D.K.T.

E Society’s
Textile and Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University Kolhapur)

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication

Engineering

A Mini Project Report on

"FIRE DETECTOR &

WATER SPRINKLER"
By
Supant Malkari Vhanmore 23UET127
Vaibhav Nandkumar Sutar 23UET120
Tanaya Sandeep Rajmane 23UET097
Under Guidance of:-"Prof. V. B.Kumbhar "
Academic Year -2024-2025

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 D.K.T.E Society’s

Textile and Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji

(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University Kolhapur)

Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Academic Year 2024-2025

Certificate
This is to certify that
Supant Malkari Vhanmore 23UET127
Vaibhav Nandkumar Sutar 23UET120
Tanaya Sandeep Rajmane 23UET097
of Second Year B.Tech [EXTC] has satisfactorily completed mini-project entitled
"FIRE DETECTOR & WATER SPRINKLER"
for partial fulfilment of Under Graduation in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering at D.K.T.E’s Textile and Engineering
Institute,Ichalkaranji for Academic Year 2024-2025.
Prof. V. B. Kumbhar Prof.Dr.S.A.Patil Prof.
(Dr.)L.S.Admuthe
Guide Head of ETC Department Director

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 Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction 4

Chapter 2: System Implementation 5-14

• Block Diagram with Explaination 5-6

• Circuit Diagram with Explaination 6-7

• Description of Hardware Components 8-12

• Algorithm of implemented work 12-14

Chapter 3: Results 15

Chapter 4: Conclusion 16

Chapter 5: Applications with Advantages and Limitations 17-19

• Applications 17

• Advantages 17-18

• Limitations 18-19

References

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 Introduction to Fire Detectors and Water Sprinklers

Fire detectors and water sprinklers are crucial components of modern

fire safety systems, designed to protect life and property by detecting

and mitigating fire hazards promptly.

Fire detectors are devices that sense the presence of fire or smoke,

typically using sensors such as smoke, heat, or flame detectors. They are

integral to early warning systems, ensuring timely alerts to occupants

and emergency services.

Water sprinklers, on the other hand, are active fire suppression systems

that automatically discharge water when a fire is detected. They are

engineered to control or extinguish fires at their early stages, minimizing

damage and preventing the spread of flames.

Together, these systems form a comprehensive safety mechanism,

widely used in residential, commercial, and industrial spaces.

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 Chapter 2

System Implementation

• Block Diagram with Explaination :

Explanation
1. Power Supply: Ensures that the system remains operational
continuously, even during emergencies.
2. Fire Detector (Sensors): Identifies early signs of fire by measuring
environmental changes like heat or smoke.
3. Controller Unit: Acts as the brain of the system, analyzing input
from sensors and deciding on subsequent actions.
4. Alarm System: Alerts occupants to evacuate or take necessary
precautions.

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 5. Water Supply: Ensures an adequate and reliable source of water is
available to combat the fire.
6. Water Sprinkler System: Distributes water to the affected area to
suppress or extinguish the fire.

Key Features
•  Automatic Detection: Quickly identifies smoke, heat, or flames.

•  Alarm System: Alerts occupants with sound and lights.

•  Auto Water Sprinkling: Activates sprinklers in fire-affected areas.

•  Zoned Coverage: Localizes response to specific areas.

Circuit Diagram :

Fire detector and water sprinkler circuit diagram

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Circuit Operation:
1. Idle State: When there is no fire, the IR sensor does not detect heat
or infrared radiation, so the transistor remains in the OFF state.
The LED stays off, the buzzer is silent, and the water pump is off.
2. Fire Detected: When the IR sensor detects infrared radiation (i.e., a
fire is detected), it sends a signal to the base of the BC547
transistor. This turns the transistor ON, allowing current to flow to
the LED, buzzer, and water pump.
o The buzzer emits sound to alert people.
o The LED turns on to indicate fire detection.
o The water pump activates and releases water through the
sprinkler system to suppress the fire.
3. Reset State: After the fire is controlled or extinguished, the system
can be reset manually or automatically, turning off the buzzer,
LED, and water pump.

Explanation of the Circuit:

 IR Sensor: It continuously monitors the environment for signs of
fire (heat/infrared radiation). When a fire is detected, it sends a
signal to the base of the transistor.
 BC547 Transistor: Acts as a switch. When triggered by the IR
sensor, it allows current to flow to the output components (LED,
buzzer, water pump).
 LED: Provides a visual indication of the fire detection status (turns
on when a fire is detected).
 Buzzer: Emits a sound to alert people in the building when a fire is
detected.
 Water Pump: Activated by the transistor when fire is detected to
begin sprinkling water and suppress the fire.
 Resistors: Protect components by limiting current and ensuring
they operate within safe limits.

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• Description of Hardware Components :

• COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1.BC 547 TRANSISTER

When asking BC547 belongs to which type of the triode, basically, we

think that BC547 is a normal NPN (Negative-Positive-Negative) junction
transistor. And he bc547 parameter and the bc547 pin diagram are very
important in the basic knowledge of BC547.
Followings are the key knowledge of BC547 that you must understand:
 BC547 is a bipolar junction transistor (BJT).
 It is kind of an NPN transistor.
 It has three terminals: Emitter, Collector and Base.
 The maximum current gain of BC547 is 800A.
 The Collector−Emitter Voltage is 65V.
 The Collector-Base Voltage is 80V.
 The Emitter-Base voltage is 8V.

2. Resistors

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Role of Resistors in Fire Detector
1. Current Limitation: Protects components like LEDs and sensors
from excessive current.
2. Voltage Division: Steps down voltage to required levels for sensors.
3. Signal Stabilization: Pull-up/pull-down resistors ensure clean,
noise-free signals.
4. Timing and Filtering: Works with capacitors for noise filtering and
delayed responses.
5. Sensitivity Control: Adjustable resistors (potentiometers) fine-tune
detection sensitivity.
Resistors ensure safe, reliable, and precise operation of the fire detector
system.
Typical values range from 1 kΩ to 100 kΩ, depending on the desired
frequency range.

3. IR SENSOR :

Role of IR Sensor in Fire Detector and Water Sprinkler System

1. Fire Detection:

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 o The IR sensor detects the infrared radiation emitted by flames
or hot objects.
o It continuously monitors the environment for signs of heat
and fire, activating the system when a fire is detected.
2. Triggering the Alarm:
o When the IR sensor detects a fire, it sends a signal to the
controller unit.
o This activates the buzzer (alarm) and LEDs to alert occupants
of the fire hazard.
3. Water Sprinkler Activation:
o Upon detecting a fire, the IR sensor sends a signal to activate
the water pump.
o The pump releases water through the sprinkler system to
suppress the fire in the affected area.
4. Real-time Monitoring:
o The IR sensor provides continuous monitoring of the
environment, ensuring timely response to changing fire
conditions.

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4. BUZZER :
 Alerting Occupants: The buzzer provides an audible warning when the
system detects a fire.
 Indicating Danger: It emits a loud sound to alert people in the building
to evacuate or take action.
 Continuous Sound: The buzzer continues until the fire is addressed .

5.LED(Light Emitting Diode) :

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 Visual Indication: The LED provides visual feedback about the
system's status (e.g., power on, fire detected).
 Status Indicators:
 Red LED: Lights up when a fire is detected.
 Green LED: Indicates that the system is operating normally.
 Other colors: Can be used for specific statuses or conditions.
 Simple Diagnostics: LEDs help in quickly diagnosing system health,
such as detecting wiring or sensor issues.Impedance: 8 Ω
Power: 0.5 W or higher
Connection: Directly connected to the 555 IC's output (Pin 3) or via an
amplifier circuit for higher volume.

Algorithm for Fire Detector and Water Sprinkler System :

Here is a simple algorithm to describe how the Fire Detector and Water
Sprinkler System operates:
1. Start the System:

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 o Initialize the system components (IR sensor, buzzer, LED,
water pump).
o Power on the system and set all components to their default
state (LED on green, buzzer off, pump off).
2. Monitor for Fire:
o Continuously read the output from the IR sensor.
o Check if the IR sensor detects heat or infrared radiation
(indicating fire).
3. Fire Detection:
o If the IR sensor detects a fire (flame or heat):
 Trigger the Buzzer: Turn on the buzzer to alert
occupants.
 Activate the LED: Turn on the red LED to indicate fire
detection.
 Activate Water Pump: Turn on the water pump to start
sprinkling water through the sprinkler system.
4. If No Fire Detected:
o Continue monitoring the IR sensor.
o Keep the green LED on to indicate normal system operation.
5. Stop System (After Fire Control):
o If the fire is controlled (e.g., manual reset or detection of fire
suppression):
 Deactivate the Buzzer: Turn off the buzzer.

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  Deactivate the LED: Turn off the red LED (green LED
can remain on).
 Turn Off Water Pump: Stop the water pump from
sprinkling.
6. End of Cycle:
o System remains in the idle state, continuously monitoring for
potential fires.

Flowchart Outline
 Start → Initialize System → Monitor IR Sensor
o Fire Detected? → Yes → Activate Alarm & LED & Water
Pump → Fire Controlled? → Yes → Turn Off Pump & Alarm
& LED
o No → Continue Monitoring → Repeat
This algorithm provides the basic workflow of a fire detection system,
activating alerts and suppression mechanisms when necessary.

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 Chapter 3

Results

The Fire Detector and Water Sprinkler System successfully detects

fires and activates the alarm and sprinkler mechanisms to mitigate the fire
hazard. The system works as follows:
 The IR sensor detects the infrared radiation from flames or heat
sources.
 When a fire is detected, the buzzer emits a loud sound to alert
people, and the LED provides a visual indicator of the fire.
 The water pump activates automatically, dispersing water to
suppress the fire in the affected area.
The system provides real-time monitoring, ensuring quick response and
potentially preventing fire damage and saving lives.
In conclusion, the electronic piano using the 555 timer IC meets its
primary objective of producing musical tones with a simple and cost-
effective design. It serves as an excellent educational project for students
and hobbyists to explore sound generation and electronics. Would you
like assistance with further enhancements or analysis?

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 Chapter 4

Conclusion
This project demonstrates an effective and automatic fire detection and
suppression system. It integrates sensors, alarm systems, and water
sprinklers to ensure both early detection and prompt suppression of fire.
By combining these components, the system enhances safety in
residential, commercial, and industrial settings.
In conclusion, the system provides:
 Early warning via audio and visual signals.
 Efficient fire suppression using a water sprinkler mechanism.
 Automatic operation, reducing human error and improving safety.
This project offers a reliable solution for fire prevention and control.

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 Chapter 5
Applications with Advantages and Limitations

• Applications :
 Residential Buildings:
 Ensures safety by detecting fires early and activating sprinklers to
suppress them.
 Commercial Buildings:
 Protects offices, malls, and shops by providing quick response to
fire hazards.
 Industrial Environments:
 Critical for factories, warehouses, and laboratories where hazardous
materials are stored.
 Public Places:
 Ensures safety in schools, hospitals, airports, and other crowded
spaces.
 Data Centers:
 Protects valuable equipment from fire damage by detecting and
suppressing fire before it spreads.
 Automated Fire Safety Systems:
 Can be integrated into smart building systems or IoT-based
solutions for real-time monitoring and alerts.

• Advantages :

 Early Detection:
 The IR sensor detects fires at an early stage, reducing the risk of fire
spread.
 Automatic Activation:
 Automatically activates alarms and water sprinklers without manual
intervention, reducing human error.

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 Real-Time Alerts:
 Provides both audible (buzzer) and visual (LED) warnings to alert
people promptly.
 Fire Suppression:
 The water pump activates immediately upon fire detection,
controlling the fire at an early stage.
 Cost-Effective:
 Reduces potential damage by extinguishing the fire early, leading to
cost savings in repairs and insurance claims.
 User Safety:
 Helps in saving lives by alerting people to evacuate during fire
incidents and by controlling fires before they escalate.

• Limitations:
 False Alarms:
 The system may trigger false alarms due to environmental factors
like heat from cooking, steam, or dust.
 Water Damage:
 Water sprinklers may cause water damage to property and
equipment, particularly in areas with sensitive electronics.
 Limited Detection Range:
 The IR sensor may have a limited range or sensitivity, potentially
missing fires in certain areas.
 Maintenance:

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  The system requires regular maintenance, such as checking sensors,
water pump functionality, and power backups.
 Power Dependency:
 The system may rely on external power sources. If power fails and
backup batteries are not functioning, it might not operate effectively.
 Initial Setup Cost:
 The initial cost of installation for an automated fire suppression
system can be high, particularly in larger setups.

References:

1. Link to the project page and circuit diagram:

2.https://skrelectronicslab.com/how-to-make-automatic-fire-
extinguisher-project-without-arduino

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