PATHOLOGY Ashribad
CHAPTER 1- THE CELL AS A UNIT OF HEALTH & DISEASE
SHORT NOTES
1. Intermediate filamemts
2. Stem cell
3. Heat shock protein
4. M𝟇 derived G.F.
CHAPTER 2- CELLULAR RESPONSES TO STRESS & TOXIC INSULTS
SHORT NOTES
1. Coagulative necrosis
2. Oxygen derived free radicals
3. Causes of all injury and morphological features in a reversible cell injury
4. Necrosis
5. Cellular response to radiation
6. Dystrophic calcification
7. Mechanism of apoptosis
8. Epithelial metaplasia
9. Calcification
10. Metastatic calcification
11. Caseating necrosis
12. Factors governing repairs
DEFINITIONS
1. Apoptosis
2. Necrosis
3. Atrophy
4. Metaplasia
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
1. Apoptosis & Necrosis
2. Metastatic & Dystrophic Calcification
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Define necrosis. What are the different types of necrosis ? Write about biochemical
mechanisms of irreversible cell injury ?
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
CHAPTER 3- INFLAMMATION & REPAIR
SHORT NOTES
1. Phagocytosis
2. Complement system & its role in inflammation
3. Mechanism of bacteria killing
4. Repairs
5. Chemokines
6. Complements
7. Vascular changes in acute inflammations
8. Plasma protein derived chemical mediators of inflammations
9. Cytotoxicity through oxygen derived free radicle
10. Transudate & exudate
11. Granuloma
12. Vasodilators
DEFINITIONS
1. Granuloma
2. Inflammation
3. Abscess
4. Cellular response in inflammation
5. PG function
6. Free radical
7. Chemotaxis
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
1. Tansudate & Exudate
2. Healing by 1’ & 2’ intention
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Define inflammation. Describe vascular changes in acute inflammation. What are the
outcomes of acute inflammations?
2. What do you understand by acute inflammation. How is the reaction mediated. How
is it terminated?
3. Define inflammation. Discuss cellular response of acute inflammation. Enumerate
chemical mediators of inflammation?
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
CHAPTER 4- HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS, THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE, SHOCK
SHORT NOTES
1. Pathogenesis of thrombosis
2. Pathophysiologic category of edema
3. Pathogenesis of septic shock
4. Fate of thrombus
5. Mechanism of edema and heart failure
6. Infarction
7. Air embolism
8. Anomalous edema
9. Paradoxical edema
10. Renal edema
DEFINITIONS
1. Shock
2. Embolism
3. Infarction
4. Thrombosis
5. Edema
6. Nutmeg liver
7. Ana sarca
8. Metabolic acidosis
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
1. White infarct & Red infarct
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Define thrombosis. Describe its etiology, pathogenesis and fate of thrombus?
2. What are types of edema. Describe pathogenesis of each type.
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
CHAPTER 5- GENETIC DISORDERS
SHORT NOTES
1. Autosomal dominant disorders
2. Turner’s syndrome
3. Klinefelter syndrome
4. Hermaphrodite
5. Down syndrome
6. Ring chromosomes
7. Clinical features in turner syndrome
DEFINITIONS
1. Glycogenesis
2. Mutation
3. Karyotype
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
1. Autosomal recessive & Autosomal dominant disorders
CHAPTER 6- DISEASES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
SHORT NOTES
1. Type IV hypersensitivity
2. Type II hypersensitivity
3. Amyloids protein
4. NK cells
5. Systemic lupus erythematosus
6. Cell mediated immunity
7. Amyloidosis
8. Serum sickness
9. Sago spleen
10. T cell
11. Cellular component of immunity
12. Type I hypersensitivity
13. Immunological tolerance
14. Ig A
DEFINITIONS
1. Arthur’s reaction
2. Innate immunity
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
1. Innate & Adaptive immunity
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
CHAPTER 7- NEOPLASIA
SHORT NOTES
1. Oncogenic DNA viruses
2. Pathways of tumor spread
3. Rb gene
4. P 53 gene/ guardian of genome
5. Oncogenes
6. Metastasis
7. Human papilloma virus
8. Paraneoplastic syndrome
9. Chemical carcinogen
10. TM viruses
DEFINITIONS
1. Choristoma
2. Carcinogenesis
3. Differentiation
4. Anaplasia
5. Oncogene
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
1. Benign & malignanat tumors
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Define metastasis. Give the different routes of metastasis. Describe the mechanism of
metastasis
2. Define neoplasia. Describe briefly the role of chemical carcinogens in neoplastic
process.
3. Define neoplasia. Discuss the characters of benign and malignant tumours and path of
spread.
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
CHAPTER 8- INFECTIOUS DISEASE
SHORT NOTES
1. Pathology of pulmonary TB
2. Ghon’s complex
3. Tuberculoid leprosy
4. Dry gangrene
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
1. Primary & Secondary TB
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Write the causes, pathogenesis and pathology of gas gangrene
CHAPTER 9- ENVIRONMENTAL & NUTRITIONAL DISEASE
SHORT NOTES
1. Major pathological changes induced by alcohol
CHAPTER 10- DISEASES OF CHILDHOOD
SHORT NOTES
1. Wilm’s tumour
2. Teratoma
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
CHAPTER 11- BLOOD VESSELS
SHORT NOTES
1. Complication of atherosclerosis plaque
2. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
3. Name the modifiable and non-modfiable risk factors of atherosclerosis. Describe with
diagram the morphology of fully formed atheromatous plaque.
4. Response to injury hypothesis of atheroma
5. Aneurysm of aorta
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Discuss the aetiopathogenesis and pathology of atherosclerosis.
2. Discuss the risk factors for atherosclerosis and pathogenesis and pathology of
atheromatous plaque.
3. What is aneurysm? Classify them. Write down the aetiology, pathogenesis, pathology
and ccomplications.
CHAPTER 12- THE HEART
SHORT NOTES
1. Enzyme markers in myocardial infarction
2. Bacterial endocarditis
3. Causes of chronic pericarditis
4. Vegetations of heart
5. Rheumatic endocardial lesion
6. Components of fallot’s
7. Discuss aetiology, pathogenesis & causes of infective endocarditis
8. Aschoff body
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
CHAPTER 13- DISEASE OF WBC, LYMPH NODE, SPLEEN & THYMUS
SHORT NOTES
1. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
2. Classical RS cell and its variants
3. Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma
4. Multiple myeloma
5. Blood and bone marrow picture of AML- m3
6. Pancytopenia
7. Hodgkin’s lymphoma
8. Give the FAB classification of acute myeloid leukemia. Describe the blood and bone
marrow picture of AML-M3
9. Splenomegaly
10. Agranulocytosis
11. Leukemoid reaction
12. Burkitt’s lymphoma
13. Blood picture in CML
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
1. Myeloblast & lymphoma
2. CML & leukemoid reaction
CHAPTER 14- RED BLOOD CELL & BLEEDING DISORDERS
SHORT NOTES
1. Classify hemolytic anaemia. Describe blood picture of β- thalassemia and mention
two important lab investigation.
2. Polycythemia
3. ESR
4. Spherocytosis
5. Hepcidin
6. Pathophysiological and complications of sickle cell anaemia
7. Define and give morphological classification of iron deficiency anaemia
8. Peripheral blood picture and bone marrow finding in megaloblastic anaemia
9. Reticulocyte
10. Sideroblastic anaemia
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
1. Red cell indices in iron deficiency anaemia & megaloblastic anaemia
2. Bone marrow picture of iron deficiency & megaloblastic anaemia
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Define anaemia. Discuss aetiopathogenesis, peripheral blood picture and bone
marrow finding of aplastic anaemia
2. 5 years old male has severe anaemia, splenomegaly and ductility’s. Give your
diagnosis, classify anaemia and give lab investigations. (clinical type qn)
CHAPTER 15- LUNGS
SHORT NOTES
1. What is bronchial asthma. Discuss the pathogenesis of atopic asthma?
2. Pneumoconiosis
3. Emphysema
4. Pathogenesis of bronchial asthma
5. Good pasture syndrome
6. Pan acinar emphysema
7. Coal worker pneumoconiosis
8. Two causes of ARDS
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
1. Obstructive & restrictive lung disease
LONG QUESTIONS
1. What are COPD? Describe the aetiopathogenesis and morphology of bronchiectasis.
2. A male aged 40 years admitted in the hospital with high fever and dyspnea. On
examination bronchial breath sound in the middle lobe of the lung were heard.
What is the clinical diagnosis?
Write gross and microscopic changes in lung
What are the complication.
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
CHAPTER 16- THE GIT
SHORT NOTES
1. Gastric ulcer
2. Barette oesophagus
3. Name ulcers of intestine. Outline the difference between crohns disease & ulcerative
colitis
4. Zollinger Ellison syndrome
5. Meckel’s diverticulum
6. Colon in amoebic and bacillary dyssentry
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Describe the salient features that differentiate between crohns disease & ulcerative
colitis. Mention the clinical features.
2. Classify the malabsorption syndrome, name the investigation to diagnose them
3. Discuss ulcerative lesions of SI.
4. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis & clinical features of peptic ulcer.
CHAPTER 18- LIVER & GALL BLADDER
SHORT NOTES
1. Describe the pathogenesis and morphology of alcoholic liver disease.
2. Describe the pathology in portal cirrhosis.
3. Non- alcoholic steatohepatitis
4. Classify gall stone and describe pathogenesis of cholesterol stone.
5. Serologic & markers of HIV infection
6. Gall stones
7. Jaundice
8. Pathogenesis of gall stone.
9. Liver function tests
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Aetiology and pathogenesis of fatty liver.
2. Role of bilirubin in healthy and diseased state.
3. Define and classify jaundice. Describe serum and urinary finding in each type of
jaundice.
CHAPTER 19- THE PANCREAS
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Enumerate the molecular alterations associated with pancreatic carcinoma. Describe
the morphologic changes of adenocarcinoma pancreas.
CHAPTER 20- THE KIDNEY
SHORT NOTES
1. Enumerate different primary glomerulopathies. Describe the morphology of
membranes proliferative glomerulonephritis.
2. Describe the aetiopathogenesis, pathology and clinical picture of post streptococcal
glomerulonephritis.
3. Nephrotic syndrome
4. Granular contracted kidney
5. Hematuria
6. Proteinuria
7. Albuminuria
8. Pathogenesis of glomerular injury
9. Specific gravity of urine
10. Nephrosis
11. Renal changes in S.L.E
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
1. Urinary, physical, chemical, microscopic findings of nephrotic and nephritic syndrome
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
LONG QUESTIONS
1. What is nephrotic syndrome? Write its aetiology, pathogenesis and mention its
consequences.
2. Define nephrotic syndrome. Make a schematic representation of the pathophysiology
of nephrotic oedema.
3. Causes of nephrotic syndrome and discuss about pathogenesis and pathology of
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
4. Discuss aetiopathogenesis, morphology and clinical findings in clinical findings in
chronic pyelonephritis.
CHAPTER 21- LOWER URINARY TRACT AND MALE GENITAL SYSTEM
SHORT NOTES
1. Enumerate different germ cell tumours of testis. Describe the morphology of
seminoma.
2. Benign hypertrophy of prostate.
3. Prostate specific antigen
4. Monodermal teratoma
5. Seminoma
6. Causes of painless hematuria
7. Tumour markers of prostatic carcinoma
8. Tricaalbuminurea
CHAPTER 22- THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
SHORT NOTES
1. Classify germ cell tumours of ovary. Describe the morphology of any 2 of them.
2. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
3. Hydatiform mole
4. Exfoliative cytology
5. Endometriosis
6. Classify ovarian tumours. Describe morphology of dysgerminoma.
7. Role of exfoliative cytology in O&G.
8. Chocolate cyst.
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
CHAPTER 23- BREAST
SHORT NOTES
1. Phyllodis tumour
CHAPTER 24- THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
SHORT NOTES
1. Thyroid function test in myxedema
2. Diagnosis and clinical features of diabetes mellitus.
3. Glucose tolerance test.
4. Diabetic nephropathy
5. Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
6. Clinical features of diabetes mellitus
7. Subacute thyroiditis
8. Craniopharyngioma
9. Hashimoto thyroiditis
10. Graves disease
11. Thyroid function test
12. Goiter
13. Ketonuria
14. Multinodular goiter
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Discuss the clinical and lab findings along with the gross and microscopic appearance
of renal disease in diabetes mellitus.
CHAPTER 25- THE SKIN
SHORT NOTES
1. Pre malignant lesion of skin
2. Basal cell carcinoma
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
CHAPTER 26- BONES, JOINTS AND SOFT TISSUE TUMOURS
SHORT NOTES
1. Classify bone tumour. Describe morphology in giant cell tumour in bone.
2. Osteosarcoma
3. Osteoclastoma
4. Ewing sarcoma
5. Name the bone forming tumour. Pathology of osteogenic sarcoma
6. Rheumatoid arthritis.
7. Pathological changes in osteoarthritis.
8. Chronic osteomyelitis.
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Classify the bone tumours. What are the gross and microscopic picture of
osteoclastoma.
2. Classify tumour of bones. Describe pathogenesis of osteosarcoma and giant cell
tumour.
CHAPTER 27- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
SHORT NOTES
1. Meningioma
2. Astrocytoma
3. CSF finding in TB meningitis.
4. Oligodendrioma
5. CSF finding in pyogenic meningitis.
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
SHORT QUESTIONS
CELLULAR ADPTATIONS, CELL INJURY, & CELL DEATH
Gangrene
Necrosis
Infarction
Free radicals
Phagocytosis
Apoptosis
Cellular swelling
Atrophy
Classify n describe Degeneration
Zenker degeneration
ACUTE & CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
Acute inflammation n sequence of events
Granuloma
Chemotaxis
Cytokines
Leukotrienes
Asteroid body
NK cells
TISSUE REPAI: CELLULAR GROWTH, FIBROSIS & WOUND HEALING
Wound healing; primary n secondary intentions
Pathological/ metastatic calcifications
Exudate & Transudate
Growth factors
Repair of fractured bone
Fibronectin
Healing by secondary intention
HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS, THROMBOSIS, & SHOCK
Thrombosis
Classify n describe shock
Types of embolism- caisson disease
Classify & aetiopathogenesis of oedema
Thrombus & blood clot
Virchow’s triad
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
GENETIC DISORDERS
Turner syndrome
Klinefelters syndrome
Down’s syndrome
Niemann-pick disease
Erythroblastosis foetalis
Gaucher’s disease
x- linked disorders
DISEASES OF IMMUNITY
Hypersensitivity
AIDS
amyloidosis
Sago spleen/ spleen in amyloidosis
L.E. cell phenomenon
Transplant rejection
Anaphylactic reaction
CD4 T cells
NEOPLASIA
Classify & describe neoplasm; benign & malignant tumor
Oncogenic virus, HPV
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Etiological cancer agents; chemical
Metastasis & pathways of spread
Teratoma
Tumor markkers
Metaplasia
Carcinoma in situ
FNAC
Tumor suppressor genes
Hamartomas
Transcoelomic spread of neoplasm
Tumor antigens
Radiation injury
Grading and staging of tumors
Dysplasia
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
C.S.F. findings in tuberculosis & pyogenic meningitis
Lepromatous leprosy
Primary complex
Bacterial endocarditis/ vegetation of heart
Actinomycosis
Coombs test
Rhinosporidiosis
Military tuberculosis
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Tuberculoid leprosy
Lepra cell
Mycetoma
Syphilis
Chyluria
Paul bunnel test
ENVIRONMENTAL & NUTRITIONAL PATHOLOGY
Silicosis
Kwashiorkor
Vit. A deficiency
Vit. D deficiency
Pott’s disease
Whipple’s dissesase
DISEASES OF INFANCY & CHILDHOOD
Rickets
Gauchers disease
SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
BLOOD VESSELS
Atheroma, atherosclerosis
Aneurysms
LDL
Thromboangitis obliterans
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
THE HEART
MI
Rheumatic fever & heart disease
Fallot’s tetralogy
Cardiomyopathy
Ischemic heart disease
Infective endocarditis
Hypertensive heart disease
Heart failure cell
Aschoff body
RED BLOOD CELLS & BLEEDING DISORDERS
Classify anemia – megaloblastic anemia
ITP
Classify hemolytic anemia- sickle cell anemia
Hematocrit
ESR
VWD
Iron deficiency anemia
Thalassemia
Reticulocyte
Classify & describe lab diag. of bleeding disorders
Haemophiilia
Thrombocytopenia
DIC
Aplastic anemia
Blood transfusion
Hemolytic disease of newborn
G6PD deficiency anemia
Osmotic fragility test
Macrocytic anemia
B 12 deficiency bone marrow
D/D of microcytic hypochromic anemia
Prothrombin time
Significacnce of BT & CT
Hypercoagulable test
Pernicious anemia
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
DISEASES OF WBC, LYMPH NODES, SPLEEN & THYMUS
Classify leukemia, CML
Classify lymphoma, hodgkin’s lymphoma
Leukemoid reaction
AML
Agranulocytosis
Reed Sternberg cell
Burkitt’s lymphoma
ALL
Myeloproliferative disorders
Benz jones protein
Plasma cell myeloma
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Eosinophilia
Chloroma
Spleen in Kala-azar
Hyperglobulinemia
Starry-sky pattern in lymphnode
THE LUNG
Bronchiectasis
Etiopathogenesis & clinical features of lung cancer
Oat/ small cell carcinoma of lung
Emphysema
Pathogenesis of asthma
Pneumoconiosis
Primary atypical pneumonia
Tubercle
Mesothelioma
Ghon’s complex
Asbestosis
Carcinoid tumors of lung
Squamous cell carcinoma of lung
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Viral pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Brown induration of the lung
Generalized lymphadenopathy
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
HEAD & NECK
Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland
Warthin tumor
Ameloblastoma
Papillary cystadenoma
THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease/ skip lesion
Peptic ulcer disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative lesions of large & small intestine
Barrete’s oesophagus
Gastric cancer
Common causes of hemoptysis
Gastric cancer
Common causes of hemoptysis
Congenital megacolon
Meckel’s diverticulum
Celiac sprue
Amoebic dysentery colon
Pentz-jeghers syndrome
Colorectal carcinoma
Neoplastic polyps of large intestine
Typhoid ulcer
Malena
THE LIVER & BILIARY TRACT
Cirrhosis
Chronic hepatitis
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Hemochromatosis
Cholelithiasis
Hemolytic & obstructive jaundice – lab diagnosis
HCC
Chronic venous congestion of liver
Hepatitis B
Fatty liver
Biliary cirrhosis
Amoebic liver abscess
Enzymes in diagnosis of liver disease
LFT in acute hepatitis
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
THE PANCREAS
Chronic calcific pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis
THE KIDNEY
Wilms’ tumor
Classify glomerulonephritis, PSGN
Renal stones
Urinary cast
Chronic pyelonephritis
Lipoid nephrosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Crecentric glomerulonephritis
Renal cell carcinoma
Immune complex nephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Renal oedema
Proteins in urine
Urine sediment
Transitional cell cancer – bladder
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Hypernephroma
Hemolytic – uremic syndrome
Analgesic nephropathy
Acute pyelonephritis
Good pasture’s syndrome
Albuminuria
Benign nephrosclerosis
THE LOWER URINARY TRACT & THE MALE GENITAL TRACT
Testicular seminoma
Cryptorchidism
BPH
Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
Carcinoma of prostate
Myeloma kidney
Schiller-Duval bodies
Michaelis-Guttmann bodies
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
Carcinoma cervis
Hydatiform / vesicular mole
CIN
Endometriosis
Classify tumors of ovary
Germ cell tumors
Leiomyoma
Granulosa cell tumor of ovary
Benign cystic teratoma- ovary
Yolksac tumor
Condyloma accuminata (warts)
Dysgerminoma
Krukenberg tumor
THE BREAST
Invasive breast cancer
Cystosarcoma phyllodes
Pagets disease of breast
Fibrocystic disease of breast
Comedo carcinoma
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Hashimotos thyroiditis
Pheochromocytoma
Diabetic nephropathy
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Multinodular goiter
Gynaecomastia
Carcinoid syndrome
Diabetes
Hyperparathyroidism
Glucose tolerance test
Thyroid function test
Pancreatic changes in diabetes mellitus
Cretinism
IDDM
Complications of diabetes
Graves disease
Colloide goiter
MEN syndromes
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercalcemia
PATHOLOGY Ashribad
THE SKIN
Malignant melanoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Premalignant lesions of the skin
Multiple myeloma
Intradermal nevus
BONES, JOINTS & SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
Osteosarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
Osteomyelitis
Giant cell tumor of the bone/ osteoclastoma
Paget’s disease of bone
Gout
Classify tumors of bone
Otosclerosis
Neuropathic arthhropathy / charcoat’ joint
PERIPHERAL NERVE & SKELETAL MUSCLE
Cartilage- forming tumors
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Neurofibroma
Duchene Muscular Dystrophy
Neuroblstoma
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Meningiomas
Astrocytomas
Glioblastoma multiforne
Classification of brain tumors
CSF examination
THE EYE
Pannus
retinoblastoma
