ART, ELEMENTS AND THE PRINCIPLES OF 4.

Egg Tempera – In this method, the pigment is

DESIGN mixed with egg yolk or both the yolk and white
of an egg. It is thinned with water and applied to
The Artist and the Artisan
a gesso ground (plaster mixed with a binding) on
 An artist is a person who performs any of the a panel.
creative arts. This can range from painting to 1. Cimabue (14th Century)
music. 2. Duccio (14th Century)
 An artisan, on the other hand, is a skilled 3. Andrew Wyeth (20thCentury)
worker who makes things by hand. 5. Mosaic – the design is created by small pieces
 The key difference is that while the product or of colored glass, stone, or ceramic (called
output of an artisan has a clear functional value, Tesserae), embedded in wet mortar which has
this may not be the cased for an artist. been spread over the surface to be decorated.
6. Oil paint – prior to 15ht century oil paints were
Medium and Techniques of Artist thick and hard to control, so they were initially
- A medium is the material used by an artist to used only for utilitarian purposes.
express his/her feelings or thoughts.  The Van Eyck brothers were credited
 When an artist chooses a particular medium, with perfecting the technique of oil
he believes that his choice can best express painting, which they initially attempted
the idea he wants to convey. to keep secret.
 At times, an artist employs more than one  The earliest technique of oil painting
medium to give meaning to his creative involved building up layers of colors,
production. moving from darker to lighter values.
 Jan van Eyck (15th c.), Hans Holbein
The medium of arts is classified into the visual arts the younger (16th c.), Bougueraeu (19th
and the auditory arts, or both. c.), and Salvador Dali (20th c.).
 Other artist came to discover that
Visual arts are those whose mediums that can be seen
because of its slow drying, oil paints
and which occupy a space.
could actually be re-worked on the
Visual arts are grouped into two classes: surface to blend colors, and when
applied thickly, with a larger brush or
1. The dimensional art or two-dimensional arts palette knife, could also add real surface
(2D) texture to the image.
2. The three-dimensional arts (3D)  Salvador Dali – The Persistence of
Auditory Arts are those whose mediums can be heard Memory
and which are expressed in time.  Sunday Drive 24×18 by Bill Inman
 Artists who worked in this way include:
Music – the art of arranging sounds in time so as to 1. Rembrandt (17th c.)
produce a continuous, unified and evocative 2. Monet (19th c.)
composition, as through melody, harmony, rhythm, and 3. Cezanne(19th c.)
timbre. 4. William de
5. kooning (20th c.)
3. Both visual and auditory are those whose mediums
7. Water Color – powdered pigments are mixed
can be seen and heard and which exist in both space and
with gum-Arabic or a similar substance that will
time.
help them adhere to a surface. The artist then
 Technique is the manner in which the artist mixes them with water and applies them to a
controls his medium to achieve the desired effect ground, usually paper, with a soft brush.
and the ability which he fulfills the technical  Bahay Kubo by Anna Baker
requirements of his particular work of art.  Albrecht Durer (16th c.)
 A musician’s technique is his ability to make  John Marin (20th c.)
music sound the way he wants it. 8. Acrylic – acrylics are artificial compounds
developed in the twentieth century. These paints
Techniques Related to Paintings can create most of the effects accomplished in
1. Encaustic – the medium for the powdered color oils, and have the advantage of not requiring the
is hot wax which is painted onto a wood surface use of turpentine, which is toxic.
with a brush.  Portrait of a Lady by Fernando
2. Fresco Secco – In the dry plaster or “fresco Amorsolo
secco” technique, pigments are usually mixed 9. Collage – The word “collage” comes from the
with water, although other substances might also French verb “coller” meaning “to paste”. In this
use. The paint is then applied to a dry plaster technique photographs, news clippings or other
wall which has been wetted down with water. objects are pasted on the painting surface and
 Pastel Fresco Secco - Lesson Plan maybe combines with painted areas.
3. Fresco – this is also known as “Buon Fresco” or  Guernica by Picasso
True Fresco, which entails painting on freshly  The cuttings and objects may be selected
spread, moist plaster. for their associative or representative
 Alchemy of Art: Fresco values, or for the formal and textural
qualities of the result. Other artists
 using this technique include Braque,  An award that acknowledges folk and
Max Ernst and Kurt Schwitters. indigenous artists who, despite the
10. Drawing – the materials and methods of modern times, remain true to their
drawing are the most basic tools of the artist and traditions. It is administered by the
the designer. Work that is intended to be National Commission for Culture and
executed in almost any material – paint, stone, the Arts (NCCA) through Gawad sa
steel, or fabric- may first be envisioned in a Manlilikha ng Bayan Committee.
drawing.  GAMABA began as a project of the
 Michelangelo, “The Dream of Human Philippine Rotary Club Makati-Ayala.
Life,” c. 1500s This award aims to support and motivate
 Leonardo da Vinci, “Vitruvian Man,” these artists to preserve their artistic
c.1492 heritage for the present and future
 Characteristics of drawing that make generations. These artists are also
it attractive to the artist: recognized as the country’s National
1. Drawing materials are very Living Treasures.
portable.
Hereunder are some of the GUMABA awardees and
2. Immediacy and its intimate
their work of art:
quality
3. Economical way to capture idea 1. Darhata Sawabi – a Tausug weaver of Pis
11. Printmaking – a print is anything printed on a Syabit, the traditional cloth tapestry worn as a
surface that is a direct result from the head cover.
duplication process. Advantage of printmaking 2. Eduardo Mutuc – An artist from Apalit,
is the process of making copies of the original Pampanga who has dedicated his life to creating
drawing. religious and secular art in silver, bronze and
 The Five Major Types of Prints wood.
1. Relief –made by removing 3. Haja Amina Appi – recognized as master mat
material from the matrix, the weaver among the Sama indigenous community
surface the image has been for her unique designs, straightness of her
carved into, which is often edging (Tabig), and fineness of her sasa and
wood, linoleum, or metal. kima-kima.
4. Alonzo Saclag – a Kalinga master of dance and
Letterpress is a relief printing the performing arts who mastered not only the
process that transfers ink to Kalinga musical instruments, but also her dance
paper but also indents an patterns and movements associated with her
impression into the surface of peoples’ ritual.
the paper, creating a texture to 5. Federico Caballero – a Sulod Bukidnon epic
the print that is often considered chanter from Kalinog, Iloilo who ceaselessly
a sign of high quality. works for the documentation of the oral
2. Intaglio prints – they are made literature, and particularly the epics of his
when a design is scratched into people.
a matrix, usually a metal plate. 6. Uwang Ahadas – a Yakan musician who is a
Ink is wiped across the surface, master of the kwintangan, kayu, and tuntungan
and collects in the scratches. instruments.
Intaglio prints may also include 7. Lang Dulay – T’boli traditional weaver of
texture. T’nalak or T’boli cloth made of colorful abaca
3. Stencil prints – they are made fabrics.
by passing inks through a 8. Salinta Monon – a Tagbanua Bagobo
porous fine mesh matrix. traditional weaver of distinct abaca fabrics called
4. Woodcut – this kind of inabal.
technique of printing designs 9. Ginaw Bilog – is a Hanunuo Mangyan poet who
from planks of wood incised is considered as a master of ambahan poetry.
parallel to the vertical axis of 10. Masino Intaray – a prolific and pre-eminent
the wood’s grain. It is one of the epic chanter and story-teller recognized for his
oldest methods of making outstanding mastery of various traditional
prints. musical instruments of the Palawan people such
5. Engraving – the design is cut as basal, kulilal, and bagil.
into metal with a graver or
burin. The burin is a steel rod Performance Art
with a square or lozenge-shaped  Performance art is an interdisciplinary art
section and a slightly bent from that brings together elements of time,
shank. After the engraving is bodies, and audiences. The performance can
finished, the slight burr raised be live or via media; the performer can be
by the graver is cleaned off with present or absent.
a scraper.  The performing arts refer to the forms of art
The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Award where an artist uses his own face, body and
(GAMABA) presence.
Major Types of Performing Arts
1. Music
 is a form of art whose medium is silence and
sound.
 It was derived from the Greekword
“mousike’ which meansthe art of the muses.
 The common elements of music include
rhythm, pitch, dynamics, timbre and texture.
 8 elements of music
1. Dynamics
2. Form
3. Harmony
4. Melody
5. Rhythm
6. Texture
7. Timbre
8. Tonality

2. Opera
 Is a form of performing arts wherein
musicians and singers perform a dramatic
work that combines text, which is called the
libretto and musical score
 Popular part of Western classical music
tradition.
 Incorporates a lot of elements of spoken
theatre, including scenery, acting, costume
and sometimes dance.
 Usually done in Opera house.
 Originated in Italy in the 16th century.

3. Dance
 is a form of performing arts that refers to the
art of moving the body rhythmically and
usually in accordance to music.
 It is used as a form of social interaction and
expression, or its is commonly presented in
a performance or spiritual setting.
 Each type of dance does not only involve the
usage of the human body kinetics and
flexibility but also physics.
4. Drama
 Refers to a mode of fiction represented in a
performance.
 The word “drama” originated form the
Greek word “drao” which means action.
 Usually enacted by actors on a stage for an
audience.
 “Oedipus the King” Sophocles and
“Hamlet” William
 Shakespeare Spoken word is often used as
an entertainment or musical term, referring
to works that are intended to be performed
by a single person who will speak by
himself naturally.
 Spoken word performances are consisted of
poetry, storytelling or speeches.
 Other form of performing arts are circus
performance, magic, musical and other that
involve the use of an artist’s face and body.
TRANSCREACTION
A term used chiefly by advertising and marketing
professionals to refer to the process of adapting a
message from one language to another, while
maintaining its intent, style, tone and context.