International Journal of Health Sciences and Research

www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571

Original Research Article

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned

Teaching Programme Regarding Prevention of
Cervical Cancer in Terms of Knowledge and
Attitude among Women of Reproductive Age Group
in Selected Rural Community of Delhi
Ms Nidhi Dagar
Nursing Officer, Bhagwan Mahavir Hospital, Pitampura, New Delhi

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Cancer of cervix is a common malignancy among women especially in the lower socio
economic group. A major cause of concern to health care system in the developing countries is to
enforce surveillance programmes thereby detecting cancer cervix in later advanced stage.
Materials and methods: The research approach adopted for the study was evaluative and educative
with one group pre-test post-test design. The population comprised of women residing in
TilangPurKotla New Delhi. Convenient sampling technique was used to select a sample of 60 women
of reproductive age group. The tool consisted of structured interview schedule. The women of
reproductive age group who participated in the study were given a pre test and planned health
education given. Post test was conducted on 7th day.
Results: Percentage of women having adequate knowledge increased from 0% to 63.34% after giving
planned teaching program. Whereas 18.33% population reported inadequate Knowledge Post test and
18.33% population have moderate knowledge post test. Post test knowledge score improved 38.46%
after planned teaching program. T-ratio was statistically significant as the obtained value (32.11) is
higher than the tabulated value (2.00) required for t-ratio to be significant at .05 level of confidence.
Maximum of the participants got benefitted from the planned teaching programme on changing their
attitude towards prevention of cervical cancer. There was a significant difference between pre test and
post test knowledge and attitude regarding prevention of cervical cancer and between post test
knowledge and post test attitude regarding prevention of cervical cancer among women of
reproductive age group. Thus hypothesis 1 & 2 were accepted. Chi-square values of post test
knowledge score with demographic variables were age 11.09 which was significant whereas chi-
square values with other variables like educational qualification (4.2); occupation (1.4); income group
(3.1); marital status (0.9) and number of children (7.3) were not significant. This indicates that H3 is
partially accepted with age only. Chi-square values of post test attitude score with demographic
variables age (4.86) educational qualification (6.3); occupation (4.6); income group (1.5); marital
status (1.7) and number of children (4.4) were not significant. This indicates that H4 is rejected and
null hypothesis is accepted.
Conclusion: Planned health education programme on cancer cervix was found to be effective.
Key Words: Knowledge, attitude, correlation, association, planned teaching program

INTRODUCTION lower socio economic group. Cervical

Cancer of cervix is a common cancer occurs most commonly in women
malignancy among women especially in the between the ages of 30 and 45 years. But it

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 196

Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2018
Nidhi Dagar. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme Regarding Prevention of
Cervical Cancer in Terms of Knowledge and Attitude among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Selected
Rural Community of Delhi
can occur as early as age 18 years. Risk inherited. Unchangeable trait, while a non-
factors vary from multiple sex partners to genetic factor is a variable in a person’s
smoking to chronic cervical infection. environment. Which can after be changed.
Herald ZurHauzen was awarded Non genetic factors may include diet,
with noble prize for medicine in 2008 for exercise or exposure to other substances
his effort in identifying HPV as the present in our surroundings. These non-
causative agent for cancer of cervix. genetic factors are often referred to as
Cervical cancer is a fully environmental factors.
preventable, curable at low cost and at low The most important cause of cervical
risk when screening to facilitate the timely cancer is infection with a high risk type of
dictation of early precursor lesion in human papilloma virus. The types HPV
asymptomatic women is available together most commonly linked with cervical cancer
with appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and are HPV 16 and HPV 18, but several other
follow-up. high risk types contribute to cancer as well.
Cervical cancer has a long latent HPV infection is extremely common and
phase and can be prevented easily by early generally occurs soon after an individual
detection by using various screening becomes sexually active.
procedure like Pap smear, HPV, DNA Cervical cancer screening program is
testing and visual inspection of cervix acknowledged currently as the most
neither requires a second person for effective approach for cervical cancer
interpretation of result nor second visit by control. Cervical cancer prevention has
the patient to collect the reports and CT focused on screening sexually active women
allows the use of “Screen and Treat” using different diagnostic test and control.
methodology reported by alliance by Nurses have a vital role in
cervical cancer. significantly reducing the incidence of
Women Health is a unique specialty cancer by teaching healthy life style,
of health care. Women are becoming more attitudes as well as risk, prevention and
and more aware of their health status as a early diagnosis. WHO has warned that India
result of modern education, electronic, print is the next hub for cancer? 38 new cancer
media and health agencies .while women centers will be linked to district hospital.
have made progress in most of the field but ANM’s are being trained to identify
still she tends to inexplicably neglect her warning signs of cancer.
own health .Though in the present age
women are aware of their problems, the Objectives of the Study
readiness to seek help from health personnel 1. To assess the existing knowledge of
is hindered by economic constraints social women of reproductive age group
stigma and rigid superstitious beliefs regarding prevention of cervical cancer.
regarding health problems. 2. To assess the attitude regarding
Invariably most common Health prevention of cervical cancer among the
problem seen among women is cervical women of reproductive age group.
cancer. Cervical cancer has a major impact 3. To evaluate the effectiveness of planned
on women lives worldwide. It is the second teaching program regarding prevention
most common cancer and is the major cause of cervical cancer on knowledge and
of mortality among Indian women. Cervical attitude of women of reproductive age
cancer creates long term problems for group.
families and challenge for Health care 4. To correlate post test knowledge and
systems. post test attitude regarding prevention of
The chance of an individual cervical cancer among women of
developing cancer depends on both genetic reproductive age group.
& non genetic factors. A genetic factor is an

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 197

Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2018
Nidhi Dagar. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme Regarding Prevention of
Cervical Cancer in Terms of Knowledge and Attitude among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Selected
Rural Community of Delhi
5. To associate the post test knowledge and regarding prevention of cervical cancer
post test attitudes of women of among women of reproductive age group.
reproductive age group regarding H2: there is a significant co relation between
prevention of cervical cancer with post test knowledge and post test attitude
selected demographic variables. regarding prevention of cervical cancer
among women of reproductive age group.
METHODOLOGY H3: There is a significant association of
Evaluative research approach was post test knowledge score among women of
adopted for the study. reproductive age group with the selected
Research Design was pre- demographic variables.
experimental one group pre –test, post-test H4: There is a significant association of
design was selected for the study by post test attitude score among women of
including planned health education reproductive age group with the selected
programme regarding prevention of cancer demographical variables.
cervix as an intervention. (O1 x O2) Extensive literature review was done
The conceptual framework is based on literature related to cervical cancer –
on King Imogene theory of goal attainment. prevalence, causes, risk factors, signs and
Research Setting was Village symptoms, prevention and knowledge and
TilangPurKotla New Delhi. VillDhansa, attitude; effectiveness of planned teaching
New Delhi was selected for the pilot study. programme.
Population:- The population comprised of Data collection tool & technique:
women residing in TilangPurKotla New consisted of structured interview schedule
Delhi. of six parts: Part 1: Demographic Data (07
Sample size was 60 women of items); Part B: Structured knowledge
reproductive age group. questionnaire regarding Prevention and
Sampling technique- convenient sampling Control Of cancer of cervix (24 items).
technique. Sampling criteria for inclusion Reliability co-efficient of structured
included Women who are residing in the knowledge questionnaire and of attitude
selected rural area. Women of reproductive scale was calculated by using Split half
age group who were willing to participate in Spearman’s – Brown formula. The
the study. Women who can understand and reliability of knowledge questionnaire was
speak Hindi found to be 0.85; attitude scale was 0.73 and
were found to be reliable.
Variables under study were The data collected was tabulated in a
Dependant variables: Are knowledge and master sheet. Descriptive and inferential
attitude of women of reproductive age group statistics was used for analysis and
regarding prevention of cervical cancer as interpretation.
evident from structured knowledge The health education programme
questionnaire and attitude scale. was developed under the following
Independent variables: planned teaching headings:
program regarding prevention of cervical Section-A (Introduction of Cancer of
cancer among women of reproductive age Cervix)
group. Section-B (Pathology of Cancer of Cervix)
Extraneous variables: age, sex, Section-C (sign and symptom, and diagnosis
occupation, religion, income, age of of cancer of cervix)
marriage, age of menarche, no. of children if Section-D (Prevention and Management of
married Cancer of Cervix)
Research hypothesis: The pilot study was conducted on 10
H1: there is a significant difference between women of reproductive age group between
pre test and post test knowledge and attitude 20/10/14 – 27/10/14. Findings of the pilot

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 198

Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2018
Nidhi Dagar. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme Regarding Prevention of
Cervical Cancer in Terms of Knowledge and Attitude among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Selected
Rural Community of Delhi
study revealed there was significant
improvement in the post test knowledge and
attitude of the women of reproductive age
group regarding prevention of cervical
cancer with signifies the feasibility to
conduct the main study. No problem was
faced during the pilot study.
Data collected from 01 Nov 2014 to
08 Nov 2014.
Demographic data - Fig 2: Percentage distribution of women of reproductive age
Age: The findings revealed 60.0%(36) group according to education qualification
Women of reproductive age group was in
the age group of 20-30 years, 33.33%(20)
Women of reproductive age group was
found in the age group of 31-40 years, and
6.67%(4) was found in the age group of
between 41 - 45 years.
Qualification: The findings revealed that
20% (12) Women of reproductive age group
are Illiterate, 56.66% (34) Women of
reproductive age group are studied Upto 12 Fig 3: Percentage distribution of women of reproductive age
and 11.67% (7) Graduate and 11.66% (7) group according to occupation.

Women of reproductive age group are

>graduate. Religion: The study findings revealed that
Occupation: It was found that 5.00% (3) 100% (60) women who participated in this
Women of reproductive age group in Private study are Hindu.
sector, 11.67% (7) Women of reproductive
age group are working in Government
sector, and 83.337% (50) Women of
reproductive age group are Housewife and
no respondent is found employed in any
other field.

Fig 4: Percentage distribution of women of reproductive age

group according to religion

Income: it was revealed that 71.66% (43)

women of reproductive age group belong to
the salary group <5000, 18.33% (11)
Women of reproductive age group belongs
Fig:1 Percentage distribution of women of reproductive age to the salary group 5001- 10000, and
group according to age
10.00% (6) Women of reproductive age
group belongs to the salary group 10001-
20000 and no respondent is found in salary
group >20001). The maximum participant in
the research study were from the salary
group <5000.

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 199

Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2018
Nidhi Dagar. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme Regarding Prevention of
Cervical Cancer in Terms of Knowledge and Attitude among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Selected
Rural Community of Delhi

Age at Menarche: The study findings

revealed that 8.3%(5) Women of
reproductive age group reported age of
menarche <12 Age , 43.3%(26) Women of
reproductive age group reported age of
menarche 12-14 age, and 48.34% (29)
Women of reproductive age group reported
age of menarche 15-18 age and no
respondent reported age of menarche more
Fig 5: Percentage distribution of women of reproductive age than 18 years.
group according to income.
The data presented in Table 1 shows
Marital Status: the findings revealed that that the Percentage of women having
93.33 % (56) Women of reproductive age adequate knowledge increased from 0% to
group are Married, 6.6% (4) Women of 63.34% after giving planned teaching
reproductive age group are Widow. program. Whereas 18.33% population
reported inadequate Knowledge Post test
and 18.33% population have moderate
knowledge post test.
Table 2 showed increase in the mean
score in all aspects of knowledge along with
decrease in standard deviation. That means
plan teaching program is an effective tool to
increase knowledge of the women regarding
prevention of cervical cancer.
Fig 6: Percentage distribution of the women of reproductive
age group according tomarital status. Table 3 shows Effectiveness of
planned teaching program among Women
No. of Children: It was found that 45.00% of reproductive age group in improving
(27) Women of reproductive age group have Knowledge scores regarding prevention of
one child, 51.67% (31) Women of cervical cancer. Post test knowledge score
reproductive age group have two children, improved 38.46% after planned teaching
and 3.337% (2) Women of reproductive age program. T-ratio was statistically significant
group have three children and no respondent as the obtained value (32.11) is higher than
has more than four children. the tabulated value (2.00) required for t-
ratio to be significant at .05 level of
confidence.
From Table 4, it was evident that
shows pre test and post test comparison of
attitude scores of women of reproductive
age group. Maximum of the participants got
benefitted from the planned teaching
programme on changing their attitude
towards prevention of cervical cancer.
Fig 8: Percentage distributions of the women of reproductive
age group according to age of menarche.

Table 1: Comparison of pre test and post test level of knowledge N = 60

Pre Test Post Test
Level of Knowledge Frequency Percentage (%) Frequency Percentage (%)
Inadequate 60 100 11 18.33
Moderate 0 0 11 18.33
Adequate 0 0 38 63.34
Overall 60 100 60 100

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 200

Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2018
Nidhi Dagar. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme Regarding Prevention of
Cervical Cancer in Terms of Knowledge and Attitude among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Selected
Rural Community of Delhi

Table 2: Comparison of pre test and post range, mean, standard deviation of various aspects of knowledge score N = 60
Aspects of Knowledge Max Respondent knowledge Respondent knowledge
score (Pre test) (Post test)
Mean SD Mean SD
General Information regarding cervical cancer 7 3.8 1.49 6.4 0.71
Predisposing factors and sign and symptoms of cervical cancer 8 3.52 1.265 7.43 0.69
Prevention and management of cervical cancer 9 3.58 1.23 8.42 0.94

Table 3: Effectiveness of prevention of cervical cancer by comparing pre and post mean % and S.D. scores of knowledge score.
N = 60
Pre test (X) Post(Y) Effectiveness (Y-X) Observed
Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D T – value
10.90 2.21 22.13 1.58 11.21 0.63 32.1

Table 4: Comparison of pre test and post test attitude score of women of reproductive age group N = 60
Level of Pre test Post test
Attitude Frequency Percentage (%) Frequency Percentage (%)
Inadequate 0 0 14 23.3
Moderate 60 100% 19 31.6
Adequate 0 0 27 45
Overall 60 100 60 100
significant as the obtained value (26.76) is
Table 5: Effectiveness of planned teaching program regarding higher than the tabulated value (2.00)
prevention of cervical cancer by comparing pre test and post
test scores attitude scale. N = 60 required for t-value to be significant at .05
Attitude Max Pre test Post test “t” level of confidence.
Score Mean SD Mean SD value
Attitude 80 51.6 4.1 71.7 4.03 26.7 *
score.
Significant
The data presented in Table 6,
Table 6: Correlation co-efficient between post test knowledge depicts the Correlation Co-efficient between
and post- test attitude scores of women of reproductive age Post-Test knowledge and Post- Test attitude
group N = 60
Variable Mean SD „r‟ scores of woman of reproductive age group.
Post-test knowledge scores 22.1 1.5
.4
r was 0.4 which indicated a significant
Post-test attitude scores 71.5 3.9
* Significant positive correlation
positive relationship between knowledge
and attitude of woman of reproductive age
Table 7: Chi Square Values Showing Association between group regarding prevention of cervical
Post-test knowledge and attitude Scores with Selected
Demographic Variables (N=60)
cancer. This showed that the planned
S. Selected Factors Chi square value teaching program was effective in
No. enhancing the knowledge as well as
Knowledge Attitude
1 Age 11.09* 4.86 developing highly favorable attitude
2 Educational qualification 4.2 6.30 towards prevention of cervical cancer
3 Occupation 1.4 4.6
4 Income group 3.1 1.5 among women of reproductive age group.
5 Marital status 0.9 1.7 Research hypothesis H2 was accepted.
6 No. of children 7.3 4.4
Significant at 0.05 level of significance
Hence it can be concluded that planned
teaching program for women of
Data presented in Table 5, indicates reproductive age group regarding prevention
Mean & S.D of Pre Vs Post test Attitude of cervical cancer is a tool in increasing
scores of Women of reproductive age group knowledge and attitude.
regarding prevention of cervical cancer at The data presented in Table 7,
selected Rural Community in Delhi.., i.e. showed the chi square values obtained to
Pre group are 51.65±4.18, Post are find the association between post-test
71.75±4.03. As per the table the mean knowledge and attitude of the women of
difference of pre Vs post attitude score is reproductive age group with selected
19.9. There is 24.9% more effective attitude demographic variables. Chi-square values of
scoring after administering planned teaching post test knowledge score with demographic
program. And the t-value was statistically variables were age 11.09 which was

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 201

Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2018
Nidhi Dagar. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme Regarding Prevention of
Cervical Cancer in Terms of Knowledge and Attitude among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Selected
Rural Community of Delhi
significant whereas chi-square values with Beining, Robin Marie conducted a
other variables like educational qualification study to explore the role of awareness and
(4.2); occupation (1.4); income group (3.1); knowledge of cervical cancer as a barrier to
marital status (0.9) and number of children screening participation among urban women
(7.3) were not significant. This indicates in Tamil Nadu; and further to identify the
that H3 is partially accepted with age only. potential impact of increased cervical cancer
Chi-square values of post test awareness and knowledge on screening
attitude score with demographic variables attitude. Quantitative and qualitative
were age (4.86) educational qualification methods were used to characterize existing
(6.3); occupation (4.6); income group (1.5); levels of awareness and knowledge of
marital status (1.7) and numbers of children cervical cancer and screening among 207
(4.4) were not significant. This indicates women from the metropolitan area of
that H4 is rejected and null hypothesis is Chennai. The results suggest that the
accepted. majority of women (69.6%) were not aware
of cervical cancer and very few (16.4%)
DISCUSSION were aware of screening. Demographically,
IJ Korfage, et al conducted a study women with secondary levels of education
to assess the health-related quality of life or higher were significantly more likely to
(HRQoL) impact of cervical cancer have heard of cervical cancer and screening.
screening in women with normal test results Of the women that were aware of cervical
in Maastricht, the Netherlands. A cohort of cancer screening, most reported receiving
789 women was followed from screening information through television (33%) or a
invitation until after the receipt of screening healthcare provider (28.6%). (2)
results. A female age matched reference M Urasaand E Darj conducted a
group (n = 567) were included. study to determine nurses' awareness of
Questionnaires were sent to the home cervical cancer and their own screening
address of the women before screening, practices at a hospital in Tanzania. A
after screening, and again with the screening descriptive cross sectional study using
results. The results revealed that a total of questionnaires on 137 nurses. The study
60% of screening participants completed findings revealed that less than half of the
questionnaire 1(n = 924): 803 of these nurses had adequate knowledge regarding
women granted permission to access their cervical cancer. There was a significant
files; 789 of these 803 women had normal association between knowledge levels of
test results (Pap 1), and were included in the causes of cervical cancer and transmission
analyses. Generic HRQoL (SF-12, EQ-5D) of HPV and age. Knowledge was more
and anxiety (STAI-6) scores were similar in adequate among the young nurses (p =
the study and reference groups. Before 0.027) and knowledge differed significantly
screening, after screening, and also after the between cadres. Registered nurses had more
receipt of test results, screening participants adequate knowledge than enrolled nurses.
reported less screen-specific anxiety (PCQ, The majority did not know screening
P < 0.001) than the reference group (n = intervals and a few were aware of HPV
567), with differences indicating clinical vaccine. Most nurses (84.6%) had never had
relevance. 19% of screening participants a Pap smear examination. This reflected a
were bothered by feelings of shame, pain, need for continuing medical education,
inconvenience, or nervousness during smear creation of cervical cancer prevention
taking, and 8 and 5% of women experienced policies and strategies at all levels of the
lower abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, health sector. (3)
discharge, or urinary problems for 2–3 and Balogun MR, et al conducted a study
4–7 days, respectively, following the Pap on the awareness of cervical cancer, attitude
smear. (1) towards the disease and screening practice

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 202

Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2018
Nidhi Dagar. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme Regarding Prevention of
Cervical Cancer in Terms of Knowledge and Attitude among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Selected
Rural Community of Delhi
of women residing in two urban slums of non-housewives, women of single/
Lagos, Nigeria. Multistage sampling was separated/ divorced/widowed status, and
used to select 240 women who were women with no children should be the first
interviewed with a structured questionnaire. priorities for getting Pap tests. Strategies
The results revealed that only 10 (4.2%) included promoting the use of mobile units
women in this study were aware of cervical for cervical cancer screening, and
cancer and none of them believed they were strengthening and promoting educational
at risk of developing the disease. Most programmes. (5)
(73.3%) were willing to undergo a cervical Langley and Mary conducted an
cancer screening test. Age, education and exploratory, descriptive survey at a
previous history of vaginal examination Radiation Oncology Outpatient Department
were positively associated with willingness of a large academic hospital in Gauteng.
to undergo screening (p <0.05). The With an aim to explore and describe the
respondents had a high prevalence of major action patients had taken when they noticed
risk factors for cervical cancer such as early symptoms, which they consulted, how many
age at sexual debut, multiple sexual partners health care providers they saw before the
and male partner with other female partners. diagnosis, their awareness of the Pap smear,
The authors concluded that efforts need to the stage of the disease they presented with
be intensified to increase awareness of this and to identify their predisposing factors.
condition and to promote low-cost cervical Data was obtained using a questionnaire on
cancer screening among this underserved a systemic random sample. The findings
population. (4) showed most of the participants were
Sawitree Visanuyothin, et al diagnosed at advanced stages of cervical
conducted a cross-sectional study to cancer, 54% (n=65) at stage 2b and 22%
examine the factors associated with cervical (n=26) at stage 3b of cervical cancer Most
cancer screening adherence. Stratified went to a clinical facility when they noticed
sampling with the proportional to size symptoms: 45% (n=55) to a hospital and
method was used to select registered women 42% (n=52) to a clinic. Almost half of the
aged 30–60 years. 96.2% of self- respondents: 49% (n=57), did not know
administered questionnaires were returned. what caused the symptoms, a similar
Approximately 65.4% of the women were number (n=57) took some time to consult a
considered to be adherent to cervical cancer clinician after noticing symptoms and 53
screening (i.e., maintainers) as defined by at (n=60) knew what a Pap-smear was but had
least one screening within the recommended only had it done when they became ill. The
5-year screening interval and the study revealed that women’s general
expectation of attending a screening in the knowledge of cancer of the cervix is very
future. Chi-square tests revealed that poor. It was apparent that the health care
occupation, marital status, number of facilities are effective in performing Pap
children, sexual activity, health insurance smears as the majority of the participants
scheme, history of oral contraceptive pill saw only two health care providers before
use, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, the diagnosis was made. (6)
and knowledge about cervical cancer
prevention were significantly associated CONCLUSION
with cervical cancer screening adherence. Knowledge deficit and unfavorable
After adjusting for occupation, marital attitude existed regarding prevention of
status, number of children, and health cervical cancer among women of
insurance in the model, perceived barriers reproductive age group.
and knowledge remained significant The planned teaching program was
predictors of cervical cancer screening found to be effective in increasing the
adherence. The findings suggested that the knowledge and developing favorable

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 203

Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2018
Nidhi Dagar. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme Regarding Prevention of
Cervical Cancer in Terms of Knowledge and Attitude among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Selected
Rural Community of Delhi
attitude of the women of reproductive age 2. Beining, Robin Marie. "Screening for
group. cervical cancer: an exploratory study of
There was an increase in knowledge urban women in Tamil Nadu, India." PhD
scores of women of reproductive age group (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of
Iowa, 2012. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2820.
regarding prevention of cervical cancer
3. M Urasaand E DarjKnowledge of cervical
among women of reproductive age group cancer and screening practices of nurses at a
after administration of planned teaching regional hospital in Tanzania. Afr Health
program. Sci. 2011 Mar; 11(1): 48–57.
There was development of desirable 4. Balogun MR, Odukoya OO, Oyediran MA
favorable attitude of women of reproductive and Ujomu PI. Cervical Cancer Awareness
age group regarding prevention of cervical and Preventive Practices: A Challenge for
cancer among women of reproductive age Female Urban Slum Dwellers in Lagos,
group after administration of planned Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive
teaching program. Health March 2012; 16(1): 75.
The planned health education 5. Sawitree Visanuyothin, Jiraporn
programme was found to be effective in Chompikul, Aroonsri Mongkolchati.
Determinants of cervical cancer screening
increasing the knowledge and developing
adherence in urban areas of Nakhon
favorable attitude of the women of Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Journal of
reproductive age group regarding cancer Infection and Public Health. November–
cervix. December 2014, 8(6); 5543-552.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2015.04.018
REFERENCES 6. Gayle Langley and Nonhlanhla Mary.
1. IJ Korfage, M van Ballegooijen, B Wauben, Health Seeking Behaviours of Women with
CWN Looman, JDF Habbema, M-L Essink- Cervical Cancer. J Community Med Health
Botc. Having a Pap smear, quality of life Educ 2012, 2:8 DOI: 10.4172/2161-
before and after cervical screening: a 0711.1000170.
questionnaire study. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-
0528.2012.03344.x www.bjog.org

How to cite this article: Dagar N. A study to assess the effectiveness of Planned Teaching
Programme regarding prevention of cervical cancer in terms of knowledge and attitude among
women of reproductive age group in selected rural community of Delhi. Int J Health Sci Res.
2018; 8(8):196-204.

******

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 204

Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2018