CH-2 নেটওয়ার্কের প্রকারর্েদ

cv‡mv©bvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (Personal Area Network-PAN): (8 evK¨)

10 wgUvi †iwWqv‡mi g‡a¨ mxgve× †QvU cwim‡i †Kvb e¨w³i wewfbœ cv‡mv©bvj wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ MwVZ
†bUIqvK©‡K cv‡mv©bvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev PAN e‡j| mvaviYZ wewfbœ ai‡bi †cv‡U©ej wWfvBm †hgb: j¨vcUc, wcwWG, enb‡hvM¨
wcÖ›Uvi, †gvevBj, wUwf, K¨v‡giv BZ¨vw` w`‡q PAN MVb Kiv nq| evwo‡Z, Awdm K‡ÿ, Mvwoi Af¨šÍ‡i †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq PAN
ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| PAN-G †WUv Av`vb cÖ`v‡b Lye Kg cwigvb kw³ e¨q nq| PAN MV‡b K¨vej A_ev Iq¨vi‡jm `yB ai‡bi
gva¨gB e¨envi Kiv hvq| USB, IEE1394, Thunderbolt BZ¨vw` B›Uvi‡dm e¨envi K‡i K¨vej wgwWqvg Øviv PAN ˆZwi Kiv nq|
Iq¨vi‡jm wgwWqv Gi †ÿ‡Î Bbd«v‡iW I †iwWI I‡qf e¨envi K‡i WPAN ev Wireless Personal Area Network ˆZwi Kiv nq|
G‡ÿ‡Î Bluetooth, IrDA, Zigbee BZ¨vw` cÖ‡UvKj e¨envi Kiv nq|
¯’vwbK ev †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (Local Area Network-LAN): (10 evK¨)
m‡e©v”P 1 wK‡jvwgUvi †iwWqv‡mi g‡a¨ we¯Í…Z †QvU †fŠ‡MvwjK GjvKvi g‡a¨ wewfbœ mvfv©i, Kw¤úDUvi, Uvwg©bvj, †bUIqvK© wWfvBm
†hgb: nve, myBP, wiwcUvi BZ¨vw` I Ab¨vb¨ wWfvBm mshy³ K‡i MwVZ †bUIqvK©‡K †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev LAN e‡j| LAN
wWRvBb I iÿYv‡eÿY mnR| mvaviYZ LAN-Gi we¯Í…wZ GKwU Kÿ Ry‡o A_ev m¤ú~Y© wewìs Ry‡o A_ev K‡qKwU wewìs Ry‡oI n‡Z
cv‡i| Avevi A‡bK¸‡jv †QvU †QvU LAN-†K GKmv‡_ hy³ K‡i eo LAN ˆZwi Kiv hvq| LAN-G †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi MwZ 10Mbps
†_‡K 1Gbps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K Ges †bv‡Wi msL¨v m‡ev©”P 5000 ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| Gi dë Ujv‡iÝ A‡bK †ewk Ges †bUIqvK©
Kb‡RkbI Kg _v‡K| wgwWqvg wn‡m‡e wewfbœ ai‡bi K¨vej, †iwWI I‡qf, gvB‡µvI‡qf BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv nq| K¨vej e¨envi
K‡i LAN ˆZwii cÖhyw³i g‡a¨ Ethernet, Token-ring, FDDI, ARCNET Ab¨Zg| Ab¨w`‡K Wi-Fi cÖ‡UvKj e¨envi K‡i Iq¨vi‡jm
wgwWqvg Øviv WLAN ev Wireless Local Area Network ˆZwi Kiv hvq| Gqvi‡cv©‡U Aew¯’Z CCTV †bUIqvK©, e¨vsK, Awdm A_ev
nvmcvZv‡j e¨eüZ †bUIqvK© BZ¨w` n‡”Q LAN|
K¨v¤úvm Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (Campus Area Network-CAN): (8 evK¨)
K‡jR ev wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cªkvmwbK feb, GKv‡WwgK feb, jvB‡eªwi, AvevwmK nj, wRg‡bwmqvg Ges Ab¨vb¨ ewng©yLx KvVv‡gv,
†hgb: m‡¤§jb †K›`ª, cªhyw³ †K›`ª Ges †UªBwbs †m›Uvimn wewfbœ wewìs‡q Aew¯’Z wewfbœ LAN I †bvW‡K mshy³ K‡i MwVZ †bUIqvK©‡K
K¨v¤úvm Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev CAN e‡j| GQvov e„nr K‡c©v‡iU Awd‡mi wewfbœ feb¸wj‡K mshy³ Kivi †ÿ‡ÎI K¨v¤úvm Gwiqv
†bUIqvK© e¨eüZ nq| †hgb: ¸Mj‡cø· Ges gvB‡µvmd&‡Ui K¨v¤úv‡mi †bUIqvK© Gi D`vniY| CAN Gi we¯Í…wZ eo †fŠ‡MvwjK
GjvKv hv m‡e©v”P 5 wK‡jvwgUvi †iwWqv‡mi g‡a¨ mxgve×| CAN G Aew¯’Z †bUIqvK©¸wj mvaviYZ D”P MwZi AcwUK¨vj dvBevi
wj‡¼i gva¨‡g AvšÍtmshy³ _v‡K| LAN-Gi g‡ZvB Gi †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi MwZ 10Mbps †_‡K 1Gbps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| Gi dë
Ujv‡iÝ A‡bK †ewk Ges †bUIqvK© Kb‡Rkb Kg _v‡K| wgwWqvg wn‡m‡e dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej, wewfbœ ai‡bi Kcvi K¨vej,
†iwWI I‡qf, gvB‡µvI‡qf BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (Metropolition Area Network-MAN): (7 evK¨)
50 †_‡K 60 wK‡jvwgUvi †iwWqv‡mi g‡a¨ mxgve× †Kv‡bv kni I kniZjx e¨vcx we¯Í…Z †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z wewfbœ
Kw¤úDUvi, mvfv©i, †QvU I eo LAN I Avbymvw½K wewfbœ wWfvBmmg~n wb‡q MwVZ †bUIqvK©‡K †g‡UªvcwjUvb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev
MAN e‡j| †hgb: †Kvb kn‡i Aew¯’Z AvBGmwc I K¨vej wUwf †bUIqvK©, cÖvB‡fU †gvevBj I †Uwj‡dvb †bUIqvK©| MAN Gi
†WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi MwZ 5Mbps †_‡K 10Mbps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| Gi dë Ujv‡iÝ LAN †_‡K A‡bK Kg Ges †bUIqvK© Kb‡RkbI
†ewk| MAN wWRvBb I iÿYv‡eÿY Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e KwVb| †h‡nZz wewfbœ ai‡bi LAN-†K MAN-G mshy³ Kiv nq GRb¨ G‡Z
†MBUI‡q, ivDUvi, eªvDUvi, myBP BZ¨vw` †bUIqvK© wWfvBm e¨envi Kiv nq| wewfbœ LAN-†K mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ dvBevi AcwUK
e¨vK‡evb, †jvKvj †Uwj‡dvb G·‡PÄ I Iq¨vi‡jm wgwWqvg e¨envi Kiv nq|
`~i †hvMv‡hvM ev IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (Wide Area Network –WAN): (9 evK¨)
wekvj †fŠ‡MvwjK `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z wewfbœ †bvW, LAN, CAN I MAN GK‡Î mshy³ n‡q †h e„n`vKvi †bUIqvK© m„wó nq Zv‡K IqvBW
Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev WAN e‡j| WAN-Gi we¯Í…wZ K‡qKwU knie¨vcx, cy‡iv †`ke¨vcx, K‡qKwU †`ke¨vcx, cy‡iv gnv‡`ke¨vcx,
K‡qKwU gnv‡`ke¨vcx A_ev m¤ú~Y© wek¦e¨vcxI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: †iwWI I wUwf †bUIqvK©, †Uwj‡dvb †bUIqvK©, †gvevBj †bUIqvK©,
B›Uvi‡bU| WAN Gi †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi MwZ 256Kbps †_‡K 2Mbps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| AwaK `~i‡Z¡i Kvi‡b †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b
†ewk b‡qR I Error m„wó nq| Gi dë Ujv‡iÝ LAN I MAN †_‡K A‡bK Kg Ges †bUIqvK© Kb‡RkbI A‡bK †ewk| WAN
wWRvBb I iÿYv‡eÿY Kiv †ek KwVb| mshyw³i Rb¨ G‡Z ivDUvi, eªvDUvi, wiwcUvi, †MUI‡q BZ¨vw` wWfvBm e¨envi Kiv nq|
G‡ÿ‡Î PSTN A_ev gvB‡µvI‡qf m¨v‡UjvBU wjsK, dvBevi mve‡gwib K¨vej BZ¨vw` wgwWqvg e¨eüZ nq|
 CH-2 নেটওয়াকে টর্ ালজি
÷vi U‡cvjwR: (9 evK¨)
÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU †K›`ªxq wWfvBm nve ev myB‡Pi mv‡_ †bUIqvK©fy³ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv mshy³ _v‡K| GB †K›`ªxq nve ev myB‡Pi
gva¨‡gB Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii wbKU †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvB nve ev myBP bó n‡q †M‡j m¤ú~Y© wm‡÷g APj n‡q hvq Ges
†WUv PjvPjI eÜ n‡q hvq| †K›`ªxq wWfvBm Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡q †M‡jI wm‡÷‡g †Kv‡bv mgm¨v nq bv, ïaygvÎ bó
Kw¤úDUviwU †bUIqvK© †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq| †bUIqv‡K© †h‡Kv‡bv mgq mn‡RB Kw¤úDUvi †hvM Kiv ev ev` †`Iqv hvq| mvfv©i
e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †K›`ªxqfv‡e †bUIqvK©wU‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©i ÎæwU wbiƒcY Kiv mnR| myBP e¨env‡i
†bUIqv‡K© †WUv Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi MwZ e„w× cvq wKš‘ nve e¨envi Ki‡j †WUv Kwjkb I †WUv UªvwdK m„wó nq| ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖPzi
cwigv‡Y K¨vej e¨eüZ nq weavq GwU e¨qeûj|
wis U‡cvjwRi: (8 evK¨)
wis U‡cvjwR‡Z Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv‡K K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g Ggbfv‡e mshy³ K‡i †bUIqvK© MVb Kiv nq †h Zv GKwU e„ËvKvi wis ev jy‡ci
m„wó K‡i| G U‡cvjwR‡Z c~e© wbav©wiZ GKwU w`‡K wm‡¤úø· †gv‡W †bvW †_‡K †bv‡W †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq, †Kv‡bv Kwjkb N‡U bv|
†bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUv‡ii msL¨v evo‡j †WUv PjvP‡ji MwZ K‡g hvq| †bUIqvK©fz³ †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡q †M‡j ms‡hvM jycwU
†f‡½ wM‡q cy‡iv wm‡÷gwU APj n‡q hvq| ZvB †bUIqvK©fy³ mKj Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ mgvb| †bUIqvK© ˆZwi‡Z Zzjbvg~jK Kg
K¨vej cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges †Kv‡bv †K›`ªxq Kw¤úDUvi ev mvfv©‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| †bUIqv‡K© bZzb Kw¤úDUvi †hvM Kiv A_ev ev`
†`qvi Rb¨ c~‡e©i Kv‡bKkb wew”Qbœ Ki‡Z nq weavq GwU Sv‡gjvc~Y©| †bUIqv‡K©i mgm¨v wbiƒcYI †ek RwUj|
evm U‡cvjwR: (9 evK¨)
evm U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU g~j ms‡hvM jvBb ev e¨vK‡evb K¨ve‡ji mv‡_ me¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi ev †bvW hy³ _v‡K| †WUv †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨
†Kv‡bv †bvW e¨vK‡ev‡bi gva¨‡g ms‡KZ mKj †bv‡W cvVvq| ZLb Ab¨vb¨ †bvW¸‡jv †mB ms‡ZK cix¶v K‡i Ges †KejgvÎ cÖvcK
†bvW †mB ms‡KZ MÖnY K‡i| ZvB e¨vK‡evb K¨vejwU bó n‡q †M‡j m¤ú~Y© †bUIqvK© wm‡÷g APj n‡q hvq| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi
bó n‡q †M‡jI m¤ú~Y© wm‡÷g APj nq bv, ïaygvÎ bó Kw¤úDUviwU †bUIqvK© †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq| GKvwaK †bvW GKB mgq
†WUv cvVv‡Z PvB‡j †WUv Kwjk‡bi NUbv N‡U| †QvU †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ GB U‡cvjwRwU Dchy³| Kw¤úDUv‡ii msL¨v †ewk n‡j cÖPÐ
Uª¨vwdK m„wó nq Ges †WUv UªvÝwgkb wewNœZ nq| †bUIqvK© MV‡b Kg K¨vej I †Kv-Gw·‡qj K¨vej e¨eüZ nq e‡j Bb÷‡jkb
LiPI Kg nq|
†gk U‡cvjwR: (8 evK¨)
†gk U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi GKvwaK K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi hy³ _v‡K| †bUIqv‡K© AwZwi³
K¨vej [m‡ev©”P [n(n-1)/2wU] ms‡hvM Ki‡Z nq e‡j bZzb Kw¤úDUvi ms‡hvRb I we‡qvRb Sv‡gjvc~Y©| hw` †gk U‡cvjwRi cÖwZwU
Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi hy³ _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K dzjwj Kv‡b‡±W †gk U‡cvjwR e‡j| †gk U‡cvjwR‡Z
†Kv‡bv GKwU Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡q †M‡j m¤ú~Y© wm‡÷g APj nq bv, ïaygvÎ bó Kw¤úDUviwU †bUIqvK© †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq|
GKvwaK wjsK _vKvq †WUv †cÖi‡Y †Kv‡bv wW‡j nq bv, †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv wjsK w`‡q Zrÿbvr †WUv †cÖiY Kiv hvq| d‡j †WUv
KwgDwb‡Kk‡b wbðqZv A‡bK †ewk _v‡K| wKš‘ AwZwi³ K¨ve‡ji Kvi‡Y †bUIqv‡K©i KbwdMv‡ikb †ek RwUj nq Ges Bb÷‡jkb
LiPI eû¸‡b †e‡o hvq| G ai‡bi U‡cvjwR WAN †bUIqvK© MV‡b I wKwQz wgwjUvwi A¨vwcø‡Kk‡b e¨eüZ nq|

wUª U‡cvjwR: (9 evK¨)

wUª U‡cvjwR n‡jv ÷vi U‡cvjwRi m¤úÖmvwiZ iƒc A_v©r A‡bK¸‡jv ÷vi U‡cvjwR GKwÎZ n‡q wUª U‡cvjwR MVb K‡i| eo ai‡bi
LAN ˆZixi Rb¨ G U‡cvjwR e¨envi Kiv nq| G U‡cvjwR‡Z Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv nve A_ev myB‡Pi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i mshy³ _v‡K
ev myB‡Pi gva¨‡g kvLv-cÖkvLv m„wói K‡i †bUIqvK© m¤cÖmviY Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv ¯Í‡ii nve/myBP bó n‡q †M‡j IB nve/myBP mswkøó
mKj Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq| †K›`ªxqfv‡e †bUIqvK© wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ wUª U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU g~j ev Root mvf©vi
_v‡K Ges cÖwZ ¯Í‡iI mvf©vi _vK‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e g~j mvf©vi Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡q †M‡j cy‡iv wm‡÷g mvwf©m †_‡K ewÂZ nq| †h‡Kv‡bv
¯Í‡i mn‡RB Kw¤úDUvi †hvM Kiv ev ev` †`Iqv hvq| †Kv‡bv GKwU Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡q †M‡jI wm‡÷‡g †Kv‡bv mgm¨v nq bv, ïaygvÎ
bó Kw¤úDUviwU †bUIqvK© †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq| wUª U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y K¨vej e¨eüZ nq weavq GwU e¨qeûj|
 CH-2 ক্লাউড কম্পিউটটিং
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs: (10 evK¨)
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs n‡”Q B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK GK ai‡Yi we‡kl cwi‡mev ev GKwU e¨emvwqK g‡Wj †hLv‡b AšÍfy©³ n‡q †Kv‡bv e¨enviKvix
wewfbœ Kw¤úDwUs mvwf©m MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv †UK‡bvjwR bq, †ek K‡qKwU †UK‡bvjwR‡K Kv‡R
jvwM‡q ˆZwi Kiv GKUv AbjvBb cwi‡mev; hv‡Z wi‡mvm© †¯‹‡jwewjwU, Ab-wWgvÛ I †c-A¨vR-BD-†Mv GB 3 wU ˆewkó¨ _v‡K| wewfbœ
cÖwZôvb wd« A_ev Kgvwk©qvjfv‡e K¬vDW mieivnKvix wn‡m‡e Gme myweav w`‡q _v‡Kb, Z‡e mvwf©m`vZv cÖwZôvb¸wji wdwRK¨vj
Ae¯’vb Rvbv hvq bv| e¨enviKvix ïay Zvi Pvwn`vgvwdK K¬vDW mieivnKvix cÖwZôv‡bi AbjvBb mve¯ŒvBevi n‡Z cv‡ib| K¬vD‡Wi
Rb¨ ¯’vcbv g‡Wjmg‚‡ni g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cvewjK K¬vDW, cÖvB‡fU K¬vDW, KwgDwbwU K¬vDW I nvBweÖW K¬vDW| K¬vD‡Wi cÖv_wgK cwi‡lev
g‡Wjmg‚‡ni g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q AeKvVv‡gvMZ cwi‡lev (IaaS), cøvUdg©wfwËK cwi‡lev (PaaS) I mdUIq¨vi cwi‡lev (SaaS)| GQvovI
wewfbœ ai‡Yi K¬vDW †mev †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq †hgb: †bUIqvK© cwi‡lev (NaaS), †WUv cwi‡lev (DaaS) BZ¨vw`| AbjvBb nIqvq
Aí wWfvBm e¨envi K‡i †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’vb †_‡K †h‡Kvb mgq Gme K¬vDW †_‡K †mev MÖnY K‡i †Kv¤úvwbi Acv‡iwUs LiP Kgv‡bv
hvq| Z‡e B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM wewNœZ n‡j ev K¬vDW mvBUwU‡Z mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j e¨enviKvixiv mvwf©m †_‡K ewÂZ nb| K¬vDW
Kw¤úDwUs‡q Z_¨ ev A¨vcwj‡Kkb Gi Dci †Kv‡bv wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv weavq Z‡_¨i †MvcbxqZv f½ Ges n¨vwKs nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|