Reviewer: UNIT 5 – GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

1. Contemporary Global Governance

 Global governance refers to the collective efforts of international actors to address

worldwide challenges.

 It involves multiple stakeholders such as nation-states, international organizations, non-

governmental organizations (NGOs), multinational corporations, and civil society.

 The aim is to create rules, norms, and institutions that facilitate cooperation in global
issues such as trade, security, climate change, and human rights.

2. The Roles and Functions of the United Nations (UN)

 The United Nations is the leading international organization in global governance.

 It was established in 1945 to promote peace, security, and international cooperation.

 Key Functions of the UN:

o Maintaining International Peace and Security – The UN prevents conflicts and

promotes diplomatic solutions.

o Promoting Human Rights – Through organizations like the Human Rights Council
and various conventions.

o Providing Humanitarian Aid – The UN helps during crises through agencies like
the World Food Programme (WFP) and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR).

o Upholding International Law – The International Court of Justice (ICJ) resolves

disputes between nations.

o Encouraging Sustainable Development – The UN pushes for global development

goals, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

 Key Organs of the UN:

o General Assembly – The main policymaking body with equal representation for
all member states.

o Security Council – Maintains international peace and security, consisting of 15

members (5 permanent with veto power: US, UK, France, China, and Russia).

o International Court of Justice (ICJ) – Settles legal disputes between states.

 o Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) – Focuses on global economic, social, and
environmental challenges.

3. Challenges of Global Governance in the 21st Century

 Power Imbalance: Powerful nations have more influence in decision-making, leading to

inequalities.

 Lack of Enforcement Mechanisms: The UN and other global institutions lack strong
enforcement capabilities.

 Political Conflicts: Ongoing wars, territorial disputes, and ideological differences hinder
cooperation.

 Climate Change: The need for collective action to address environmental issues like
global warming and deforestation.

 Health Crises: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of a coordinated

global health response.

 Economic Disparities: Unequal economic development and trade barriers affect global
stability.

4. The Role of the Nation-State in Globalization

 Despite globalization, nation-states remain the primary actors in world politics.

 Governments must balance their national interests with the demands of international
cooperation.

 Countries engage in trade agreements, diplomacy, and regional partnerships while

maintaining sovereignty.

5. Globalization’s Impact on the State

 Economic Impact: Increased trade, foreign investments, and the rise of multinational
corporations.

 Political Influence: Global institutions influence domestic policies, but some

governments resist external pressure.

 Cultural Exchange: Globalization promotes cultural interaction but also raises concerns
about cultural homogenization.

 Technology and Communication: The internet and digital advancements have

accelerated globalization, allowing faster communication and knowledge-sharing.
Reviewer: UNIT 6 – GLOBAL DIVIDES (THE NORTH AND SOUTH)

1. Learning Outcomes

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

 Define the term “Global South” from the Third World.

 Analyze how new global relations emerged from the experience of Latin America.

 Understand how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and
regionalization.

2. Historical Background of the Global Divide

Latin America

 Refers to countries colonized by Spain in the American continent.

West and East in 1494

 The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided newly discovered lands outside Europe:

o West – Belonged to the Crown of Castile (Spain).

o East – Belonged to the Portuguese Empire.

World Division During the Cold War

 The Cold War between the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR) created a
division between:

o Capitalist/Democratic states (aligned with the US).

o Communist states (aligned with the USSR).

First World, Second World, and Third World

 First World: Capitalist economies aligned with the US and NATO.

 Second World: Communist/socialist economies led by the Soviet Union and China.

 Third World: Neutral, non-aligned, and mostly developing nations.

3. Economic Systems

Capitalism

 An economic and political system where trade and industry are controlled by private
owners for profit instead of by the state.
Communism

 An economic and political ideology where all property is publicly owned, and each
person works according to their abilities and needs.

4. The Global North and Global South

Global North

 Developed societies of Europe and North America with:

o Wealth and economic stability

o Technological advancement

o Political stability

o Low population growth

o Dominance in world trade politics

 Controls 4/5 of the world’s income.

 90% of global manufacturing industries are in the North.

 Examples: US, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.

Global South

 Developing countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia with:

o Agrarian economies

o Political instability and conflicts

o High levels of poverty and inequality

o High fertility rates

 Holds only 1/5 of global income.

 Examples: Most of Africa, Latin America, India, and Southeast Asia.

5. Global Divides and Economic Inequalities

Key Differences Between the Global North and Global South

Category Global North Global South

Economy Industrialized, major Agrarian-based, dependent on

Category Global North Global South

businesses exports

Poverty Low High

Child Mortality Low High

Political Stability Stable governments Unstable governments

Technological
High Low
Advancement

Self-Sufficiency High Dependent on developed countries

Food and Shelter 95% have enough Only 5% have enough

Other Key Points

 Global North has most of the world’s wealth and political power.

 Global South provides raw materials and cheap labor for the North.

 Nations can shift categories based on economic development (e.g., China’s rise in the
global economy).

6. Origin of the “Third World” and the Global South

 The term “Third World” was coined in 1952 by Alfred Sauvy, a French historian.

 Comparison to the French Revolution Estates:

o First Estate – Clergy and monarchy.

o Second Estate – Nobility.

o Third Estate – Common people (poor and underprivileged).

 Most Third World nations were colonies with weak economies and political dependence
on former colonial powers.

 Opposition to Western domination led to political independence movements.

7. Modern Perspectives on the Global Divide

 The North-South divide is not purely geographical but based on socioeconomic and
political status.

 Some developing countries are now emerging economies (e.g., China, India, Brazil).
  Globalization has blurred some divisions, but major economic and political inequalities
remain.

Reviewer: UNIT 7 – ASIAN REGIONALISM

1. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

 Define regionalism.

 Identify factors affecting regionalism in Asia.

 Understand how Asian nations deal with globalization and regionalism.

2. Definition of Regionalism

 Regionalism is a political ideology that prioritizes a specific region over a broader area.

 It often arises due to factors such as:

o Political separations

o Religion

o Geography

o Cultural boundaries

o Linguistic regions

o Managerial divisions

3. Regionalism vs. Globalization

Regionalism Globalization

Divides areas into smaller regions. Unifies people into a single global society.

Emphasizes regional economic, cultural, and Encourages cross-border integration of

political systems. economies.

Develops local monopolies. Promotes free market and international trade.

Limits cultural and societal exchange. Accelerates multiculturalism and interaction.

Regional institutions focus on their own Global institutions provide international aid
needs. and cooperation.

Technology is developed within the region. Technology is shared globally.

Regionalism Globalization

4. Why Countries Form Regional Organizations

 To cope with challenges of globalization.

 To strengthen economic and political ties.

 To promote regional stability and cooperation.

 To enhance trade and economic integration.

 To address shared vulnerabilities, such as financial crises and environmental issues.

5. Growth of Asian Regionalism

 Asian economies have grown closer through trade and economic interdependence.

 The 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis highlighted the need for stronger regional
cooperation.

 The rise of China and India has increased Asia’s economic importance.

 Technological advancements have further integrated regional economies.

6. Factors Leading to Greater Integration of Asian Regions

 Regional agreements help countries cooperate through common institutions and rules.

 Key objectives of integration:

o Reducing trade barriers and promoting free trade.

o Increasing the free movement of people, labor, and capital.

o Reducing the risk of regional conflicts.

o Addressing policy issues such as environmental protection and migration.

 Example: ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) fosters economic

cooperation and trade among its member countries.

7. Views of Globalization in the Asia-Pacific and South Asia

 Globalization is driven by world powers like the United States and Europe.

 It has transformed Asia-Pacific and South Asia, bringing:

o Economic development
 o Political progress

o Social and cultural diversity

 The region includes:

o Highly developed countries (Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan).

o Developing nations (Cambodia, Laos, Nepal).

o Major global economies (China, India, Indonesia).

8. Impact of Asia-Pacific and South Asia on Globalization

1. Japan

 Focused on large-scale procurement of raw materials (coal, iron).

 Gained competitive advantage in manufacturing and global trade.

2. China

 Largest importer of raw materials (iron, steel).

 Surpassed the US, Japan, and Europe in steel production.

 Major lender to developing countries, impacting global finance.

3. India

 Adopted an export-oriented strategy.

 Became a key player in textile, software, and outsourcing industries.

 India, China, and the Philippines are among the top recipients of migrant remittances.

4. Migration and Labor

 India and China are major sources of international migrant labor.

 Highly skilled workers have migrated to industries like Silicon Valley.

5. Cultural Influence

 Asia-Pacific has influenced global culture through:

o Japanese pop culture (Anime, Pokémon, Hello Kitty).

o Korean Wave (K-Wave) – Korean dramas, K-pop (e.g., Gangnam Style).

o Asian cuisines and traditions spreading worldwide.

9. Foreign Policy and Regional Influence

 The United States’ “Pacific Pivot” strategy focuses more on Asia-Pacific affairs.

 The Asia-Pacific region is a key driver of global politics due to its economic growth and
strategic location.

Summary

 Regionalism and globalization are opposing forces, but both shape Asia’s economic and
political landscape.

 Asian regional integration is increasing through trade, cooperation, and shared

economic interests.

 Asia-Pacific and South Asia play a major role in globalization, influencing trade, labor,
technology, and culture.

Reviewer: UNIT 8 – GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES

1. Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

 Explain the dynamics between local and global cultural production.

 Analyze how various media drive different forms of global integration.

2. Definition of Media Culture

 Media culture refers to the communication channels through which we disseminate:

o News

o Music

o Movies

o Education

o Promotional messages

o Other types of information

 It also includes all ways of life, arts, beliefs, and institutions passed down across
generations.

3. The Role of Media in Globalization

  According to Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan, new media technologies have
made people worldwide interconnected.

 Scholars argue that globalization accelerated in the 1900s due to:

o Advancements in media and transportation technology.

o Changes in migration patterns, making human movement easier.

 Media globalization has affected national structures, influencing:

o National cultures.

o Media content ownership (more international influence).

4. Evolution of Media in Globalization

A. Oral Communication

 The oldest form of media that allowed humans to communicate and cooperate.

 Language is the foundation of globalization, enabling interaction across cultures.

B. Script (Writing Systems)

 Writing is the primary technology for storing and sharing information.

 Developed independently in different regions (Near East, China, Mesoamerica).

 Cuneiform script (Mesopotamia) was one of the earliest known writing systems.

 Ancient scripts were used to record religious, cultural, and economic activities.

C. The Printing Press

 Revolutionized knowledge and communication by allowing mass production of texts.

 Invented in China, later improved by Johannes Gutenberg (15th century).

 Impact of the printing press:

1. Preserved and standardized knowledge.

2. Encouraged challenges to political and religious authorities by spreading ideas.

3. Increased literacy and education.

4. Helped spread information on global events and cultures.

D. Electronic Media
  Includes television, radio, the internet, DVDs, and digital storage.

 Key role in globalization by allowing real-time communication.

 Television was a major factor in making the world a "global village".

E. Digital Media

 Computers, smartphones, and the internet revolutionized communication and

globalization.

 Major tech companies influencing globalization:

o Microsoft

o Apple

o Google

o Facebook

 Digital media allows people to:

o Exchange ideas globally (Skype, Zoom, Google Chat).

o Adopt cultural trends (fashion, sports, music, food).

5. The Role of Music in Globalization

 Music plays a crucial role in shaping cultural identity and globalization.

 Popular music reflects globalization by spreading across cultures.

 World music is a label for traditional and non-Western music produced for Western
audiences.

 Changes in musical culture impact globalization by influencing social values and

institutions.

 The music industry is part of the globalization phenomenon, not just a result of it.

Summary

 Media is central to globalization, influencing culture, economy, and communication.

 Different forms of media (oral, script, print, electronic, digital) have shaped human
history and global interactions.
 Modern digital media accelerates cultural exchange, making global communication
faster and more efficient.

 Music is an essential part of cultural globalization, spreading traditions and shaping

identities worldwide.