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The Beginning of Philosophy

The document outlines the historical development of philosophy, highlighting major civilizations such as Indian, Chinese, Greek, Christian, and Modern. It details the branches of philosophy, including aesthetics, epistemology, and ethics, and discusses key philosophical movements like rationalism, empiricism, and existentialism. The text emphasizes the evolution of thought from ancient to contemporary philosophy, illustrating the quest for knowledge and understanding of human existence.

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Yuan Kurt Caporte Quisel
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23 views2 pages

The Beginning of Philosophy

The document outlines the historical development of philosophy, highlighting major civilizations such as Indian, Chinese, Greek, Christian, and Modern. It details the branches of philosophy, including aesthetics, epistemology, and ethics, and discusses key philosophical movements like rationalism, empiricism, and existentialism. The text emphasizes the evolution of thought from ancient to contemporary philosophy, illustrating the quest for knowledge and understanding of human existence.

Uploaded by

Yuan Kurt Caporte Quisel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE BEGINNING OF PHILOSOPHY

AND ITS BRANCHES

Mascia

GREAT SUCCESSIVE CIVILIZATIONS

● INDIAN/CHINESE
● CLASSIC/ANCIENT GREEK
● CHRISTIAN
● MODERN

Historically Indian & Chinese (oriental) predated the oldest Western philosophies

CLASSIC/ANCIENT GREEK
PRE-HISTORIC
(more imagination than reason)

GREEK/CLASSIC
1. NATURALISM –Cosmological (origin & end of things)
2. METAPHYSICAL – morality and justice (most important period)
3. ETHICAL – to find “a way of life worthy of a philosopher”
4.RELIGIOUS/CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION – attempt to resolve the problems of human life through
“RELIGION”

4.RELIGIOUS/CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION – attempt to resolve the problems of human life through


“RELIGION”
Sub-periods
a. EVANGELIZATION – spread of Christianity by Christ & his apostles
b. PATRISTIC – Christianity defended by church fathers from pagans & heretics
c. SCHOLASTIC (ST. THOMAS AQUINAS) – Christianity created its own Philosophy in harmony
with dogmatic teachings

MODERN - rejection/rebellion
DESCARTES (France)
FRANCIS BACON (England)

RATIONALISM – knowledge is acquired by REASON w/o resort to experience


- only source of knowledge
- denies feelings & divine revelation
EMPIRICISM (JOHN LOCKE)–sense experience, observation, experimentation only means of acquiring
knowledge.
ILLUMINISM/ENLIGHTENMENT – strong opposition
- aimed to re-established the order of human life in the “light of reason”
POSITIVISM (AUGUSTE COMTE) – maintained that the data of sense experience were the only object
and the supreme criterion of human knowledge. Abstract and general ideas were just simple opinion.

CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY

PRAGMATISM (WILLIAM JAMES) – “what is useful is valuable”

EXISTENTIALISM (KIERKEGAARD & NIETZSCHE) – individual human beings create the meanings and
essence of their own lives.

The Branches of Philosophy


1. Aesthetics – study of beauty.
2. Cosmology or Philosophy of Nature - study of the physical world.
3. Epistemology - human knowledge, and focuses on truth.
4. Logic - science of correct thinking.

5. Ontology or General Metaphysics - studies beings in general, (reality, nature, cause, substance,
and the ultimate meaning or purpose of things).
6. Philosophy of Man - the nature of man.
7. Social Philosophy - studies the sociality of man (human society).
8. Rational Psychology - studies living beings, the principles of life.

9. Political Philosophy - the existence of the state.


10.Theodicy or Special Metaphysics (Also known as Natural Theology) - studies the first cause of
contingent beings and the Supreme Being.
11. Ethics. This deals with the principles and laws governing the morality of human acts and the
nature of moral judgments.
The End.

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