CANADA

Ottawa
Capital
45°24′N 75°40′W
Largest city Toronto
Official language English, French
Government Federal constitutional monarchy
with parliamentary democracy
- Monarch Queen Elizabeth II
- Governor General Michaëlle Jean
- Prime Minister Stephen Harper
Independence
From the UK
and Confederation
- BNA Act July 1, 1867
- Statute of Westminster December 11, 1931 Canada (pronounced ['kʰænədə] in English
and [känä'dä] in French) is the world's
- Canada Act April 17, 1982 second-largest country by total area,
Area occupying most of northern North America.
9,984,670 km² (2nd) Extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the
- Total Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic
3,854,085 sq mi
Ocean, Canada shares land borders with the
- Water (%) 8.92 (891,163 km²) United States to the south and to the
Population northwest.
- 2006 estimate 32,623,490 (36th) Inhabited first by Aboriginal peoples, Canada
was founded as a union of British and former
- 2001 census 30,007,094 French colonies. Canada gained
3.2/km² (219th) independence from the United Kingdom in an
- Density incremental process that began in 1867 and
8.3/sq mi
ended in 1982.
GDP (PPP) 2005 estimate Canada is a federal constitutional monarchy
- Total $1.105 trillion (11th) with a parliamentary democracy. Comprising
- Per capita $34,273 (7th) ten provinces and three territories, Canada is
HDI (2005) 0.949 (high) (5th) a bilingual and multicultural nation, with both
English and French as official languages at
Currency Canadian dollar ($) (CAD) the federal level. A technologically advanced
Time zone (UTC-3.5 to -8) and industrialized nation, Canada maintains
- Summer (DST) (UTC-2.5 to -7) a diversified economy heavily reliant on trade
—particularly with the United States, with
Internet TLD .ca which Canada has had a long and complex
Calling code +1 relationship—and abundant natural
Origin and history of the name resources.
The name Canada comes from a First Nations word, kanata,
meaning "village" or "settlement". In 1535, inhabitants of the area
near present-day Quebec City used the word to direct Jacques
Cartier towards the village of Stadacona.[1] Cartier used the word
'Canada' to refer to not only that village, but the entire area subject
to Donnacona, Chief at Stadacona; by 1547, maps began referring
to this and the surrounding area as Canada.[2]
The French colony of Canada, New France, was set up along the
Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes.
Later, it was split into two British colonies, called Upper Canada and Lower
Canada until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon
Confederation in 1867, the name Canada was officially adopted for the new
dominion, which was referred to as the Dominion of Canada. until the 1950s.
As Canada increasingly acquired political authority and autonomy from

1
Britain, the federal government increasingly simply used Canada on state documents and treaties.
The Canada Act 1982 refers only to "Canada" and, as such, it is currently the only legal (and
bilingual) name. This was reflected again in 1982 with the renaming of the national holiday from
Dominion Day to Canada Day.
History
Evolution of the borders and names of Canada's provinces and territories
Aboriginal tradition holds that the First Peoples inhabited parts of Canada for a very long time, and
some archaeological studies support human presence in northern Yukon to 26,500 years ago, and in
southern Ontario to 9,500 years ago.[3][4] Europeans first arrived when the Vikings settled briefly at
L'Anse aux Meadows circa AD 1000. The next Europeans to explore Canada's Atlantic coast
included John Cabot in 1497 and Martin Frobisher in 1576, for England; and Jacques Cartier in
1534 and Samuel de Champlain in 1603, for France. The first permanent European settlements were
established by the French at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608, and by the English in
Newfoundland, around 1610. European explorers and trappers unwittingly brought diseases that
spread rapidly through native trade routes and decimated the Aboriginal population.
The Death of General Wolfe, painted by Benjamin West, depicts British General Wolfe's death after
his victory at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759.

For much of the 17th century, the English and French colonies in North America were able to
develop in relative isolation from each other. French colonists extensively settled the St. Lawrence
River valley, while English colonists largely settled in the Thirteen Colonies to the south. However,
as competition for territory, naval bases, furs and fish escalated, several wars broke out between the
French, English and Native tribes. The French and Iroquois Wars erupted between the Iroquois
Confederation and the Algonquin, with their French allies, over control of the fur trade. A series of
four French and Indian Wars were fought between 1689 and 1763; these culminated with a
complete British victory in the Seven Years' War. By the terms of Treaty of Paris in 1763, Britain
gained control of all of France's North American territory east of the Mississippi River, except for
the remote islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon.
Following the war, the British found themselves in possession of a mostly French-speaking, Roman
Catholic territory, whose inhabitants had recently taken up arms against Britain. To avert conflict,
Britain passed the Quebec Act of 1774, re-establishing the French language, Catholic faith, and
French civil law in Quebec. The act had unforseen consequences for Britain, however, as it angered
many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, helping to fuel the American Revolution.[5] Following the
independence of the United States, approximately 50,000 United Empire Loyalists moved to
Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland.[6] As they were unwelcome in
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick was carved out of that colony for them in 1784. To accommodate the
English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the province was divided into francophone Lower Canada
and anglophone Upper Canada under the Constitutional Act in 1791.
Canada was a major front in the War of 1812 between the United States and British Empire and its
successful defence had important long-term effects on Canada, including the building of a sense of
unity and nationalism among British North Americans. Large-scale immigration to Canada began in
1815 from Britain and Ireland. A series of agreements led to long-term peace between Canada and
the United States, interrupted only briefly by raids made by political insurgents such as the Hunters'
Lodges and the Fenian Brotherhood.
Following the failed Rebellions of 1837, which demanded responsible government, colonial
officials studied the political situation and issued the Durham Report in 1839. One goal—which
proved unacceptable for the alliance of anglophone and francophone reformers that had rebelled in
1837—was to assimilate the French Canadians into British culture.[7] The Canadas were merged
into a single, quasi-federal colony, the United Province of Canada, with the Act of Union (1840).
The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon
boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel and ending joint
occupation of the Oregon Country/Columbia District. This led to the creation of the Colony of
Vancouver Island in 1849 and, with the outbreak of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush, the colony of
British Columbia in 1858, but both were entirely separate from the United Province of Canada. By
2
the late 1850s, leaders in Canada launched a series of western exploratory expeditions, with the
intention of assuming control of Rupert's Land and the Arctic region. The Canadian population
grew rapidly because of high birth rates; high European immigration was offset by emigration to the
United States, especially by French Canadians moving to New England.

Following the Great Coalition, the Charlottetown Conference, the Quebec Conference of 1864, and
the London Conference of 1866, the three colonies—Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick—
undertook the process of Confederation. The British North America Act created "one dominion
under the name of Canada", with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New
Brunswick.[8] After Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory,
which together formed the Northwest Territories in 1870, inattention to the Métis led to the Red
River Rebellion and ultimately to the creation of the province of Manitoba and its entry into
Confederation in July 1870. British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had united in 1866) and
the colony of Prince Edward Island joined the Confederation in 1871 and 1873, respectively. To
connect the union and assert authority over the western provinces, Canada constructed three trans-
continental railways, most notably the Canadian Pacific Railway, encouraged immigrants to
develop the prairies with the Dominion Lands Act, and established the North West Mounted Police.
As settlers went to the prairies on the railway and the population grew, regions of the Northwest
Territories were given provincial status forming Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905.

Canadian soldiers advance behind a tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge

in 1917.
Canada automatically entered the First World War in 1914 with
Britain's declaration of war, and sent formed divisions, composed
almost entirely of volunteers, to the Western Front to fight as a
national contingent. Casualties were so high that Prime Minister
Robert Borden was forced to bring in conscription in 1917; this
move was extremely unpopular in Quebec, resulting in his
Conservative party losing support in that province. Although the Liberals were deeply divided over
conscription, they became the dominant political party.
In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations in its own right, and in 1931 the Statute of
Westminster confirmed that no act of the British Parliament would extend to Canada without its
consent. At the same time, the worldwide Great Depression of 1929 affected Canadians of every
class; the rise of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Alberta and Saskatchewan
presaged a welfare state as pioneered by Tommy Douglas in the 1940s and 1950s. After supporting
appeasement of Germany in the late 1930s, Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King
secured Parliament’s approval for entry into the Second World War in September 1939, after
Germany invaded Poland. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939. [9]
The economy boomed during the war mainly due to the amount of military materiel being produced
for Canada, Britain, China and the Soviet Union. Canada finished the war with one of the largest
militaries in the world.[9] In 1949, the formerly independent Dominion of Newfoundland joined the
Confederation as Canada's 10th province.
By Canada's centennial in 1967, heavy post-war immigration from various war-ravaged European
countries had changed the country's demographics.[10] In addition, throughout the Vietnam War,
thousands of American draft dodgers fled to and settled in various parts of Canada.[11][12] Increased
immigration, combined with the baby boom, an economic strength parallelling that of the 1960s
United States, and reaction to the Quiet Revolution in Quebec, initiated a new type of Canadian
nationalism.
At a meeting of First Ministers in November 1981, the federal and provincial governments agreed
to the patriation of the constitution, with procedures for amending it. Despite the fact that the
Quebec government did not agree to the changes, on 17 April 1982, Canada, by Proclamation of
Queen Elizabeth II, patriated its Constitution from Britain, thereby making Canada wholly
sovereign, though the two countries continue to share the same monarch.

3
After Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes during the Quiet Revolution of the
1960s, some Québécois began pressing for greater provincial autonomy, or partial or complete
independence from Canada. Alienation between English-speaking Canadians and the Québécois
over the language, cultural and social divide had been exacerbated by many events, including the
Conscription Crisis of 1944. While a referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980 was rejected
by a solid majority of the population, a second referendum in 1995 was rejected by a margin of just
50.6% to 49.4%.[13] In 1997, the Canadian Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession by a province to
be unconstitutional; Quebec's sovereignty movement has continued nonetheless. [13]
Economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II. The
Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement of 1987 was a defining moment in integrating the two
countries. In recent decades, Canadians have worried about their cultural autonomy as American
television shows, movies and corporations became omnipresent.[14] However, Canadians take
special pride in their system of universal health care and their commitment to multiculturalism.[15]
Government

Parliament Hill, Ottawa.

Main articles: Government of Canada, Politics of Canada, and Monarchy in Canada
Canada is a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada as head of state[16][17], and a
parliamentary democracy with a federal system of parliamentary government and strong democratic
traditions.
Canada's constitution governs the legal framework of the country and consists of written text and
unwritten traditions and conventions.[18] The Constitution includes the Canadian Charter of Rights
and Freedoms, which guarantees basic rights and freedoms for Canadians that, generally, cannot be
overridden by legislation of any level of government in Canada. It contains, however, a
"notwithstanding clause", which allows the federal parliament and the provincial legislatures the
power to override some other sections of the Charter temporarily, for a period of five years.
The position of Prime Minister, Canada's head of government, belongs to the leader of the political
party that can obtain the confidence of a majority in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister
and their Cabinet are formally appointed by the Governor General (who is the Monarch's
representative in Canada). However, the Prime Minister chooses the Cabinet, and by convention,
the Governor General respects the Prime Minister's choices. The Cabinet is traditionally drawn
from members of the Prime Minister's party in both legislative houses, and mostly from the House
of Commons. Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and Cabinet, all of whom are
sworn into the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, and become Ministers of the Crown. The Prime
Minister exercises vast political power, especially in the appointment of other officials within the
government and civil service. Michaëlle Jean has served as Governor General since September 25,
4
2005, and Stephen Harper, leader of the Conservative Party, has served as Prime Minister since
February 6, 2006.
The federal parliament is made up of the Queen and two houses: an elected House of Commons and
an appointed Senate. Each member in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in a
"riding" or electoral district; general elections are called by the Governor General when the Prime
Minister so advises. While there is no minimum term for a Parliament, a new election must be
called within five years of the last general election. Members of the Senate, whose seats are
apportioned on a regional basis, are chosen by the Prime Minister and formally appointed by the
Governor General, and serve until age 75.
Canada's four major political parties are the Conservative Party of Canada, Liberal Party of Canada,
New Democratic Party (NDP), and the Bloc Québécois. The current government is formed by the
Conservative Party of Canada. While the Green Party of Canada and other smaller parties do not
have current representation in Parliament, the list of historical parties with elected representation is
substantial.
Law

The Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill

Main article: Law of Canada
Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down
laws that violate the Constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final
arbiter and is led by the Right Honourable Madam Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin, P.C. Its nine
members are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister. All judges at
the superior and appellate levels are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the prime
minister and minister of justice, after consultation with non-governmental legal bodies. The federal
cabinet appoints justices to superior courts at the provincial and territorial levels. Judicial posts at
the lower provincial and territorial levels are filled by their respective governments (see Court
system of Canada for more detail).
Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law predominates. Criminal law is
solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada. Law enforcement, including
criminal courts, is a provincial responsibility, but in rural areas of most provinces policing is
contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).
Foreign relations and military

The Peacekeeping Monument in Ottawa.

Main articles: Foreign relations of Canada, Canadian Forces, and Military history of Canada
Canada has a close relationship with the United States, sharing the world's longest undefended
border, co-operating on some military campaigns and exercises, and being each other's largest
trading partners. Canada also shares history and long relationships with the United Kingdom and
France, the two former imperial powers most influential in its founding. These relations extend to

5
other former-members of the British and French empires, through Canada's membership in the
Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie.
Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General
Assembly in Windsor in June 2000, and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April
2001. Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-
Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).
Over the past 60 years, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve
global issues in collaboration with other nations.[19][20] This was clearly demonstrated during the
Suez Crisis of 1956 when Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing peacekeeping efforts and
the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force.[21] In that spirit, Canada developed and has
tried to maintain a leading role in UN peacekeeping efforts; Canada has served in 50 peacekeeping
missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989.[22] Canada's UN peacekeeping
contributions have diminished over the first years of the 21st century. Although Canadian foreign
policy is often similar to that of the United States, Canada has always maintained an independent
foreign policy in such areas as maintaining full diplomatic and trade relations with Cuba.

Canadian soldiers in Afghanistan.

A founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), Canada currently employs
about 62,000 regular and 26,000 reserve military personnel.[23] The unified Canadian Forces (CF)
comprise the army, navy, and air force. Major CF equipment deployed includes 1,400 armoured
fighting vehicles, 34 combat vessels, and 861 aircraft.[24]
In addition to major participation in the Second Boer War, the First World War, the Second World
War, and the Korean War, Canada has maintained forces in international missions under the United
Nations and NATO since 1950, including peacekeeping missions, various missions in the former
Yugoslavia, and support to coalition forces in the First Gulf War. Since 2001, Canada has had
troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the U.S. stabilization force and the UN-authorized,
NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force. Canada's Disaster Assistance
Response Team (DART) has participated in three major relief efforts in the past two years; the two-
hundred member team has been deployed in relief operations after Hurricane Katrina in September
2005, after the Kashmir earthquake in October 2005 and after the December 2004 tsunami in South
Asia.
Administrative divisions

6
A geopolitical map of Canada, exhibiting its 10 provinces and 3 territories.
Main article: Provinces and territories of Canada
Canada is composed of ten provinces and three territories. The provinces are Alberta, British
Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince
Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. The three territories are the Northwest Territories,
Nunavut, and Yukon Territory. The provinces have a large degree of autonomy from the federal
government, the territories somewhat less. Each has its own provincial or territorial symbols.
The provinces are responsible for most of Canada's social programs (such as health care, education,
and welfare) and together collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique
structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, the federal government can
initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the Canada Health Act; the provinces can opt
out of these, but rarely do so in practice. Equalization payments are made by the federal government
to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and
poorer provinces.
All provinces have unicameral, elected legislatures headed by a Premier selected in the same way as
the Prime Minister of Canada. Each province also has a Lieutenant-Governor representing the
Queen, analogous to the Governor General of Canada, appointed on the recommendation of the
Prime Minister of Canada, though with increasing levels of consultation with provincial
governments in recent years.
Geography and climate

A satellite composite image of Canada. Boreal forests prevail throughout the country, ice is
prominent in the Arctic and through the Coast Mountains and Saint Elias Mountains, and the
relatively flat Prairies facilitate agriculture. The Great Lakes feed the St. Lawrence River (in the
southeast) where lowlands host much of Canada's population.
Main article: Geography of Canada

7
Canada occupies most of the northern portion of North America. It shares land borders with the
contiguous United States to the south and with the US state of Alaska to the northwest, stretching
from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic
Ocean. Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60°W and 141°W
longitude;[25] this claim is not universally recognized. The northernmost settlement in Canada (and
in the world) is Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island—
latitude 82.5°N—just 817 kilometres (450 nautical miles) from the North Pole.[26] Canada is the
world's second-largest country in total area, after Russia.
The population density of 3.5 people per square kilometre (9.1/mi²) is among the lowest in the
world.[27] The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor
along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River in the southeast.[28] To the north of this region is
the broad Canadian Shield, an area of rock scoured clean by the last ice age, thinly soiled, rich in
minerals, and dotted with lakes and rivers—Canada by far has more lakes than any other country in
the world and has a large amount of the world's freshwater.[29][30]

The Horseshoe Falls in Ontario is the largest component of Niagara Falls, one of the world's
greatest waterfalls[31], a major source of hydroelectric power, and a tourist destination.
In eastern Canada, the Saint Lawrence River widens into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the world's
largest estuary; the island of Newfoundland lies at its mouth. South of the Gulf, the Canadian
Maritimes protrude eastward from the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia are divided by the Bay of Fundy, which experiences the world's largest tidal variations.
Ontario and Hudson Bay dominate central Canada. West of Ontario, the broad, flat Canadian
Prairies spread toward the Rocky Mountains, which separate them from British Columbia.
Northern Canadian vegetation tapers from coniferous forests to tundra and finally to Arctic barrens
in the far north. The northern Canadian mainland is ringed with a vast archipelago containing some
of the world's largest islands.
Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada range depending on the location.
Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the Prairie provinces, where
daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below -40 °C (-40 °F) with severe
wind chills. [32] Coastal British Columbia is an exception and enjoys a temperate climate with a mild
and rainy winter.
Average summer high temperatures across Canada range depending on the location. On the east and
west coast average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (68 to 74 °F), while between
the coasts the average summer high temperature range between 25 °C to 30 °C (78 to 86 °F) with
occasional extreme heat in some interior locations exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). [33][34] For a more
complete description of climate across Canada see Environment Canada's Website. [35]

Economy

8
Five denominations of Canadian banknotes, depicting (from top to bottom) Wilfrid Laurier, John A.
Macdonald, Queen Elizabeth II, William Lyon Mackenzie King, and Robert Borden.
Main articles: Economy of Canada and Economic history of Canada
Canada is one of the world's wealthiest nations with a high per capita income, a member of the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Group of Eight (G8).
Canada is a free market economy with slightly more government intervention than the United
States, but much less than most European nations.[36] Canada has traditionally had a lower per capita
gross domestic product (GDP) than its southern neighbour (whereas wealth has been more equally
divided), but higher than the large western European economies.[37][38] For the past decade, after a
period of turbulence, the Canadian economy has been growing rapidly with low unemployment and
large government surpluses on the federal level. Today Canada closely resembles the U.S. in its
market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards.[39] While as of
October 2006, Canada's national unemployment rate of 6.3% is among its lowest in 30 years,
provincial unemployment rates vary from a low of 3.6% in Alberta to a high of 14.6% in
Newfoundland and Labrador.[40]
In the past century, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has
transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. As
with other first world nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which
employs about three quarters of Canadians.[41] However, Canada is unusual among developed
countries in the importance of the primary sector, with the logging and oil industries being two of
Canada's most important.
Canada is one of the few developed nations that is a net exporter of energy.[41] Canada has vast
deposits of natural gas on the east coast and large oil and gas resources centred in Alberta, and also
present in neighbouring British Columbia and Saskatchewan. The vast Athabasca Tar Sands give
Canada the world's second largest reserves of oil behind Saudi Arabia.[42] In Quebec, British
Columbia, Newfoundland & Labrador, Ontario and Manitoba, hydroelectric power is a cheap and
relatively environmentally friendly source of abundant energy.
Canada is one of the world's most important suppliers of agricultural products, with the Canadian
Prairies one of the most important suppliers of wheat and other grains.[43] Canada is the world's
largest producer of zinc and uranium and a world leader in many other natural resources such as
gold, nickel, aluminum, and lead;[44] many, if not most, towns in the northern part of the country,
where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearby mine or source of timber. Canada also has a
sizeable manufacturing sector, centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with the automobile
industry especially important.
Canada is highly dependent on international trade, especially trade with the United States. The 1989
Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement
9
(NAFTA) (which included Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic
integration with the U.S. Since 2001, Canada has successfully avoided economic recession and has
maintained the best overall economic performance in the G8.[45] Since the mid 1990s, Canada's
federal government has posted annual budgetary surpluses and has steadily paid down the national
debt.
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Canada, List of cities in Canada, List of Canadians by ethnicity,
and Immigration to Canada
The 2001 national census recorded 30,007,094 people; the population is currently estimated by
Statistics Canada to be 32.623 million people.[46] Population growth is largely accomplished through
immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About three-quarters of Canada's population
live within 160 kilometres (100 mi) of the U.S. border.[47] A similar proportion live in urban areas
concentrated in the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor (notably the Toronto-Hamilton, Montreal, and
Ottawa census metropolitan areas), the BC Lower Mainland (Vancouver and environs), and the
Calgary-Edmonton Corridor in Alberta.[48]

Toronto, Ontario is one of the world's most multicultural cities.[49]

Canada is an ethnically diverse nation. According to the 2001 census, it has 34 ethnic groups with at
least one hundred thousand members each. The largest ethnic group is "Canadian" (39.4%),
followed by English (20.2%), French (15.8%), Scottish (14.0%), Irish (12.9%), German (9.3%),
Italian (4.3%), Chinese (3.7%), Ukrainian (3.6%) and First Nations (3.4%).[50] Canada's aboriginal
population is growing almost twice as fast as the rest of the Canadian population. In 2001, 13.4% of
the population belonged to visible minorities. In comparison with most developed countries, Canada
maintains a relatively high immigration rate.[51] Immigrants are particularly attracted to the major
urban areas of Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal.
Canadians adhere to a wide variety of religions. According to 2001 census,[52] 77.1% of Canadians
identified as being Christians; of this, Catholics make up the largest group (43.6% of Canadians).
The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada; about 16.5% of Canadians
declared no religious affiliation, and the remaining 6.3% were affiliated with religions other than
Christianity, of which the largest is Islam.
In Canada, the provinces and territories are responsible for education; thus Canada has no national
department of education. Each of the 13 education systems are similar while reflecting their own
regional history, culture and geography.[53] The mandatory school age varies across Canada but
generally ranges between the ages of 5-7 to 16-18,[53] contributing to an adult literacy rate that is
99%.[41] Postsecondary education is the responsibility of the provincial and territorial governments
that provide most of their funding; the federal government provides additional funding through
research grants. In 2002, 43% of Canadians aged between 25 and 64 had post-secondary education;
for those aged 25 to 34 the postsecondary attainment reaches 51%.[54]
Language

10
The population of Montreal is predominantly francophone, with a significant anglophone
community.
Main articles: Language in Canada and Bilingualism in Canada
Canada's two official languages, English and French, are the mother tongues of 59.7% and 23.2% of
the population, respectively.[55] On July 7, 1969, under the Official Languages Act, French was
made commensurate to English throughout the federal government. This started a process that led to
Canada redefining itself as an officially "bilingual" nation.
English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions.
The public has the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in
either English or French. While multiculturalism is official policy, to become a citizen one must be
able to speak either English or French, and 98.5% of Canadians speak at least one (English only:
67.5%, French only: 13.3%, both: 17.7%).[56]
French is mostly spoken in Quebec, but there are substantial francophone populations mainly in the
northern parts of New Brunswick, eastern, northern and southwestern Ontario and southern
Manitoba. Of those who speak French as a first language, 85% live in Quebec. Ontario has the
largest French population outside Quebec. French is the official language of Quebec and New
Brunswick is the only bilingual province in the country.[57] No provinces other than Quebec and
New Brunswick have constitutionally official language(s) as such, but French is used as a language
of instruction, in courts, and other government services in all of the majority English or Inuktitut
speaking provinces and territories. In Ontario, French has some legal status but is not fully co-
official. Several aboriginal languages have official status in Northwest Territories. Inuktitut is the
majority language in Nunavut, and one of three official languages in the territory.
Non-official languages are important in Canada, with 5,202,245 people listing one as a first
language.[55] Some significant non-official first languages include Chinese (853,745 first-language
speakers), Italian (469,485), German (438,080), and Punjabi (271,220).[55]
Culture

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, seen here at Expo 67, are the federal and national police force
of Canada and an international icon.
Main articles: Culture of Canada, National symbols of Canada, and Sport in Canada
Canadian culture has historically been heavily influenced by English, French, Irish, Scottish and
Aboriginal cultures and traditions, and over time has been greatly influenced by American culture
because of its proximity and the interchange of human capital between the two countries. Many
forms of American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant in Canada; conversely,
11
many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the US and worldwide. [58] Many
cultural products are now marketed toward a unified "North American" market, or a global market
generally.
The creation and preservation of distinctly Canadian culture has been partly influenced by federal
government programs, laws and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC),
the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), and the Canadian Radio-television and
Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).[59]

A Kwakwaka'wakw totem pole and traditional "big house" in Victoria, BC.

As Canada is a geographically vast and ethnically diverse country, there are cultural variations and
distinctions from province to province and region to region. Canadian culture has also been greatly
influenced by more recent immigration of people from all over the world. Many Canadians value
multiculturalism, indeed some see Canadian culture as being inherently multicultural.[15]
Multicultural heritage is enshrined in Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
National symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and First Nations sources. Particularly, the
use of the maple leaf, as a Canadian symbol, dates back to the early 18th century and is depicted on
its current and previous flags, the penny, and on the coat of arms.[60] Other prominent symbols
include the beaver, Canada goose, common loon, the Crown, and the RCMP.[60]
Canada's official national sports are ice hockey (winter) and lacrosse (summer).[61] Hockey is a
national pastime, and is by far the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is also the most
popular sport Canadians play, with 1.65 million active participants in 2004.[62] Canada's six largest
metropolitan areas - Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, and Edmonton - have
franchises in the National Hockey League (NHL), and there are more Canadian players in the
league than from all other countries combined. After hockey, other popular spectator sports include
Canadian football and curling. The Canadian Football League (CFL) is the nation's second most
popular professional sports league,[63] and plays a large role in Canada's national identity[64]. Golf,
baseball, skiing, soccer, volleyball, and basketball are also widely played at youth and amateur
levels[62], but professional leagues and franchises are not as widespread. Canada will host the 2007
FIFA U-20 World Cup, and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler, British
Columbia.[65][66]
International rankings
Organization Survey Ranking
A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy 14 out of
Globalization Index 2005
Magazine 111
IMD International World Competitiveness Yearbook 2005 5 out of 60
The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life 14 out of
The Economist
index, 2005 111
Yale University/Columbia University Environmental Sustainability Index, 2005 (pdf) 6 out of 146
Reporters Without Borders World- 21 out of
Press Freedom Index 2005
wide 167
14 out of
Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2005
159
Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Index of Economic Freedom, 2006 12 out of
12
Journal 157

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