ART, ELEMENTS, AND

THE PRINCIPLES OF
DESIGN
ARTIST- the person with the talent and the skills to
make creative works.
Their art works can take many forms and fit into
numerous categories such as:
architecture, ceramics, digital arts,
drawings, mixed media, paintings,
photographs, prints, sculpture,
and textiles

- dedicated only to the creative side, making

visually pleasing work only for the enjoyment and
appreciation of the viewer but with no functional value. 2
ARTISAN - a manual worker who makes items with
his/her hands and through skill, experience, and talent can
create things of great beauty as well being functional

An artisan/craftsperson may produce decorative or

utilitarian arts; such as quilts or baskets. Often an artisan is
a skilled worker, but not an inventor of the original idea or
form.

An artisan or craftsperson can also be someone who

creates his/her own designs, but does not work in art forms
or with materials traditionally associated with the so-called
fine arts such as painting and sculpture. 3
Medium and Techniques of

Artist Medium

- - a material used by an artist to express his/her feelings or

-

- thoughts.
- oftentimes, the matter of selecting the medium depends
entirely on the artist himself.
Visual Arts - are those whose mediums that can be seen
and which occupy space.
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- Visual Arts are grouped into two classes:
• The dimensional art or two-dimensional arts
(2D) which include painting, drawing, printmaking,
and photography;
• The three-dimensional arts (3D) which include
sculpture, architecture, landscape, industrial
designs and crafts like furniture.

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- AUDITORY ARTS – arts whose mediums can be
heard and expressed in time.

MUSIC - the art of arranging sounds in time so as

to produce a continuous, unified and evocative
composition, as through melody, harmony, rhythm,
and timbre.
It maybe vocal or instrumental, possessing a
degree of melody, harmony, or rhythm.

Both visual and auditory are those whose mediums

can be both seen and heard and which exist in both
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space and time.
Technique
- is the manner the artist controls his medium to achieve
the desired effect and the ability which he fulfills the
technical requirements of his particular work of art.

- Techniques Related to Paintings

- 1. Encaustic — The medium for the powdered color is
hot wax which is painted onto a wood surface with a
brush.

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2. Fresco Secco — In the dry plaster or "fresco secco"
technique, pigments are usually mixed with water, although
other substances might also be used. The paint is then
applied to a dry plaster wall which has been wetted down
with water.
The colors have a harder and more brilliant appearance and
tend to be lighter in value than those in true fresco.

Advantages of the technique are that the painting can be

done more slowly and carefully, and changes can be made
simply by over-painting, since colors are opaque. Example is
the Egyptian mural.
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3. Fresco — is known as "Buon Fresco" or True Fresco entails
painting on freshly spread moist plaster.
The first, layers of plaster are applied to the surface.
While the first layer is wet, the final layer is applied ‘
The colors are earth pigments and mixed with water.
The paint must be painted on wet plaster and the amount of
plaster at one time is limited to what can be painted at one
sitting.
Often lines can be seen in frescos around an area.
The painting must be done rapidly and without mistakes.
This technique was perfected in Renaissance Italy. Examples
include Roman wall paintings at Pompeii, 1st century A.D;
Giotto's Arena Chapel at Padua, 14th Century; Michelangelo's
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 Egg Tempera —The pigment is mixed with egg yolk or both
the yolk and white of an egg. It is thinned with water and
applied to a gesso ground (plaster mixed with a binding) on a
panel.

This type of painting dries very quickly and produces an

opaque, matte surface. The colors tend to dry to a lighter
value than they appear when wet. The colors produced are
bright and saturated. Modeling is achieved by hatching. Egg
tempera was used for panel painting until the 15th century.
Examples of artists who worked in egg tempera include
Cimabue (14th Century); Duccio (14th Century);
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Mosaic — The design is created by small pieces of
colored glass, stone, or ceramic (called Tesserae),
embedded in wet mortar which has been spread over the
surface to be decorated.
This was often used to decorate walls, floors, and ceilings.
example : The Byzantine Mosaic.

Oil Paint —Oil paints are thick and hard to control, so they
were initially used only for utilitarian purposes.

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6. Oil Paint — Prior to the 15th century oil paints were
thick and hard to control, so they were initially used
only for utilitarian purposes.
7. Water Color — Powdered pigments are mixed with
gum-arabic or a similar substance that will help them
adhere to a surface.
The artist mixes them with water and applies them to
a ground, usually paper, with a soft brush. The final
effect is that of translucent washes of color. This
method was the most important method of painting
in China and Japan from an early date, but did not
become popular with European artists until after the
16th century 12
.
8 Acrylic ¬— Acrylics are artificial compounds developed
in. the twentieth century. The binder used includes
water, and the paints can be thinned with water,
but once the paints dry, they have a glossy,
permanent surface that resembles the surface
created by oils. These paints can create most of
the effects accomplished in oils, and have the
advantage of not requiring the use of turpentine,
which is toxic. The major disadvantage of
acrylics is that agent is mixed into the paint, it
will dry much more quickly.. However, many
modern artists do choose acrylics.
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9. Collage — the word "collage" comes from the
French verb "coller," meaning "to paste." In this
technique photographs, news clippings or other
objects are pasted on the painting surface and may
be combined with painted areas. The cuttings and
objects may be selected for their associative or
representational values, or for the formal and textural
qualities of the result. This technique was first
accepted as a legitimate medium that could augment
or be substituted for painting in fine arts in this
century. One of the first examples was executed by
Pablo Picasso. 14
1. Drawing — The materials and methods of drawing are the
most basic tools of the artist and the designer. Work that is
intended to be executed in almost any material-- paint, stone,
steel, or fabric be envisioned in a drawing. However, this basic
character of drawing skills may tend to trivialize what can be a
highly developed art in its own right.
2. Printmaking — A print is anything printed on a surface that
is a direct result from the duplication process. Ordinarily,
painting or graphic image done in black ink on white appear
and becomes the artist's plate. Advantage of printmaking is
the process of making copies of the original drawing.

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Assignment 2-18
Collage
INDIVIDUAL – BSA -1A – MAKE A OLLAGE – DAT E OF SUBMISSION : FEB.
27,2025

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The Five Major Types of Prints are:
1. Relief — Relief prints are made by removing material from
the matrix, the surface the image has been carved into,
which is often wood, linoleum, or metal.
2. The remaining surface is covered with ink or pigment, and
then paper is pressed onto the surface, picking up the ink.
3. Intaglio prints — They are made when a design is
scratched into a matrix, usually a metal plate. Ink is wiped
across the surface, and collects in the scratches. Excess ink
is wiped off and paper is pressed onto the plate, p11.3
Stencil prints — They are made by passing inks through a
porous fine mesh matrix.
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11.4 Woodcuts — This kind of technique of printing designs from
planks of wood incised parallel to the vertical axis of the wood's
grain. It is one of the oldest methods of making prints from a relief
surface, having been used in China to decorate textiles since the 5th
century. In Europe, printing from wood blocks on textiles was known
from the early 14th century, but it had its little development until
paper begun to be manufactured in France and Germany at the end
of the 14th century.

11.5. Engraving — the design is cut into metal with a graver or burin.
The burin is a steel rod with a square or lozenge- shaped section and
a slightly bent shank. The cutting is accomplished by pushing the
burin into the metal plate. The deeper it penetrates into the metal,
the wider the line; variations in depth create the swelling tapering
character of the engraved line 18
EXAMPLE OF
MOSAICDESIGNED
FROM LINE ART

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Water Color — Powdered pigments are mixed with
gum-arabic or a similar substance that will help them adhere to
a surface.
The artist mixes them with water and applies to a ground, or
paper, with a soft brush.

Acrylic - are artificial compounds developed in. the twentieth

century. The binder used includes water, and the paints can be
thinned with water, but once the paints dry, they have a glossy,
permanent surface that resembles the surface created by oils.
These paints can create most of the effects accomplished in
oils, The advantage of not requiring the use of turpentine,
which is toxic. 24
The major disadvantage of acrylics is that unless a retarding
agent is mixed into the paint, it will dry much more quickly. Since
many artists prefer to be able to re-work the colors, many prefer
oils to acrylics. However, many modern artists do choose acrylics.

Collage — the word "collage" comes from the French verb

"coller," meaning "to paste." In this technique photographs, news
clippings or other objects are pasted on the painting surface and
may be combined with painted areas.

Drawing — The materials and methods of drawing are the most

basic tools of the artist and the designer. Work that is intended to
be executed in almost any material-- paint, stone, steel, or fabric
— may first be envisioned in a drawing 25
1. Printmaking — A print is anything printed on a surface
that is a direct result from the duplication process.
Ordinarily, painting or graphic image done in black ink on
white appear and becomes the artist's plate. Advantage of
printmaking is the process of making copies of the
original drawing.

TYPES OF PRINT
Relief — Relief prints are made by removing material from
the matrix, the surface the image has been carved into, which
is often wood, linoleum, or metal.
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.1 2 Intaglio prints — They are made when a design is
scratched into a matrix, usually a metal plate. Ink is wiped
across the surface, and collects in the scratches.

3 Stencil prints — They are made by passing inks through a

porous fine mesh matrix.

4 Woodcuts — This kind of technique of printing designs

from planks of wood incised parallel to the vertical axis of
the wood's grain. It is one of the oldest methods of making
prints from a relief surface, having been used in China to
decorate textiles since the 5th century.
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.5. Engraving — In engraving, the design is cut into
metal with a graver or burin. The burin is a steel rod
with a square or lozenge- shaped section and a
slightly bent shank. The cutting is accomplished by
pushing the burin into the metal plate.

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 THE ELEMENTS OF ART AND THE
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

The elements of art are the basic components of art-marking.

It is impossible to create a work of art without using at least
one of the seven elements of art.

In order to be successful in art creation, an artist must be able

to intelligently use the elements of art.

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1. Line — A line is an element of art. It is a mark made upon
a surface. In order to be a line, the mark's length must be
longer than its width
2. Shapes — Shapes are flat, and can only have height and
width. These are areas of enclosed space that are
two-dimensional
The two different categories of shapes are geometric and
organic.
Geometric shapes are mathematical, like circles and
squares. Organic shapes – from nature.
3.Space — deals with the illusion of depth on a flat surface..
— is a closed line.may overlapped with shape. Shapes can
be geometric, like squares and circles; or organic, like
free-form or natural shapes. 30
Positive space is the area or part of the
composition that an object or subject
occupies It is usually the main focus of the
painting,

Negative space is that empty or open

space that surrounds an object. It helps to
define the object, gives it some breathing
room to prevent the painting from being
too crowded. 31
Value — refers to the lightness and darkness of areas in an
art work.
White is the lightest value, while black is the darkest.
The value halfway between these extremes is called
middle gray

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 1.Color — Color is the most
prominent element of design and is
one of the most powerful and yet
subjective elements in art.

PROPERTIES OF COLOR

1. Hue: name of color

2. Value: hue's lightness and darkness
(a colds value changes when white or black is added)
3.Intensity: quality of brightness and purity
(high intensity = color is strong and bright;
low intensity = color is faint and dull). 33
 1.Color — Color is the most
prominent element of design and is
one of the most powerful and yet
subjective elements in art.

PROPERTIES OF COLOR

1. Hue: name of color

2. Value: hue's lightness and darkness
(a colds value changes when white or black is added)
3.Intensity: quality of brightness and purity
(high intensity = color is strong and bright;
low intensity = color is faint and dull). 34
Through the mixing of colors infinite other hues are born, but
there are only four true colors from which more and more
other kinds of colors may be thus created. Red is the color of
fire, blue of the' air, green of the water, and grey of the earth .
. . white and black are not true colors but are alterations of
other colors (Alberti, 1956).

6. Texture — an element of art that refers to the way things

feel, or look as if they might feel if touched.
The term texture describes the surface quality of an artwork.
Texture is an important element of design because it
engages the sense of touch as well as vision. The two main
approaches to texture are actual texture and implied or 35
1.Form — An element of art that is
three-dimensional and encloses volume;
includes height, width and depth (as in a
cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder).
Form may also be free flowing.

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Design differs from art in that it has to have a
purpose.
Visually, this functionality is interpreted by making
sure an image has a center of attention, a point of
focus.
The principles of design are clearly delivers a
message to its audience

1. Balance - the distribution of the visual weight of

objects, colors, texture and space. If the design was a
scale, these elements should be balanced to make a
design feel stable.
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symmetrical balance - the elements used on one side of
the design are similar to those on the other side.

asymmetrical balance - the sides are different but still look

balanced.

radial balance - the elements are arranged around a central

point and may be similar.

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THANK YOU