Biological Classification + The nracess of arauinina tanether varias araanisms accorelina to their similarities dissimilarities and phylogenetic descent is known as biological classification. * Thera have heen varinus attamnts ta classify araanisms The earliest was hy Aristotle who classified nlanfe inte herhs shrubs and trees He classified animals into two groups, based on the presence and absence of red blood. ¢ Tn 1735 Linnaeus cave the Two Kinadam svstem af classification and divided! living organisms into Plantae and Animalia in his book “Systema ature”. + He also cave a scientific way of naming the species known as Binomial Nomenclature. + Father of Taxonomy- Linnaeus * The book ‘General planetarium’ was written by Benthem and Hooker. © scanned with OKEN ScannerIn 1969 R.H. Whittaker proposed the Five Kinadom svstem of classification and classified oraanisms. based on cellular structure. complexitv. mode of nutrition, phylogenetic relationship and ecological role performed by them. * Whittaker divided organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia ——__. Five kingdom|Classification Protists Plants Animals SP) a®. APS He Bs © == G aye © scanned with OKEN ScannerMonera *The Kingdom Monera contains all prokaryotic single-celled microorganisms that lack a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles in their cells. : Within Moneran cells, the genetic material comprises a single loop of DNA floating freely in the cytoplasm rather than enclosed within a nuclear membrane. The cell walls of Monera comprise polysaccharides and proteins rather than cellulose. > Monerans use diverse metabolic strategies. Some species are autotrophs, like cyanobacteria, while others are heterotrophs. > Major Taxa Within Kingdom Monera:- Archaebacteria, Eubacteria , Cyanobacteria, Mycoplasmas. © scanned with OKEN ScannerProtista » The kingdom Protista contains unicellular algae, diatoms, fungi, and protozoans. > The organisms in this kingdom are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms. > A photosynthetic protist is a link between plants and animals. * The two main types of nutrition are autotrophic (found in algae and diatoms) and heterotrophic (found in protozoans). * For mobility, some protists have hair-like cilia or whip-like flagella. Some protists, such as Amoeba, move by using pseudopodia (fake feet). * Examples of protists include algae, amoebas, euglena, plasmodium, and slime molds. A ae \ © scanned with OKEN ScannerFungi Fungi are cosmopolitan and found everywhere. » Kinadam Funai contain multicellular eukarvatic arganisms that cannot photosynthesize food, unlike plants and animals. * They are heterotrophic and get the nutrients by absorption. > Their cell wall is made up of chitin or fungal cellulose. + Their mode of nutrition is saprophytic, parasitic or symbiotic and the main food reserve is glycogen. - Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation, budding or fission. * The main body of a fungus comprises thin filament-like structures called hyphae. + Yeast, Rhizopus, mushrooms, Aspergillus, and Penicillium are other examples. * Same funai like lichens, have symbiotic relationships with green algae or blue- green algae. + Manv fina catise diseases in hath animals (stich as rinawarm) and nlants (such as wheat black stem rust, mustard white rust, and potato late blight). © scanned with OKEN ScannerPlantae + Mostly autotrophic, chlorophyll-containing, eukaryotic, multicellular organisms. * They are non-motile. + Characterised by the presence of rigid cell wall made up of cellulose * Some plants are partially heterotrophic such as Insectivorous (Venus flytrap, Bladderwort) and parasites (Cuscuta). * They reproduce asexually by vegetative propagation or sexually. * Thev have different organelles for anchorage, reproduction, support and photosynthesis © scanned with OKEN Scanneremotion = ae em SUBKINGDOM — —.- DIVISION - - - - ‘SUB DIVISION--— © scanned with OKEN ScannerThallophyta > This is the largest group of plant kingdom. * Thallophyta includes plants with primitive and simple body structures. * The nlant hody is thallus, they may be filamentous, colonial, branched or unbranched. —_—— ° Fyamnles incliide arean alaae red alaae and hrawn alaae Cammon examples are Volvox, Fucus, Spirogyra, Chara, Polysiphonia, Ulothrix, etc * It is divided into two groups:- ALGAE & FUNGI. ° Lichen are association of algae and fungi ° ALFA-TOXINare produced by fungi. © scanned with OKEN ScannerPlant Kingdom SUeainec en Ettenneeon nyse Phanerogamae Division Division Division Thallophyta Bryophyta _—_—Pteridophyta ‘Sub - Division Chlorophyceae Sub - Division Phaeophyceae ‘Sub - Division Rhdophyceae © scanned with OKEN ScannerBryophyta * Brvophvtes do not have vascular tissues. The plant body has root-like, stem-like and leaf-like structures. * In this division approx. 25000 species are included. * Brvophvtes are terrestrial plants but are known as “amphibians of the plant kingdom’ as they require water for sexual reproduction. * Thev are present in moist and shady places. Bryophyta includes mosses, hornworts and liverworts. * Some of the common examples are Marchantia, Funaria, Sphagnum, Antheoceros, etc. © scanned with OKEN ScannerPteridophyta * Pteridophytes have a well-differentiated plant body into root, stem and leaves. * Thev have a vascular system for the conduction of water and other substances. * Some of the common examples are Fern, Selaginella, Equisetum, Pteris, Azolla, pteridium, lycopodium etc. * Mosses (bryophyte) and Ferns (pteridophyte) are called amphibians of plant kingdom. © scanned with OKEN ScannerGymnosperms * Gymnosperms have a well-differentiated plant body and vascular tissues. + They bear naked seeds, i.e. seeds are not enclosed within a fruit. * Some of the common examples of avmnosperms are Cycas, Pinus, Ephedra, Siquonia gigentia ,Zaimia pygmia © scanned with OKEN ScannerAngiosperms + Anaiosberms are seed-bearing vascular plants with a well-differentiated plant body * The seeds of angiosperms are enclosed within the fruits. + Anaiosperms are widely distributed and varv greatly in size. e.a. Wo/ffiais small measuring about 0.1 cm and £uca/yptus trees are around 100 m tall. * Anaiosperms are further divided into monocotvledons and dicotyledons according to the number of cotyledons present in the seeds. * Some of the common examples are mango, rose, tomato, onion, wheat, maize, etc. © scanned with OKEN Scanner