventions/

• Paper
Although the discovery of paper is linked to 105 AD, recent
archaeological discoveries suggest that it already existed in Ancient
China from around 100 BC. Back then, the paper was made from
mulberry tree bark but the creator later included hemp and fishnets
to strengthen it.

Earliest know extant paper fragment from the second

century BC. Source: https://historyofyesterday.com/the-
ancient-chinese-inventions-that-changed-the-world-
3f6523cd4fe5
 Chinese
• Gunpowder Ancient Chinese Compass. 10 Most Signiificant
Gunpowder was invented in the Tang dynasty in the ninth century by alchemists Ancient Chinese Inventions we Use Today. Source:
https://curiosmos.com/10-most-significant-ancient-
searching for an elixir of immortality. Gunpowder is a mixture of charcoal, saltpeter chinese-inventions-we-use-today/
and sulfur

• Mechanical Clock
The first mechanical clock in Europe was created around the beginning of the 13th
century. However, the first chinese mechanical clock was created in 725 by Yi Xing, a
Buddhist monk, astronomer, mathematician and mechanical engineer who lived
during the Tang Dynasty (from 618 to 907).. His clock worked by dripping water that
activated a wheel

Mechanical clock. The Most Important Inventions of

Ancient China. Source:
http://www.infoniac.com/offbeat-news/the-most-
important-inventions-of-ancient-china.html
Greek Natural Philosophers
Aristotle Pythagoras
(384 –322 BC) (570 – 495
BC)

Thales of Plato Ptolemy

Miletus (90 – 168 CE)
(427 – 347 BC)
(620 – 546 BC)
• The Greeks’ interest in field of science can be seen as far back as the
sixth century BC, and they have often been hailed as the fathers of
science, medicine, zoology, and many other areas.

• Their findings in the areas of astronomy, geography, and mathematics

made them pioneers in the field of science.
 Thales of Miletus
(620 – 546 BC)

Ernst Wallis/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain

Thales was a geometer, military engineer, astronomer, and logician. Probably

influenced by Babylonians and Egyptians, Thales discovered the solstice and
equinox and is credited with predicting a battle-stopping eclipse thought to
be on 8 May 585 B.C
 Anaximander of Miletus
(611 – 547 BC)

ISAW/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain

He invented the gnomon on the sundial (although some

say it came from the Babylonians), providing a way to
keep track of time. He also created a map of the known The gnomon is the triangular blade
in this sundial.
world. He was one of the first cartographers.
 Plato
(428-348 BCE)

Ancient alarm clock used by the Egyptians was made by a

greek engineer, physicist and mathematician Ctesibius (285–
222 BCE) who lived in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. Plato’s alarm clock. Ancient Greeks
Invented Alarm Clock. Source:
But, Plato (428–348 BCE), a greek philosopher constructed his https://www.ancientpages.com/2016/05/
06/ancient-greeks-invented-alarm-clocks/
own version of an alarm clock with vessels much ahead of
Ctesibius.
Aristotle (of Stagira)
(384-– 322 BCe)

• Aristotle decided the Earth must be a

globe. The concept of a sphere for the
Earth appears in Plato's Phaedo, but
Aristotle elaborates and estimates the
size.

• Aristotle classified animals and is the

father of zoology.
 Claudius Ptolemy
of Alexandria
(90– 168 CE)

Claudius Ptolemy. Source: https://www.famousscientists.org/claudius-ptolemy/

• Ptolemy founded the Ptolemaic System of geocentric astronomy, which held

for 1,400 years. He drew maps with latitude and longitude and developed
the science of optics.
 MIDDLE AGE INVENTIONS
1. MECHANICAL CLOCK
Timekeeping devices have
emerged since the ancient world, but it
was not until the Middle Ages that the
technology was invented that allowed for
mechanical clocks to accurately keep
track of time. The knowledge of not only
what hour it was, but even what minute
and second it was, would change the way
people scheduled their days and work
patterns, especially in urban areas.
 MIDDLE AGE
INVENTIONS
2. PRINTING PRESS

While printing technology had been developed

in 11th century China, it was the 15th century
German Johannes Gutenberg and his printing
press that started a new era of the mass
production of books. Until the rise of
computers in the 20th century, books and the
printed word would remain the dominant
form of media for the world’s knowledge.

Gutenberg’s Printing Press. Source: http://vrworld.com/2014/08/17/week-

history-gutenbergs-bible/
MIDDLE AGE
INVENTIONS
3. EYEGLASSES

Although we are not sure who can

be credited with the invention of
eyeglasses, this device could be found in
Western Europe the latter years of the
13th century. Its ability to correct vision
problems makes it a much it one of the
most useful medieval inventions and a
great benefit to hundreds of millions of
people today.
 MIDDLE AGE
INVENTIONS
4. WATER AND WINDMILLS

While mills were in used from

antiquity, it would be in the Early Middle
Ages that they became very popular.
Throughout the medieval period, new and
ingenious forms of mills were invented,
which allowed people to harness the
energy from natural forces like rivers and
wind, a process that continues to the
present-day.
Watermill. Source: https://inteng-
storage.s3.amazonaws.com/images/sizes/Mechanical_engineering_tidal_mill_112_resize_md.jpg
 MIDDLE AGE
INVENTIONS
4. SPINNING WHEEL

Spinning Wheels may have their

origin in India sometime between the 5th
and 10th Century AD. There is evidence
they were in use in China at about 1000
AD. They reached Europe via the Middle
East, by around 1400. The spinning wheel
replaced the earlier method of hand
spinning, in which the individual fibers
were drawn out of a mass of wool held on
a stick, or distaff, twisted together to form
a continuous strand, and then wound on a Spinning Wheel. Source: https://inteng-
storage.s3.amazonaws.com/images/NOVEMBER/sizes/inventions_of_the_middle_ages_spinning_wh
second stick. eels_resize_md.jpg
 BLACK DEATH
• The mass disruption to medieval society
caused by the plague set the progress of
science and discovery back, and the
knowledge would not reemerge until the
Renaissance.

• About 35% of the English population died due

to the Black Death. The devastation was so
severe that you might have found entire ghost
towns in the English countryside where the
whole town was killed by the plague.

Black Death. Source: https://www.factinate.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/could-

anthrax-have-caused-the-black-death.jpg
 Renaissance
THE ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS THAT LED TO A “REBIRTH”
IN TECHNOLOGY
Leonardo daVinci
• Inventions
Siege Defenses
War Scythe
Multi-Barrel Gun
Ornithopter
Tank
Helicopter
Airplane Wing
 Nicholas Copernicus
• Arts, Law, Medicine, Astronomy
• Heliocentric Universe
 Galileo Galilei
• Physics
Isochronous Motion
Parabolic Motion
Inertia (Newton)
• Thermometer
• Telescope
Moon, Jupiter, Saturn, Milky Way
 Scientific Revolution
THE ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS THAT LAID THE SCIENTIFIC
PRINCIPLES OF TODAY
 Christian Huygens
• Pendulum Clock
John Harrison
• Regulating Spiral (1675)
• Theory of Light
 Isaac Newton
• Principia (3 books)
Modern Mechanics
Celestial Mechanics
Laws of the Universe
 Johannes Gutenburg

• Moveable Type
• Latin Bible
Industrial Revolution
THE ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS THAT POWERED THE
WORLD THROUGH THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution marked a period of development in
the latter half of the 18th century that transformed largely
rural, agrarian societies in Europe and America into
industrialized, urban ones.
Industrial Age: A Brief
● The American Industrial Revolution commonly referred to as the second
Industrial Revolution, started sometime between 1820 and 1870.
● The Industrial Revolution led to inventions that included the telephone,
the sewing machine, X-ray, lightbulb, and the combustible engine.
● The increase in the number of factories and migration to the cities led to
pollution, deplorable working and living conditions, as well as child labor.
Steam Engine, 1712
Thomas Newcomen invents the first
steam engine. It is not very useful yet,
but the idea of using steam to make
machines go will be important to the
Industrial Revolution.
Spinning Jenny, 1764
James Hargreaves, a British carpenter
and weaver, invents the spinning jenny.
The machine spins more than one ball
of yarn or thread at a time, making it
easier and faster to make cloth.
Cotton Gin, 1794
Eli Whitney creates a machine that
makes it much easier to separate cotton
seeds from cotton fiber. It greatly
reduces the time it takes to clean cotton
and helps the southern states make
more money from cotton crops.
Telegraph, 1844
Samuel Morse invents the telegraph,
which allows messages to be sent
quickly over a wire. By 1860, telegraph
wires stretch from the east coast of the
United States west of the Mississippi
River.
Sewing Machine, 1846
At a time when people had to make
their own clothes at home or pay
someone else to sew them by hand,
Elias Howe invents the sewing
machine. Now clothes can be made in
large factories.
Safety Break, 1853
Elevators were already invented by
1853, but people worried about elevator
cars falling. Elisha Otis invents a safety
break to prevent them from falling if a
cable breaks, making people feel more
confident about using elevators in tall
buildings.
Dynamite, 1866
Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, which is
a safer way to blast holes in mountains
or the ground than simply lighting black
powder. Dynamite is important in
clearing paths to build things such as
roads and railroad tracks.
Vaccine, 1870
A chemist named Louis Pasteur
believed that germs caused disease.
Using this information, he created
vaccines that helped prevent many
common diseases, which helped
people live longer.
Telephone, 1876
He may not have invented the
telephone, but Alexander Graham Bell
was the first to get a patent for it. Being
able to speak to people over a
telephone wire greatly changes the way
the world communicates.
Light Bulb, 1879
Not the first man to create a light bulb,
Thomas Edison created a light bulb
that lasted longer than other designs
and showed it off by lighting a lamp.
Edison's light bulbs allow people to do
many things at night, such as work, that
used to only happen during the day.
 Modern Era
THE ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS THAT PAVED THE WAY
INTO THE FUTURE
 Rockets to Space

• Robert Goddard
⬗ Liquid-Fueled (1929)
• Werner vonBraun
⬗ V1, V2, V5, Saturn 5
 Albert Einstein

● Special Theory (1905)

● General Theory
● Quantum Theory
● Big Bang Theory
• Curved, Finite Space
● Atomic Bomb
• Responsibility of Science
The Manhattan Project
 The Manhattan Project

• Oppenheimer
• Fermi, Berthe, Teller
• Four Sites
• Project Trinity
⬗ Los Alamos
⬗ Ground Zero - Alamagordo
• Fat Man & Little Boy
• Treason
The Computer Pioneers

• Charles Babbage
• Hollerith & Watson
• Enigma & Colossus
• John vonNeuman
• Ekert & Mockley
• Shockley, Bardeen &Brattain
• Jack Kilby
• Jobs & Wozniak
• Gates & Allen
Thomas A. Edison

“Invention is
1% Inspiration and
99% Perspiration”
 GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society

History of Science and

Technology in the Philippines
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
STONE AGE

• Archeological findings show that

modern man from Asian mainland
first came over land on across narrow
channels to live in Batangas and
Palawan about 48,000 B.C.

• Subsequently they formed settlement

in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar,
Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal,
Bulacan and Cagayan.
• They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later developed
method of sawing and polishing stones around 40,000 B.C.

• By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes, ornaments of seashells and
pottery.

• Pottery flourished for the next 2,000 years until they imported Chinese
porcelain.

• Soon they learned to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold metal tools and
ornaments.
IRON AGE
• During Iron Age, Filipinos were engaged in
extraction, smelting and refining of iron from
ores, until the importation of cast iron from
Sarawak and later from China.
Industry/Agriculture

• By the first century AD, Filipinos were weaving

cotton, smelting iron, making pottery and glass
ornaments, and cultivated lowland rice fields with
dikes and terraced fields with spring water in
mountain regions.

• They had also learned how to build boats for

trading purposes. Spanish chronicles noted refined
plank-built warships called caracoa suited for
interisland trade raids.
Trading

• By the 10th century, Filipinos from the Butuan were trading

with Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma-i (Mindoro) with
China as noted in Chinese records containing several
references to the Philippines.

• The People of Ma-i and San-Hsu (group of Palawan and

Calamian Islands) traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut
heart mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie
cloth for porcelain, lead fishnets sinker, colored glass beads,
iron pots, iron needles and tin.

• Filipinos also traded with Borneo, Malacca and parts of Malay

peninsula
• By the time the Spaniards came, they found
autonomous communities (barangay) .
• Filipinos were already engaged in activities
and practices related to science forming
primitive or first wave technology. They
were curative values of some plant on how to
extract medicine from herbs.
• They had an alphabet, a system of writing, a
method of counting and weights and
measure. They had no calendar but counted
the years by the period of the moon and from
one harvest to another.
• Filipinos had learned to make and use artillery.
• They were growing rice, vegetables and cotton; raising swine,
goats and fowls; weaving cloth and producing beeswax and honey
• They wore colorful clothes, made their own gold jewelry and even
filled their teeth with gold
• Their houses were made of wood and bamboo
• The beginning of modern science and technology in
the Philippines
• Spaniards established schools, hospitals and started
scientific research, greatly shaped by the role of
religious orders though
• University of Santo Thomas remained as the highest
institution of learning
• In 1887, the Laboratory Municipal de Ciudad de
Ciudad de Manila was created
• Leon Ma. Guerrero, father of botany in the country
and one the first licensed pharmacist
• Manila prospered due to Galleon trade
• Only shipbuilding industry prospered. Shipbuilding
was entirely in the hands of the natives.
• Mining, handicrafts and other industries declined.
• Manila was opened to Asian shipping in 1789, then
eventually to world trade in 1829.
• Production of sugar and hemp was accelerated and
modernized.
• Imports of manufactured also rose
• Waterworks system, steam tramways, electric lights, newspaper and banking
system were introduced in Manila
• Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits
who founded the Manila Observatory in 1865.
• Fr. Federico Faura to issue the first public
typhoon warning
• In 1901, the Observatory was made a central
station of the Philippine Weather Bureau
• Manila prospered but countryside remained
underdeveloped and poor
• The expansion of the agricultural production
for export exacerbated existing socio
economic inequality and introduced private
ownership of land.
• There was an increase of concentration of
wealth to landowners, Spaniards, Chinese
mestizos, and native Principalia
● Science and technology in the Philippines advanced
rapidly during the American regime

● The Americans introduced a system of secularized

public-school education

● Primary education was free, with English as the

medium of instruction.

● It was followed by the setting up of a Philippine

Normal School to train Filipino teachers.

● Secondary school were opened afterward

The University of the Philippines was created on 18 June 1908 by
Act of the Philippine Legislature.
College of Agriculture in Los Baños, Laguna in 1909,
Colleges of Liberal Arts, College of Engineering and Veterinary
Medicine in 1910
College of Law in 1911.
School of Forestry and Conservatory of Music in 1916
College of Education in 1918

Most of the teachers were Americans and foreigners, except in the

college of Medicine.

Young men and women were encouraged to get a higher professional

education in American colleges
• In 1901, the Bureau of Government
Laboratories was created and later named
Bureau of Science

• It pioneered research on diseases such as

leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, dengue fever,
malaria and beri-beri.

• Studies on the commercial value of tropical

products, tests on minerals and roadbuilding
materials, the nutritional value of foods were
done here.
• From 1906, the Bureau of
Science published the
Philippine Journal of Science
which reported not only work
done in local laboratories but
also scientific developments
abroad which had relevance to
Philippine problems
The Philippines became an Asian leader in
transportation and communication.

Railroads were developed in Luzon, Cebu

and Panay.

More ports and shipping were opened up.

Pier 7 in Manila was the largest port in
Asia.
• Philippine economic development was
determined by free trade relations

• As a result, the Philippine economy became

tied to that of the United States, remaining
primarily an exporter of agricultural crops
and raw materials and an importer of
American manufactured goods.

• The Philippines entered Industrial age (mass

production)
Offices were organized for the growth of scientific research
Weather Bureau (1901)
Board (later Bureau) of Health (1898)
Bureau of Mines (1900)
Bureau of Forestry (1900)
Bureau of Agriculture (1901)
Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey (1905)
Bureau of Plant Industry (1929)
Bureau of Animal Industry (1929)
National Research Council of the Philippine Islands (NRCP)
The creation of these science agencies showed increasing concern and support for
the development of science and technology.

The Philippine Inventors Commission (1964)

Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964)
Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967)
Forest Products Research and Industries Development
Commission (1969)
Metals Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Philippine Science High School (PSHS)
Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research
(PCARR).
The Commonwealth government worked towards the development of economic self reliance but
failed due to foreign trade and tariff policies that were controlled by the American government

Public school system (basic education) expanded and private schools (higher education)
were reorganized.

The National Development Company was mandated to undertake the development of

successful researches of government science agencies, such as the Bureau of Science,
Bureau of Animal Industry and Bureau of Plant Industry.

The occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese during the war brought educational
and scientific activities to a halt.
TopAncientHistory. Top Inventions of Ancient Egyptian civilization, 2018. Retrieved from
https://topancienthistory.com/ancient-egyptian-inventions/history/

TopAncientHistory. Top Inventions of Ancient Egyptian civilization, 2018. Retrieved from

https://topancienthistory.com/the-mesopotamians-inventions/history/

JohnBlack, The ancient inventionof the steam engine by the Hero of Alexandria, March 21, 2014. Retrieved from
https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-technology/ancient-invention-steam-engine-hero-alexandria-001467

Vladislav Tchakarov, 10 Most Signiificant Ancient Chinese Inventions we Use Today. Aug. 25, 2020. Retrieved from
https://curiosmos.com/10-most-significant-ancient-chinese-inventions-we-use-today/

Ng, Esther K.H. The Ancient Chinese Inventions that Changed the World. Jan 2, 2021. Retrieved from
https://historyofyesterday.com/the-ancient-chinese-inventions-that-changed-the-world-3f6523cd4fe5
Gill, N.S. "Inventions and Discoveries of Ancient Greek Scientists." ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021,
thoughtco.com/ancient-greek-scientists-inventions-and-discoveries-120966.

Lloyd, Ellen, Ancient Greeks Invented Alarm Clock. May 6, 2016, AncientPages.com. Source:
https://www.ancientpages.com/2016/05/06/ancient-greeks-invented-alarm-clocks/

Caoli. (1986) History of Science and Technology of the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://dokumen.tips/reader/f/47b-history-of-science-and-technology-in-the-philippines

Phillippine Daily Inquirer. Did you know: Leon Ma. Guerrero. Jan. 24, 2013. Retrieved from
ttps://newsinfo.inquirer.net/345945/did-you-know-leon-ma-guerrero
 GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

● Identify the paradigm shifts in history.

● Articulate ways how scientific revolutions transformed the society.
 GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society

Copernican, Darwinian, and

Freudian
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

● Identify the Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian paradigms shift in history.

● Articulate ways how Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian revolutions transformed the society.
GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society

Meso-American, Asian,
Middle Eastern, African
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

● Identify the Meso-American, Asian, Middle Eastern, and African paradigms shift in history.
● Articulate ways how Meso-American, Asian, Middle Eastern, and African civilizations transformed the
society.
https://www.slideshare.net/WinRigor1/carol-intellectual-revolution-that-defined-
society-asian

https://www.slideshare.net/WinRigor1/innah-intellectualrevolutionsthatdefinedsociety-1

https://www.slideshare.net/rey_john_rey/intellectual-revolutions-that-defined-
society?from_action=save

https://www.slideshare.net/donnaruthtalo/lesson-2-intellectual-revolutions-that-
defined-society
 GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society

Science and Technology for

Nation-building
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

● Discuss history of science and technology education in the Philippines

● Identify the challenges faced by the Philippine science education system.
● Discuss the major research and development breakthroughs in the Philippines.
● Discuss the role of science and technology to nation-building.