Political Science:
Political Science is the study of governments, politics, and policies. It examines the theory and practice of
politics, and the analysis of political systems, behavior, and institutions.
Scope of poltical science:
1. Government and Politics: Study of governments, political systems, institutions, and processes.
2. Political Theory: Examination of political ideologies, philosophies, and concepts.
3. Comparative Politics: Comparison of different political systems, institutions, and processes.
4. International Relations: Study of interactions between states, international organizations, and non-state
actors.
2. nature of poltical science:
Normative
1. Value-based: Political Science involves value judgments and normative statements.
2. Prescriptive: It prescribes what ought to be, rather than just describing what is.
Empirical
1. Observation-based: Political Science relies on empirical observations and data.
2. Descriptive: It describes political phenomena, institutions, and processes.
Analytical
1. Conceptual framework: Political Science uses analytical concepts and frameworks to understand political
phenomena.
2. Theoretical: It develops and tests theories to explain political behavior and institutions.
3 Political Science is art and science
Political Science is an Art:
1. Value judgments: Political Science involves value judgments and normative
statements, which are subjective and require a degree of creativity and
interpretation.
2. Interpretation of data: Political scientists must interpret and analyze complex
data, which requires a degree of skill and artistry.
3. Policy-making: Political Science informs policy-making, which is an art that
requires creativity, negotiation, and compromise.
Political Science is a Science:
1. Systematic study: Political Science involves the systematic study of political
phenomena, using empirical methods and data analysis.
2. Empirical evidence: Political scientists rely on empirical evidence to support
their theories and arguments.
3. Theoretical frameworks: Political Science uses theoretical frameworks to
explain and predict political behavior, which is a scientific approach.
4 State and nation:
State
Definition:
A state is a political entity with a defined territory, population, and
government.
Characteristics:
Sovereignty, territory, population, government, and recognition.
Types:
Unitary, federal, confederal, and authoritarian.
Nation
1. Definition: A nation is a group of people sharing common culture, language,
history, and identity.
2. Characteristics:
Shared culture, language, history, and identity.
3. Types:
Civic nation, ethnic nation, and multinational state.
5 Function and importance of political Science:
1. Description and Analysis: Describes and analyzes political phenomena,
institutions, and processes.
2. Explanation and Prediction: Explains and predicts political behavior, events,
and trends.
3. Evaluation and Criticism: Evaluates and criticizes political systems,
institutions, and policies.
Importance of Political Science:
1. Understanding Politics: Helps us understand political phenomena,
institutions, and processes.
2. Promoting Civic Engagement: Encourages civic engagement, participation,
and awareness.
3. Informing Policy-Making: Informs policy-making, reform, and decision-
making.
6 element of state:
1. Population: A permanent human population that inhabits a specific
territory.
2. Territory: A defined and recognized geographic area, including land, water,
and airspace.
3. Government: A system of governance, including institutions, laws, and
officials, that exercises authority over the population and territory.
4. Sovereignty: The state's independence and supreme authority over its
territory and population, recognized by other states and international
organizations.
Types:
1 internal sovereignty
2 external soviregnty
Differences between State and Society
1. Origin: State came into existence after the origin of society.
2. Scope: The scope of the state is limited, while the scope of society is much
wider.
3. Territory: State has a fixed territory, while society has no fixed territory.
4. Organization: State is a political organization, while society is a social
organization.
5. Power: State has the power to enforce laws, while society has no power to
enforce laws.
7 Differences between State and Nation:
State
1. Political entity: A state is a political entity with a defined territory,
government, and sovereignty.
2. Legal and political: Based on law, politics, and governance.
3. Heterogeneous population: Can have diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic
groups.
Nation
1. Cultural entity: A nation is a cultural entity with a shared identity, history, and
heritage.
2. Ethnic and cultural: Based on shared ethnicity, culture, language, and
traditions.
3. Homogeneous population: Typically composed of people with a shared
identity and heritage.
Branches of government
Executive:
It is one of the three branches of government as given above. State functions
through the executive, the namely the government. It is the duty of the
executive or enforce the laws passed by the legislature. The executive who
exercise real power is the real executive. The executive who has nominal power
is theNORMAN EXECUTIVE.
Differences between State and Government:
State and Government:
Government is often used with the 'state' as synonym. But both the government
and the state are two different entities (unities). There are differences between
the state and the government.
Powers and functions of executive are
1. Enforcing la
2. Maintaining peace and order.
3. Repelling aggression (violence).
4. Building friendly relations with other states
5. When necessary to wage war to protect the country.
6. Making appointments to higher posts
7. Raising money and spending them.
8. Convening the sessions of the legislature and conducting business.
9. Issues ordinances whenever the legislature is to in session.
Legislature
The legislature is the law making branch. The legislature has an important role
in the adjustment of the constitution. The legislature is a deliberative body
where matters of social, economic and political concerns are discussed, debated
and decided.
judiciary:
social
Judiciary is the third important organ of the government Machinery
(equipment). Its main function is to interrupter laws and administer justice.
Functions of Judiciary:
1. Administration of justice.
2. To determine what is law and what is the cope (deal with) and meaning of it.
3. To give advisory opinion on matters referred to it
4. To issue orders or writs for the purpose of preventing violation of rights and
laws.
5. To acts as guardian of the constitution
FEDRAL SYSTAM OF GOVERNMENT:
federal system of government is a system in which power is divided between a
central (federal) government and various regional governments. This system
allows for a balance of power between the central government and the regions,
enabling regional autonomy while maintaining national unity.
Federation:
1. Strong Central Government: A federal system has a strong central
government with significant powers.
2. Division of Powers: Powers are divided between the central government and
regional governments.
3. Regional Autonomy: Regional governments have some autonomy, but the
central government has the final say.
Confederation:
1. Weak Central Government: A confederation has a weak central government
with limited powers.
2. Independent Regional Governments: Regional governments are independent
and have more autonomy.
3. Voluntary Association: A confederation is a voluntary association of regional
governments.
Difference between.
- Strength of Central Government: Federation has a strong central government,
while Confederation has a weak central government.
- Autonomy of Regional Governments: Confederation has more autonomous
regional governments, while Federation has regional governments with limited
autonomy.
Difference between unirity form
government and unirt form of goevermnet,
A federal form of government is a system in which power is divided between a
central authority (the federal government) and smaller regional authorities
(states or provinces). This division of power is typically outlined in a
constitution, which also defines the relationship between the federal
government and the regional authorities.
differences between a Unitary form of government and a Federal form of
government:
Unitary Government
1. Centralized power: All power is concentrated in a single central authority.
2. Single level of government: There is only one level of government, which
makes decisions for the entire country.
3. No division of power: The central government has complete control over all
aspects of governance.
4. Uniform laws and policies: Laws and policies are uniform throughout the
country.
Federal Government
1. Decentralized power: Power is divided between a central authority (federal
government) and smaller regional authorities (states or provinces).
2. Multiple levels of government: There are multiple levels of government, each
with its own powers and responsibilities.
3. Division of power: Power is divided between the federal government and the
regional authorities.
4. Diverse laws and policies: Laws and policies can vary between regions.
