Factors that led to ww1

WORLD WAR 1 (THE GREAT WAR)

-​ 1914-1918 (20th century)
-​ bloodiest war in history to that point
-​ Some 25,955,000 people died

Factors that led to WW1:

●​ MILITARISM
-​ A policy of glorifying and promoting the build- up of military power, and keeping a
standing army always prepared for war
-​ Competing to build bigger and better armies and navies than rivals

●​ ALLIANCES
-​ An agreement between two or more states for their mutual benefit
-​ To make agreements to support each other in times of war

●​ NATIONALISM
-​ A feeling of devotion to and pride in one’s country
-​ the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation (to the people with
whom they share a culture and history – rather than to a king or empire)

●​ IMPERIALISM
-​ A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically,
economically, and socially
-​ Getting involved politically and economically in other countries in order to gain
wealth and power

●​ ASSASSINATION
-​ Last straw
-​ The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1) by a Serbian nationalist
(2)
1.​ Austria-Hungary’s heir to the throne
2.​ Gavrilo Princip, member of he Black Hand Movement

Chain of events

June 28, 1914

-​ Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo

July 23, 1914

-​ Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum of many demands that if Serbia did not accept, Austria
would declare war
July 28, 1914
-​ Austria declared war on Serbia

July 30, 1914

-​ Russia ordered full mobilization of its forces (bcs they were allies w serbia)

August 1, 1914
-​ Germany declared war on France, Russia’s ally

August 3, 1914
-​ Germany invaded Belgium when the latter refused the former’s request for permission to
march through Belgian lands in order to attack France

August 4, 1914
-​ Britain joined the war as a fulfillment of its vow to guarantee Belgian neutrality, and as
the ally of France and Russia.

August 6, 1914
-​ Austria declared war on Russa

Opposing Sides

The Two Fronts of the War

WESTERN FRONT
-​ the region in northern France where long and bloody stalemates were fought.
-​ where the Schlieffen Plan was initiated
■​ called for attackingand defeating France in the west and then rushing east
to fight Russia (failed bcs russia koved faster than they expected)
EASTERN FRONT
-​ the battlefield along the German n Russian border
-​ where Russians and Serbs fought against Germans and Austro- Hungarians.
■​ Austrians defeated the Russians.

Trench Warfare
-​ soldiers fought each other from trenches

Involvement of Other Countries

●​ ITALY
-​ was on the side of the Allies after it entered into a secret agreement with France
and Britain.
-​ The Battle of Caporetto - a military disaster for Italy during World War
i.​ More than 600,000 war-weary Italian soldiers either deserted or
surrendered
ii.​ German and Austrian forces broke through the Italian lines at Caporetto,
 ●​ JAPAN
-​ the British government asked Japan to help destroy German armored cruisers in
Chinese waters.
-​ the Japanese Government declared war on Germany.
-​ the Imperial Japanese Navy occupied Germany’s South Pacific islands
-​ The Imperial Japanese Army besieged Qingdao City in Jiaozhou Bay in China’s
Shandong Province, and the city fell on 7 November 1914.
-​ With these acts, combat operations by the Japanese military during World War I
in fact concluded.

●​ THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

-​ Turkey (the Ottoman Empire) joined the Central Powers
-​ prevented Allied aid from reaching Russian ports by planting mines in the
Dardanelles

●​ AFRICA
-​ British and French troops took control of the German colonies of Togoland and
Cameroon. The Togoland Campaign
i.​ the first Entente victory of the war.
ii.​ German colony
iii.​ was conquered by France and Britai. for 3 weeks .
-​ French and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland in West Africa

The United States in War

➢​ President Woodrow Wilson announced a policy of neutrality for the United States.
○​ Americans found it difficult to maintain such neutrality because:
i.​ Their sympathy was with France and BritiNwhich were democratic
countries (They fear the reign of authoritarian government such as that of
Germany and Austria)
ii.​ Their Anti-German feeling grew when, in May 1915, a German U-boat
sank the British ship Lusitania where around a hundred Americans were
among the casualties.

➢​ Arthur Zimmermann, German foreign secretary, sent a secret telegram code that was
trying to make an alliance with Mexico
i.​ The British were able to decode the message, which angered the
Americans

➢​ The United States declared war on Germany.

 i.​ President Wilson asks Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.
One of the most memorable phrases is "the world must be made safe for
democracy.

➢​ Songwriter George M. Cohan composes the song "Over There," which rapidly becomes
Americans' favorite song of the war

➢​ :US Congress passed the Selective Service Act requiring all men between the ages of
21 to 45 to register for military service - approximately 24 million men registered for
themdraft.

➢​ U.S. secretary of war draws the first number for the draft-258-from a large glass jar (liek
the hunger games) - Of the total U.S. troops sent to Europe
■​ 2.8 million men had been drafted, and 2 million men had volunteered

THE GREAT WAR ENDS

➢​ Russia formally withdrew from the war only with the signing of the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk.
○​ The treaty yields one-third of European Russia to German

➢​ The first outbreak of influenza (later called the Spanish flu) appears in the United
States. It begins in army camps and navy bases, and spreads rapidly to the civilian
population

➢​ After a disastrous defeat of its army in Macedonia, Bulgaria, one of the Central Powers,
drops out of the war.

➢​ Realizing that the Central Powers were on the verge of defeat, Turkey (Ottoman Empire)
drops out of the war.

➢​ Austria-Hungary signs an ceasefire with the Allied Powers.

➢​ Germany declares that the German Empire is at an end:

○​ The new German Republic is proclaimed.
○​ Kaiser Wilhelm IIabdicates and goes into exile in Holland.
○​ Germany is forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, named after the great palace
outside Paris where the ceremony takes place.
■​ The terms of the treaty required that Germany pay financial reparations,
disarm, lose territory, and give up all of its overseas colonies

➢​ November 11, 1918: The Armistice Day.

○​ 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, the Great War ends.
•
Impacts of ww1

LEGACIES OF THE WAR

●​ Establishment of international organizations.
○​ League of Nations
■​ An international association whose goal would be to keep peace among
nations.
■​ A result from the Treaty of Versailles, in Paris Peace Conference of the
Big Four: US, France, Great Britain, and Italy. (Russia was not present
due to civil war)
■​ Adopted from Wilson’s fourteenth point peace proposal for achieving a
just and lasting peace

●​ Engagement of the women in the workplace

○​ The death of millions of men necessitates millions of women to enter the
workforce.
○​ Women took on new roles in the workforce, notably in war production and
agriculture.
○​ The Red Cross and many other organizations depended on thousands of female
volunteers.
○​ Many European societies viewed women as inferior to men, but after the war,
everybody’s presence and contribution to whatever work there was suddenly
became important

●​ Many nations became independent.

○​ effects of the war in the different regions:
■​ Europe: many nations emerged from Austria-Hungary (Austria, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, and three Baltic countries
(Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia
●​ these got their independence due to the revolutions in Russia, and
were granted independence after WWI).
■​ Africa: United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and South Africa controlled
former German colonies in Africa.
■​ Asia: Germany lost its control over Shandong (in China), German
colonies in the Pacific such as Samoa and New Guinea were given under
the care of the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia.

●​ Advancement of technology
○​ The Great War led to some inventions that had a lasting impact on society.
 ■​ After the war, different nations devoted themselves in developing
technologies that would help them cope with the demands of time.
○​ Warfare materials, radio communications, and other telecommunication tools
were introduced during World War I.
■​ Tanks, submarines, flamethrowers, chemical weapons, air traffic controls
are some of the technologies.
○​ Surprising Inventions That Came out:
1.​ Trench Coats
2.​ Synthetic Rubber
3.​ Sanitary pads (Kotex and Kleenex)
4.​ Blood Banks
5.​ Ultrasound

The war caused the collapse of four empires:

• Ottoman Empire
• Russian Empire
• Austro-Hungarian Empire
• German Empire

Revolution and nationalism

Nationalism
-​ one's deep devotion, love, and loyalty to a particular country, especially one's country of
origin.
-​ sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity
-​ further contribute to revolutionary movements by inspiring people to fight for the interests
and values of their nation
-​ expression of cultural identity and unity
-​ motivated people to take action if they really want to see changes in their societies
-​ caused competition between powerful nations that led to armed conflicts and exploitation
of weaker nations
-​ different forms:
a.​ civic
b.​ ethnic
c.​ disruptive
d.​ aggressive
e.​ contemporary

●​ Civic nationalism
○​ national identity is defined by shared civic and political values
○​ all citizens are considered part of the nation
●​ Ethnic nationalism
○​ defined by ethnic identity
●​ includes a common language, culture, and ethnic ancestry
 ●​ Disruptive nationalism
○​ includes people under foreign domination who share a common aspiration for
national independence
●​ Aggressive nationalism
○​ includes an act of aggression between 2/+ nations that have different ideas
○​ results to conflict or war
●​ Contemporary nationalism
○​ any nationalist events that have come after the end of WWI

Revolution
-​ nationalism emerges as a result of this

Effects of nationalism in different countries:

●​ RUSSIA
○​ nationalism ffirst arose in Russia in the early 19th century
○​ Russification
■​ Advocating the union of all Slavs or all Slavic peoples of eastern and
east-central Europe into a single powerful political organization
○​ Russian Revolution (1917)
■​ one of the most impactful political events of the 20th century
■​ overthrew the tradition of czarist rulers by the Bolsheviks
■​ led by Vladimir Lenin (leftist revolutionary)
■​ new gov followed Marxist-Leninist ideology
○​ Russian Nationalism influence:
■​ Karl Marx
●​ created communist concepts that prompted changes in Tussian
politics and economy
■​ Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)
●​ “Peace, Land, and Bread)
○​ the slogan that attracted many ppl to support the anti-czar
revolutions
■​ Joseph Stalin
●​ lead of the communist party after the death of lenin
●​ became a dictator thru his campaign “The Great Purge
●​ CHINA
○​ Chinese believed tradition = greatness
○​ Kuomintang or the Nationalist Party
■​ A revolutionary group pushing for modernization and nationalization to
counter Westerners.
 ■​ first great leader was Sun Yixian,
○​ led the overthrow of the last Chinese emperor
○​ May Fourth Movement
■​ Not offficially a revolution
■​ a movement to protest the decision established in the Treaty of Versailles
■​ angry students, workers, shopkeepers, and professionals joined the
cause
■​ showed the chinese people’s commitment to establishing a strong and
modern nation
●​ INDIA
○​ Nationalism played an important role in India to seek independence from foreign
rule.
○​ Amritsar Massacre
■​ Indians of all religions and castes came together to demand an end to
British rule
■​ was supposedly a peaceful protest
●​ but british troops attacked at least 379 unarmed demonstrators in
Amritsar
○​ India’s holy city of the Sikh religion
○​ Mohandas Gandhi
■​ leader a new indian revolution
●​ this is where he called for a nationwide non-cooperation
movement which was mechanized by:
○​ boycotting british goods and institutions
○​ resigning from government employment
●​ led a silent march in protest of the massacre and urged the british
gov to grand indian independence
Years of crisis
●​ The overthrow of European leaders led to democracies that were unstable:
○​ Russia went from a Provisional government (aimed for constitutional and
democratic rule) to a Communist dictatorship
○​ In France and Italy, political complexity (bcs of multiple parties) hindered
effective governance
○​ Most European nations experienced democratic governance for the first time but
struggled bcs of past years of monarchy
●​ Weimar Republic
○​ Germany’s new democratic government from 1919-1933
○​ named after the city where the national assembly met
○​ was the german gov until the rise of Nazi Germany
○​ Weakness:
■​ unstable government
■​ lack of decisive action
■​ public is suspicious of deals between parties
●​
●​ Inflation crisis
○​ germans printed more money during war
■​ their defeat led to the loss of value for their money
○​ they printed even more money to pay reparation
■​ this led to severe inflation
●​ Monthly inflation rate of approximately 29,500% in October 1923
●​
●​
●​ Financial collapse
○​ US economy
■​ unequal distribution of wealth:
●​ richest (5%) received 33% of income
●​ 60% of families earned less than 2k a year
■​ overproduction
●​ american factories produced half of global goods
●​ this led to surplus and economic downturn
■​ impacts on agri:
●​ increased crop yields
●​ global competition = lower prices
●​ farm closures
●​ weakened banks
○​ Crash of Stock Market
■​ Wall Street was the global financial center with a booming stock market in
1929
■​ middle-income individuals bought stocks on margin but high prices
hindered selling
■​ 16 million stocks sold and a market collapse
●​
●​ Great depression
○​ margin purchases led to financial strain bcs stocks became worthless
○​ accelerated by the stock market crash
○​ caused severe unemployment and economic decline
○​ marked by bank failures, business closures, and widespread unemployment
●​ Global depression
○​ United States:
■​ the economic collapse of us caused:
●​ the prompt of repayment demands
●​ investment withdrawals of the US
■​ high us tariffs backfired p,which reduced global trade by 65% and
worsened econ downturn
■​ worldwide unemployment was led by the chain reaction of econ
challenges
○​ Germany and Austria
■​ struggled due to war debts and dependence on American support
 ○​ Asia and Latin America
■​ faced economic challenges as exports’ value plummmeted which i,pacted
farmers and workers

How the world confronted the crisis

●​ Britain
○​ formation of the National Government
○​ implementation of protective tariffs
○​ increase of tax
○​ regulation of currency
○​ achieved significant recovery with reduced unemployment, increased production,
and the preservation of democracy by 1937

●​ France
○​ What french unemployment looked like:
■​ a million workers were jobless despite a self-sufficient economy
○​ the Popular Front coalition implemented worker-friendly reforms while preserving
democratic governance amid econ challenges

●​ United States
○​ Franklin Roosevelt
■​ launched public works, financial aid, and welfare programs ro combat
unemployment called New Deal
■​ believed government spending -> jobs -> broader recovery
■​ imposed regulations for the stock market and banking reform to stimulate
econ recovery

Factors that led to ww2

CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II

●​ Treaty of Versailles
○​ blamed the war on germany (which humiliated the germans)
○​ the reparation payments to the allies (the war winners) created severe german
econ problems and was made worse by the world wide depression
■​ Humiliation, along with Rampant inflation and terrible unemployment left
the German people completely dissatisfied with their democratic
government (The Weimar Republic).

●​ Economic depression
○​ The mark (german currency) dropped in value
■​ the germans printing more money devalue the currency
○​ Great depression hits europe
■​ many countries (not just eu) gave up rights for security or sacrifice
standing up for peace
●​ Rise of fascism
○​ Fascism
■​ military/nationalistic movement that would require the people to give their
undivided loyalty to their leader and to their country
■​ started in italy then spread to germany, spain,hungary, argentina, and
eastern europe
■​ characteristics of fascism:
●​ cultural:
○​ censorship
○​ indoctrination
○​ secret police
●​ social:
○​ supported by middle class,industrialists, and military
●​ economic:
○​ economic functions controlled by state corporations or
state
●​ political:
○​ nationalist
○​ racist (nazism)
○​ one-party rule
○​ supreme leader
●​ basic principles:
○​ authoritarianism
○​ state > individual
○​ charismatic leader
○​ action oriented
○​ Fascists would take complete control of their country and run every aspect of it
■​ these types of leaders became dictators
○​ Benito Mussolini
■​ “II Duce”
■​ “Black shirts”
■​ wants to bring the roman empire glory back in italy
■​ outlaws all other parties and takes control for himself
■​ his secret police jails opponents
■​ ends up becoming a model for all other fascist leaders in Europe
■​ eventually moves to making Italy a worldwide power
○​ Adolf Hitler
■​ Austria-born, later became german by 1932
■​ expelled from technical school and was rejected as an artist
■​ was homeless or in poor housing
■​ the death of his brother affected him
■​ became an Anti-Semite somewhere in his early 20s, during his stay in
Vienna.
■​ was a german message runner in ww1
 ■​was also a german chancellor (1933-1945)
■​dictator of nazi germany (1934-1945)
■​Der Führer (the leader) of the nazi party
■​the National Socialist German Workers’ Party
■​germans/aryans = master race
●​ jews = BAD
■​ wrote Mein Kampf
●​ “My struggle”
●​ what he wrote when he was locked up
■​ Anti-semitism
●​ key part of nazi ideology
●​ hatred of jews
■​ also declared that Germany was overcrowded and needed more
lebensraum, or living space
○​ Nazism
■​ German brand of fascism

●​ Germany’s militarism
○​ What did hitler do?
■​ he began secretly building up germanys army and weapons
■​ he disregarded the league of nations and the treaty of versailles
■​ made alliances w italy and japan
●​ axis powers
○​ Axis power
■​ Rome- Berlin Axis is an alliance between Italy and Germany
■​ called “Axis” because they stated that the world will now turn on the axis
between Rome and Berlin.
■​ japan joined by 1940

●​ Failure of Appeasement
○​ Appeasement
■​ agreeing to the demands of another nation in order to avoid conflict
■​ ex, the Munich agreement:
●​ Germany agreed not to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia or any
other country.
●​ Germany broke its promise and invaded the rest of
Czechoslovakia.
●​ Then, German troops invaded Poland.
■​ Britain and France immediately declared war on Germany.
■​ World War II had begun in Europe.
■​ Nazi-soviet non-aggression pact
●​ was signed between Germany and the USSR.
●​ assured a non- involvement of the Soviet Union in a European
War
 ●​ the USSR and Germany also agreed to split Poland (secretly)
●​ when germany invaded poland, the ussr did not intervene
■​ The invasion in poland caused the start of ww1 as great britain and france
declared war on germany
●​ Failure of the League of Nations
○​ League of Nations
■​ International organization set up to keep world peace
■​ failure
■​ not all countries joined
■​ had no army to prevent military aggression

●​ Japan’s Militarism
○​ Japan was hit by economic depression
■​ bcs of this probllem, they turned to the army
○​ Japan needed natural resources for its factories.
■​ The Japanese army invaded China, an area rich in minerals and
resources.
○​ Japan ignored the League of Nations and continued to occupy China and Korea.
○​ Japan invaded other areas of South East Asia
○​ Attack on pearl harbor
■​ Because of this tension that the US might threaten their expansion, Japan
attacked Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), which ultimately began ww2 in asia

Holocaust
Holocaust
●​ “Sacrifice by fire” in Greek
●​ systematic and wholesale slaughter of European Jews by the Nazis
●​ represents the actions that killed more than 6 million European Jews.
●​ Targeted other groups due to “racial inferiority”:
○​ Poles,
○​ Slavs,
○​ Soviet prisoners of war,
○​ Roma
○​ Sinti (gypsies).
○​ •Communists, Socialists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and homosexuals were also
persecuted.
●​ largest genocide in history.

Genocide
●​ the attempt to kill an entire ethnic or religious group of people.

Anti-Semitism
●​ prejudice against Jewish people.
THE BEGINNING
●​ January 1933, the Nazi Party rose to power in. Germany.
●​ Adolf Hitler and the Nazis wanted to create a master race “The Aryans”
○​ blonde hair,
○​ blue eyes,
○​ light skin
○​ tall and strong.
●​ Adolf Hitler implemented anti-Semitic policies
○​ ex. “The Nuremberg laws”.
■​ Reich Citizenship Law
●​ only racially pure Germans would be allowed to hold germab
citizenship
■​ The law for the protection of german blood and german honor
●​ banned future intermarriages and secual relations between Jews
and ppl with german blood
■​ Anti-senitic policies
●​ Kicked jews out of schools
●​ Doctors, lawyers, or people who owned businesses were
forbidden to do their work.
●​ Park benches and the beaches had signs saying, “No Jews
Allowed.”
●​ Jews even had to give away their pets

Kristallnacht: Night of the Broken Glass

●​ November 9, 1938, Nazi government used violence against Jewish people
●​ For two days all over Germany Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues were raided by
the Nazis
○​ An estimated 100 Jews were killed
○​ Around 3000 Jewish males were held in concentration camps

The Ghettos
●​ designated conquered nations for Jews to live
●​ place where groups of people are kept forcibly segregated from others
●​ The ghettos in Europe were dirty and crowded.
●​ Food was scarce, and many people were sick and dying
●​ all Jews wear a Star of David on the outside of their clothing, so they were easy to find.

The final solution

●​ Hitler wanted to close the ghettos and get rid of the Jewish people.
●​ decision to kill all jews in europe (about 11 million ppl

Einsatzgruppen
●​ Reinhard Heydrich
○​ head of the elite security force of Hitler
 ○​ established the einsatzgruppen that would carry outthe final solution plan
●​ Squads killed around 2 million people
●​ but because of the extra efforts needed for this, the nazis developed the death camps

Death camps
●​ Killing centers built by Nazis
●​ gassing was much faster than the einsatzgruppen
●​ Auschwitz
○​ largest death camp (9k jews per dG were be gassed and cremated)
○​ 1.5 million people died
●​ All new arrivals went through selection
○​ Men had tk line up in one area
○​ Old people, sick people, and mothers with young children and babies were sent
to another area.
●​ The Nazis told them that they would get food after they took a shower.
○​ 2 uses of the shower:
■​ At-once shower for multiple people
■​ Killing multiple people, especially those who cant turn into slaves ie
old/sick people, young children (using gas)
○​ People who could work as slaves for the Nazis were showered with ice cold
water.
●​ Jews were used as lab rats for Nazi doctors
○​ Jews were boiled, frozen, poisoned, and cut to pieces, while some had their
heads shrunk and skin made into lampshades

Gas Chamber
●​ Hundreds of Jews were placed in gas chambers and died of suffocation
●​ Zyklon B
○​ Gas that was dropped through holes in the ceiling

GREAT ACCELERATION
Great acceleration
-​ rapid and widespread increase in human activity and its impact on the natural systems of
earth
-​ many human activities were maximized and accelerated towards the end of the century
-​ human acivity (esp the global economic system) is now the prime driver kf change in the
earth system from the start of the industrial revolution in 1750 to the present time
Industrial Revolution
●​ its phases had drastic efects on the natural and physical environment of the earth’s
natural system
●​ 4 jn total:
○​ First IR
■​ started in britain when textile manufacturing shifted from hand-madee to
mechanized (production evolved from households to specialized
machines in factories)
■​ Outcome:
●​ workers protested by attacking factories and destroying
machineries
●​ transportation, communications, and banking improved
●​ increase in manufactured goods and standard of living
●​ other industries like coal iron and textile flourished
○​ Second IR
■​ birth of assembly lines, mass production, and new innovations
■​ introduction of steel, replacing iron, leading to constructional
developments
■​ inventions of aircraft
■​ development of power stations, power generators, and the telephone
■​ significant improv in the light bulb
■​ Outcomes:
●​ Improvement in wealth
○​ This manifested several inventikns like:
■​ Telephone
■​ Typewriter
■​ Refrigerator
■​ Washing machine
■​ Diesel engine
●​ First electric cars and electric railroad
●​ First radio wave transmission across the atlantic ocean happened
○​ Third IR
■​ digital revolution
■​ digitalization of almost everything
■​ automation THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
■​ Outcome:
●​ computer, digital mobile phone, internet
●​ technologies like:
○​ automated teller machines
○​ cellular phones for digital comms
○​ CD-ROM
○​ digital camera
○​ industrial robots
 ○​ electronic bulletin boards
○​ video games
●​ privacy and piracy became problems
○​ Fourth IR
■​ emergence of tech breakthroughs like:
●​ AI
●​ Internet
●​ autonomous vehicles
●​ nanotech, biotech, materials sci, and quantum computing
●​ robotics
●​ energy storage
■​ Outcome:
●​ drones, self-driving cars, virtual assisstants, and software that
translates, invests, analyze, and identify
●​ soc-med
●​ demand for better service
●​ companies wanted more innovation
○​ Overall impacts:
■​ medical advances boosted life expectancy, causing population growth
■​ wars spurred tech developments ie tanks and planes
■​ electrification led to deforestation for poles and utility lines
■​ chem tech boosted crops but harmed biodiversity
■​ econ growth saw nature as a resource