P RO F E S S I O N A L P R A C T I C E - U N I T 1

I N T RO D U C T I O N
• Practice of professional
engineering means professional
services, such as consultation,
investigation, evaluation, planning,
design, or review of material and
completed phases of work in
construction, alteration, or repair
in connection with a public or
private utility, structure, building,
machine, equipment and process.
THE PRACTICE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

❑ Qualityis defined in the manual as a condition of satisfactorily meet

both the project requirement and the expectations of the client or
employer. It requires much effort which is considered:

(i) Conscious
(ii) Continuous
(iii) Consistent
PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

As a faithful trustee to the public interest and private interest of

clients, civil engineers have the following responsibilities:

1. Civil engineers shall conduct themselves in a highly professional

manner and faithfully serve their clients and employers.

2. Sustainable development is the top priority in professional

engagement.

3. The highest standard of Ethical Professional Practice should be

maintained when civil engineers are dealing with employers or clients.
C L I E N T- C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G
R E L AT I O N S H I P S

Many engineering works are formed between civil engineers and the
following:

1. Government agencies
2. Industry

3. Private clients
4. Civil engineering firms engaged for a specific project
5. Public agencies
6. Independent civil engineering firms
O B L I G AT I O N S O F T H E C I V I L E N G I N E E R
Civil engineers are obliged to do the following:

1. Perform their obligations with diligence, care, and reasonable skill.

2. Shall act independently and accordingly to the contract, when required to certify or
decide between a client and a third party.
3. Act as the client's faithful agent implied in the contract.
4. Give written notice on particulars of any change in the scope of services.
5. For staged services, civil engineers shall not initiate ay service without the approval
of the client.
6. When required, civil engineers shall direct or work with other professions and
integrate concerned work but shall not be professionally liable for their work.
7. The civil engineer may recommend contractors or specialists to design and execute
certain parts of the works.
8. Any interest which may have conflict of interest of the client should be notified by
the civil engineer.
 O B L I G AT I O N S O F T H E C L I E N T

The following obligations are of the client to the civil engineer:

1. The client shall pay the civil engineer for his services as stipulated in the contract.
2. Information required by the civil engineer shall be provided by the client in writing and the
latter shall allow the civil engineer reasonable time.
3. The client shall cooperate and not interfere or obstruct in the performance of services.
4. The client shall make arrangements to allow the civil engineer to do site investigation and
inspection of facilities at the earliest.
5. The client shall shoulder the arrangement of services of other professionals and bear all
costs.
6. In cases of clients allowing civil engineers as Engineer-to-the-Contract, the client shall give
instructions through the civil engineers.
7. Client shall notify the civil engineer through writing within 7 days of any change he is
aware of.
C O N S T RU C T I O N P R O J E C T
S TA K E H O L D E R S

Construction project stakeholders can be broadly categorized into two groups:

(i) Internal stakeholders.
(ii) External stakeholders.
Internal stakeholders include individuals or groups within the organization responsible
for the project's delivery, such as project managers, architects, engineers, and
contractors.
External stakeholders include individuals or groups outside the organization who have
an interest in the project's outcome, such as clients, regulatory bodies, local
authorities, and the general public.
THE ROLE OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
S TA K E H O L D E R S
Stakeholders play a critical role in the construction project lifecycle, from conception to
completion. Here are some of the key roles and responsibilities of construction project
stakeholders:

• Clients: Clients are typically the primary stakeholders in a construction project as they
initiate the project and finance it. They provide the project brief, including the scope,
budget, and schedule, and oversee the project's progress to ensure it meets their
expectations. Clients also have the final say in approving project deliverables and signing
off on the project's completion.

• Project Managers: Project managers are responsible for overseeing the project's day-to-
day operations, including managing budgets, schedules, and resources. They coordinate
with all stakeholders, including clients, contractors, architects, and engineers, to ensure
the project is delivered on time, within budget, and to the required quality standards.
• Architects and Engineers: Architects and engineers are responsible for designing and
planning the project, ensuring it meets the client's requirements, complies with
regulations, and is structurally sound. They also oversee the construction process,
ensuring the project is built to the required quality standards.
• Contractors and Subcontractors: Contractors and subcontractors are responsible for
the actual construction of the project. They manage the construction process,
including the procurement of materials, management of labor, and coordination of
work activities. They are also responsible for ensuring the project is delivered on
time, within budget, and to the required quality standards.

• Regulatory Bodies and Local Authorities: Regulatory bodies and local authorities play
a critical role in ensuring the project complies with local laws, regulations, and
building codes. They oversee the construction process, conduct inspections, and issue
permits and licenses required for the project's completion.
• The General Public: The general public may also be considered stakeholders,
particularly if the project impacts their daily lives. They may be affected by the
construction process, such as traffic disruptions, noise pollution, or changes to the
landscape. It is essential to keep the public informed about the project's progress and
address any concerns they may have.
WHY ARE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
S TA K E H O L D E R S I M P O R TA N T ?
• Construction project stakeholders are essential for the successful delivery of a
construction project. Their involvement and cooperation ensure the project is
delivered on time, within budget, and to the required quality standards. Effective
communication, collaboration, and coordination among stakeholders are critical to
managing risks and addressing issues that may arise during the construction process.
• Construction project stakeholders are a diverse group of individuals and organizations
who play a critical role in the construction project lifecycle. Understanding their roles
and responsibilities and the importance of effective communication and coordination
among stakeholders is crucial for ensuring the successful delivery of construction
projects. By working together, stakeholders can achieve the project's goals, meet the
client's expectations, and deliver a high-quality finished product.
G O V E R N M E N T R E G U L AT O RY B O D I E S &
S TA N D A R D I Z AT I O N B O D I E S

Here are some government regulatory bodies and standardization bodies in civil
engineering:
• Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS): India's national standards body, which is part of the
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. BIS participates in the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO): The world's largest developer
and publisher of international standards.
• ASTM Standards from the American Society for Testing and Materials : A society that
provides industry standards.
• Regulatory bodies establish, monitor,
and enforce standards of practice to
improve the quality of practice. They
also issue publications such as annual
reports, policy documents, and press
releases.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEERING
REGULATORY ORGANIZATIONS
1. Developing and Enforcing Standards:

• Engineering regulatory bodies are those organizations that were

primarily allocated with the responsibility of setting down norms that
govern engineering activities to be safe and efficient.

• These standards exist for every activity and part, ranging from
materials and design to repair and protection.
2. Licensing and Certifying Professionals:

• To check the competency of engineers, licensing, and certification are

conducted and regulated by licensing bodies. This ranges from
assessing the academic records, working experience, and the ethical
conduct of engineers before being issued with practice licenses.

• For instance, the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and

Surveying (NCEES) has examinations that bear on the license of
experts.

• Recognition by such bodies also ensures the public that the engineers
handling projects have adequate knowledge to handle them.
3. Investigating Incidents and Enforcing Compliance:

• Whenever failures or accidents are engineered, there are regulatory

organizations that carry out a study of the causes of such disasters so
that they may be prevented in the future.

• They ensure people adhere to stipulated regulations by acting on any

violation, which may be through the provision of fines, revocation of
licenses, or required further training.

• These organizations make sure that engineering practices worldwide

are professional and safe, and to this end, they create a broad set of
standards, accredit professionals, and investigate and enforce
compliance.
A S C E A N D I E [ P RO F E S S I O N A L B O D I E S ]
The Institution of Engineers (India) (IEI) has many roles and responsibilities, including:
• Promoting engineering: The IEI promotes the advancement of engineering and the
science and practice of engineering.
• Setting standards: The IEI sets national standards and benchmarks for engineering
education.
• Research: The IEI conducts research and provides grants to members for research and
development.
• Representing India: The IEI represents India in international bodies.
• Providing services: The IEI provides technical, professional, and supporting services to the
government, industries, academia, and the engineering fraternity.
• Conducting examinations: The IEI conducts the Sections A & B Examinations (AMIE).
• Awarding certifications: The IEI awards the Professional Engineers (PE) Certification and
holds the International Professional Engineers (IntPE) Register.
• Establishing R&D centers: The IEI establishes R&D centers at various locations across the
country.
• Providing lectures: The IEI provides technical and special lectures.
• Conducting industrial visits: The IEI conducts industrial visits.
 ASCE’s Goals for Civil Engineering

ASCE’s mission is to help civil engineers build safe, reliable, and sustainable
structures and infrastructure. ASCE’s work focuses on five key goals:

1. Promoting Sustainable Infrastructure: ASCE supports engineering methods that

protect the environment and create lasting, sustainable structures.
2. Global Collaboration: ASCE brings together civil engineers from different
countries to share knowledge and ideas.
3. Encouraging Innovation: ASCE encourages new technology and research,
helping engineers create safer and smarter infrastructure.
4. Upholding Ethics: ASCE promotes honesty and high ethical standards in all
engineering projects to build public trust.
5. Advocating for Infrastructure Investment: ASCE works with government
officials to secure funding for infrastructure improvements and public safety.
A client in civil engineering is the individual, organization, or business that funds and
commissions a construction project. They are also known as the employer, owner, purchaser,
or principal.

• Clients play a crucial role in the success of a construction project, especially in ensuring
safety. Their responsibilities include:
• Providing information: Providing the construction company with enough pre-construction
information
• Managing the project: Overseeing the project and ensuring the construction company has
a proper plan
• Health and safety: Helping the construction company manage health and safety risks
• Appointing professionals: For notifiable projects, clients must appoint a Principal
Designer and a Principal Contractor
• Providing support: Providing support and input to the Principal Designer and Principal
Contractor

• Clients are rarely a single person, and there are often many groups and individuals
involved in the project. It's important to clearly define the responsibilities of each
member of the client team.
A Developer, also known as a real estate or property developer, is a professional who
manages the process of transforming land into a property that can be purchased. They
work with engineers, architects, and other professionals to:
• Procure land
• Finance projects
• Design the project
• Obtain permits and approvals
• Oversee the construction process
• Ensure the project meets regulations and market demands
A contractor in civil engineering is a person or organization that builds infrastructure, such as
roads, bridges, docks, and utilities. They are hired by a client to complete a project's work, and
are responsible for:
• Overseeing the day-to-day construction site
• Managing vendors and trades
• Communicating information to all involved parties
• Appointing subcontractors to complete parts of the project
The term "contractor" is an umbrella term that can describe almost anyone involved in a
construction project, including:
• The general or prime contractor, who is engaged in a contract with the project owner
• Subcontractors, who are businesses hired by the general contractor
• Architects, designers, and engineers, who are more commonly referred to as "design
professionals"
Other types of contractors include:
• Trade contractors
• Engineering contractors, who design and construct engines, machinery, and structures
• Contract engineers, who perform freelance engineering work by entering into contracts
with businesses and firms
W H AT ’ S T H E D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N
CO N ST R U C T I O N A N D M A N U FAC T U R I N G ?

• Manufacturing and construction are similar industries in that both involve the
creation of an object. Construction is focused on the process of making buildings,
bridges, tunnels, and more. Manufacturing is more focused on creating goods, such
as tables or smart phones.
• Construction materials like Bricks, Hollow blocks, Solid blocks, Prefab elements,
Structural glazing, Flooring tiles etc..are classified as manufacturing units.

• As the construction industry nears the third decade of the 21st century, it has begun
to transition toward 3D printing, prefabrication, modular construction, and other
manufacturing techniques—not only to circumvent labor shortages but also to build
faster, more cost-effectively, and with fewer materials than traditional methods.
1 . C O N X T E C H : I N N O VAT I V E M O D U L A R
CONSTRUCTION DISRUPTS THE BUILDING INDUSTRY

• ConXTech, a US based construction firm

combines Autodesk Revit–
assisted building information modeling
(BIM) and manufacturing processes to
create standardized interlocking
connectors for steel beams and columns
that require no on-site welding. That
means faster construction, less waste,
and safer buildings—all without imposing
limits on architectural creativity.

The 10-story Portable Tower was erected at Burning

Man in Black Rock Desert, NV, in less than four days
and disassembled in a day-and-a-half. Image
courtesy of ConXtech
2 . W H Y A R E C O N S T R U C T I O N C O M PA N I E S
THINKING LIKE MANUFAC TURERS?

• As Markforged’s Richard Elving sees it, the

world stands ready to enter a new age: the
Fourth Industrial Revolution. In that epoch,
prefabrication, generative design, and virtual
reality—as well as robotics, reality capture,
and 3D printing—will transform the
architecture, engineering, and construction
industries, allowing for much faster and safer
building construction, along with marked cost
savings.
• 3D printing in construction is a process that
uses a computer to layer materials to create
3D shapes. It can be used to build new
structures on-site or to manufacture
components off-site for later assembly.
VENDOR MANAGEMENT AND S E RV I C E
A G E N C I E S I N C O N S T RU C T I O N I N D U S T RY
• Vendor management in construction industry focuses on enlisting the vendors,
managing the services and goods provided by the vendors to execute the project in a
less complex way. Every construction organization demands vendor management to
handle complexities associated with vendor sourcing, getting quotes, capabilities,
quality works and turnaround times.
• The major features covered by vendor management are:
1. Contract Negotiations
2. Job Assignments
3. Relationship Management
4. Evaluation of Performance
5. Payment Dissemination
It serves the following objectives:

1. Better selection of vendor from a large group of vendors, resulting in better choices
and costs.
2. Better Contract Management
3. Performance Management
4. Quality Vendor Relationship
5. Better value by long term savings and improvement of earnings over a period of time
There are basically two main vendor management systems, namely:
1. Vendor Management Systems (VMS)
2. Contracted Service Management (CSM)
• The VMS is a computer program that serves the function of distributing the job
requirement to the recruiter, staffing companies and consulting companies or other
vendors. This system hence takes part in the hiring, interview and payment process.

• The CSM system works with the help of software. The software used for this purpose
possesses large manufacturing facilities. This can capture real-time data between the
vendors and the clients. CSM is hence a great effort that can help to minimize the
timekeeping process along with the improvement of project cost visibility.

• Employer of Record (EOR): The EOR system is associated with the management of
independent contractors. The main managing processes involved in EOR are auditing,
reviewing and other management issues
• Vendors can range from suppliers of raw materials to providers of software solutions
and services. *Key characteristics of vendors include Goods or Services Supply:
Vendors are primarily involved in supplying goods or services that the hiring entity
requires to operate or complete its projects.

A civil engineering firm has a comprehensive list of services such as:

• Planning & development
• Construction
• Design
• Maintenance
• Management