Davao de Oro State College

Poblacion, Maragusan, Davao de Oro Province

Laboratory Activity #1
ORIGIN, DOMESTICATION OF SOME IMPORTANT CROPS
Prepared by: ODESSY GRACE J. MARTINEZ

Name: James Warren Sarucam Date: 08-26-

24
Section: BSA-1C Time
Submitted: 08-27-24

1.Introduction about the Crop

* The generic name Oryza is a classical Latin word for rice, while the specific epithet
sativa means “cultivated”.

Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes, Angiosperms, Monocots,

Order: Commelinids
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Oryza
Species: O.sativa

Binominal name: Oryza sativa

Domestication: Oryza sativa was first domesticated in China 9000 ago years. Rice was
introduced early into Sino- Tibetan cultures in northern China by around 6000 to 5600
years ago. Rice spread around the world through cultivation, migration, and trade,
eventually to the Americas as part of the Columbian exchange after 1492.

2.Importance of the Crop

• Uses: Rice plants produced bioactive rice brans and hulls that have been
reported to have numerous health- promoting effects in cells, animals, and
humans. As part of this effort, this paper also presents brief summaries on the
preparation of health-promoting food including, bread, corn flakes, etc. as well
as industrial products such bioethanol and biodiesel fuels. The food show
compatible and safe formulation with desirable nutritional and biological
properties can be used to develop new multifunctional foods as well as
bioethanol and biodiesel fuel. The overlapping aspects are expected to
contribute to a better understanding of the potential impacts of the described
health-promoting potential impact.

Economic Impact: Rice provides up to 50% of the dietary caloric supply for
millions living in poverty in Asia and is, therefore, critical for food security. It is
becoming an important food staple in both Latin America and Africa. Record
increases in rice production have been observed since of the Green Revolution.

Nutritional Value:
 • Natural Anti-Inflammatory and Gluten Free 7. Can be Used for
Skin Care
• Improves Nervous System Health 8. Good Source of
Protein
• Good Source of Energy
• Diuretic and Digestive Qualities: Prevents Constipation
• Can help Reduced Cancer Risk
• Prevents Obesity
3.PresentScenario
*Statistics: Rice is the world’s second most important cereal crop following only
corn. Over 513 million metric tons of milled rice were produced in the last
harvesting year worldwide. Traditional countries in Asia have the largest share
in world rice production. According to the most recent official data, with a
production volume of over 208 million metric tons in 2022, China was the world’s
leading. paddy rice producer, followed by India and Bangladesh.

*Current Market Situation: 22ND session of the AMIS Global Food Market Information
Group 18 November 2022, WTO, Geneva GLOBAL RICE PRODUCTION to fall 2,4
percent below the 2021 all-time high largely due to yield depressions. Despites the
decline, world output likely to remain at overall average levels thanks to a still rebust
level of plantings.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

• Production Challenges:
*Using clean seeds
*Regular cleaning of equipment
*Planting at the same time as the farmer in the neighboring field
*Good quality – Organic food is good in quality
*Properly keeping rice grain
*Rice is a crop hugely sensitive to water shortages
*Less repair shops for agricultural machineries

*Economic and Social Challenges:

• Challenges such as poor harvests, high production costs, market inequities, and
limited infrastructure constrain farmers and keep them vulnerable to poverty,
hunger, and financial insecurity. We're working with stakeholders from farmers
to governments to improve the economic potential of rice.

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

• Emerging Trends: According to the latest projections, the trend in rice price will
continue to increase until 2023, then the price is expected to decline to USD
476/tonnes (OECD-FAO, 2021). For rest of the years of the decade, the price in
the world market will remain lower than the current price.
6.References
• Sources:
• https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.390
• https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12540
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
 • https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice#Domestication
• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318699

1.Introduction about the Crop

Maize /meɪz/ (Zea mays), also known as corn in North American English, is a tall
stout grass that produces cereal grain. It was domesticated by indigenous peoples in
southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago from wild teosinte.

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade:Tracheophytes, Angiosperms, Monocots, Commelinids

Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Zea
Species: Z. mays

Binominal name: Zea mays

• Domestication: : Corn was first domesticated by native peoples in
southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. Modern corn is believed to have
been derived from the Balsas teosinte (Zea mays parviglumis), a
wild grass. Its culture had spread as far north as southern Maine by the
time of European settlement of North America, and Native Americans
taught European colonists to grow the indigenous grains. Since its
introduction into Europe by Christopher Columbus and other explorers and
colonizers, corn has spread to all areas of the world suitable to its
cultivation. It is grown from 58° N latitude in Canada and Russia to 40° S
latitude in South America, with a corn crop maturing somewhere in the
world nearly every month of the year. It is the most important crop in
the United States and is a staple food in many places.

2.Importance of the crop:

• Uses: Corn is the second most plentiful cereal grown for human consumption,
and many cultures around the world have lived on this grain. Corn is a versatile
crop, and everything on a corn plant is useable. No part of the corn is wasted.
The husk of the corn is traditionally used in making tamales. The kernels are
 ground into food. The stalks become animal food and the corn silks are used for
medicinal teas.
Food products made from corn include corn oil, corn meal, corn syrup and even
bourbon. The most important refined corn products are corn sweeteners, which
last year accounted for more than 56% of the national nutritive sweeteners
market. One cup of raw white corn has about 130 calories, 2 grams of fat, 5
grams of protein, 29 grams of carbohydrates and 4 grams of fiber with no
cholesterol.

Economic Impact: Corn is one of the most important staple crops in the
Philippines. It ranks second to rice in the utilization of agricultural resources. It
is used not only for human consumption but also for animal feeds and industrial
uses, hence it is a vital crop in the development of the livestock and
manufacturing industries.

Nutritional Value:
o Low Calorie, Low Fat
o Macronutrients, Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants
o High Fiber

3.PresentScenario
*Statistics: Growing corn varies depending on the area, and its production
cycle is different in all parts of the world. In the Philippines, corn production is
based on the landscape and topography of an area. In 2022, the production
volume of corn in the Philippines amounted to over eight million metric tons,
slightly lower than the produced quantity of 8.29 million metric tons in the
previous year.

*Current Market Situation: n 2022, the production volume of corn in the Philippines
amounted to over eight million metric tons, slightly lower than the produced quantity
of 8.29 million metric tons in the previous year. Over the past six years, about 2.5
million hectares of land were utilized for cultivating corn in the Philippines.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

• Production Challenges:
o Rising costs of production
o Climate challenges facing corn farmers
o Financial pressure farmers
o International influences

*Economic and Social Challenges:

• Corn is vulnerable to the following infections by plant pathogens throughout the
growing season under favorable environmental conditions: seed rots and
seedling blights soon after planting, foliar diseases in mid-season, and stalk and
ear rots toward the end of the growing season. Many of these diseases are
 caused by pathogens that survive in crop residue or in the soil. Thus, the risk of
increased disease severity is higher when corn follows corn. However, do not
forget the disease triangle (below). Weather conditions during the growing
season will still significantly impact disease severity.

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

• Emerging Trends The January to December 2023 corn production was recorded
at 17,005.45 metric tons. This was lower by 10,919.18 metric tons or -39.1
percent from the previous year’s output of 27,924.63 metric tons. The total
reduction was both shared by white and yellow corn. Yellow corn produced the
bulk of production steadily.

6.References
• Sources:
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize
• https://www.britannica.com/plant/corn-plant
• https://www.jircas.go.jp/sites/default/files/publication/tars/tars8-_21-30.pdf
• https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/health-
benefits-of-corn
• https://www.statista.com/statistics/751372/philippines-corn-production/
• https://rssocar.psa.gov.ph/content/corn-situation-report-annual-2022-
2023#:~:text=During%20the%20current%20year%2C%20harvest,by%20white%2
0and%20yellow%20corn.

1.Introduction about the Crop

The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae)
and the only living species of the genus Cocos.[1] The term "coconut" (or the archaic
"cocoanut")[2] can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which
botanically is a drupe, not a nut. They are ubiquitous in coastal tropical regions and are a
cultural icon of the tropics..

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade:Tracheophytes, Angiosperms, Monocots, Commelinids

Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Genus: Cocos
Species: C. nucifera
 Binominal name: Cocos nucifera L.

Domestication: Coconuts were first domesticated by the Austronesian

peoples in Island Southeast Asia and were spread during the Neolithic via their seaborne
migrations as far east as the Pacific Islands, and as far west as Madagascar and
the Comoros.

2. Importance of the Crop

Uses: Coconut is primarily grown in the coastal subtropical zones of Asia and
Oceania, its region of origin, on small family farms. The nuts, which are available all
year round, are consumed in the region in the form of coconut milk. They are also used
to produce copra and its by-product, copra oil. Some 10 million smallholders worldwide
rely on the coconut value chain for a living, but it faces a range of issues: copra's
reduced competitiveness, competition from palm kernel oil, and the development of
lethal diseases that can wipe out coconut plantations within a few years.

Economic Impact: The value of coconut to the Philippine economy is captured by the
following statistics: Coconut contributed PhP77. 4 billion to the national economy in
2013, ranked fourth among crops after rice, banana and corn. It is planted on 3.56 million
hectares, about one-fourth of the total land area devoted to agriculture.

Nutritional Value:
• Highly nutritious
• Antibacterial effects
• May promote blood sugar control
• Contains powerful antioxidants
• Easy to add to your diet
• Potential drawbacks

• 3.PresentScenario
*Statistics: The coconut (with husk) production from April to June 2023
reached 3.41 million metric tons, indicating an annual growth of 1.5 percent from
the 3.36 million metric tons recorded level in the same quarter of 2022.
•
Davao Region was the largest producer of coconut during the quarter with 461.07
thousand metric tons output or 13.5 percent share. Completing the top three
regions with the highest coconut production were Northern Mindanao and
Zamboanga Peninsula with corresponding productions of 452.33 thousand metric
tons (13.3%) and 437.60 thousand metric tons (12.8%).

The area planted with coconut from January to June 2023 was 3.62
million hectares, which indicates an increase of 0.6 percent from the previous
year’s same period level of 3.59 million hectares.

*Current Market Situation: In CY 2022, coconut products continued to be the

country’s agricultural export champions. Total coconut exports earnings accounted
43% of the country’s total agricultural exports. Among the top 5 agricultural exports
of the country, coconut oil is the number one with an export value of USD 1.4 Billion
thus consistently remained in the Billionaire’s Club category as per export
categorization of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). The desiccated
coconut, activated carbon, and oleo chemicals belong to the Global Leaders
category. Coconut water registered as the top earners among the emerging
products category.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

• The high costs of maintaining land productivity and the aging nature of trees,
which should ideally be replanted every decade, deter investment.
• The complex value chain of coconut processing, where smallholders engage
in only minor processing at the farm level, results in them earning the least
profit.
• The emergence and expansion of the palm oil industry, often supported by
government subsidies, further threatens the coconut industry. The shift
towards palm oil is driven by its lower price and the involvement of
agribusinesses and corporations, which receive support from local
governments in the form of subsidies, research funding, and lobbying efforts.

*Economic and Social Challenges:

Among the identified problems in the industry are the unorganized supply
chain, vulnerability of coconut to world price fluctuations, low farm
productivity, which roots from infestations of cocolisap, the aging of current
crop of coconut trees and poor nutrition, inadequate infrastructure support and
poor farm to market roads, low allocation on research and development (R&D),
and presence of corruption and bureaucracy.

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

• Emerging Trends In recent years, the coconut industry has experienced a
remarkable surge in demand, driven by a growing awareness of the health
benefits and versatile applications of coconut-based products. This trend is
reshaping markets across the globe, presenting both challenges and
opportunities for manufacturers and suppliers. From the increasing demand for
coconut-based alternatives to the innovative solutions emerging to address
industry hurdles, the coconut market is poised for significant expansion.

6.References
• Sources:
• https://thecoconutcoop.com/trending-coconut-products-a-market-
overview/#:~:text=In%20recent%20years%2C%20the%20coconut,opportunities
%20for%20manufacturers%20and%20suppliers.
• https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1382#:~:text=Among%20the%20identified%20proble
ms%20in,support%20and%20poor%20farm%20to
 • https://pca.gov.ph/images/pdf/2022_Coconut_Trade_Performance_and_Market_Tr
ends.pdf
• https://psa.gov.ph/major-non-food-industrial-crops/coconut
• https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/coconut-nutrition#easy-preparation

1.Introduction about the Crop

Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, perennial grass (in the
genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar production. The plants are
2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose,[1] which
accumulates in the stalk internodes. Sugarcanes belong to the grass family, Poaceae, an
economically important flowering plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice,
and sorghum, and many forage crops. It is native to the warm temperate and tropical
regions of India, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea.

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade:Tracheophytes, Angiosperms, Monocots, Commelinids

Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Saccharum
Species: S. offinarum

Binominal name: Saccharum officinarum

Domestication S. officinarum was first domesticated in New Guinea and the islands
east of the Wallace Line by Papuans, where it is the modern center of diversity. Beginning
around 6,000 BP, several strains were selectively bred from the native Saccharum
robustum. From New Guinea, it spread westwards to Maritime Southeast Asia after
contact with Austronesians, where it hybridized with Saccharum spontaneum.[12]

2. Importance of the Crop

Uses: Sugarcane is a renewable, natural agricultural resource because it provides
sugar, besides biofuel, fibre, fertilizer and myriads of byproducts/co-products with
ecological sustainability. Its juice is used for making white sugar, brown sugar and
jiggery.

Economic Impact: The Philippine sugarcane industry is contributing an annual

revenue of about Php 70 billion (US$1.37billion). Close to 700,000 Filipinos are directly
employed in sugar production and about 5-6 million more cre indirectly employed(SRA
2019).

Nutritional Value:
• Shot of Instant Energy
• Improves Digestion
• Lower Cholesterol
• Helps with Weight Loss
• Can cure acne
• Contains powerful antioxidants
• Graceful aging

• 3.PresentScenario
*Statistics: The sugarcane production from April to June 2023 was registered
at 2.83 million metric tons, indicating a decrease of -11.3 percent from the 3.19
million metric tons output in the same quarter of 2022.
• *Current Market Situation: From January to June 2023, the area harvested for
sugarcane was 212.34 thousand hectares, which indicates a decline of -12.6
percent compared with the same period of 2022 level of 242.84 thousand hectares.
Majority of the reported area for sugarcane was for centrifugal sugar with 207.02
thousand hectares.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

• Lack of irrigation water,
• non-availability of improve varieties of sugarcane
• land preparation
• high cost of inputs disease and insect’s pest
• weeds and marketing problem

*Economic and Social Challenges:

According to the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), one of
the top issues besetting the sugar industry are fragmented land ownership, lack
of improved cane varieties, poor soil quality, inadequate irrigation, labor
shortages, low farm mechanization, and inadequate financial capital.

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

• Emerging Trends Global consumption of sugarcane is expected to fall by 0.2%
year-on-year over the next five years, reaching 35.7 million metric tons by 2026.
This is down from 36.1 million metric tons in 2021. Between 2017 and 2021,
global demand grew by 0.6% annually.

6.References
• Sources:
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane#References
• https://connectjournals.com/file_full_text/2434601H_401-406.pdf
• https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1841#:~:text=Philippine%20sugar%20industry-
,The%20Philippine%20sugarcane%20industry%20is%20contributing%20an%20a
nnual%20revenue%20of,employed%20(SRA%2C%202019).
• https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/sugarcane-juice-
natures-refreshing-elixir-with-remarkable-health-benefits
• https://psa.gov.ph/major-non-food-industrial-
crops/sugarcane#:~:text=The%20sugarcane%20production%20from%20April,th
e%20same%20quarter%20of%202022.
• https://masipag.org/2023/01/the-failed-philippine-sugar-industry-where-small-
sugar-farmers-are-the-first-and-most-to-
suffer/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20National%20Economic,mechanizatio
n%2C%20and%20inadequate%20financial%20capital.
1.Introduction about the Crop
A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry[1] – produced by several
kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa. In some countries, cooking
bananas are called plantains, distinguishing them from dessert bananas. The fruit is
variable in size, color, and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh
rich in starch covered with a peel, which may have a variety of colors when ripe. It grows
upward in clusters near the top of the plant. Almost all modern edible seedless
(parthenocarp) cultivated bananas come from two wild species – Musa
acuminata and Musa balbisiana, or hybrids of them.

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Monocots, Commelinids,

Order: Zingiber ales
Family: Musaceae Juss.
Genus: Musa
Species: Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana

Binominal name: Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, and Musa × paradisiaca

Domestication: The earliest domestication of bananas (Musa spp.) was from

naturally occurring parthenocarpic (seedless) individuals of Musa banksii in New Guinea.
These were cultivated by Papuans before the arrival of Austronesian-speakers.
Numerous phytoliths of bananas have been recovered from the Kuk
Swamp archaeological site and dated to around 10,000 to 6,500 BP. [33][34] Foraging humans
in this area began domestication in the late Pleistocene using transplantation and
early cultivation methods. By the early to middle of the Holocene the process was
complete.[35] From New Guinea, cultivated bananas spread westward into Island
Southeast Asia. They hybridized with other (possibly independently
domesticated) subspecies of Musa acuminata as well as M. balbisiana in the Philippines,
northern New Guinea, and possibly Halmahera. These hybridization events produced the
triploid cultivars of bananas commonly grown today.[33] The banana was one of the key
crops that enabled farming to begin in Papua New Guinea.

2. Importance of the Crop

Uses: Bananas are a staple starch for many tropical populations. Depending upon
cultivar and ripeness, the flesh can vary in taste from starchy to sweet, and texture
from firm to mushy. Both the skin and inner part can be eaten raw or cooked. The
primary component of the aroma of fresh bananas is isoamyl acetate (also known
as banana oil), which, along with several other compounds such as butyl
acetate and isobutyl acetate, is a significant contributor to banana flavor.

Plantains are eaten cooked, often as fritters. Pisang goreng, bananas fried with batter,
is a popular street food in Southeast Asia. Bananas feature in Philippine cuisine, with
desserts like maruya banana fritters Bananas can be made into fruit preserves. Banana
chips are a snack produced from sliced and fried bananas, such as in Kerala.[121] Dried
bananas are ground to make banana flour. In Africa, matoke bananas are cooked in a
sauce with meat and vegetables such as peanuts or beans to make the breakfast
dish katogo. In Western countries, bananas are used to make desserts such as banana
bread.

Economic Impact: They are an important food item for Filipinos, a source of income
for local farmers and a foreign exchange earner for the country. They are the leading
Filipino fruit crop in terms of area, volume and value of production. The average annual
land yield of the Philippines is 9.4 ton/ha.

Nutritional Value:
• Carbohydrates
• Protein
• Contains negligible fat
• Calories
• Vitamin B6
• Vitamin C manganese Potassium,
• Dietary fiber

• 3.PresentScenario
*Statistics: The April to June 2023 banana production was estimated at 2.269
million metric tons. This indicates an annual increase of 0.1 percent from the 2.267
million metric tons output in the same period of 2022. Cavendish variety had the
highest production of 1.17 million metric tons, which accounted for 51.5 percent of
the total banana production.
• Davao Region was the top banana producer with 868.19 thousand metric tons
output or 38.3 percent share to the total production in this quarter. This was
followed by Northern Mindanao with 431.86 thousand metric tons (19.0%) and
SOCCSKSARGEN with 279.20 thousand metric tons (12.3%).

• Current Market Situation:

Filipinos are set to consume 2.3 million metric tons of bananas by 2026, a slight
decrease from 2.3 million metric tons in 2021. Since 2017, demand has increased by
4.4% annually. The Philippines ranked 6th in 2021, behind the United States with 2.4
million metric tons. China, Indonesia and Brazil ranked second, third and fourth,
respectively. Philippine banana production is expected to drop 1% to 5.5 million
metric tons by 2026 from 5.9 million metric tons in 2021. Since 1966, output has
risen 0.2% annually. The Philippines ranked 6th in 2021, behind Ecuador with 5.9
million metric tons. China, Indonesia and Brazil ranked second, third and fourth,
respectively.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

• Expansion of banana cultivation
 • Structure of foreign trade
• Insufficient marketing structures
• Specialized extension services
• Labour
• Availability of seedlings

*Economic and Social Challenges:

In the Philippines, there are prevalent environmental and social risks in the
banana supply chain, which include deforestation, soil degradation, biodiversity
loss, climate change issues, illegitimate land acquisitions and forced labour. To
date, only few Filipino banana producers have embarked on sustainability
certification schemes. While large corporations in the Philippines possess their
own guidance for producing and distributing agricultural commodities and for
complying with national and/or international E&S regulations, small
corporations lack experience in strategically engaging into the international
markets. Their lack of knowledge to comply with the E&S regulations expose
them to less opportunities to the international markets.
5. Future/Trends of the Industry
• Emerging Trends:
This section covers the major market trends shaping the Banana Market
according to our research experts:
• Increasing Health Consciousness is Driving the Banana Market
• The increasing advancements in food and beverages and growing health
awareness have led to a shift in the focus of consumers on hygienic and healthy
food products.
• Bananas are considered a rich source of vitamin B6, vitamin C, manganese,
potassium, dietary Fibers, and protein. Bananas contribute to the proper functioning
of the metabolism and the nervous system and aid in digestion.
• Bananas are also used in a wide variety of food products, such as breakfast
cereals, ice creams, and other desserts, apart from raw consumption. Bananas have
been considered a staple, inexpensive, and easily available food for decades. This
has led to the constant development in production to satisfy the economic,
environmental, and social well-being consciousness of consumers.
• The use of bananas for replenishing energy and electrolytes replacing sports
drinks has increased recently. This demand is even higher in developed countries
such as China and European nations as banana imports have increased gradually
over the past few years.

6.References
• Sources:
• https://old.philmech.gov.ph/phindustry/banana.htm#:~:text=They%20are%20an%
20important%20food,Philippines%20is%209.4%20ton%2Fha.
• https://psa.gov.ph/major-fruit-crops/banana
• https://www.reportlinker.com/clp/country/3118/726411
• https://www.fao.org/4/x5656e/x5656e04.htm
 • https://eo4society.esa.int/projects/eo-clinic-0027-banana-supply-chains-
philippines/#:~:text=In%20the%20Philippines%2C%20there%20are,land%20acqu
isitions%20and%20forced%20labour.

1.Introduction about the Crop

The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most
economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.

Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes, Angiosperms, Monocots, Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Bromeliaceae
Genus: Ananas
Species: A. comosus
Binominal name: Ananas comosus

Domestication: Pineapple was domesticated >6,000 years ago with archaeobotanical

remains dated 3,500 years ago in South America and distributed to Mesoamerica >2,500
years ago3,4,5. Pineapple is clonally propagated using the leafy fruit crown, slips or
suckers.
2.Importance of the Crop
• Uses: The flesh and juice of pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In
many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a
snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices
with a cherry in the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks
of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory
dishes, including the Hawaiian pizza, or as a grilled ring on a hamburger.
Traditional dishes that use pineapple include hamonado, afritada, kaeng som
pla, and Hawaiian haystack. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets,
and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also
 the main ingredient in cocktails such as the piña colada and in the
drink tepache.
• In the Philippines, a traditional jelly-like dessert called nata de piña has also
been produced since the 18th century. It is made by fermenting pineapple juice
with the bacteria Komagataeibacter xylinus.
•

Nutritional Value:
• carbohydrates,
• 0.5% protein,
• contains negligible fat 100-gram reference amount
• raw pineapple supplies 209 kilojoules (50 kilocalories) food energy
• rich source of manganese (40% Daily Value, DV vitamin C

3.PresentScenario
*Statistics
In 2022, the volume of pineapples produced in the Philippines amounted to
approximately 2.91 million metric tons, reflecting an increase from the previous
year. This was equivalent to around 44.94 billion Philippine pesos in production
value. The Philippines was the biggest pineapple producing country globally in
2021, next to Costa Rica and Indonesia.

Current Market Situation:

The increasing consumer preference for ready-to-eat and easy-to-prepare food
products is a significant driver. Canned pineapples offer convenience, requiring no
preparation and having a long shelf life, making them an attractive option for busy
consumers. Moreover, unlike fresh pineapples, canned pineapples can be enjoyed
year-round, independent of the fruit’s natural growing season. This consistent
availability supports steady demand.
Moreover, there is a rising preference for healthier snacking alternatives over
processed snacks high in sugar and unhealthy fats. Canned pineapple serves as a
natural, low-calorie option that satisfies sweet cravings while providing nutritional
benefits. This perception aligns with the broader trend toward clean eating and
healthier lifestyle choices. Additionally, canned pineapples are rich in essential
vitamins and minerals, particularly vitamin C, manganese, and dietary fiber. These
nutrients are crucial for maintaining overall health, boosting immunity, and aiding
digestion. As consumers become more aware of the nutritional value of their food
choices, the demand for canned pineapple as a healthy snack or ingredient has
increased.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

• Production Challenges:
• High labor costs
• lack of skilled farm and production
• workers also hinder the full development of the pineapple industry in the
Philippines,
• being aggravated by aging farmers
• youth's lack of interest in farming.

Economic and Social Challenges

• lack of affordable and accessible financial support hampers smallholder
pineapple farmers from realizing their plans. From capital investments to
market coordination, the problem with missing links made it much harder for
farmers to navigate the pineapple market potential. Arko shared that while
farmers are asking where to sell their produce, the manufacturers, on the
other hand, are saying that they do not have enough supply.

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

• Emerging Trends: : According to the latest projections, the trend in rice price
will continue to increase until 2023, then the price is expected to decline to
USD 476/tonnes (OECD-FAO, 2021). For rest of the years of the decade, the price
in the world market will remain lower than the current price.

6.References
• Sources:
• https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-019-0506-
8#:~:text=Pineapple%20was%20domesticated%20%3E6%2C000%20years,Red%
20pineapple%20(Ananas%20comosus%20var.
• https://www.statista.com/statistics/751582/philippines-pineapple-
production/#:~:text=In%202022%2C%20the%20volume%20of,Philippine%20peso
s%20in%20production%20value.
• https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/food/fruits-nuts/fresh-fruits/philippines
• https://mb.com.ph/2023/1/2/starting-ideas-to-maximize-pineapple-agribusiness-
opportunities

1.Introduction about the Crop

The two major species of coffee plants (Coffea arabica and C. canephora;
family Rubiaceae) are tropical evergreen shrubs or small trees of African origin.
 They are grown for the seeds, or beans, which are roasted, ground, and sold for
brewing coffee.

Kingdom: Vegetable
Clade: Angiosperms, Dicotyledonae, Sympetale

Order: Rubiales
Family: Rubiaceae
Genus: Coffea
Species: coffea arabica and coffea canephora—commonly known as robusta.

Binominal name: Coffea arabica

Domestication: The original domesticated coffee plant is said to have been from Harar,
and the native population is thought to be derived from Ethiopia with distinct nearby
populations in Sudan and Kenya.

2.Importance of the Crop

• Uses: Coffee growing helps reduce soil erosion, is a useful carbon sink
(especially with plantations grown under shade trees), aids good watershed
management, helps to maintain a degree of biodiversity, particularly in systems
with mixed cropping on small family farms, and can provide a good habitat for
many migrant birds ... Economic Impact: Rice provides up to 50% of the dietary
caloric supply for millions living in poverty in Asia and is, therefore, critical for
food security. It is becoming an important food staple in both Latin America and
Africa. Record increases in rice production have been observed since the Green
Revolution.

Nutritional Value:
• Adverse Effects of Coffee
• Helps Fight Cancer
• Helps Prevent Liver Disease
• Lowers Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
• Reduces Risk of Heart Failure
• Promotes Weight Loss
• Protein

3.PresentScenario
Statistics:
• Over 2.25 billion cups of coffee are consumed in the world daily.
Coffee has become a beloved staple in the lives of people around the world,
and in this section, we explore some intriguing general coffee statistics
that shed light on its immense popularity. From global consumption figures
to other food items as part of the coffee industry, these statistics highlight
 the widespread love and fascination people have for this caffeinated
beverage.

Current Market Situation:

• The global coffee market size was valued at USD 127 billion in 2022 and is
anticipated to witness a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.72% from
2023 to 2030. The coffee market is expected to witness a significant growth
owing to the increasing demand for organically and sustainably cultivated
whole-bean coffee.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

• Production Challenges:
• Fair Compensation for Farmers
• Gender Equality in Coffee
• Sip Women-Powered, Fair Trade and Organic Coffee
• There are so many environmental challenges facing the coffee industry; from the
severe lack of genetic diversity in coffee plants, to outbreaks of crippling coffee
plant diseases (which are occurring more frequently), and the alarming amount
of pesticides and herbicides used in conventional coffee farming. We could easily
dedicate this entire blog just to exploring each complex issue.

Economic and Social Challenges:

• Economic factors have a significant impact on how an organization does
business and how profitable they are. Factors include - economic growth,
interest rates, exchange rates, inflation, disposable income of consumers
and businesses, etc. These factors can be further broken down into
macroeconomic and microeconomic factors.
Macroeconomic factors deal with the management of demand in any given
economy. Governments use interest rate control, taxation policy and
government expenditure as their main mechanisms for managing macro-
economic factors. Microeconomic factors are all about the way people spend
their incomes. An example of a prominent economic factor affecting coffee
industries worldwide:
•
5. Future/Trends of the Industry
• Emerging Trends: In the Coffee market, volume, at home is expected to amount
to 142.40m kg by 2024.
• Volume, out-of-home is expected to amount to 13.42m kg in 2024.
• Volume, combined is expected to amount to 155.90m kg in 2024.
• The Coffee market is expected to show a volume growth, at home of 1.6% in
2025.

6.References
• Sources:
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Classification-of-coffee-species-and-
varieties_fig1_338031026
• https://www.ico.org/projects/good-hygiene-
practices/cnt/cnt_en/sec_1/c02.importanceof.html#:~:text=Coffee%20growing%2
0helps%20reduce%20soil,habitat%20for%20many%20migrant%20birds
• https://www.verywellfit.com/coffee-nutrition-facts-and-health-benefits-3495233
• https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/coffee-market-
5615#:~:text=The%20global%20coffee%20market%20size,sustainably%20cultiv
ated%20whole%2Dbean%20coffee.
• https://beannbeancoffee.com/blogs/beansider/what-are-the-ethical-issues-of-
coffee#:~:text=There%20are%20so%20many%20environmental,used%20in%20c
onventional%20coffee%20farming.
• https://icocoffee.org/market-development-toolkit/page/index/3/environmental-
scan/60#:~:text=Factors%20include%20%2D%20economic%20growth%2C%20in
terest,of%20consumers%20and%20businesses%2C%20etc.
• https://freshcup.com/experts-share-emerging-coffee-industry-trends-of-
2024/#:~:text=In%202024%2C%20we'll%20see,new%20ways%20to%20enjoy%2
0coffee.
• https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/hot-
drinks/coffee/philippines#:~:text=In%20the%20Coffee%20market%2C%20volum
e,home%20of%201.6%25%20in%202025.
1.Introduction about the Crop
A mango is an edible stone fruit produced by the tropical tree Mangifera indica. It
originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and
northeastern India. M. indica has been cultivated in South and Southeast
Asia since ancient times resulting in two types of modern mango cultivars: the
"Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type". Other species in the
genus Mangifera also produce edible fruits that are also called "mangoes", the
majority of which are found in the Malesian ecoregion.

Kingdom: Vegetable
Clade: Dicotyledonae, Polypetalae, Disciflorae

Order: Spindales
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Mangifera
Species: indica

Binominal name: Mangifera indica

Domestication: The mango was first domesticated in India more than 4,000 years
ago. Today, mangoes are grown on six continents and are one of the world's most
important tropical fruits.

2.Importance of the Crop

• Uses:
Mango farms hold immense agricultural importance as they contribute to food
security and economic growth. Mangoes, belonging to the genus Mangifera, are
a significant commercial crop in many tropical and subtropical regions of the
world.

Nutritional Value:
• Packed with nutrients
• Low in calories
• May help prevent diabetes
• High in healthy plant compounds
• Contains immune-boosting nutrients
• Supports heart health
• May improve digestive health
• May support eye health

3.PresentScenario
Statistics:
• Mango production was estimated at 596.34 thousand metric tons during the
period, which indicates an increase of 11.4 percent from the 535.43
thousand metric tons output in the same period of 2022. Carabao mango
with 495.06 thousand metric tons accounted for 83.0 percent of the country’s
total mango production.

Current Market Situation:

• The organic mango puree market is expected to grow rapidly and reach a
large market share of 65.2% by 2024. expected to witness a significant
growth owing to the increasing demand for organically and sustainably
cultivated whole-bean coffee.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

• High international freight charges
• Difficulties in custom clearance
• Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures
• Unavailability of quality mangoes in sufficient quantity
• High local transportation charges, lack of standardization on post harvest
handling etc.

Economic and Social Challenges:

•
There is a very high potential for export of fresh or processed carabao
mangoes. But the industry faces declining yield and quality attributed to
pests and diseases, high post-harvest losses and other factors that limit the
performance of Philippine mango in the international market.

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

Emerging Trends:
Mangoes are commercially cultivated in both the tropics and subtropics at
latitudes of 37°N in Sicily, Italy, through to 33°S in South Africa. According to
FAO statistics of 2012, mango is produced in 100 countries (103 including
Spain, Portugal and Italy, not listed by the FAO). Due to this wide geographic
distribution and the development of cultural techniques that allow out of season
flowering, it is possible to supply world markets all year around. Despite the
number of mango-producing countries stabilising in the last decade, world
mango production has increased considerably and constantly: 15,700×103 tons
in 1990, 25,040×103 tons in 2000, 30,880×103 tons in 2006 and 42,140×103 tons
in 2012 (these statistics include mangosteens and guava). Currently, the leading
exporters are Mexico, Brazil, Pakistan, Peru, and India. With the exception of
Asian countries (the Asian continent produces 76% of the total world
production) where consumer preference is oriented towards taste rather than
colour, and in which Australian new cultivars are making a breakthrough, the
Floridian cultivars 'Tommy Atkins', 'Haden', 'Kent', 'Keitt', and more recently the
Mexican cultivar 'Ataulfo', especially in the US, dominate the global export
market. The increase of plantings in all continents since the beginning of the
century, probably as a response to the increased world market demand of this
commodity, now a well-known item in the housewife basket in the Occidental
 world, coupled with improved cultural techniques suggests there will be new
increases in world production in the medium term.

6.References
• Sources:
• https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1501326&HistoricalAwar
ds=false#:~:text=The%20mango%20was%20first%20domesticated,world's%20
most%20important%20tropical%20fruits.
• https://getfarms.in/Why-Are-Mango-Farms-So-
Important#:~:text=Mango%20farms%20hold%20immense%20agricultural, .
• https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/mango#8.-May-support-eye-health
• https://psa.gov.ph/major-fruit-
crops/mango#:~:text=Major%20Fruit%20Crops%20Quarterly%20Bulletin%2C%2
0April%2DJune%202023&text=Mango%20productio.
• https://getfarms.in/Why-Are-Mango-Farms-So-
Important#:~:text=Mangoes%20are%20an%20abundant%20source,vision%2C%
20and%.
• https://typeset.io/questions/what-is-the-significance-of-mango-in-the-philippine-
• https://www.ishs.org/ishs-article/1183_51?__im-
dGKmUUFi=166575049653515417
1.Introduction about the Crop

Abacá (Spanish) (/ɑːbəˈkɑː/ ah-bə-KAH; Filipino: Abaka [ɐbɐˈka]), Musa textilis, is a

species of banana endemic to the Philippines. The plant grows to 13–22 feet (4.0–
6.7 m), and averages about 12 feet (3.7 m). The plant, also known as Manila hemp,
has great economic importance, being harvested for its fiber, also called Manila
hemp, extracted from the leaf-stems

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Angiosperms, Tracheophytes, Monocots, Commelinids

Order: Zingiberales
Family: Musaceae
Genus: Musa
Species: M. textilis
Binominal name: Musa textilis

• Domestication: Abaca is indigenous to the Philippines and the

Philippines is the center of origin, from where it then moved southward to
Borneo (Spencer, 1953, Brewbaker et al., 1956). The Filipinos are first to
domesticate the abaca (Spencer, 1953)

2.Importance of the crop:

• Uses:
Abacá fibers were traditionally woven into sturdy textiles and clothing in the
Philippines since pre-colonial times. Along with cotton, they were the main
source of textile fibers used for clothing in the pre-colonial Philippines. Abacá
cloth was often compared to calico in terms of texture and was a major trade
 commodity in the pre-colonial maritime trade and the Spanish colonial
era.[36][37] There are multiple traditional types and names of abaca cloth among
the different ethnic groups of the Philippines. Undyed plain abacá cloth, woven
from fine fibers of abaca, is generally known as sinamáy in most of the islands.
Abacá cloth with a more delicate texture is called tinampipi. While especially
fine lace-like abacá cloth is called nipis or lupis. Fine abacá fibers may also be
woven with piña, silk, or fine cotton to create a fabric called jusi.

Economic Impact:
The study shows that abaca is both an important secondary income source of
households with lowland farms, and frequently the only source of cash income
of the poorest households in the community. The implications of abaca's niche
in the village economy, on increasing production of the crop, are discussed.

Nutritional Value:
• Among the essential nutrients N, P, Mg, and Mn were found to be high in the
leaves of the abaca plant at the vegetative and flagleaf stages of growth.

• 3.PresentScenario
Statistics: Abaca production from April to June 2023 was estimated at 17.64
thousand metric tons. This was -1.8 percent lower than the previous year’s same
quarter output of 17.97 thousand metric tons.
Bicol Region recorded the highest abaca production of 5.99 thousand metric tons
or 33.9 percent share to the total abaca production during the period. This was
followed by Eastern Visayas with 2.87 thousand metric tons (16.3%) and Caraga
with 2.45 thousand metric tons (13.9%). These regions had a collective share
of 64.1 percent to the total abaca production during the period.
• From January to June 2023, area planted with abaca was recorded at 136.96
thousand hectares. This indicates an increase of 7.1 percent from the 127.82
thousand hectares area planted in the same period of 2022.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

• Production Challenges:
• Limited supply of quality abaca planting materials.
• Lack of high yielding and virus-resistant planting materials.
• Poor technology adoption of farmers.
• General lack of facilities for transport and drying.
• Insufficient support in product marketing and promotion

*Economic and Social Challenges:

In recent years, the demand for abaca is rapidly growing internationally and
today the production is insufficient to meet the local and global demand for
 fiber products due to improper agricultural practices, pests and diseases, lack
of technologies, and support from the government

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

• Emerging Trends
o Philippines Abaca Fiber Market was valued at USD 97.01 Million in 2023 and
is anticipated to project impressive growth in the forecast period with a
CAGR of 7.84% through 2029

o Increasing demand from various end-user industries to propel the Philippines

Abaca Fiber market. According to TechSci Research report, “Philippines
Abaca Fiber Market By Fiber Size, By Strand, By End User Industry,
Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2024”, the Philippines abaca fiber
market is forecast to grow at around 6% during 2019 - 2024 owing to the
properties possessed by the abaca fibers such as resistance against salt
water, high tensile strength, lower elongation, among others.

6.References
• Sources:
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Uses
• https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Pages/ABOUT%20THE%20BANK/Events/By%20Year/2010
/BSP-UP%20Professorial%20Chair%20Lecture%20Series/BSP_5a_lalusin.pdf
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37618581_The_Role_of_Abaca_Musa_t
extilis_in_the_Household_Economy_of_a_Forest_Village
• https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/philippines-abaca-fiber-market-analysis-
opportunities-
kp#:~:text=According%20to%20TechSci%20Research%20report,the%20abaca%
20fibers
• https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/philippines-abaca-fiber-
market/4290.html#:~:text=Market%20Overview,CAGR%20of%207.84%25%20thr
ough%202029.