Pak studies

Do write a conclusion at the end in

your own words
Intro for LO1 , LO2 and lo3 :

The war of Independence(1857) marked the 1st major revolt against the
British rule. Which although unsuccessful, ignited the desire for freedom
among Indians.

The muslims after the war, faced significant political and economic
problems, whike the hindus adapted quickly to British policies and
governance

The rest of the trajectory depends on the question, so continue acc to that

1. Salient Features of the Pakistan Movement

The Pakistan Movement (1857–1947) was the struggle for an

independent Muslim state in South Asia. Its key features include:

✅ Two-Nation Theory –

The foundation of pakistan was based on the two nation theory

Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations with separate cultural, religious,
and social identities.

Sir syed at the start and later on quaid-e-Azam and allama Iqbal
strengthened it

Quaid-e-Azam was a firm advocate of two nation theory

He said : “muslims are a nation according to any definition of a nation,

and they must have their homeland, their territory and their state”

✅ Role of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan – Promoted Muslim education and

awareness to counter Hindu dominance.
After the war of independence in 1857, Muslims were disappointed and
dispersed.

Hindus were associated with Muslims during the war, but after the war,
they sided with the British. The Hindus made the British belief that they
were a threat and so the recognition of the muslims was in grave danger

Background of Aligarh Movement

 Muslims were martyred on a very large scale.

 Their properties were snatched and distributed among Hindus and

Sikhs.

 They were deprived of jobs.

 They were deprived economically and socially.

 Muslim schools and madrasas were banned.

 Practically, doors of education for Muslims were closed.

Objectives of Aligarh Movement

The Aligarh Movement was established to fulfill the following objectives:

1. To build confidence between the government and the Muslims.

2. To persuade Muslims to acquire modern knowledge and learn the

English language.

3. To keep Muslims away from politics.

Educational services of sir syed

1) School in muradabad
2) School in ghazi pur
3) Scientific society
4) MAO school Aligarh (1875)
5) College Aligarh (77)
6) Aligarh university (after his death in 1920)

MUHAMMADAN EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCE :

To provide funds

To inspire and motivate

Laid the foundation of india muslim league

Literary service :
  Prolific writer

✅ Partition of Bengal (1905) –

The British government divided Bengal into two parts in 1905. THE East
Bengal was a muslim majority region. It proved to be a blessing for the
muslims. The Hindus strongly opposed it. The situation compelled the
muslim to form the muslim league

✅ Formation of Muslim League (1906) – Represented Muslim political

interests.

Intro from azeem book pg 21

Founded in 1906 the annual meeting of the education conference in

DHAKA

On 30 December 1906, around 3000 delegates attended a conference of

the Muhammadan Educational Conference at Dhaka in which the ban on
politics was removed and a motion was moved to form the AIML.

 The AIML was the first Muslim political party of India.

The idea was that the Congress Party was only catering to the needs of
the Hindus.

 Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the league in 1913.

Causes of establishment :

 Establishment of indian national congress

 Communalism
Prejudice against the muslims, hindu organizations. This lead them
to believe that hindus could easily monopolize the muslims and tha
they were in grave danger
 Partition of Bengal
 Urdu hindi controversy
 Simla deputation
 Problem of slaughter of cow
 British attitude

Objective :
  To protect the rights of the muslim nation
 To create understanding between the government and the indian
muslims
 To coordinate with other political parties

Trick

. coordinate understanding and loyalty results in promoting rights

✅ Lucknow Pact (1916) – Hindus and Muslims united for political

reforms.

✅ Khilafat Movement (1919–1924) – Strengthened Muslim unity

against British rule.

Intro:

1) World war 1 broke out in 1914 . UK, USA , FRANCE , RUSSIA AND ITALY
were allies against TURKEY , GERMANY , JAPAN AND AUSTRIA
2) Turkey was the center of Islamic world in those days and Khalifah of
turkey was owned as the KHALIFAH OF THE Islamic world.
3) The Islamic center was in danger

History:

Ottoman Empire, empire created by Turkish tribes that grew to be one of

the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries.
The Ottoman period spanned more than 600 years and came to an end
only in 1922, when it was replaced by the Turkish Republic and various
successor states

The Khilafat movement was an agitation by Indian Muslims, allied with

Indian nationalists, to pressure the British government to preserve the
authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam after World War I

the Khilafat movement started due to the fear of Muslims in India that the
end of the Ottoman Empire would negatively impact Islam as a religion.
The feelings of betrayal by the British and the extreme views of Muslim
leaders further fueled the movement. Gandhi's support and the Jihad call
by the Ottoman Caliph turned it into a mass protest that shook the
British.

Leaders

 MAULANA MUHAMMAD ALI JOHAR

 MAULANA ZAFAR ALI KHAN
  MAULANA SHAUKAT ALI

Objectives : ( u can extend each point as heading with ur own words )

1) To keep intact the institution of Khalifah and Khilafat

2) Restoration of turkey’s Grace as it possessed before world war 1
3) The sanctity of Makkah and medina should be maintained and no
military force should be allowed to enter the sacred grounds

Activities

 Medical aid

Doctors and nurses were dispatched to turkey for the treatment of

wounded turkey soilders

 Financial aid

A large amount of finances were collected to aid turkey

 Delegations

 Arrest of leaders

Role of Gandhi

He exploited the muslim power for his own purpose. He supported the
khilafat movement and participated in meetings

Advice of Gandhi

Surrender ur titles

Resign from government jobs

Come on streets

Refrain from paying taxes

Migrate to iran

Refuse to receive financial grants

End of movement :

In 1924 after laussane pact

✅ Lahore Resolution (1940) – First formal demand for Pakistan on March
23, 1940.

Intro :

History :

after collapse of the Khilāfat movement. By 1930 a number of Indian

Muslims had begun to think in terms of separate statehood for their
minority community

In 1933 a group of Muslim students at Cambridge, led by Choudhary

Rahmat Ali, proposed that the only acceptable solution to Muslim India’s
internal conflicts and problems would be the birth of a Muslim
“fatherland,” to be called Pakistan (Persian: “Land of the Pure”

23rd march is a momentous date in Pakistan’s political history. It was on

this date in 1940 that the All-India Muslim League – the most prominent
Muslim political organization— formally designated the Muslim minority
community of British India as a nation that needed a separate homeland
to secure its civilizational and cultural identity inspired by Islam, their
rights and interests in the context of the modern state system established
by the British in India.

27th annual session ( 22nd-24th march, 1940) : Quaid-e-Azam

presided over the 27th annual session of all india muslim league held in
Minto Park(now called Iqbal Park) in Lahore.

Hurdles in the session : ( continue the points in ur own words)

Heavy rent

Police lathy charge

Tear gas

Presidential address of muhammad ali jinnah:

 "The Muslims are a separate nation because their customs,

traditions, civilization, culture and above all religion is
different from Hindus.
  In spite of living together for centuries, both have their
distinctive identification. If sub-continent gets freedom in
the form of United India, the rights of the Muslims will not
be protected."

 "The demand of the Muslims for a separate country is not

unhistorical. Ireland got freedom from England, Spain and Portugal
became separate states, Czechoslovakia got separate identification
as a result of partition."

 "[The problem in India is not of an inter-communal character

but manifestly of an international one, and it must be
treated as such.]"

 "British India is a Sub-continent. It is not a country or a homeland of

a nation. Many nations are living there and their interests are
separate from one another."

Just learn the following headings. U can write them in ur own words

 Reaction of different circles

News spread like wildfire every where

 Reaction of hindu leaders

Rejected and ridiculed it

 Reaction of hindu press

Called it Pakistan resolution

 Reaction of British press

Called it the resolution of jinnah or Pakistan of jinnah

 Reaction of muslims :
 Happy

✅ Elections of 1945-46 – Muslim League’s landslide victory proved

Muslim support for Pakistan.

Azeem book pg 39

Usa emerged as super power

Labour party

Arrangement of election

Manifesto of congress

Manifesto of muslim league

Election campaign of congress

= of muslim league

Slogan of muslim league

Results of election

✅ Mountbatten Plan (1947) – Led to the partition of India and the

creation of Pakistan on August 14, 1947.

2. Basis for the Creation of Pakistan

+ intro+ history and the issues faced, cause of Aligarh.

+ role of quaid, allama Iqbal sir syed

🔹 Religious Basis – Muslims wanted a separate homeland to practice

Islam freely.
🔹 Political Basis – British rule favored Hindus in government, causing
political discrimination against Muslims.
🔹 Economic Basis – Muslims faced economic disadvantages under Hindu-
dominated businesses.
🔹 Cultural Basis – Muslims had distinct language, customs, and traditions
from Hindus.
🔹 Social Basis – Hindu-majority rule threatened Islamic identity and
social structure.
🔹 Two-Nation Theory – Hindus and Muslims were considered separate
nations with different civilizations.
🔹 Failure of Congress-Muslim League Unity – Congress rejected
Muslim demands, leading to separation.

📌 Conclusion: The demand for Pakistan was not just for land but for a
secure future where Muslims could live with dignity, freedom, and
equality.

+ you can write the factors that led to the demand of Pakistan :
 Communal riots
 Two nation theory
 Establishment of Islamic system
 The rest of the points are least imp

 Dream of muslims
 National unity
 Muslim unity

3 Brief History of Pakistan

Before writing this do write about war of independence (1857),

two nation theory and Lahore resolution as an intro to extend the
answer

🔹 1947 – Pakistan gained independence on August 14. Quaid-e-Azam

became the first Governor-General.
🔹 1948 – Death of Quaid-e-Azam, Kashmir issue started with India.

The first prime minister of Pakistan, Liaqat ali KHAN presented the
objective resolution in the constitution assembly

Objective resolution was passed on march 12, 1949

Points of objective resolution ( write these in constitution of

1973 also )

 Sovereignty
 Power and authority
 Teachings of quran and sunah
 Rights of minority

🔹 1956 – First Constitution of Pakistan adopted.

🔹 1958 – First Martial Law by General Ayub Khan.
🔹 1965 – War with India over Kashmir.

As a result of mass movement against ayub khan he resigned from

presidentship on march 25th 1969
In 1970 general elections were held. In these elections sheikh Mujeeb ur
rehman and Zulfikar ali Bhutto emerged as majority leaders in East and
West Pakistan

None of them agreed on transfer of power which provided india to

interfere , resulting the separation of East Pakistan that became
Bangladesh

🔹 1971 – East Pakistan became Bangladesh after a civil war.

Military regime transferred the power to Zulfiqar ali Bhutto on December

20, 1971

Who imposed interim constitution in the country on April 12, 1972

Then a draft of permanent draft was presented before the assembly in

1973

Constitution of 1973: (detail in book)

 Objective resolution
 Country’s name
 Religion
 The president and prime minister
 Definition of a muslim
 Islamic laws
 Islamic values
 Islamic society
 Zakat and usher
 Islamic ideology council
 National language :

Urdu will be the national language of the country.

 Free Judiciary :

Judiciary shall be independent and will work without any political

and economic pressure.

 Unity of Islamic World:

Government will give full intension towards the unity of Muslim

world.
  Protection to Minorities :

Government will provide full right to the Minorities they spend

their lives according to their own religion and culture.

 Welfare State

Pakistan will be a welfare state. Government tried its best to

eliminate the poverty & illiteracy in the country. And basic
facilities like food, shelter & cloth shall be provided to the people.

🔹 1973 – New Constitution introduced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

🔹 1977 – Martial Law imposed by General Zia-ul-Haq.
🔹 1988 – Zia’s death, return to democracy with Benazir Bhutto’s election.
🔹 1998 – Pakistan became a nuclear power.
🔹 1999 – General Pervez Musharraf imposed Martial Law.
🔹 2001 – Pakistan became a frontline ally in the War on Terror.
🔹 2018 – Imran Khan became Prime Minister.
🔹 2022-2023 – Political and economic instability continued.

📌 Conclusion: Pakistan has faced multiple political, economic, and social

challenges but continues to strive for progress.

4. Ethnic and Cultural Distribution of Pakistan

Pakistan is a diverse country with multiple ethnic groups and cultural

traditions:

🟢 Major Ethnic Groups:

🔹 Punjabis (55%) – Largest group, mainly in Punjab, rich in agriculture
and music.
🔹 Pashtuns (15%) – Reside in KPK, known for their warrior culture and
Pashto poetry.
🔹 Sindhis (14%) – In Sindh, famous for Sufi traditions and Sindhi Ajrak.
🔹 Baloch (6%) – In Balochistan, known for hospitality and tribal customs.
🔹 Muhajirs (7%) – Migrants from India settled in Karachi and Hyderabad.

🎭 Cultural Elements:
🔹 Languages – Urdu (national), Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi.
🔹 Festivals – Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Adha, Basant, Sindh’s Cultural Day.
🔹 Dresses – Shalwar Kameez (national dress), Sindhi Ajrak, Balochi
turban.
🔹 Music & Arts – Qawwali (Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan), Truck Art, Folk dances.

Linguistic Diversity
Pakistan is home to over 70 languages.

 Urdu: The national language, widely spoken and understood

across the country.

 Punjabi: The most spoken language, used primarily in Punjab.

 Sindhi: Spoken by the people of Sindh province.

 Pashto: Common in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and parts of Balochistan.

 Balochi: Spoken in Balochistan with various dialects.

English serves as the official language, used in government, education,

and legal proceedings.

Cultural Practices and Festivals

Pakistan's cultural diversity is reflected in its festivals, traditions,
clothing, and cuisine.

 Festivals: Religious festivals such as Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha

are celebrated nationwide. Basant in Punjab and the Sindh
Cultural Festival highlight regional traditions.

 Clothing: The Shalwar Kameez is the national dress, but regional

variations exist, such as Ajrak and Sindhi caps in Sindh and
Peshawari Chappal in KP.

 Cuisine: Pakistan’s cuisine varies by region, from Biryani and

Karahi in urban areas to Sajji and Pulao in Balochistan.

Religious Influence on Culture

Islam plays a central role in shaping Pakistan’s cultural identity. Islamic
principles guide family life, hospitality, and social interactions. Sufi
traditions are deeply rooted in Pakistani society, especially in Punjab and
Sindh, with shrines serving as centers of devotion and spirituality.

Unity in Diversity
Despite its ethnic and cultural diversity, Pakistanis share a common
national identity rooted in Islam and patriotism. This unity is reflected
during national events, such as Pakistan Day and Independence Day,
where people from all regions celebrate together.

Conclusion
The ethnic and cultural diversity of Pakistan is a testament to the
richness of its heritage. Each ethnic group contributes to the nation’s
cultural landscape through its language, traditions, and economic
activities. While diversity can pose challenges, Islam acts as a
unifying force, promoting a shared sense of identity and belonging.
Pakistan’s vibrant cultural mosaic continues to evolve, reflecting the
resilience, creativity, and unity of its people.

📌 Conclusion: Pakistan’s rich cultural diversity reflects unity in

traditions, languages, and values.

5. Provinces and Resources of Pakistan

Pakistan has four provinces, each with unique resources:

🟢 Punjab
🔹 Capital – Lahore
🔹 Resources – Wheat, sugarcane, industries, rivers (Indus, Ravi).
🔹 Major Cities – Faisalabad (textile hub), Multan (mangoes).

Punjab
Punjab is the most populous province, contributing substantially to
Pakistan’s agriculture and industry. It is known for its fertile plains, which
are part of the Indus River system, and is often referred to as the
"breadbasket" of Pakistan.

The province’s economy revolves around agriculture, producing major

crops such as wheat, rice, cotton, and sugarcane. Punjab also leads in
livestock farming, providing a major portion of the country’s milk and
meat.
Industrial activities, including textile manufacturing, cement
production, and sugar processing, are concentrated in cities like
Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Lahore. Minerals such as limestone,
coal, and rock salt are found in abundance, with the Khewra Salt Mine
being one of the world’s largest.

Punjab also contributes to hydropower generation, with major projects

such as Mangla Dam located on the Jhelum River.

The province is a hub of education, business, and culture, with

Lahore serving as a cultural and economic center. Punjab’s agricultural
and industrial strength makes it a vital component of Pakistan’s economy.

🟠 Sindh
🔹 Capital – Karachi (largest city, economic hub).
🔹 Resources – Oil, gas, coal (Thar), cotton, seafood.
🔹 Major Cities – Hyderabad, Sukkur.

Sindh
Sindh is known for its industrial base, ports, and agricultural
production. Karachi, the capital of Sindh, is Pakistan’s largest city and
economic hub, playing a central role in trade and commerce due to its
two major seaports, Karachi Port and Port Qasim.

The Indus River flows through Sindh, supporting extensive agriculture,

particularly the cultivation of rice, wheat, cotton, and sugarcane.
Sindh is also home to significant natural gas reserves, with fields like
Qadirpur contributing to the country’s energy supply. The Thar Coal
Field, among the largest lignite reserves in the world, offers great
potential for coal-based power generation.

The province is also known for its fishing industry, with coastal areas
along the Arabian Sea providing seafood for both domestic consumption
and export. Sindh’s economy thrives on its ports, industries, natural
resources, and agricultural output, making it a crucial part of Pakistan’s
economic framework.

🔵 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)

🔹 Capital – Peshawar
🔹 Resources – Marble, forests, tourism (Swat, Kaghan).
🔹 Major Cities – Abbottabad, Mardan.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, often referred to as KP, is characterized by its
mountainous terrain, rich mineral deposits, and scenic valleys.
The province’s economy benefits from agriculture, hydropower,
forestry, and tourism.

KP’s mountainous regions contain marble, chromite, and gemstones,

including emeralds and topaz. Timber from forests in the Swat and Dir
regions is an important natural resource. The province is also a major
producer of hydroelectric power, with dams such as Tarbela and
Warsak playing a key role in Pakistan’s energy sector.

Agriculture in KP includes wheat, maize, fruits (like apples and

apricots), and tobacco. KP is also a hub for tourism, attracting
visitors to places like Swat, Chitral, and Kaghan Valley. Tourism
and adventure sports in the northern areas contribute
significantly to the local economy.

🟤 Balochistan
🔹 Capital – Quetta
🔹 Resources – Natural gas, minerals, Gwadar port.
🔹 Major Cities – Gwadar, Turbat.

Balochistan

Balochistan is Pakistan’s largest province by area, rich in natural

resources but with a smaller population and relatively underdeveloped
infrastructure. The economy is largely dependent on mining, natural
gas, fishing, and agriculture.

Balochistan holds Pakistan’s largest natural gas reserves, particularly

from the Sui Gas Field, which has been a major energy source for
decades. The province is also rich in coal, copper, gold, chromite, and
other minerals. The Reko Diq project is a significant site for copper
and gold extraction, with potential for further exploration.

The province’s coastal belt, including Gwadar Port, plays a strategic

role in trade and shipping. Gwadar is central to the China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC) and is being developed as a major trade hub.

Agriculture in Balochistan is limited due to arid conditions, but fruits

such as dates, apples, pomegranates, and grapes are cultivated in
specific regions.
Gilgit-Baltistan (GB)

Gilgit-Baltistan is renowned for its mountain ranges and tourist

destinations. It is home to some of the highest peaks in the world,
including K2 and Nanga Parbat. The region’s natural beauty and
adventure tourism attract visitors from around the world.

Tourism is the backbone of Gilgit-Baltistan’s economy, with places like

the Hunza Valley, Skardu, and Fairy Meadows being major
attractions. The region also has potential for hydropower generation
due to the presence of fast-flowing rivers.

Gilgit-Baltistan is rich in minerals and gemstones, including emeralds

and rubies, which are mined and sold both locally and internationally.

Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)

Azad Jammu and Kashmir is known for its lush green valleys, rivers,
and forested mountains. It has significant potential for tourism and
hydropower development.

Tourist attractions in AJK include Neelum Valley, Banjosa Lake, and

Rawalakot, which draw visitors throughout the year. The region also
benefits from forestry, with timber being a key economic resource.

Hydropower projects like the Neelum-Jhelum Dam contribute to

Pakistan’s energy grid. AJK’s natural beauty, tourism industry, and
potential for energy generation make it an important region for
Pakistan.

Natural Resources of Pakistan

Pakistan is rich in natural resources that drive its economy and

development. Major energy resources include natural gas from Sui,
coal from Thar, and hydropower from Tarbela Dam.

The country also has significant mineral resources, such as copper,

gold, limestone, marble, and chromite.

Agriculture remains a cornerstone of Pakistan’s economy, with wheat,

rice, sugarcane, and cotton being the primary crops. Livestock
farming contributes milk and meat for both domestic consumption and
export.
Pakistan’s fishing industry plays a vital role in coastal areas, while
forests in the northern regions provide timber and other forest
products.

Conclusion

Each province and region of Pakistan contributes uniquely to the country’s

economy. Punjab leads in agriculture and textiles, Sindh plays a
crucial role through industrialization and ports, KP excels in tourism
and hydropower, Balochistan is rich in minerals and energy
resources, while Gilgit-Baltistan and AJK thrive on tourism and natural
beauty.

6. Current Problems Faced by Pakistan

facing numerous challenges that impact its social, economic, and

political stability. These issues require strategic solutions to ensure
sustainable development and national progress. Below is a detailed
explanation of the key problems confronting Pakistan today.

Pakistan faces multiple challenges:

🚨 Political Issues
🔹 Political instability, frequent government changes.
🔹 Corruption in institutions.

Political Instability and Governance

Political instability remains a persistent issue, with frequent changes in

government, lack of policy continuity, and political polarization. These
challenges further complicate the political landscape. The absence of
long-term planning and national consensus has led to ineffective
utilization of national resources and delays in reforms in critical sectors.
💰 Economic Problems
🔹 High inflation, unemployment, and debt crisis.
🔹 Dependence on foreign loans (IMF, China).

Economic Instability

Pakistan’s economy faces significant instability marked by rising inflation,

unemployment, and a growing fiscal deficit. The devaluation of the
Pakistani rupee has led to higher import costs, worsening the trade deficit.
Heavy reliance on loans from international financial institutions like the
IMF has placed further pressure on the economy, leading to austerity
measures that impact public services. Additionally, economic growth is
hindered by energy shortages, low industrial investment, and poor
governance.

💧 Water & Energy Crisis

🔹 Shortage of electricity and gas.
🔹 Dam construction needed for water conservation.

Energy Crisis

Pakistan is struggling with a severe energy crisis, characterized by

frequent power outages and gas shortages. The country’s dependence on
imported fuel has made it vulnerable to global price fluctuations. Despite
having significant coal, gas, and hydropower resources, energy production
remains insufficient to meet growing demand. This crisis has a direct
impact on industrial growth, agriculture, and daily life, hampering
economic development.

Water Scarcity

Water scarcity is becoming a critical issue for Pakistan due to climate

change, inefficient water management, and rapid population growth. The
country relies heavily on the Indus River system for agriculture, but
reduced water availability threatens food security. Conflicts over water
distribution among provinces further exacerbate the problem. Poor
infrastructure and outdated irrigation practices lead to water wastage,
making it difficult to sustain agricultural productivity.

🎓 Education & Health Issues

🔹 Low literacy rate, outdated curriculum.
🔹 Insufficient hospitals and doctors.
Healthcare and Education Crisis

Pakistan’s healthcare and education sectors are underdeveloped, with

inadequate funding, limited access to facilities, and poor infrastructure. A
rapidly increasing population has made it difficult to provide adequate
housing, education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Population
growth also exacerbates environmental challenges, such as deforestation
and pollution, while straining water and energy resources.

⚔️Security Concerns
🔹 Terrorism, border tensions with India and Afghanistan.
🔹 Cybersecurity threats.

Terrorism and Security Issues

Although Pakistan has made significant progress in countering terrorism,

security challenges persist. Extremist groups and border militancy
continue to pose threats to internal stability. The tensions along the
Pakistan-India border create further security concerns. Internal instability
discourages foreign investment as businesses remain cautious about the
security of the region.

🌎 Environmental Problems
🔹 Climate change, floods, pollution.
🔹 Deforestation and urbanization issues.

Climate Change and Environmental Degradation

Pakistan is highly vulnerable to climate change, facing extreme weather

events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves. Environmental
degradation, including deforestation, land erosion, and air pollution,
worsens the impact of climate change. Rising temperatures and
unpredictable weather patterns affect agricultural output and food
security. Pakistan’s limited capacity to mitigate and adapt to climate
change adds to the urgency of addressing these challenges.

Unemployment and poverty

Unemployment and Poverty

High unemployment rates, particularly among the youth, pose a

significant challenge for Pakistan. The lack of job opportunities has
contributed to rising poverty levels, with a large segment of the
population struggling to meet basic needs. Economic disparities between
rural and urban areas further exacerbate the issue, as limited access to
education, healthcare, and infrastructure constrains upward social
mobility.

Relations with Neighboring Countries

Pakistan faces ongoing tensions with its neighbors, particularly India and
Afghanistan. Border disputes, cross-border terrorism, and political
disagreements have strained diplomatic relations. These tensions divert
attention and resources from internal development towards defense
expenditures.

Efforts to improve regional cooperation through initiatives like the China-

Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) are often affected by geopolitical
challenges.

Conclusion

The problems facing Pakistan are interconnected, requiring

comprehensive strategies and coordinated efforts at multiple levels.
Addressing economic instability, energy shortages, governance issues,
and security threats is essential for sustainable growth. Long-term
solutions in healthcare, climate change mitigation, and environmental
management are also critical to improving the quality of life for all
citizens. With strategic planning and effective governance, Pakistan can
overcome these challenges and build a stable and prosperous future.

📌 Solutions:
🔹 Strong leadership, better governance, and economic reforms are
needed.