RAWE REPORT

A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award

of Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL

ENGINEERING

By,

MUTHU KRISHNAN K

Regd.No.711522BAG303

KIT-KALAIGNAR KARUNANIDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution)

Approved By AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated To Anna University, Chennai

COIMBATORE-641 402

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO TITLE PG.NO

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

2 ABSTRACT 5

3 OBJECTIVES 6

4 DECLARATION 7

5 INTRODUCTION 8

OVERVIEW OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

6 i.SOCIO-PERSONAL CHARECTERISTICS 10

7 ii.COMMUNICATION CHARECTERISTICS 13

8 CONCLUSION 21

9 FIELD SURVEY PHOTOS 23

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At this delightful moment of having successfully completed the
farmers' visit program, I extend my sincere thanks to Thiru Pongalur
N. Palanisamy, Founder and Chairman of KIT - Kalaignar
Karunanidhi Institute of Technology, for providing me with all
necessary facilities to carry out this fieldwork. I also express my
heartfelt gratitude to Mrs. P. Indumurugesan, Vice Chairperson of
KIT - Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology, for
empowering me with excellent infrastructure and supportive
administration, making this program possible.
I wish to convey my deep appreciation to Dr. N. Mohandas
Gandhi, M.E., Ph.D., CEO of KIT - Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute
of Technology, and Dr. Ramesh, M.E., Ph.D., Principal of KIT -
Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology, for their invaluable
support, guidance, and the essential facilities that enabled the successful
completion of this project.
My sincere thanks go to Dr. Sampathkumar, Professor and Head
of the Department of Agricultural Engineering, for his continuous
encouragement and support throughout this visit. I also take immense
pleasure in expressing my gratitude to Dr. R. Vasanthi, Assistant
Professor and Program Coordinator, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, for her exceptional guidance, motivation, and insights that
have greatly contributed to my work on this project.
I would also like to thank the entire faculty and staff of my
department for their valuable suggestions and encouragement, as well as
my parents and friends for their constant support and motivation
throughout the course of this project.

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 Finally, I extend my deepest thanks to the 25 farmers who allowed
me the opportunity to learn from their practices, insights, and challenges.
This experience has been invaluable for my academic and professional
growth, as it provided real-world perspectives that are integral to my
Bachelor of Technology in Agricultural Engineering.

This project would not have been possible without the platform and
resources provided by KIT - Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of
Technology and the cooperation of the farming community, to whom I
owe my heartfelt gratitude

MUTHU KRISHNAN K
711522BAG0303

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 ABSTRACT
During my recent field visit to 25 farmers from November 4 to
November 8, 2024, I had the opportunity to engage directly with various
farming communities, gaining firsthand insights into their agricultural
practices, challenges, and innovations. This program was coordinated
with the guidance of Dr. R. Vasanthi and was an invaluable chance for
me to apply my academic knowledge from the Department of
Agricultural Engineering to real-world scenarios.

Throughout the visit, I gathered information on diverse farming

methods, including crop management, irrigation practices, pest control
techniques, and use of technology in agriculture. The visit not only
enriched my understanding of the agricultural field but also allowed me
to witness the resilience and resourcefulness of farmers in addressing
ongoing challenges in agriculture.

This experience, part of my Bachelor of Technology degree

program, provided an excellent platform to explore agricultural
practices and connect theoretical knowledge with practical insights. The
field visit enhanced my professional skills and broadened my
perspective on sustainable and innovative farming solutions.

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 OBJECTIVES
➢ The main objective of the RAWE Program is to offer students a
platform to enhance their existing skills in agricultural engineering, crop
management, and rural development while providing the opportunity to
learn new practices and techniques directly from experienced farmers.

➢ This program enables students to observe and participate in various

farming activities such as soil management, irrigation systems, pest
control, and crop rotation. It allows for scientific research and
experimentation with real-world applications, promoting both
knowledge and skill development.

➢ The RAWE program is an essential part of agricultural education,

enabling students to gain hands-on experience while contributing to the
agricultural sector. It gives them insight into rural farming systems,
challenges, and sustainable practices, making them more effective in
their future careers.

➢ Participating in the RAWE Program also serves as an opportunity for

students to build a comprehensive understanding of the agricultural
ecosystem, including its economic and environmental aspects. The
program equips students with vital skills that can be highlighted in future
job applications or further educational pursuits.

➢ By engaging in the RAWE Program, students not only improve their

technical expertise but also develop communication, leadership, and
problem-solving skills that will serve them well in any career within the
agricultural or rural development sectors.

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 KIT-KALAIGNAR KARUNANIDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution)

Approved By AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated To Anna University, Chennai

COIMBATORE-641 402

DECLARATION
This is to certify that Mr.MuthuKrishnan.k S/O
P.Karthikeyan, Registered No: 711522BAG0303, a student of
Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, has
successfully completed the Rural Agricultural Work Experience
(RAWE) program involving a visit to 25 farmers from November 4 to
November 8, 2024. I further declare that this report has not been
previously submitted for the award of any associate degree or diploma,
nor has it been submitted elsewhere. This report is an authentic account
of the observations, interactions, and learnings gained during the RAWE
program, under the guidance of the Department of Agricultural
Engineering.

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 INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE OF VISIT

The purpose of the visits was to engage directly with farmers,

understand their current challenges, and assess their agricultural
practices. These interactions were aimed at providing on-site support,
offering practical solutions, and sharing knowledge on sustainable
farming techniques. The visits also served as an opportunity to introduce
new technologies and resources that could improve farm productivity,
while fostering open communication between the farming community
and support teams. Additionally, the visits helped identify areas for
improvement, enabling tailored recommendations that would contribute
to the long-term success and sustainability of the farms.

OVERVIEW OF THE FARMING COMMUNITY

The farming community visited during this 25-day survey

comprises a diverse group of smallholder and commercial farmers,
primarily engaged in both crop production and livestock farming. These
farmers operate in rural areas, where agriculture is the primary
livelihood source for most households. The community is deeply
dependent on natural resources, including land, water, and weather
patterns, which are critical to their success.

Farm Demographics and Types of Farming

Farm Sizes: The farms vary in size, from small-scale family farms
to larger commercial operations. Smallholders typically farm on
plots of less than 5 acres, while larger farms may span several
hectares.
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  Crops and Livestock: The farming community grows a range of
crops, including staple foods like rice, maize, and wheat, as well as
high-value crops such as vegetables, fruits, and spices. Livestock
farming is also common, with many farmers raising cattle, poultry,
or goats.
 Farming Practices: Farming practices range from traditional, low-
input methods to more modern, commercial techniques. Many
small-scale farmers still rely on conventional methods, including
hand tools and basic irrigation techniques, while larger farms tend
to use mechanized equipment and chemical inputs.

Economic Importance of Agriculture

Agriculture forms the backbone of the local economy, providing

employment, food security, and income for a large portion of the
population. For most farmers, agriculture is not only a source of income
but also a way of life, passed down through generations. The farming
community faces both opportunities and challenges in terms of
improving yields, accessing markets, and enhancing sustainability.

Key Social and Cultural Aspects

The farming community is often close-knit, with farmers depending

on shared knowledge and support from family, neighbors, and local
cooperatives. Many rural areas also rely on agricultural extension
services and local agricultural organizations for training and advice. The
cultural connection to the land remains strong, with farming deeply
intertwined with local customs and traditions.

Challenges Facing the Farming Community

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 Despite its importance, the farming community faces several
significant challenges, including climate change, soil degradation, access
to markets, and limited financial resources. Farmers often struggle to
keep up with modern agricultural practices due to financial constraints,
and many remain vulnerable to the effects of unpredictable weather
patterns and global market fluctuations

OVERVIEW OF THE INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE

1.SOCIO-PERSONAL CHARECTERISTICS

AGE:

The age distribution of the farmers visited during the RAWE

program largely fell within the older age groups, with most farmers
being above 40 years. This demographic indicates that the majority of
those actively involved in farming have significant experience in the
field. The higher age range reflects the reliance on seasoned farmers
who possess practical knowledge accumulated over years, though it also
suggests a potential gap in younger generations taking up farming. This
insight highlights the importance of encouraging youth involvement in
agriculture to ensure continuity and innovation in farming practices .

GENDER:

The demographic observations during the RAWE program revealed

that while the majority of active farmers were married men, women also
played a significant role in agricultural activities. Women often assisted
in various farming tasks, contributing to crop management, harvesting,
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and other essential activities alongside their male counterparts. This
involvement highlights the collaborative nature of farming within these
communities, where both men and women share responsibilities to
support their livelihoods and agricultural productivity.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

The educational background of the farmers visited during the

RAWE program showed a distinct difference based on age groups. Most
farmers over the age of 50 had received only a primary school education
or were illiterate, reflecting limited educational opportunities available
to older generations in rural areas. In contrast, younger farmers,
particularly those under the age of 50, were more likely to have
completed higher secondary education or even held graduate degrees.
This generational divide in educational attainment highlights a positive
trend toward improved access to education in recent decades, which may
contribute to the adoption of modern agricultural practices among
younger farmers.

OCCUPATION:

The RAWE program observations indicated that occupation types

varied significantly among the farmers, particularly when considering
their age groups. Older farmers primarily identified as full-time farmers,
dedicating their efforts exclusively to agriculture, often as a long-
standing family tradition. Middle-aged farmers, however, were more
likely to engage in part-time farming, balancing agriculture with other
forms of income. These included daily wage labor, self-employment
through small businesses, or roles in government or private jobs. This
trend reflects a shift among middle-aged individuals toward diversifying
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income sources, which can provide greater financial stability and reduce
dependency on agriculture alone. Such diversification may also
introduce new skills and perspectives into farming practices,
contributing to innovation in rural communities.

ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME:

The annual household income of the farmers observed during the

RAWE program varied widely and was closely linked to the amount of
land they owned and the types of crops they cultivated. Farmers with
larger plots of land and high-value or commercial crops generally
reported higher income brackets, often exceeding ₹2,00,000 annually. In
contrast, those with smaller land holdings or who focused on subsistence
farming tended to fall into lower income ranges, typically between
₹50,000 and ₹1,00,000. This correlation between income, land size, and
crop type underscores the economic impact of land ownership and crop
choices on rural livelihoods.

The farming information gathered during the RAWE program revealed

interesting trends related to landholding sizes, farming practices, and
experience levels among the farmers.

1. Size of Landholding: Most of the farmers owned larger landholdings,

with many cultivating more than 5 acres of land. This indicates that
larger farms are more common, especially among older generations, who
have accumulated significant land over the years. However, some
younger farmers still manage 1-2 acres or 2-5 acres as part of diversified
farming activities.

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1. Type of Farming Practiced: A significant number of farmers engaged
in mixed farming, combining crop cultivation with livestock
rearing. Mixed farming, including the cultivation of lemon, chilli,
brinjal, and spinach, has become increasingly popular. This
diversification helps farmers manage risks and optimize their income
sources. Livestock farming was also practiced but to a lesser
extent.Coconut and banana were cultivated in major areas.

2. Number of Years in Farming: Older farmers typically had more

than 20 years of experience in farming, reflecting their long-standing
commitment to agriculture. In contrast, younger farmers were often
newer to the field, with many having 5-10 years of experience. The
seasoned farmers' extensive knowledge and skills contributed to the
success of the farming operations, while the younger generation often
brought in new techniques and innovations. These findings highlight the
generational differences in landholding, farming practices, and
experience, as well as the shift towards mixed farming as a modern, risk-
mitigating approach in rural agriculture.

COMMUNICATION CHARECTERISTICS

1. GENERAL INFORMATION ON MOBILE PHONE USAGE FOR

AGRICULTURE:

The survey on mobile phone usage among farmers highlighted

high mobile ownership rates, with 98 percent of farmers owning a
mobile phone. The small exception was among some women, who
reported relying on their husband’s phone for access. Among older
farmers, particularly those above the age of 50, smartphone ownership
was lower, with many using basic phones instead. In contrast, younger
and middle-aged farmers were more likely to own smartphones, and
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 those with smartphones had regular internet access. While most
smartphone users accessed the internet daily, only a portion utilized their
phones specifically for agricultural purposes. Those who did use it for
agriculture primarily used their phones to access information on crop
management, weather forecasts, and market prices, showing a gradual
integration of digital tools in farming practices among certain groups.

2. AWARENESS OF MOBILE BASED COMMUNICATION

TOOLS

i) Knowledge of Available Tools

The survey revealed that three-fourths of the farmers were aware

of mobile-based communication tools for agriculture. Among these
tools, WhatsApp farmer groups were the most commonly used,
providing an accessible platform for sharing information and updates
among farmers. Additionally, many farmers preferred using YouTube
channels related to farming for practical insights and tutorials. In terms
of agricultural apps, the Uzhavan app was the primary tool reported,
with limited awareness or usage of other agricultural apps like Kisan
Suvidha or IFFCO Kisan. Farmers mainly learned about these tools
through fellow farmers and the internet, showing the influence of peer
networks and online resources in spreading digital solutions in
agriculture.

ii) Access to Communication Tools

The survey on access to communication tools among farmers

indicated that those with smartphones primarily relied on them for
agricultural information, frequently using WhatsApp and YouTube for
updates and insights. In contrast, farmers without smartphones depended
more on traditional sources, like television and radio programs, to stay
informed about agricultural practices. Most farmers reported no prior
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training would greatly enhance their ability to utilize digital tools
effectively, enabling them to access more valuable and timely
agricultural information. This highlights a significant opportunity for
training programs to improve digital literacy and support informed
decision-making in agriculture.

3. ANALYSIS OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SOCIO-

ECONOMIC CHARECTERISTICS AND ICT USAGE
The findings on the influence of education, age, income,
landholding size, and occupation on farmers’ use of mobile-based ICT
tools revealed several key patterns. Education plays a role, as limited
education can sometimes make it difficult for farmers to use advanced
mobile-based ICT tools effectively, though this challenge does not apply
to all cases. Some undereducated farmers rely on peer support or local
training to navigate these tools, while those with higher educational
backgrounds generally find it easier to use agricultural apps and access
online resources independently. Age significantly influences the type of
mobile device farmers use. Older farmers, particularly those over 50,
typically prefer basic button phones over smartphones. This preference
limits their access to the internet and app-based resources, even though
many have the financial means to purchase smartphones. The choice of
basic phones often comes from familiarity and ease of use rather than
financial constraints. Income impacts ICT usage to a degree, but most
farmers can afford smartphones and internet services. Many village
households now have Wi-Fi connections, which reduces the cost barrier
for internet access. However, rural internet availability remains limited
in some areas, so farmers often rely on shared resources, like community
Wi-Fi or nearby access points. Farmers with smaller landholdings
generally have less need for extensive ICT tools. Since they typically
manage smaller-scale operations, their information and resource needs
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are lower than those of farmers with larger farms. As a result, they may
not require or prioritize the use of advanced ICT resources for daily
activities. These small landholders, often full-time farmers, focus on
basic farming needs, so simpler or minimal tools suffice for their
requirements. For farmers who have other employment outside farming,
ICT tool usage can vary. Those with additional jobs may use mobile-
based tools for convenience, especially if their time in the field is
limited. In contrast, full-time farmers focus more on farming-related
mobile use, with ICT tools aiding in their operations. Part-time farmers
often benefit from staying connected to WhatsApp groups or social
media channels for quick updates on agricultural practices while
balancing other work responsibilities. In summary, factors like age and
education influence ease of use, while income and occupation affect
access and purpose. Larger landholders or those heavily involved in
agriculture may adopt more ICT tools, while smaller landholders and
full-time farmers find simpler options practical. This diversity highlights
the need for tailored digital literacy initiatives and technology support
that align with the specific needs of different farming communities.

4. TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION OBTAINED

THROUGH MOBILE PHONES
The sources of agricultural information accessed by farmers
through mobile phones vary based on personal preferences and available
resources. WhatsApp groups and YouTube channels are the most
commonly used platforms for obtaining agricultural information. The
use of agricultural apps, such as the Uzhavan app, is limited to only a
few farmers, while SMS alerts from government or private services are
also common. Regarding the types of information accessed, farmers
regularly seek weather forecasts, with many checking daily through
television or mobile apps. Market prices of crops and inputs are typically
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accessed on a weekly basis, while crop management techniques are
checked less frequently, usually on a monthly or rare basis. Pest and
disease management information is accessed monthly by some, while
government schemes and subsidies are reviewed annually. Financial
services, such as loans and insurance, are rarely accessed. Livestock
management information is checked weekly, and new farming
technologies and innovations are reviewed occasionally. Agricultural
news and updates are accessed weekly by most farmers. This overview
highlights that the frequency of accessing agricultural information varies
significantly depending on the type of information and the individual
farmer’s needs.

5. USEFULNESS AND IMPACT OF INFORMATION

The information obtained through mobile phones has been

highly useful in improving farming practices. Farmers have benefited
from accessing weather forecasts, market prices, crop management
techniques, pest and disease management, information on government
schemes, livestock management, and new technologies and innovations.
This information has had a significant impact on their agricultural
practices, leading to improved crop yields, reduced losses from pests and
diseases, and better decision-making regarding crop sales based on
market prices. Additionally, farmers have gained increased knowledge
of available subsidies and government schemes, which has helped
reduce production costs. Improved livestock health and management and
the adoption of new farming technologies are also key benefits resulting
from the use of mobile-based agricultural information.

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6. ACCESS AND USAGE BARRIERS

Farmers generally use mobile-based communication tools for

agricultural information, with a few exceptions. For those who do not
use them, the primary reasons are high mobile data costs and a lack of
awareness about these tools. Younger farmers tend to be more confident
in using smartphones and mobile apps, while older farmers are less
familiar with these technologies. Most farmers have not received any
formal training on using mobile apps or ICT tools for farming, although
there is an expressed interest in receiving such training. When asked
about the usefulness of the information, most farmers find it somewhat
useful, though opinions vary regarding its timeliness and accuracy. The
general attitude toward smartphones for farming is neutral, with about
half of the farmers believing that smartphone-based communication
tools can improve agricultural practices, while others remain unsure.

7. TECHNOLOGY GAPS AND IMPROVEMENT AREAS

Farmers face several challenges with mobile-based

communication tools. Key limitations include the lack of relevant and
up-to-date information, and the complexity of some apps or tools,
making them difficult to use. Additionally, the information provided is
not always tailored to local farming conditions, such as climate, soil, or
specific crops. Many farmers also struggle with receiving timely
updates, such as weather alerts or pest warnings. Poor internet
connectivity, especially in areas without Wi-Fi, is a significant issue.
Network problems frequently hinder access to real-time information,
including market prices and weather updates, impacting farmers' ability
to make informed decisions.

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8. SUGGESTIONS FOR CLOSING THE TECHNOLOGY GAP

Farmers suggest that mobile-based communication tools would

be more effective with simpler, user-friendly apps and content available
in their local language. They also emphasize the need for training
programs conducted by agricultural extension officers, as these in-
person sessions can greatly improve their understanding and usage of the
tools. Most farmers agree that the government and agricultural
organizations should play a larger role in supporting digital adoption.
Providing free or subsidized smartphones and reduced-cost mobile data
plans would make these tools more accessible. Additionally, improving
rural network infrastructure and offering localized farming apps in
regional languages would further enhance the utility and reach of
mobile-based communication tools in agriculture.

9. CURRENT USE OF ICT TOOLS

Farmers predominantly rely on social media groups, such as

WhatsApp and Facebook, along with SMS services for accessing
agricultural information. These tools serve multiple purposes: farmers
use them to gather market information, receive weather updates, manage
pest and disease issues, and improve crop management practices.
Additionally, some farmers utilize these tools to stay informed about
government schemes, financial services, and network with other farmers
or agricultural experts. To increase the effectiveness of ICT tools in
agriculture, strategies should focus on enhancing accessibility and
usability.

10. SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT

Developing more localized and user-friendly mobile
applications tailored to regional needs, providing consistent training, and
improving network connectivity in rural areas would be beneficial.
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Additionally, regular updates, accurate information in local languages,
and video-based tutorials could encourage broader adoption and more
effective use of these tools among farmers.
11. INFRASTRUCTURE AND CONNECTIVITY
IMPROVEMENTS
Farmers suggest that installing more mobile towers in rural areas
is crucial for improving network connectivity, which would enhance the
use of ICT tools in agriculture. Access to better internet service provider
options and subsidized mobile data plans for farmers would also make
these tools more accessible and affordable. Community Wi-Fi initiatives
in agricultural regions could further support reliable internet access for
farming communities. Many believe that government intervention is
essential to improve ICT infrastructure in rural areas, particularly for
agriculture. By enhancing connectivity, farmers can more easily access
timely information on weather, market prices, crop management, and
expert advice, contributing significantly to agricultural productivity and
resilience.

12. COLLABRATION AND PARTNERSHIP

Improving the effectiveness of ICT tools in agriculture requires

active engagement from key stakeholders, including government
agencies, private technology companies, agricultural universities,
research institutions, and NGOs. Collaboration among these groups can
lead to more comprehensive and accessible tools by combining technical
expertise, funding, and local insights. Government agencies can provide
policy support and funding, while universities and research institutions
contribute research-backed solutions tailored to local farming needs.
Private sector involvement can drive technological innovations, and

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NGOs or community-based organizations can ensure these tools reach
underserved areas.

13. FEEDBACK AND CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT

For continuous improvement, incorporating farmer feedback is

essential. Regular surveys, feedback forms, and community meetings are
effective ways to gather insights directly from users. Engaging with
farmers through user forums or direct communication with app
developers can also help address challenges as they arise, keeping the
tools relevant and practical. Ongoing evaluation of ICT tools is
necessary to ensure they adapt to changing needs and maintain their
usefulness in supporting agricultural productivity and sustainability.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the adoption of ICT tools in agriculture has the
potential to revolutionize farming by offering real-time information and
resources that can improve productivity and decision-making. However,
current gaps, including limited access to relevant and localized content,
lack of digital literacy, network connectivity issues, and the high cost of
mobile data, hinder widespread effectiveness. Key improvements
include simplifying app interfaces, incorporating local language support,
offering offline access, and providing personalized recommendations
that address unique regional conditions. Essential stakeholders such as
government agencies, agricultural universities, NGOs, and private
technology companies play a vital role in driving these improvements.
Collaboration among these entities can lead to better network
infrastructure, subsidized data plans, and regular training, particularly
through workshops and hands-on sessions.

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 Continuous feedback from farmers, gathered through surveys
and community meetings, should guide the development of ICT tools,
ensuring they remain effective and relevant to farmers' evolving needs.
By addressing these challenges and fostering strong partnerships, ICT
tools can become an invaluable asset, empowering farmers, enhancing
agricultural resilience, and contributing to sustainable rural
development.

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