ES404 Material Science and Engineering

 Develop, process, and test materials.

Introduction to Material Science and Engineering  Research material properties and structures.
 Assess material performance against
requirements.
DEFINITION AND SCOPE  Select appropriate materials for specific
Material Science: applications.
 An interdisciplinary field focused on  Investigate material failures and propose
understanding the relationships between the solutions.
microstructure, composition, synthesis, and  Analyze cost-effectiveness and environmental
processing of materials. impacts.

Material Engineering: EXAMPLE:

 The application of materials science In a recent project, our team developed a lightweight
principles to develop and utilize materials in composite material designed for aerospace applications.
practical applications. We processed the material to enhance its strength while
testing its mechanical properties under extreme
NOTE: conditions. After assessing the results, we confirmed
Materials science helps us understand what materials are that the material met all electrical and thermal
made of and how they work. Materials engineering uses conductivity requirements. Finally, we selected this
this knowledge to improve products and create better innovative composite for use in a new aircraft model,
materials (to make better things and to make things while also discovering that it could be utilized in
better) automotive applications to reduce weight and improve
fuel efficiency.
MATERIAL SCIENCE
The tetrahedron illustrates the relationships among four TASKS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF
critical factors: SCIENTISTS/ENGINEERS
 Composition: refers to what a material is made  Determine causes of failures and find appropriate
of, like different elements or compounds, which solutions
can include metals, plastics, and ceramics.  Evaluate and reduce environmental impacts
 Structure: refers to how the atoms or molecules  Analyze cost effectiveness
in the material are organized, which can include  Manage projects and teams
its crystal shape or tiny features on a nanoscale.  Consult with other engineers and scientists
 Processing: the techniques used to make or  Write proposals, budgets, and reports
change the material, like casting, forging,
molding, heat treatment, or 3D printing. EXAMPLE:
 Properties: the characteristics we can see or While leading a team on a construction project, I
measure in the material, such as how strong or observed delays caused by unexpected soil conditions.
hard it is, how well it conducts heat or electricity, To address this, I consulted with geotechnical engineers
and other qualities. to determine the causes of the failures and proposed a
redesign of the foundation to accommodate the new
findings. I also evaluated the environmental impacts of
the new design and found ways to reduce them by using
sustainable materials. After analyzing the cost
effectiveness of the redesign and discussing it with
project stakeholders, I prepared a proposal and budget
adjustments, ensuring the project stayed on track.

ROLES OF MATERIAL SCIENTIST AND ENGINEERS SUBFIELDS OF MATERIAL SCIENCE

 ES404 Material Science and Engineering

properties (roughness, texture, and chemical

a) Nanotechnology reactivity).
Nanotechnology is a field of science and
engineering focused on creating and using tiny d) Metallurgy
structures and devices by working with atoms Metallurgy is the study and practice of
and molecules that are very small, usually 100 working with metals and their mixtures, called
nanometers or smaller. It is used in various areas, alloys. It involves getting metals from their
including information technology, food natural sources, making them pure, and shaping
technology, energy technology, and medical them into useful materials with specific
products. characteristics. Metallurgy includes many
different methods and looks at how metals act
b) Crystallography physically, chemically, and mechanically, along
Crystallography is the study of how with how they are used in factories and other
atoms are arranged and connected in solid industries.
crystals, as well as the shape of their crystal Metallurgy Definition
structures. Today, scientists mainly use x-rays to Branches
analyze how they are scattered by crystals, which Extractive focuses on the process of
act like special patterns of light. Understanding Metallurgy extracting metals from their ores,
these patterns helps us learn how the structure of essentially "mining" the desired
a material affects its properties, which is metal from the earth;
important for creating new materials with Physical studies the properties and behavior
Metallurgy of metals once extracted, including
specific features.
their mechanical characteristics,
crystal structure, and response to
c) Material Characterization different treatments like heat or
Materials Characterization is a group of deformation;
techniques that scientists and engineers use to
study and identify the properties, structure, and e) Tribology
makeup of different materials. These methods Tribology is the study of how surfaces in motion
help them understand how materials behave, how interact with each other. It is the study of friction,
well they work, and whether they are appropriate wear, and lubrication in interacting surfaces under
for certain uses. motion. Essential for designing systems that
minimize wear while maximizing efficiency.
A set of techniques used to analyze materials:
 Structural Characterization: Techniques Note:
such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveal The term 'tribology' comes from the Greek word 'tribos,'
atomic arrangements. which means 'rubbing,' and it explores how materials act
 Chemical Characterization: Methods like when they slide or roll against one another.
spectroscopy identify chemical compositions.
 Mechanical Characterization: Tests like f) Surface Science
tensile testing measure strength and ductility. Investigates the physical and chemical
 Thermal Characterization: Techniques like properties at surfaces/interfaces. It is important
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for understanding reactions that occur at
assess thermal properties (how a material surfaces exposed to external environments.
responds to heat).
 Surface Characterization: Tools like atomic Note:
force microscopy (AFM) analyze surface These surface atoms or molecules can behave very
differently than those located deeper inside the material
because they are influenced by their surroundings.
 ES404 Material Science and Engineering

m) Quantum Mechanics
g) Glass Science Describes matter's behavior at
Examines the properties and behaviors of microscopic scales; essential for understanding
glass as an amorphous solid (non-crystalline phenomena not explained by classical physics.
solid that lacks the ordered atomic arrangement
found in crystalline materials). n) Bioengineering
It focuses on production processes and Combines biology with engineering
applications across various industries. principles to develop technologies that improve
healthcare solutions.
h) Rheology
Studies flow and deformation behaviors o) Continuum Mechanics
in materials exhibiting both solid-like and fluid- Models materials as continuous media for
like properties (e.g., polymers, pastes, gels). easier analysis without focusing on atomic
It looks at how stress (force applied to an structures
area) and strain (how much a material deforms)
are related in these types of materials. p) Diffraction and Wave Mechanics
Wave mechanics describes particle
i) Chemical Kinetics behavior using wave functions; diffraction
Analyzes reaction rates under various involves wave bending around obstacles.
conditions (temperature, pressure) to understand
how these factors influence chemical processes. LEGAL RECOGNITION OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES

j) Physical Chemistry An electronic signature on the electronic document shall

A part of chemistry that studies how be equivalent to the signature of a person on a written
physical principles affect chemical behavior and document if that signature is proved by showing that a
how matter interacts with energy. Bridges prescribed procedure, not alterable by the parties
physics and chemistry by applying physical interested in the electronic document, existed under
principles to study chemical systems. which:
Describe how chemical reactions happen,
how different substances affect each other, and a. A method is used to identify the party sought to
how things like temperature, pressure, and be bound and to indicate said party’s access to
concentration change the characteristics and the electronic document necessary for his
actions of materials. consent or approval through the electronic
k) Mechanics of Materials signature;
Focuses on how solid materials behave
under various forces (stretching, compression) b. Said method is reliable and appropriate for the
and what causes them to break when forces are purpose for which the electronic document was
applied. generated or communicated, in the light of all
It's important for designing, analyzing, circumstances, including any relevant agreement;
and ensuring the safety of buildings and
machines. c. It is necessary for the party sought to be bound,
in order to proceed further with the transaction,
l) Solid State Physics to have executed or provided the electronic
Investigates the physical properties of signature; and
solids at atomic levels to understand
conductivity, magnetism, etc. d. The other party is authorized and enabled to
verify the electronic signature and to make the
 ES404 Material Science and Engineering

decision to proceed with the transaction compressive strength;

authenticated by the same. (Sec. 8, RA No. 8792) Refractory withstand extreme temperatures
without significant deformation,
commonly used in furnace linings,
Introduction to Engineering Material kiln components, and other high-
heat environments;
Electrical exhibit specific electrical
Engineering materials are substances used in the properties like high or low
conductivity, used in electronic
construction of man-made structures and components.
components like capacitors,
Their main function is to withstand applied loads insulators, and resistors;
without failure. Magnetic possess magnetic properties, often
utilized in applications like
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS magnetic cores for transformers
and permanent magnets;
Abrasive highly hard and used for grinding,
cutting, and polishing due to their
ability to wear down other
materials;

 Common examples: Computer chips,

Sensors, Capacitors, Spark plugs,
Electrical insulation.

c) Glass and Glass Ceramics

 Amorphous materials often derived from
a) Metals and Alloys molten liquids.
 Contain additions of one or more metals or  Used in optical fibers, computer and
non-metals. television screens, and building applications.
 Good electrical and thermal conductivity.  Glass-ceramics are formed by nucleating
small crystals within glass through a thermal
 High strength, stiffness, ductility, and shock process.
resistance.  Example: Zerodur™ (used in telescope
mirrors).
 Common examples: Steels, Aluminum,  Does not have a regular, periodic
Magnesium, Zinc, Cast Iron, Titanium, arrangement of atoms
Copper, and Nickel.  Usually processed by melting and casting.

b) Ceramics d) Polymers
 Nonmetallic and inorganic substances.  Made of large molecules (macromolecules)
composed of repeating subunits (monomers).
 Hard, brittle, refractory, nonmagnetic,
chemically stable, and resistant to heat and  Organic materials produced through
corrosion. polymerization.

Types Definition  Low strength but good strength-to-weight

Structural designed to withstand significant ratio and corrosion resistance.
mechanical stress, often used in  Not suitable for use at high temperatures.
construction applications like  Has very good resistance to corrosive
bricks, tiles, and building chemicals.
components due to their high  Types:
 ES404 Material Science and Engineering

o Thermoplastics: Ductile and  Formed by the sharing of valence electrons

formable, shaped in molten form. between atoms.
o Thermosets: Stronger but more  Strong and hard materials with high melting
brittle, shaped using molds. points.
 Examples: Rubber, Adhesives, Insulating  Examples: Diamond (C), Silicon Carbide
materials. (SiC), Boron Nitride (BN).
 Applications: Cutting tools, semiconductor
e) Semiconductor devices, and ceramics.
 Have properties of both insulators and
conductors.
c) Ionic Bonding
 Electrical conductivity of semiconducting
materials is between that of ceramic  Formed between metals and non-metals
insulators and metallic conductors. through electrostatic attraction.
 Used in electronics for memory chips,  Strongest of all bonds with high melting and
processors, and circuits. boiling points.
 Common materials: Silicon, Germanium,  Examples: Sodium Chloride (NaCl),
Gallium Arsenide. Magnesium Oxide (MgO), Calcium Fluoride
 Applications: Computers, solar cells, LED (CaF₂).
lights, and communication devices.  Applications: Electrolytes, ceramics, and
industrial salts.
f) Composite Materials
 Made by combining two or more materials
with different properties.
Mechanical Properties of Materials
 High strength, lightweight, temperature-
resistant, and sometimes shock resistant.
 Examples: Concrete, plywood, fiberglass.
 Applications: Aerospace, automotive, sports A material’s ability to carry or resist mechanical forces
equipment, and military armor. (applied loads or stresses). These properties are crucial
in determining a material’s suitability for various
g) Biomaterials engineering applications. They are typically assessed
 Used in medical applications to support, through standardized laboratory tests such as tensile
enhance, or replace biological functions. testing, hardness testing, and impact testing.
 Must be non-toxic and biocompatible.
 Examples: Heart valves, hip replacements, STRENGTH
dental implants, contact lenses.
 Applications: Prosthetics, drug delivery  The ability of a material to withstand an applied
systems, and tissue engineering. force without failure or breaking.
 Different types of strength:
ATOMIC BONDING IN MATERIAL
o Tensile Strength: Resistance to pulling
a) Metallic Bonding
 Electrostatic attraction between conduction forces.
o Compressive Strength: Resistance to
electrons and positively charged metal ions.
 Properties: Strength, ductility, electrical and crushing forces.
o Shear Strength: Resistance to forces that
thermal conductivity.
 Examples: Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Gold cause sliding failure along a plane.
(Au).  Essential in structures, bridges, and load-bearing
 Applications: Electrical wiring, structural applications.
materials, and industrial machinery.
STIFFNESS
b) Covalent Bonding
 ES404 Material Science and Engineering

 Resistance to deformation when a force is PLASTICITY

applied.
 Measured by how much a material stretches,  The ability of a material to retain its deformed
compresses, or bends under a load. shape after the load is removed.
 Related to Young’s Modulus (Elastic Modulus),  Opposite of elasticity; used in permanent shaping
which quantifies material rigidity. of materials.
 Example: Metal forging, stamping, and plastic
 Important in mechanical and structural
molding.
components where minimal deformation is
required, such as beams and machine frames. RESILIENCE

DUCTILITY  The capacity of a material to absorb energy when

elastically deformed and recover it upon
 The ability of a material to undergo significant unloading.
plastic deformation before fracturing.  Related to elastic modulus and yield strength.
 Ductile materials can be drawn into wires (e.g.,  Important in applications requiring energy
copper and aluminum) and are preferred in absorption, such as car bumpers, springs, and
applications requiring flexibility and impact sports equipment.
resistance.
 High ductility is beneficial in earthquake- TOUGHNESS
resistant structures and metal forming processes
 The ability of a material to absorb energy and
like extrusion and rolling.
deform plastically before fracturing.
 Measured as the area under the stress-strain
BRITTLENESS
curve.
 Crucial in impact-resistant applications (e.g.,
 The tendency of a material to fracture without armor, safety equipment, crash-resistant
significant deformation when subjected to stress. structures).
 Brittle materials (e.g., glass, ceramics, cast iron)
fail suddenly without warning. HARDNESS
 Not suitable for applications requiring high
toughness or impact resistance.  A measure of a material’s resistance to
indentation, scratching, and wear.
MALLEABILITY
 Harder materials are used in cutting tools, wear-
resistant surfaces, and protective coatings.
 The ability of a material to be deformed  Common hardness tests:
plastically under compression without cracking. o Brinell Hardness Test: Measures
 Malleable materials can be hammered or rolled indentation resistance using a steel ball.
into thin sheets (e.g., gold, aluminum, copper). o Rockwell Hardness Test: Uses a steel or
 Important in sheet metal forming, coin minting, tungsten carbide ball to determine depth
and artistic metalwork. of penetration.
o Mohs Hardness Scale: Ranks materials
ELASTICITY
based on their ability to scratch softer
materials (e.g., diamond is the hardest at
 The ability of a material to return to its original
10).
shape after being deformed under stress.
 Governed by Hooke’s Law within the elastic
limit.
 Examples: Rubber, steel springs.
 Critical in applications such as shock absorbers,
springs, and bridge supports.
 ES404 Material Science and Engineering

 Fatigue failure is characterized by:

o Crack initiation.
o Crack propagation.
o Sudden fracture.
 Preventive measures include stress analysis,
proper material selection, and surface treatments
to improve fatigue resistance.

Chemical Properties of Materials

MACHINABILITY How materials behave and react when exposed to

different chemical environments. These properties
 The ease with which a material can be cut, determine the suitability of a material for specific
shaped, or machined using tools. applications, particularly those involving exposure to
 High machinability means less wear on tools and chemicals, corrosive conditions, or high temperatures.
faster processing times.
 Important for manufacturing industries CORROSION RESISTANCE
producing precision components.
 The ability of a material to resist degradation or
CREEP damage caused by chemical reactions, usually
with oxygen, moisture, or other environmental
 A slow, permanent deformation occurring under agents.
constant stress over time, typically at high
 Common forms of corrosion:
temperatures.
 Common in materials used in turbines, power o Rusting of Steel: Oxidation in the
plants, and jet engines, where prolonged presence of moisture and air.
exposure to high stress and heat occurs.
o Oxidation of Aluminum: Forms a
 Three stages of creep:
protective oxide layer preventing further
1. Primary Creep: Slow initial
corrosion.
deformation.
2. Secondary Creep: Steady-state  Important in industries such as construction,
deformation. marine, and aerospace to ensure longevity of
3. Tertiary Creep: Rapid deformation materials.
leading to failure.
REACTIVITY
FATIGUE
 The extent to which a material chemically reacts
 Progressive structural damage caused by with other substances such as acids, bases, or
repeated or fluctuating loads over time. solvents.
 Leads to failure at stress levels lower than the  Highly reactive materials, such as magnesium,
material’s ultimate tensile strength. can corrode or degrade quickly, while inert
 Common in aerospace, automotive, and materials like gold and platinum resist reaction.
mechanical components subjected to cyclic  Understanding reactivity helps in selecting
loading. materials for chemical processing and laboratory
equipment.
 ES404 Material Science and Engineering

FLAMMABILITY

 Refers to a material’s ability to ignite, sustain

combustion, and propagate flames when exposed
THERMAL EXPANSION
to a heat source.
 Critical for ensuring safety in buildings,  The tendency of a material to change in shape,
transportation, and manufacturing. area, or volume in response to temperature
 Flame-resistant materials are used in fireproofing changes.
applications (e.g., insulation, protective clothing,  Most materials expand when heated and contract
and aerospace components). when cooled.
 Essential in designing bridges, pipelines, and
TOXICITY
mechanical components to prevent thermal
stress.
 The degree to which a substance can cause harm
to living organisms.
 Effects of toxicity can include poisoning, organ
damage, or disruption of normal bodily
functions.
 Toxicity levels depend on:
o Chemical composition of the material.
o Concentration and exposure duration.
o Method of exposure (inhalation,
ingestion, or skin contact). THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
 Important in the selection of materials for food
packaging, medical applications, and consumer  The ability of a material to transfer heat from
products. high- to low-temperature regions.
 High thermal conductivity materials (e.g.,
metals) are used in heat sinks and cooking
Thermal Properties of Materials appliances, while low thermal conductivity
materials (e.g., insulating foams) are used in
thermal insulation.
Thermal properties describe how materials reacts to
changes in temperature, or how it conducts, stores, or
releases heat.

HEAT CAPACITY

 A material’s ability to absorb heat energy.

 Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of a unit mass
of a substance by one degree Kelvin (J/kg-K).
 Important in designing heat exchangers,
insulation, and cooking utensils. THERMAL EMISSIVITY

 A material’s ability to emit absorbed heat as

infrared radiation.
 ES404 Material Science and Engineering

 Dark, matte surfaces have high emissivity and ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

radiate heat efficiently, while shiny surfaces
(e.g., aluminum foil) have low emissivity.  The ability of a material to conduct electric
 Important in applications like solar panels and current, expressed as the reciprocal of resistivity.
heat shields.  High conductivity materials are essential for
wiring, power transmission, and electronic
circuits.

MELTING AND BOILING POINT

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
 Melting point: The temperature at which a solid
turns into a liquid.  A measure of a material’s ability to store
 Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid electrical energy in an electric field.
turns into a gas.  High dielectric materials are used in capacitors to
 Crucial for material selection in high- enhance energy storage capacity.
temperature environments, such as metallurgy  The higher the dielectric constant of a dielectric
and industrial processing. material in a capacitor, the higher the capacitance
of the capacitor

Electrical Properties of Materieals

The electrical property of a material is its response to the SEMICONDUCTIVITY

application of electric field.
 Property of materials that have electrical
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY conductivity between that of conductors and
insulators.
 A measure of how much a material resists the  Used in electronic devices like transistors,
flow of electric current. diodes, and integrated circuits.
 High resistivity materials (e.g., rubber, glass) are
used as electrical insulators, while low resistivity
materials (e.g., copper, silver) are used as
conductors.