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Biological
Classification
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Fungi
Heterotrophic mode of nutrition (Unique kingdom of
heterotrophs/osmotrophic mode of nutrition)
Heterotrophic
Saprotrophic Parasitic
(Dead organic matter) (Living organism)
Fungi + Algae = Lichen
Symbiotic
Fungi + Higher plant root = Mycorrhiza
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Fungi
Fungi show great diversity in morphology and habitat.
You must have seen fungi on a moist bread and rotten fruits.
The common mushroom you eat, and toadstools are also fungi.
White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to a parasitic fungus.
Toadstool - Amanita muscaria
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Fungi
Some unicellular fungi, e.g., yeasts are used to make bread and
beer.
Some fungi cause diseases in plants and animals; wheat
rust-causing Puccinia is an important example.
Some are the source of antibiotics,
e.g., Penicillium.
Fungi do not have chlorophyll.
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Fungi
Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water, soil and on
animals and plants.
Fungi prefer to grow in warm and humid places.
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Fungi
Structure Body of most of the fungi called mycelium
Septum
Hypha Hypha
Mycelium
Hyphae (slender thread like) (Aseptate coenocytic)
Mycelium
(Branched and septate)
NOTE
Some forms of fungi are Non-mycelial (unicellular)
i.e., Yeast - Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces
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Fungi
Structure Body of most of the fungi called mycelium
Septum
Hypha Hypha
Hyphae (slender thread like) Mycelium
(Aseptate coenocytic)
Mycelium
(Branched and septate)
NOTE
Cell wall is made up of chitin (fungal cellulose) and polysaccharides.
Stored food = Glycogen and oil.
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Fungi
Reproduction
Vegetative reproduction
(i) Budding = Non-mycelial fungi (ii) Fission = Non-mycelial fungi
Daughter cells
e.g. Saccharomyces e.g. Schizosaccharomyces
(Yeast) (Yeast)
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Fungi
(iii) Fragmentation = Mycelial fungi
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Fungi
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction takes place by the formation of
(1) Sporangiospore
Sporangiospores
1. Zoospores
2. Aplanospores
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Fungi
Asexual Reproduction
(2) Conidia
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Fungi
Sexual Reproduction
Germination
n n
Plasmogamy
n n n n n+n Dikaryon
Spores Karyogamy
Meiosis 2n Synkaryon/Zygote
NOTE
Diploid
There is gap (Intervening) between plasmogamy and karyogamy
in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.
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Classification of Fungi
Morphology of Mycelium
Aseptate Septate
Coenocytic Mycelium Monokaryotic
Dikaryotic
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Fungi
Mycelium
Primary Secondary
Mycelium Mycelium
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Classification of Fungi
Mode of Spore Formation
Zoospore (Endogenous) Oospore
Aplanospore (Endogenous) Zygospore
Conidia (Exogenous) Basidiospores (Exogenous)
Ascospores (Endogenous)
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Classification of Fungi
Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Meiosis
Ascocarp
Basidiocarp
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Fungi
S.N Character Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes
Common Lower fungi Fungi Imperfecti
1. Sac fungi Club fungi
name Algal fungi (Imperfect fungi)
Aseptate, Septate branched
Septate branched
2. Mycelium branched monokaryotic, Septate branched
& dikaryotic
coenocytic some are cellular
Parasites,
In host as saprophytes
Parasites, Parasites,
parasites and on They are
saprophytes saprophytes also
3. Habitat dead organic important
some are on logs and tree
matter as decomposers of
coprophilous stumps
saprophytes litter and help in
mineral recycling
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Fungi
S.N Character Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes
Vegetative By By By By
4.
Reproduction fragmentation fragmentation fragmentation fragmentation
By conidia
(exogenous) &
Asexual Generally asexual
5. zoospores and By conidia By conidia
Reproduction spores are absent
aplanospores
(endogenous)
Isogamous, Gametangial By somatogamy
Sexual
6. anisogamous & contact or and Absent
reproduction
oogamous somatogamy spermatization
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Fungi
S.N Character Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes
Zygospores and Ascospores
Sexual Basidiospores
7. Oospores (Haploid) Absent
spores (exogenous)
(Diploid) (endogenous)
Ascocarp Basidiocarp
Sexual many types like
8. fruiting Absent Cleistothecium mushroom, Toad Absent
body Perithecium stool, like fairy
rings
Apothecium
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Fungi
S.N Character Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes
• Unbranched • Mostly the
conidiophore members are
Aspergillus heterothallic
• Branched
• Some occur conidiophore • Sex organs are
in aquatic Penicillium (source absent but
habitat also of antibiotics). somatogamy • When the sexual
• Yeast is present form is
Special • Motile cells (Saccharomyces) discovered, they
9.
character are formed Budding, Fission • Long living are moved into
(Bakery & Brewing) dikaryotic other classes
• These two • Neurospora – stage
are algal Drosophila of plant
characters kingdom. • Basidium
• Claviceps- Ergot formation
disease, Ergotine,
LSD • Rust fungi –
Puccinia
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Fungi
S.N Character Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes
• Aspergillus
• Penicillium
• Yeast • Puccinia
(Saccharomyces) Alternaria,
Mucor, Colletotrichum,
• Agaricus
9. Examples Rhizopus, • Neurospora (Mushroom)
Albugo Trichoderma
• Claviceps • Ustilago
• Morels (Morchella)
& Truffles –
Edible Fungi
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Q. Which one of the following is not a criterion for classification of
fungi? NEET (UG)-2024
(1) Morphology of mycelium
(2) Mode of nutrition
(3) Mode of spore formation
(4) Fruiting body
Ans. (2)
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Q. Match List-I with List-II. NEET (UG)-2024
List-I List-II
A. Rhizopus I. Mushroom
B. Ustilago II. Smut fungus
C. Puccinia III. Bread mould
D. Agaricus IV. Rust fungus
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(1) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(2) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
(3) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(4) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Ans. (1)
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Q. Which of the following statements is correct? NEET (UG)-2021
(1) Fusion of two cells is called Karyogamy.
(2) Fusion of protoplasm between two, motile on non-motile gametes is
called plasmogamy.
(3) Organisms that depend on living plants, are called saprophytes.
(4) Some of the organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells
called sheath cells.
Ans. (2)
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Q. Which of the following statements is incorrect? NEET (UG)-2019
(1) Morels and truffles are edible delicacies.
(2) Claviceps is a source of many alkaloids and LSD.
(3) Conidia are produced exogenously and ascospores endgenously.
(4) Yeasts have filamentous bodies with long thread-like hyphae.
Ans. (4)
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Q. Which among the following is not a prokaryote? NEET (UG)-2018
(1) Saccharomyces
(2) Mycobacterium
(3) Nostoc
(4) Oscillatoria
Ans. (1)
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Q. Select the wrong statement: NEET (UG)-2018
(1) Cell wall is present in members of fungi and plantae
(2) Mushrooms belong to basidiomycetes
(3) Pseudopodia are locomotory and feeding structures in sporozoans
(4) Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell in all kingdoms except
Monera
Ans. (3)
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Q. After karyogamy followed by meiosis, spores are produced
exogenously in NEET (UG)-2018
(1) Neurospra
(2) Alternaria
(3) Agaricus
(4) Saccharomyces
Ans. (3)
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Q. The imperfect fungi which are decomposers of litter and help in
mineral cycling belong to: Re-AIPMT-2015
(1) Ascomycetes
(2) Deuteromycetes
(3) Basidiomycetes
(4) Phycomycetes
Ans. (2)
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Q. Choose the wrong statement: Re-AIPMT 2015
(1) Yeast is unicellular and useful in fermentation
(2) Penicillium is multicellular and produces antibiotics
(3) Neurospora is used in the study of biochemical genetics
(4) Morels and truffles are poisonous mushrooms
Ans. (4)
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Q. Which one of the following matches is correct? AIPMT-2015
(1) Alternaria Sexual reproduction absent Deuteromycetes
(2) Mucor Reproduction by Conjugation Ascomycetes
(3) Agaricus Parasitic fungus Basidiomycetes
(4) Phytophthora Aseptate mycelium Basidiomycetes
Ans. (1)
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Q. How many of the following are not sexual spores formed by fungi.
Oospore, Zoospore, Ascospores, Conidia, basidiospores,
Aplanospore, Zygospore:
(1) 2
(2) 3
(3) 4
(4) 5
Ans. (2)
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Plantae
Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing
organisms commonly called plants having cell wall mainly made
of cellulose.
A few members are partially heterotrophic such as the
insectivorous plants or parasites. Bladderwort and Venus fly
trap are examples of insectivorous plants and Cuscuta is a
parasite.
Bladder Wort
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Venus Fly Trap
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Cuscuta
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Plant Kingdom
Alternation of generation
Life cycle of plants has two distinct phases the diploid sporophytic
and the haploid gametophytic.
These sporophyte and gametophyte alternate with each other.
Their length and nature (free living or dependent) very among
different group of plants.
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Plant Kingdom
Alternation of generation
Gametophyte Gamete
(n)
Spores (n)
(n) (n)
Meiosis
Spore Mother cells (2n)
Fertilisation
Sporophyte Zygote (2n)
(2n)
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Plant Kingdom
Q.1 First cell of n = gametophyte/haploid generation
Ans. Spore (n)
Q.2 Last cell of n = gametophyte/haploid generation
Ans. Gemete (n) i.e. male gamete and female gamete
Q.3 first cell of 2n = sporophyte / diploid generation
Ans. Zygote (2n)
Q.4 Last cell of 2n = sporophyte / diploid generation
Ans. Spore mother cell (2n)
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