Ca m b r id g e

CONTENTS
Welcome p 4 A Personal information; Nationalities and be; Names and addresses B Things in the classroom; Prepositions of place;
Classroom language; Object pronouns; this I that I these I those C Days and dates; My day D My possessions; have got; I like and I'd like

FUNCTIONS & SPEAKING GRAMMAR VOCABULARY

Unit 1 Talking about routines and everyday activities Present simple review Hobbies
Having a Expressing likes and dislikes Q like + -ing WordWise: Collocations
good time Giving warnings and stating prohibition Adverbs o f frequency with have
p12 □ Developing Speaking: Talking about free tim e activities

Unit 2 Role play: Buying things in a shop Present continuous Shops

Spending money Talking about what people are doing at the C Verbs o f perception Clothes
p20 O moment Present simple vs. present continuous

Life Competencies: Empathy Q , Culture: Banknotes around the world □ , Review

U n it3 Talking about food O Countable and uncountable nouns Food and drink
We are what Ordering a meal a/an, some, any WordWise: Expressions with
we eat Developing Speaking: Apologising have got
(how) much / many, a lot o f/ lots of
P 30 O Adjectives to talk about food
too and (not) enough

Unit 4 Talking about families Possessive adjectives and pronouns Family members
All in the family Asking for permission whose and possessive's Feelings
P 38 □ Q was / were

Life Competencies: Saying sorry Q , Culture: Family traditions around the world O , Review

Unit 5 Talking about events in the past Past simple (regular verbs) Parts of a house and furniture
No place like home Role play: A t a market Modifiers: quite, very, really WordWise: Phrasal verbs
p 48 □ Developing Speaking: Making and responding □ Past simple (negative) with look
to suggestions Adjectives with -ed or -ing

Unit 6 Saying what you like doing w ith others Past simple (irregular verbs) Past tim e expressions
Friends forever Talking about friends and friendships Double genitive Personality adjectives
p 56 O Talking about past events □ Past simple questions

Life Competencies: Be careful making judgments Q , Culture: Friends in literature □ , Review

Unit 7 Giving advice have to / don’t have to Gadgets

Smart life Talking about obligation / lack of obligation should / shouldn't WordWise:
p 66 Q Role play: A phone call C mustn't vs. don't have to Expressions with like
Developing Speaking: Asking for repetition and clarification Housework

Unit 8 Talking about sports Past continuous Sport and sports verbs
A question Talking about feelings Q Past continuous vs. past simple Adverbs o f sequence
of sport Talking about ongoing past events, sequencing events when and while
p7 4 O

Life Competencies: Solving problems O , Culture: The wonderful world of sport Q , Review

Unit 9 Talking about the weather Comparative adjectives Geographical features

Wild and Developing Speaking: Paying compliments C can / can’t (for ability) WordWise: Phrases
wonderful Superlative adjectives with with
P 84 O The weather

Unit 10 Talking about plans Q be going to for intentions Places in town

Out and about Inviting and making arrangements Things in town: compound
Present continuous for arrangements
p92 □ Discussing ideas for an imaginary film nouns
Adverbs

Life Competencies: Helping in the com m unity Q , Culture: Mythical places around the world Q , Review

Unit 11 Making predictions will / won't for future predictions Parts o f the body
Future bodies Role play: A t the doctor's □ First conditional WordWise:
p 102 Q Developing Speaking: Sympathising w ith people Time clauses with when / as soon as Expressions with do
when and if

Unit 12 Talking about travel and transport Present perfect simple Transport and travel
Travel the world Talking about life experiences C Present perfect with ever / never Travel verbs
p110 Q Present perfect vs. past simple

Life Competencies: Dealing with negative feelings Q I, Culture: Hard journeys for schoolchildren Q , Review
 PRONUNCIATION THINK! SKILLS
/sA /z /, / iz / sounds Values: Taking care of yourself Reading Quiz: Do you enjoy life?
Blog: W hat do you do in your free time?
Writing Your routine Listening Conversations about hobbies

Contractions Values: Fashion and clothes Reading Chat conversation: Shopping

Train to T h in k : Exploring numbers Web forum: It's Sunday afternoon, what can I do?
Writing An email to say what you're doing Listening Shop conversations

M . Key for Schools Exam practice

Vowel sounds / i / Values: Food and health Reading Online article: Creepy crawlies - the superfood o f the future?
and / i i / Online blog: Eating around the world
Writing A paragraph about what food you eat
Listening In a cafe ordering food

-er /a / at the end Values: Film families Reading Blog: Old films, great families
of words Train to T h in k : Making inferences News article: Suzie saves her mum
Writing An invitation Listening Why I love my family!

A2 Key for Schools Exam practice

-ed endings /d /, /t/, / i d / Values: Reading Magazine article: The 21st century caveman
Following your dreams Holiday blog: Our holiday castle
Writing A summary / a blog post Listening My favourite room

Stressed syllables in Values: Friendship Reading Web article: A special friendship

words Train to T h in k : Making decisions Magazine article: Life stories - Pen pals for years
Writing A thank you note Listening Giving advice

A2 Key for Schools Exam practice

Vowel sounds: / u / Values: Caring for people and the Reading A r t ic le : ju s t because I didn't want to take a bath.'
and / u i/ environment Website: Gadget reviews
Writing A paragraph about housework
Listening Radio programme: advice for young inventors

Strong and weak forms Values: Trying, winning and losing Reading Magazine article: The world's greatest sporting achievements
of was and were Train to T h in k : Sequencing Web forum: Sporting fails
Writing An article about a sporting event Listening Teens talking about sport

A2 Key for Schools Exam practice

Vowel sounds: / i / Values: Valuing our world Reading Magazine article: The wild side o f life
and / a i/ Blog: Extreme nature!
Writing An email about an amazing weather event
Listening Interview with a Kalahari bushman

Voiced / d / and Values: Appreciating other cultures Reading Emails: Experiences in foreign countries
unvoiced / 0 / Train to T h in k : Problem solving Letters to a local government website: How can we improve our town?
consonants Writing An informal email Listening Teens making plans

A2 Key for Schools Exam practice

The / h / consonant Values: Exercise and health Reading Magazine article: Changing bodies
sound Blog: Old Wives' Tales
Writing A phone message
Listening Conversations about physical problems

Sentence stress Values: Travel broadens the mind Reading Newspaper article: A world record breaker
Train to T h in k : Exploring differences Magazine article: Travelling the world from your sofa!
Writing An essay: Someone I admire Listening A traveller talking to a class

A2 Key for Schools Exam practice

Pronunciation pages 120-121 Get it right! pages 122-126 Speaking activities pages 127-128
WELCOME
A ALL ABOUT ME Nationalities and be
Personal information 4 Complete the names of the countries (add the
consonants).

Put the dialogue in order. Number the

(d>) W .0 1

boxes. Listen and check.

[7 ] Ryan Hi. I'm Ryan. 2 _ u ___ e _ 8 ___ a _ i
□ Ryan I'm thirteen. How about you?
□ Ryan Australia.
H Ryan Hello, Claudia. Where are you from?
| | Claudia Me? I'm thirteen, too.
| | Claudia I'm from Brazil. And you?
| | Claudia Hi, Ryan. My name's Claudia.
9 _ o _ o ___ i a
I | Claudia Cool! How old are you, Ryan?

2 a1>) W .0 2 Complete the dialogue with the phrases

in the list. Listen and check.

are | meet | this | too

Ryan Claudia - 1 is my friend Ahmed.

4 ___ i _ a 10 A ___ e ____ i _ a
Ahmed Hi, Claudia. Nice t o 2 you.
Claudia Nice to meet you,3 , Ahmed. And this
is my friend: her name's Laura.
Laura Hi, guys. H ow 4 you? I'm Laura.
Laura Junqueira.

3 SPEAKING Imagine you are a famous person.

Work in pairs, then in groups. 5 _ u ___ i a 11 the U _ i _ e
1 Tell your partner who you are.
2 Introduce your partner to the others in the group.

Hi, I'm Tom Hardy.

Hello, my name's Kate Middleton. And

this is my friend Eden Hazard.

e ___ e r a
5 What nationality are the people? Write the Names and addresses
sentences.
7 Ahmed phones for a taxi. Listen and
0]>) W . 0 4

6 Complete the dialogue with the correct

<X]>) W . 0 3 complete the information.
forms of the verb be. Then listen and check.
C la u d ia So, Ahmed - w here 0 are you from? ABBEY'S^TAXIS
A hm ed Me? 11 from Britain. Ryan here 2
from Australia, but 13 British. Booking form
1
Laura But 4 your name British? Taxi for _____
2
A hm ed Oh, good question. Well, no it5 . Going to ___________________________________
My parents 6 from Egypt and so my
n am e 7 from Egypt, too. But my sister
Fatima and I were both born here, so we
8 100% British.
C la u d ia T h at 9 cool. I think your n am e 10
really nice.
A hm ed Thank you! And you tw o , 11 you both
8 Now listen to a phone call. Correct
t(J>) W . 0 5

each of these sentences.

Brazilian?
Laura T h a t 12 right. But w e 13 not from 0 Fernando phones Alejandra.
the same city. 114 from Belo Horizonte No - Alejandra phones Fernando.
and Claudia 15 from Sao Paulo. We 1 They met last Wednesday.
16 students at the language school here. 2 There's a party at Alejandra's place next Friday.
3 The party starts at seven thirty.
4 Alejandra lives at 134 Markam Avenue.
5 Her phone number is 0788 224 234.
5
B WHAT'S THAT?
Things in the classroom
1 Look at the pictures. Write the correct number next to each word.
board O book CD chair desk floor
pen O pencil ruler window door notebook

Prepositions of place 4 0>) w . 0 7 Use one of the sentences in Exercise 3 to

complete each mini-dialogue. Listen and check.
2 Look at the pictures. Choose the correct word.
1 Teacher Good morning, everyone.
0 The notebook is under /@ )/ behind the chair.
Student Good morning.
1 The pencil is on I in front of I under the floor.
Teacher OK. Let's start._____________________
2 The pencil is behind I between I under the chair.
2 Teacher So, Michael, what's the answer?
3 The book is in I on I in front of the desk.
Michael
4 The pen is behind I under I in the book.
Teacher That's OK. What about you, Susie?
5 The ruler is in I between I under the book.
3 Student
6 The board is in front of I between I behind the door Mrs McFarlane. I've got a question.
and the window.
Teacher Yes, what is it?
7 The book is under I on I in front of the pen.
4 Student _____________________ : 'starving'?
Teacher It means: 'very, very hungry'.
Classroom language
3 Complete each sentence with a word
CJ>) W .0 6
5 (U>) W .0 8 Put the dialogue in order. Number
the boxes. Listen and check.
from the list. Listen and check.
H A R-O-U-G-H.
again | ask | don't | hand | me I | A No, that's completely wrong!
mean | page | say | spell | understand |~F| A How do you think you spell the word 'rough'?

1 E x c u s e . | | A No, that's really how you spell it.

2 Can I a question, please? | | B OK, how do you spell it, then?

] B Oh. Let me think. Is it R-U-F?
3 Can you say t h a t , please?
4 How do you comer in English? | | B You're kidding!

5 Open your books a t 56.

6 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Think of a word in
6 Put your up if you know the answer. English. Can your partner spell it?
7 Sorry, I know.
8 Sorry, I d o n ' t . How do you spell 'tomorrow'?
9 What does this w o r d ?
10 Excuse me. How do y ou that word? Is it
That's right.
D-R-l-E-D or D-R-Y-E-D?
 WELCOME

Object pronouns 9 Complete the email by writing the words in the correct spaces.
There are three extra words.
7 Complete each sentence with the
correct pronoun. are | do | does | how | it | lot | me
0 He's a good singer - we like him them | there | understand | what | who
a lot.
1 My books are in your bag. Can you Liz
g e t , please?
2 I've got a new bike - I'm going to
© Iima565@email.co.uk

ride this afternoon. Hello from Italy

3 Where are you? I can't s e e .

4 I don't know where the Maths class Hi Liz,

is - can you s h o w ? I'm writing to you from Italy! My family and 10 are on holiday here for
a week. It's really nice here. Italian people are very friendly, but of course
5 She doesn't know, so please I don't speak Italian, so I d o n 't *1 when people talk to me.
t e l l . But a 2 of people here speak English, so it's all OK.
6 We like our parents. They give Our hotel is great.3 is a gym downstairs with a swimming pool - it's
lots of love! really big! I have dinner late - usually after eight o'clock! And it's always
really good - the pasta is delicious, but I usually have pizza. Dinner is my
favourite meal - I love 4 .
this / that / these / those
S o, 5 are you? I hope you are enjoying your holiday, too. I want to
8 Match the pictures and sentences. buy a present for you here in Italy.6 would you like? 7 you
like Italian music? Write and te ll 8 , OK?
1 What animal is this?
Have a good time and write soon.
2 What animal is that?
Love,
3 These shoes are nice. Dames
4 Those shoes are nice. \ ___________________________________________________________________ /
C ABOUT TIME 3 Match the numbers and the words.
Days and dates first — 15th
second 12 th
th ird \ 22nd

fourth 20th
fifth I 31st
tw elfth \ 3rd

fifteenth 1st
tw entieth 2nd
twenty-second 4th
th irty -firs t Sth

4 «]>) w . l l How do you say these numbers? Listen

and check.

6th | 12th | 16th | 19th | 22nd | 23rd | 30th

(fl>) W .0 9 Listen and choose the correct information.

Nathan Hi, Kim. Why are you so happy today?
Kim Because it's the 127st 122nd 123rd o f
February.
Nathan And what's special about that date?
Kim It's my birthday!
Nathan Really! Happy birthday, Kim.
Kim Thanks. I'm 2 72 /1 3 /1 4 today.
Nathan Lucky you!
Kim When is your birthday, Nathan?
Nathan It's in 3August I September I October.
Kim What date?
Nathan The 4 11th / 12th / 13th. I th ink it's on a
^Tuesday I Thursday I Friday this year.

2 5
2 Complete the names of the days and
<|>) W .1 0

months. Listen and check.

DAYS
1 M o_n_ d a_y_ 5 F
2 T ____s d ____ 6 S______ r _______
3 \N ___ n ____ d ____ 7 S__________
4 _ h u _________ y

MONTHS
1 J____u____ y 7 J ____y
3 6
2 F _ b r u ______ 8 A ____u ____
3 M ______ h 9 S________ m b e r SPEAKING

4 — P ____। 10 O ________ e r answer questions. Whose birthday is close to your

5 M ____ 11 ____v e m ______ birthday?
6 J______ 12 D _______________
When's your birthday? It's on 17th March.
 WELCOME

My day 9 Match the clocks and the times.

1 It's ten to one. 5 It's ten to eight.
7 Put the photos in the order you do them.
2 It's six o'clock. 6 It's 10.30.
3 It's half past three. 7 It's twenty past ten.
4 It's eight o'clock. 8 It's half past eight.

I_____ get home.______

I get home. I go to bed.

I get up. I have dinner.

Listen to Mayra. Write about her day

(C>) W .1 3

under the pictures in Exercise 9.

.-took '<s><..........................................
I have lunch. I go to school. midday to midnight = pm midnight to midday = am
12 am - midnight 12 pm - midday
8 Look at the sentences in Exercise 7. Write them in
1 am = 1 o’clock in the morning
the correct column for you.
1 pm = 1 o’clock in the afternoon
r
Morning Afternoon Evening
1get up. 11 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Talk about your day.

/go to school at half past eight.

I do my homework at seven o’clock.

9
 ©ABOUT ■ NEWS E CONTACT
Ln2 HOME

D MY THINGS Welcome!
M y possessions Hi, my name’s Jack.
I’ve got a phone - it’s really my
1 Read Jack's blog and tick ( / ) the photos of the things he has got.
favourite thing!
I haven’t got a pet, but I’d love a cat or
2 W ork in pairs. Put the things Jack mentions in his blog in the
maybe something unusual like a lizard.
correct list.
I haven’t got a laptop. I want one for my
PERSONAL POSSESSIONS: TV , lap to p , next birthday.
I’ve got a bike and I’ve got a skateboard.
PETS: I haven’t got a scooter. My dad’s got an
electric one and I sometimes use that.
I haven’t got a TV in my bedroom,
but there is one in the living room and
the kitchen.
I’m very lucky!

have got
3 Complete the table w ith've, ‘s, have, has, haven’t or hasn't.

Positive Negative
I've (have) got a pet. I haven't (have not) got a dog.
You 1_____ (have) got a pet. You 5_____ (have not) got a dog.
He's (has) got a pet. He hasn't (has not) got a dog.
She 2_____ (has) got a pet. She 6_____ (has not) got a dog.
W e 3_____ (have) got a pet. W e 7_____ (have not) got a dog.
They 4_____ (have) got a pet. They 8_____ (have not) got a dog.

4 Complete the sentences w ith have, has, 5 SPEAKING Walk around the classroom. Find someone who
haven’t or hasn’t so they are true for you. has g o t ...

1 I got a tablet. 1 a blue bike 5 two brothers or sisters

2 My m um got a computer. 2 a cat 6 a laptop
3 I got a cat. 3 a lot of books 7 an unusual pet
4 My best friend got a sister. 4 a TV in his/her bedroom 8 a house with a garden
5 I got a computer in my bedroom.
6 My family got two cars. Have you got a bike?
 WELCOME

I like and rd like 8 Complete with the words in the list.

6 Match the pictures and the sentences. apple juice | chicken | icecream | orange

9 0j>) W .1 5 Listen to the dialogue. What does Oscar

choose for his lunch?

10 Write the questions to complete part

Cd>) W .1 5

of the dialogue. Listen again and check.

What fruit would you like?
Have you got oranges?
What would you like for lunch today?
Would you like a chicken sandwich or a cheese sandwich?
A Hi, Oscar.

1 I like oranges. 3 I like showers. B I'd like a lunch box, please.

4 I'd like a shower. A 2_________________________________________
2 I'd like an orange.
B A chicken sandwich, please.
Complete with I like or I'd like.
<U>) W . 1 4
3_________________________________________
A
Listen and check. 4_________________________________________
B
0 A What's your favourite food? A Yes, we have.
B I like pizza best. B An orange, please.
1 A Can I help you?
B Y e s , a hot dog. 11 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Make a picnic box for
2 A an ice cream, please. your partner. Ask and answer questions.
B Chocolate or strawberry?
3 A What do you want to watch? What would you like f o r ... ?
B W e l l , c o m e d i e s , so can we watch
something funny, please?
4 A football. Do you?
B Not much. I think tennis is better.
5 A Do you want a pet for your birthday?
B a cat, please!
1 HAVING A OBJECTIVES

FUNCTIONS:

GOOD TIME talking about routines and everyday

activities; expressing likes and dislikes;
giving warnings and stating prohibition;
talking about free time activities

GRAMMAR:
present simple review; like + -ing;
Get TH IN K IN G adverbs of frequency

Watch the video and think: VOCABULARY:

hobbies; collocations with have
what makes you happy?

Q READING 3 SPEAKING Work in groups of three and

compare your ideas from Exercise 2.
Match the activities and the photos.
sleeping reading / think reading is sometimes boring.
doing homework dancing
doing exercise doing housework
Really? I think it's never boring.
messaging on your phone singing

Do you enjoy these activities? Write a lw a ys, som etim e s or never.

4 SPEAKING Think of more activities and
1 Sleeping is fun.
say what you think.
2 Reading is boring.
3 Doing homework is interesting.
P layingfootball is a I ways fun.
4 Dancing is easy.
5 Doing exercise is boring.
Doing housework is difficult. Studying is sometimes interesting.
7 Messaging on my phone is fun.
8 Singing is difficult.
5 Read and listen to the quiz
on page 13. Then take the quiz and
compare your score with a partner.
 H A V IN G A G O O D TIM E UNIT1

Do your parents always ask you to do housework? Does your teacher give you homework
every day? Life is sometimes difficult because there are lots of things to do. It's great to
be busy, but it's important to look after yourself and have fun, too. We all need to think
about ourselves and do things we like, whether it is playing an instrument or taking
photos. But we also need to do things that keep us healthy and happy.

Here's our quiz. Try it and find out: do you have lots of fun?

Do you laugh a lot? Do you like doing exercise?

A Yes, I laugh all the time. A Yes, exercise is fun.
B I only laugh when I'm happy. Some exercise is OK, but not
C My best friend says I don't laugh very often. everything.
C I don't like exercise at all.

How many hobbies do you have?

A I have lots of hobbies. Do you like word and
one number puzzles?
C I don't have any hobbies. A I like puzzles a lot.
B Word puzzles are OK, but
number puzzles are boring.
C No, I don't like puzzles at all.
When do you listen to music?
A in the morning, afternoon
and evening
I only listen to music when I
have time.
& Which of these activities do you do most?
A spend time with friends and family
C I never listen to music. I don't message friends online or on my phone
have time. C watch TV or play games on my phone

How many hours do

you sleep a night?
A 9-10 hours
about 8 hours
C less than 8 hours

YOUR SCORE:
Mostly As: Wow! You know how to have fun and enjoy life.
Mostly Bs: Hmm, OK, but can you do more? Try and find more time for yourself.
T H !N K Mostly Cs: Try and find more ways to have more fun.

Taking care of yourself

6 Which questions in the quiz tell us that these things are 7 SPEAKING Compare your ideas
important for us? with a partner.
a |~7~| Being with people e | | Giving your brain exercise
b | | Enjoying exercise f | | Being positive Question 7 shows us that being
g □ Having interests with people is important.
c □ Sleep
d | | Enjoying music
13
Acknowledgements
The authors and publishers acknowledge the following sources of copyright material and are grateful
for the permissions granted. While every effort has been made, it has not always been possible to
identify the sources of all the material used, or to trace all copyright holders. If any omissions are
brought to our notice, we will be happy to include the appropriate acknowledgements on reprinting
and in the next update to the digital edition, as applicable.

Key: WL = Welcome; U = Unit.

Text

Angelo Mastropietro for the text on p. 49, Copyright © The Rockhouse Retreat. Reproduced with
kind permission; Deena Hoagland for the text on p. 57, Copyright © 2018 Island Dolphin Care.
Reproduced with permission; Cassandra De Pecol for the text on p. I l l , Copyright © 2018
EXPEDITION 196, LLC. Reproduced with permission.

Photography

All the photographs are sourced from Getty Images.

WL: Image Source; Encyclopaedia Britannica/UIG; fatido/iStock/Getty Images Plus;

Poligrafistka/DigitalVision Vectors; Ismailciydem/iStock/Getty Images Plus; VanReeel/iStock/Getty
Images Plus; Leontura/DigitalVision Vectors; tinnakorn/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
AnsonJStock/Getty Images Plus/iStock/Getty Images Plus; aldomurillo/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
sturti/E+; Weekend Images lnc./E+; Jasmin Merdan/Moment; Igor Alecsander/E+; Carol
Yepes/Moment; Compassionate Eye Foundation/Robert Kent/DigitalVision; Steve Debenport/E+;
Caiaimage/Chris Ryan/OJO+; edoardogobattoni.net/Moment; Laurence Griffiths/Getty Images Sport;
Steve Granitz/Wirelmage; David Crotty/Patrick McMullan; Axelle/Bauer-Griffin/FilmMagic; Vera
Anderson/Wirelmage; Kevin Mazur/Getty Images Entertainment; Gianni Diliberto/Caiaimage;
LarsZahnerPhotography/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Jupiterimages/Photolibrary; Sue Barr/lmage
Source; monkeybusinessimages/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Valeriy_G/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
AndrewJohnson/E+; Nerthuz/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Tetra images; mict/E+; Photography by
Adri/iStock/Getty Images Plus; volschenkh/E+; Pakorn Polachai/EyeEm; Vicki Smith/Moment;
pbombaert/Moment; Chris Collins/Corbis; George Mdivanian/EyeEm; iakovenko/iStock/Getty
Images Plus; lmgorthand/E+; DGLimages/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Jodie Griggs/Taxi/Getty Images
Plus; Glowimages; Claudia Totir/Moment; U l: Hill Street Studios/DigitalVision; Paul Bradbury/OJO
Images; Alain Shroder/Onoky; Hero Images; Daniel Grill/Tetra images; LeoPatrizi/E+; George
Doyle/Stockbyte; Fertnig/E+; Westend61; EThamPhoto/Corbis Documentary; Drazen_/E+; Steve
Prezant/lmage Source; Walter B. McKenzie/Photodisc; LightFieldStudios/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
subman/E+; paylessimages/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Hemera Technologies/PHOTOS.com; Marc
Romanelli/Photographer's Choice; eclipse_images/E+; James Urbach/Purestock; FilippoBacci/E+;
H.Armstrong Roberts/ClassicStock/Archive Photos; ksenya_savva/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Stu
Forster/Getty Images Sport; Nikom Khotjan/EyeEm; U2: mipan/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
stockcam/E+; rvlsoft/iStock/Getty Images Plus; deepblue4you/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Pakorn
Kumruen/EyeEm; LauriPatterson/E+; honey_and_milk/RooM; Westend61; GaryAlvis/E+;
Kirkikis/iStock/Getty Images Plus Editorial; Yellow Dog Productions/DigitalVision; Cecilie_Arcurs/E+;
paulprescott72/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Jeff Green be rg/Un iversa I Images Group; Halfdark/fStop;
standret/iStock/Getty Images Plus; SolStock/E+; Andreas Kuehn/Stone; Glowimages; Michael
Heim/EyeEm; Jan Scherders/Tetra images; Albuquerque/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Svetlana
Khokhlova/EyeEm; gsermek/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Wong Sze Fei/EyeEm; kyoshino/iStock/Getty
Images Plus; Natalie Alexeeva(anakonda)/EyeEm; the-lightwriter/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
bonetta/iStock/Getty Images Plus; bergamont/iStock/Getty Images Plus; rolleiflextlr/iStock/Getty
Images Plus; Geert Bollen/EyeEm; wellsie82/Moment; Ulrike Schmitt-Hartmann/Taxi; Pool/Getty
Images Entertainment; Bauer-Griffin/GC Images; PeskyMonkey/iStock/Getty Images Plus; foto-
ianniello/iStock/Getty Images Plus; mkos83/iStock/Getty Images Plus; U3: Magone/iStock/Getty
Images Plus; HandmadePictures/iStock/Getty Images Plus; krisanapong detraphiphat/Moment; rez-
art/iStock/Getty Images Plus; tycoon751/iStock/Getty Images Plus; lamyai/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
Pedro Ramos/EyeEm; antpkr/iStock/Getty Images Plus; MichalLudwiczak/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
Ascent/PKS Media Inc./Photodisc; Claudia Totir/Moment; Jackson Vereen/Photolibrary; Diane
Macdonald/Moment Open; Robert Rowe/EyeEm; Brian Hagiwara/Photolibrary; Vesna
Jovanovic/EyeEm; Gretchen Willis Photography/Moment; Natalia Ganelin/Moment; Axel
Bueckert/EyeEm; Trevor Pearson/Photolibrary; moodboard/Cultura; Caiaimage/Sam Edwards;
guenterguni/iStock/Getty Images Plus Unreleased; Anuraag Mehandiratta/EyeEm; Mint Images;
Stuart West/Dorling Kindersley; malcolm park/Photolibrary; Westend61; Edinorog/iStock/Getty
Images Plus; U4: monkeybusinessimages/iStock/Getty Images Plus; filadendron/E+; CostinT/E+; WPA
Pool/Getty Images Entertainment; Hans Bjurling; Westend61; Sam Panthaky/AFP; U5: Robert
Daly/OJO Images; Peter Mulligan/Moment; Hero Images; Arnt Haug/Look-foto/Look; Westend61;
Elenathewise/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Barcroft Media; sitthichai sun/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
HomePixel/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Dag Sundberg/Photographer's Choice; Samarskaya/;
DigitalVision Vectors; Michal Bednarek/500Px Plus; Stockbyte; pattonmania/iStock/Getty Images
Plus; kaisphoto/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Daxi/DigitaIVision Vectors; ppart/iStock/Getty Images
Plus; Peerasak Kamngoen/EyeEm; Jon Boyes/Photographer's Choice RF; isitsharp/iStock/Getty
Images Plus; Roy Mehta/DigitalVision; onfilm/E+; Michael Osterrieder/500Px Plus;
igabriela/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Hoxton/Sam Edwards/Hoxton; Ilona Nagy/Moment;
BananaStock; U6: Peter Cade/The Image Bank/Getty Images Plus; Daisy-Daisy/iStock/Getty Images
Plus; Mint Images RF; Peoplelmages/E+; Joe Raedle/Getty Images News; levente bodo/Moment;
Letizia Le Fur/Onoky; YummySuperStar/DigitalVision Vectors; JohnnyGreig/E+; PhotoAlto/Sigrid
Olsson/PhotoAlto Agency RF; Hany Rizk/EyeEm; franckreporter/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
esolla/iStock/Getty Images Plus; photo4u2/iStock/Getty Images Plus; bgblue/DigitalVision Vectors;
U7: Creative Crop/Photodisc; sweetym/E+; larigan-Patricia Hamilton/Moment Open; hocus-
focus/iStock/Getty Images Plus Unreleased; Wong Sze Fei/EyeEm; alexsI/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
ahmetemre/iStock/Getty Images Plus; hadynyah/E+; tiler84/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
Grassetto/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Image Source; Saklakova/iStock/Getty Images Plus; hh5800/E+;
Sharon Gallo/iStock/Getty Images Plus Editorial; sh22/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Dave King/Dorling
Kindersley/Getty Images Plus; Andregric/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Juanmonino/E+; Ryan
McVay/DigitalVision; Fuse/Corbis; esemelwe/E+; Glow Images, Inc/Getty Images Plus; Maskot;
Anthony-Masterson/Photolibrary/Getty Images Plus; lmgorthand/E+; Kentaroo Tryman/Maskot;
Ryan Smedstad/EyeEm; Thanasis Zovoilis/Moment Open; U8: Caiaimage/Chris Ryan; John P
Kelly/Stone; SOPA Images/LightRocket; microgen/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Petr_Joura/iStock/Getty
Images Plus; Paul Bradbury/Caiaimage; Getty Images Sport; Central Press/Hulton Archive; Ian
Walton/Getty Images Sport; Alistair Berg/DigitalVision; Daniel Milchev/The Image Bank; nattrass/E+;
dmbaker/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Razvan Chisu/EyeEm; simonkr/E+; Petri Oeschger/Moment;
ultramarinfoto/E+; Artranq/iStock/Getty Images Plus; South_agency/E+; Frans Lemmens/Corbis
Unreleased; NurPhoto; sampics/Corbis Sport; Ryan_Wai/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus;
Construction Photography/Avalon/Hulton Archive; U9: Christopher Gandy/Moment Open; Vladimir
Naumoff/500Px Plus; Milko Marchetti/500px; john finney photography/Moment; Todd Ryburn
Photography/Moment; GomezDavid/E+; William Manning/Corbis Documentary; Hoberman
Collection/Universal Images Group; Eric Vandeville/Gamma-Rapho; NurPhoto;
trendobjects/iStock/Getty Images Plus; skodonnell/iStock/Getty Images Plus Unreleased; View
Stock; allel2/E+; U10: Nikada/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Ipbb/Moment Open; John Moore/Getty
Images News; Istvan Kadar Photography/Moment; Yukinori Hasumi/Moment; C Squared
Studios/Photodisc; zhangshuang/Moment; juanestey/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Thomas
Trutschel/Photothek; onfilm/E+; DreamPictures/The Image Bank; Peter Cade/The Image Bank; Dan
Brownsword/Cultura; Hein von Horsten/Gallo Images; Loop Images/Universal Images Group; U ll:
malyugin/iStock/360/Getty Images; AntonioGuillem/iStock/360/Getty Images; Hlib
Shabashnyi/iStock/360/Getty Images; Viktor_Gladkov/iStock/360/Getty Images; Teeramet
Thanomkiat/EyeEm; Eric Audras/Onoky; ljubaphoto/E+; lsmailciydem/E+; Jose Luis Pelaez/Photodisc;
U12: Aaron Foster/DigitalVision; Chris Mellor/Lonely Planet Images; Leonid Andronov/iStock/Getty
Images Plus; Marin Tomas/Moment; olaser/E+; Douglas Sacha/Moment Open;
GregorBister/iStock/Getty Images Plus; RogiervdE/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Halfdark/fStop;
Copyright Artem Vorobiev/Moment; Dado Daniela/Moment; Alexandr Konovalov/iStock/Getty
Images Plus Editorial; tupungato/iStock/Getty Images Plus Editorial; Westend61; Natal'a
Maak/EyeEm; dan_prat/E+; Stefanie Grewel/Cultura; AFP; Shammi Mehra/AFP; ER Productions
Limited/DigitalVision.

The following images are sourced from other sources.

U4: AB Forces News Collection/Alamy Stock Photo; U ll: auremar/Shutterstock; Dudarev

Mikhail/Shutterstock; Halfpoint/Shutterstock; Voyagerix/Shutterstock; Marco Prati/Shutterstock;
U12: Expedition 196, LLC. (Cassandra de Pecol); Sipa Press/REX.

Illustrations

Mark Ruffle pp. 6, 28; Emma Nyari (Beehive Illustration) pp. 7, 25, 78, 100; Lisa Reed (The Bright
Agency) pp. 8, 58; AmitTayal (Beehive Illustration) pp. 15,106; Tom Heard (The Bright Agency) pp.
18, 68, 69, 79, 94, 104, 105, 112,127, 128; Dusan Lakicevic (Beehive Illustration) pp. 20, 53, 98; Paul
Hostetler p. 61; Arunas Kacinskas and John Goodwin (Eye Candy Illustration) pp. 64, 82; Szabolcs Pal
(Beehive Illustration) pp. 70, 89; Martin Sanders (Beehive Illustration) pp. 86,102, 111; Adam Linley
(Beehive Illustration) p. 95; Graham Kennedy p. 103.

Documentary video stills

All the stills are sourced from Getty Images.

P. 12: Klaus Vedfelt/lmage Bank Film; p. 20: BBC Universal/BBC Creative; p. 26:
Komjomo/Creatas Video; p. 30: glowonconcept/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; p. 38: The
Lighthouse Film Co, Inc.; p. 44: phaitoons/Vetta; p. 48: Spotmatik/Photolibrary Video; p. 56:
Wavebreakmedia/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; p. 62: SolStock/Creatas Video; p. 66: shih-wei/
Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; p. 74: Caiafilm/Vetta; p. 80: Barry Lewis/Corbis Historical; p. 84:
anneypyang/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; p. 92: loveguli/Creatas Video; p. 98: DEA/A. DAGLI
ORTI/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images Plus; p. 102: SVTeam/Creatas Video+/Getty Images
Plus; p. 110: miodrag ignjatovic/Creatas Video; p. 116: Hugh Sitton/one80: Signature.

Vlog & Grammar Rap video stills: Silversun Media Group.

Full video acknowledgements can be found in the online Teacher's Resources.

Audio Production: Leon Chambers.