1. (a) Differentiate between www and internet.
Ans. Internet
A public network of connected computers and other devices that allows
communication between devices. The internet is primarity hardware-based
and is used for many electronic communication activities , such as email , social
media , and video conferencing.
WWW
A service that provide access to information and data on the internet. The
WWW is more software-oriented and is made up of the pages you see when
you’re online. The WWW is a subset of the internet and depends on it for its
existence.
2. (b) Differentiate between web browser and search
engine.
Ans. Web browser – Retrieves and displays web pages, images and
videos.
Search engine – Find web pages based on keywords or phases.
Web browser - are applications to access, internet, and view web pages by
entering specific website addresses or URLs.
Search engines – crawl, index and analyze web page content to provide
relevant search results for user keyword queries without needing URLs.
3 (c) What is DNS ?
Ans. DNS stands for Domain Name System. It is a system that translates
domain name into IP addresses, which are used by browsers to load web
pages. DNS is a vital part of the internet.
4. (d) What is web hosting ?
Ans. Web hosting is a service that allows users to store their website files on a
server and make them accessible to the public through a web browser. It’s
similar to renting space on the internet.
5 (e) What is HTTP ?
Ans. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a set of rules that govern how web
browsers and web servers communicate with each other. It’s a fundamental
part of the internet and is used to deliver web content to users.
6 (f) What is container tag ?
Ans. A container tag is an HTML element that groups other elements in a web
page. It has an opening tag and a closing tag, which define the beginning and
end of the container.
7 (g) What is syntax of inserting radio button in HTML ?
Ans. The <input type=”radio”> defines a radio button.
8 (h) What is external CSS ?
Ans. External CSS is a form of CSS which is used to add stylling to multiple
HTML pages at a time. It helps to design the layout of many HTML web pages
simultaneously. The external CSS is always saved with the .css extension , and
through this file , we can change the complete style of our HTML web page.
SECTION – II
2. Explain TCP/IP protocol suite with all its services.
Ans. What are the layers of the TCP/IP model?
There are four layers of the TCP/IP model: network access, internet,
transport, and application. Used together, these layers are a suite of
protocols. The TCP/IP model passes data through these layers in a
particular order when a user sends information, and then again in
reverse order when the data is received.
Layer 1: Network Access Layer
The network access layer, also known as the data link layer, handles
the physical infrastructure that lets computers communicate with one
another over the internet. This covers ethernet cables, wireless
networks, network interface cards, device drivers in your computer, and
so on.
The network access layer also includes the technical
infrastructure — such as the code that converts digital data into
transmittable signals — that makes network connection possible.
Layer 2: Internet Layer
The internet layer, also known as the network layer, controls the flow
and routing of traffic to ensure data is sent speedily and accurately.
This layer is also responsible for reassembling the data packet at its
destination. If there’s lots of internet traffic, the internet layer may take a
little longer to send a file, but there will be a smaller chance of an error
corrupting that file.
Layer 3: Transport Layer
The transport layer provides a reliable data connection between two
communicating devices. It’s like sending an insured package: The
transport layer divides the data in packets, acknowledges the packets it
has received from the sender, and ensures that the recipient
acknowledges the packets it receives.
Layer 4: Application Layer
The application layer is the group of applications that let the user
access the network. For most of us that means email, messaging apps,
and cloud storage programs. This is what the end-user sees and
interacts with when sending and receiving data.
3. What is search engine ? explain various types of search
engines in detail.
Ans. Search engine definition
A search engine is a software program or a system designed to
help users find information stored on the internet or within a
specific database. Search engines work by indexing and cataloging
content from various sources and then providing users with a list
of relevant results based on their search queries.
Types of search engines
Search engines come in a variety of forms, each designed to cater to
specific needs and contexts. Here are some different types of search
engines:
1. Internet search engines: By indexing and retrieving information from
the internet, internet search engines can take user queries and generate
relevant web pages, images, videos, and more. Note that an internet
search engine is not the same thing as a web browser, which is a
software application that displays web pages. A web browser is used to
get to the search engine.
2. Enterprise search engines: Designed for internal organizational use,
enterprise search engines index and retrieve information within a
company's databases, documents, and intranet.
3. Desktop search engines: By indexing files, applications, and
documents on a user's personal computer or local network, desktop
search engines provide the user with quick local search capabilities.
4. Academic search engines: Focusing on scholarly content, including
research papers, articles, and academic publications, academic search
engines cater to the needs of researchers and students.
5. Social media search engines: Social media search engines can
index content on social media platforms, which allows users to search
for topics connected to posts and discussions as well as find other user
profiles.
6. Meta search engines: These aggregate results from multiple search
engines to provide users with a broader perspective and are often used
to compare results.
7. Vertical search engines and specialized search engines: These
terms are sometimes used interchangeably. However, there are
important distinctions between them. The main difference lies in the
scope of coverage. Specialized search engines usually have a narrower
focus, honing in on unique content types, while vertical search engines
cover a broader spectrum within a specific industry or topic.
SECTION – III
4. Explain varius steps of developing website in detail.
Ans. Developing a website involves a multi-step process that starts
with defining project goals, planning the site structure, designing the
visual layout, coding the functionality, testing thoroughly, and finally
launching the website live, followed by ongoing maintenance and
updates; key steps include: planning, design, development, testing,
launch, and maintenance.
1. Planning and Research:
Define Goals:
Clearly identify the purpose of the website, target audience, and
desired functionalities to guide the development process.
Content Strategy:
Determine the type of content needed (text, images, videos) and
develop a content calendar.
Site Map:
Create a hierarchical structure outlining the website's pages and their
relationships.
Competitor Analysis:
Research competitor websites to identify strengths and weaknesses,
and potential areas for differentiation.
2. Design:
Branding Guidelines:
Establish brand colors, fonts, logos, and visual style to maintain
consistency across the website.
Wireframing:
Develop low-fidelity sketches of page layouts to visualize the
information hierarchy and user flow.
Visual Design:
Create detailed mockups with color schemes, typography, and
imagery to represent the website's aesthetic.
Responsive Design:
Ensure the website adapts seamlessly to different screen sizes
(desktop, tablet, mobile).
3. Development:
Front-End Development:
Code the user interface using languages like HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript to create the visual elements that users interact with.
Back-End Development:
Develop the server-side functionality using languages like PHP,
Python, or Ruby on Rails to handle data storage, user interactions,
and database management.
Content Management System (CMS):
Choose a CMS platform (like WordPress, Drupal, Joomla) to simplify
content creation and updates.
Feature Implementation:
Integrate necessary features like contact forms, login areas, search
functionality, and social media integration.
4. Testing:
Functionality Testing:
Ensure all website features and links are working properly across
different browsers and devices.
Usability Testing:
Gather feedback from real users to identify any navigation issues or
areas for improvement.
Performance Testing:
Evaluate website loading speed and optimize to provide a smooth
user experience.
Security Testing:
Identify potential vulnerabilities and implement security measures to
protect user data.
5. Launch:
Deployment: Upload the website files to the web hosting server.
Domain Registration: Register a domain name to access the website
with a unique URL.
Go Live: Make the website publicly accessible.
6. Maintenance:
Content Updates:
Regularly add new content, update existing information, and manage
website content.
Security Patches:
Apply security updates to address vulnerabilities and protect against
cyber threats
Performance Optimization:
Monitor website performance and implement improvements to
loading speed
Analytics Tracking:
Monitor website traffic and user behavior to identify areas for further
optimization
Important Considerations:
SEO Optimization: Implement search engine optimization techniques
to improve website visibility in search results.
Accessibility: Design the website to be accessible to users with
disabilities.
Mobile-First Design: Prioritize the mobile user experience when
designing and developing the website.
5 (A) Differentiate between HTML and DHTML in detail.
Ans . HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a markup language for
creating static web pages, while DHTML (Dynamic Hypertext Markup
Language) is an extension of HTML that creates interactive web
pages. DHTML combines HTML with CSS and JavaScript to add
dynamic elements to web pages.
Structure:
HTML: Defines the structure and presentation of web pages
DHTML: Uses HTML for structure, CSS for design, and JavaScript for
interactivity
Content:
HTML: Creates static web pages with fixed content and layout
DHTML: Creates dynamic and interactive web pages with moving
portions
Interactivity:
HTML: Does not provide support for interactivity
DHTML: Allows for real-time manipulation of HTML elements,
enabling animations and user interactions
Tools:
HTML: Can be created using basic text editors like Notepad
DHTML: Requires specialized editors like VS code with plugins that
can support HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
Examples:
HTML: Used to create basic web pages
DHTML: Used to create interactive web applications, animations,
dropdown menus, slideshows, and interactive games or quizzes
(b) Explain various steps of adding picture to a webpage.
Also discuss all the attributes of concerned tag.
Ans. To add an image to a webpage using HTML, you can use the
<img> tag. This tag creates a placeholder for the image and links it to
the webpage.
*Steps to add an image to a webpage
*Use the <img> tag to create a placeholder for the image
*Add the required attributes to the <img> tag
*Save the HTML file
*Attributes of the <img> tag
src: Specifies the path to the image
alt: Specifies an alternate text for the image if it can't be displayed
width: Specifies the width of the image in pixels
height: Specifies the height of the image in pixels
align: Specifies the side of the page where the image should be
aligned, such as "left" or "right"
title: Provides additional information about the image, such as a
tooltip that appears when the user hovers their mouse over the
image
SECTION – IV
6. What is anchor tag ? Explain various type of linking with
all attributes of anchor tag with example.
Ans. An anchor tag is a HTML element that creates a link to a target
URL. When correctly implemented, the link can wrap around text,
images, or as buttons, so that users can interact with it and visit the link's
destination. It is a best practice to provide context about the link's
destination, either in the form of clear anchor text or with a descriptive
image. This way, website visitors know what to expect, and Search
Engine crawlers can understand the connection across both URLs.
Definition
Anchor tags are HTML tags that are used to create hyperlinks. Links and
hyperlinks form the basis of navigation on the web and are what you click on to
move from one page to another on a website. Virtually any element on a page
can be wrapped in anchor tags and turned into a link, from plain text to images
and other HTML elements.
Attributes of an anchor tag
The HTML <a> tag, also known as the anchor tag, accepts a number of different
attributes. HTML attributes are data added to the tag to give additional
information. Most are optional, but some are required. The anchor tag requires a
href attribute at a minimum, but there are many other optional attributes.
An example of an HTML anchor tag using several attributes could look like
this:
<a href="www.google.com" name="google_link"
target="_blank" title="Link to Google">Link to
Google</a>
Href attribute
The href attribute is required, as this is what creates the link. Href stands for
hypertext reference and contains the URL to send users to when they click on
the link. In the example above, this is www.google.com.
Name attribute
The name attribute is now obsolete as of HTML5, and instead, it is advised to
use the id attribute. Prior to HTML5, the name and id attribute were
interchangeable. They were used to give an element a name to identify it for use
elsewhere, such as in CSS or javascript.
Target attribute
The target attribute is used to describe how the user will be sent to the page in
the link. The two most common values are:
"_self", which is the default option if not otherwise specified, and sends
users to the link within the same browsing context, usually a tab.
"_blank" opens the anchor link in a new window or tab. This is typically
used to link to external pages.
Other target attributes include "_parent" and "_top", though these are rarely
used and were generally applicable when iframes were extensively used, which
have since fallen out of favor. They enabled developers to open a link in a
parent frame or the topmost frame on a page.
Title attribute
The title attribute is used to provide a name for the link. This name will show in
several contexts, for example when a user hovers their mouse over the link, and
when a user with a screen reader highlights the anchor tag. This is considered
optional but is recommended for accessibility purposes.
Additional attributes
The anchor tag supports additional attributes. Some of these are common to
other HTML tags, such as 'class' and 'id', but some of them are unique to the
anchor tag. They typically apply to very specific use cases.
Download attribute
This provides a hint to the browser that the link should trigger a download of
the linked content, rather than navigating to it. It can be left blank, in which case
a best-guess will be used to specify a filename, but any value entered into the
download tag will be used for the suggested filename.
hreflang attribute
This HTML attribute can be used to specify alternative language versions of the
respective web page. This will be a value, such as "fr" for French or "en-GB"
for British English. Hreflang can be useful for providing additional context for
search engines and preventing duplicate content.
rel attribute
The HTML rel attribute allows you to specify a relationship between two pages.
This accepts a range of values, including "canonical", "external", and "help".
These hint at certain behaviors, such as the link being intended as the canonical
version of a page, an external link outside of the control of the website, or that
the link contains more information about the current link.
7. Explain various page layout tags with example in HTML.
Ans. HTML layouts are a technique used to divide a web page into multiple sections,
making it easier to apply styles, organize content, and manage operations efficiently.
This division improves readability, accessibility, and overall user experience.
HTML layout is achieved through elements
like <header>, <nav>, <main>, <article>, <section>, <aside>, and <footer> which help
organize content, define the page’s sections, and improve SEO.
HTML Layout Elements
HTML has several semantic elements that define the different parts of a web page:
<header> - Defines a header for a document or a section
<nav> - Defines a set of navigation links
<section> - Defines a section in a document
<article> - Defines independent, self-contained content
<aside> - Defines content aside from the content (like a
sidebar)
<footer> - Defines a footer for a document or a section
<details> - Defines additional details that the user can
open and close on demand
<summary> - Defines a heading for the <details> element
<body>
<header>
<h2>Title</h2>
</header>
<section>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="#">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Learn HTML</a></li>
<li><a href="#">About Us</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<article>
<h1>Home</h1>
<p>This is a home page.</p>
</article>
</section>
<footer>
<p>Footer</p>
</footer>
</body>
<style>
*{
box-sizing: border-box;
}
header {
background-color: lightblue;
text-align: center;
padding: 2px;
font-size: 25px;
color: white;
}
nav {
float: left;
width: 30%;
height: 300px;
background: #fff;
padding: 20px;
}
nav ul {
list-style-type: none;
padding: 0;
}
article {
float: left;
padding: 20px;
width: 70%;
background-color: #f1f1f1;
height: 300px;
}
footer {
background-color: lightblue;
padding: 10px;
text-align: center;
color: white;
}
section::after {
content: "";
display: table;
clear: both;
}
</style>
SECTION - V
8. How we insert a list on web pages ? Explain various types
of lists in HTML with example.
Ans. To insert a list on a web page using HTML, you use the
<ul> tag for an unordered list (bulleted) and <ol> for an
ordered list (numbered), with each list item defined by the
<li> tag within the respective list container; essentially, you
write the list items between the opening and closing tags of
either <ul> or <ol> depending on the desired format.
1. Unordered List (<ul>):
Use case: When the order of items doesn't matter, typically
displayed with bullet points.
Example:
Code
<ul>
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>
Explanation:
<ul>: Starts an unordered list.
<li>: Represents a single list item within the unordered list.
2. Ordered List (<ol>):
Use case: When the order of items is important, usually displayed
with numbers or letters.
Example:
Code
<ol>
<li>Step 1: Preheat oven to 350°F</li>
<li>Step 2: Mix ingredients</li>
<li>Step 3: Bake for 20 minutes</li>
</ol>
Explanation:
<ol>: Starts an ordered list.
<li>: Represents a single list item within the ordered list.
3. Definition List (<dl>):
Use case: To present terms with their corresponding descriptions.
Example:
Code
<dl>
<dt>HTML:</dt> <dd>HyperText Markup Language</dd>
<dt>CSS:</dt> <dd>Cascading Style Sheets</dd>
<dt>JavaScript:</dt> <dd>Programming language for interactive
web elements</dd>
</dl>
Explanation:
<dl>: Starts a definition list, <dt>: Defines a term, and <dd>: Defines
the description corresponding to the term.
Key points:
You can nest lists within other lists to create hierarchical structures.
You can use CSS to customize the appearance of lists, including the
style of bullet points or numbering.
9. Explain various types of CSS in detail with their
application and example.
Ans. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a vital tool for web developers and
designers to enhance the appearance and visual aesthetics of their web
pages. CSS allows developers to control the layout, styling, and
formatting of HTML elements. There are three primary types of CSS:
inline, internal, and external CSS. In this article, we will learn about
these different types of CSS with examples. Let’s start!!!
Types of CSS
1. Inline CSS
Inline CSS is the simplest form of CSS, and it is embedded within the
HTML tags. It is useful when a single element requires some styling.
However, it is not recommended for use on larger projects because it can
become difficult to manage the styles as the project grows. Here’s an
example of inline CSS:
Advantages of Inline CSS:
Quick and easy to use.
Specific styles can be applied to individual elements.
Overrides external and internal CSS styles.
Disadvantages of Inline CSS:
Difficult to maintain and update.
Increases the size of the HTML file, which can slow down page load
times.
Repeated use of inline styles can lead to inconsistent styling across a
website.
2. Internal CSS
Internal CSS is used to apply styles to a single HTML
document, and it is placed within the head section of an
HTML document. It is useful when working on smaller
projects or mak Advantages of Internal CSS:
Provides more control over styling compared to inline CSS.
Separates content and presentation, making it easier to maintain and
update styles for a specific page or section.
Overrides external styles for specific elements or sections.
Disadvantages of Internal CSS
Increases the size of the HTML file, which can slow down page load
times.
Repeated use of internal styles can lead to inconsistent styling across
a website.
Can be difficult to maintain for larger projects.
3. External CSS
External CSS is the most commonly used form of CSS. It involves linking
an external style sheet file to the HTML document. External CSS is ideal
for larger projects with multiple HTML documents because it allows
developers to maintain a consistent look and feel across multiple pages.
Here’s an example of external CSS:
In the example above, the CSS code is stored in a separate file called
“style.css.” The HTML code links to this file using the <link> tag in the
head section. This is the recommended approach for larger projects
because it allows developers to make changes to the CSS file without
affecting the HTML code.
ing changes to a single HTML document. Here’s an example of internal
CSS:
Advantages of External CSS
Separates content and presentation, making it easier to maintain and
update styles across multiple pages.
Promotes consistency in styling across the website.
Can be cached by the browser, leading to faster page load times.
Can be reused across multiple pages and websites.
Disadvantages of External CSS
Requires a separate file, which can add complexity to the project
structure.
Can increase the number of HTTP requests to the server, which can
slow down page load times.
