“THE IMPACT OF MODERNIZED PUBLIC UTILITY JEEPNEY TO THE

MOBILITY OF MUNICIPALITY OF ASTURIAS – MUNICIPALITY

BALAMBAN AND TOLEDO CITY , CEBU”

A Thesis

Presented to the Department of Civil Engineering

Cebu Institute of Technology University

Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By

Apat Deison P.

Cabanilla Genevieve B.

Miramon Dominic Steven O.

Ravelo Mart Renzo D.

Sumalpong Regine F.

Wasawas Vernadith F.

December 2023
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APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled, “THE IMPACT OF MODERNIZED PUBLIC UTILITY

JEEPNEY TO THE MOBILITY OF MUNICIPALITY OF ASTURIAS-
MUNICIPALITY BALAMBAN AND TOLEDO CITY, CEBU”, prepared and
submitted by Deison P. Apat, Genevieve B. Cabanilla, Dominic Steven O.
Miramon, Mart Renzo D. Ravelo, Regine F. Sumalpong, and Vernadith F.
Wasawas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of
Science in Civil Engineering is hereby recommended for approval.

Engr. June Carlo Encabo

Adviser
Date:_________________

Engr. Bryan P. Merino Engr. Suzette B. Pacana

Panelist Panelist
Date:______________ Date:________________

This thesis is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

Engr. Felrem G. Lor Engr. Felrem G. Lor

Thesis Coordinator Chair, Civil Engineering Department
Date:_____________ Date:_________________

Dr. Evangeline C. Evangelista

Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture
Date:_____________________
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to extend their gratitude to the following people for

their guidance and support throughout the study. Their encouragement helped the

researchers complete the journey.

Engr. June Carlo S. Encabo, the research adviser, who offered his time,

assistance, and support throughout the study. Without your experience, inspiration,

and perseverance, this study would not have been feasible.

Sir Victor Cosep, Planner Officer III, and LTFRB staff, for providing the

researchers with important resources and data needed to complete the study. And

giving the effort to conduct a meeting for us to be fully equipped in knowledge for this

program.

Engr. Suzette B. Pacaña and Engr. Bryan P. Merino, panelists, for the inputs

and helpful criticism that allowed the researchers to enhance the quality of the study.

Without their advice, this study would not have been possible.

To Engr. Felrem G. Lor, our thesis coordinator, for the constant guidance,

advice, and support throughout the study.

To our family, for the unconditional love and continuous support throughout

the entire process, most especially for the financial support to continue and conduct

this study.

To all the respondents, thank you for sparing your time and your willingness

to participate in the study. This work would not be successful without your contribution.

Lastly, To Almighty God for giving guidance to the researcher day by day

and for keeping the researchers determined throughout the study.

The Researchers
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ABSTRACT
Title: Impact of Modernized Public Utility Jeepneys on Mobility: A Case
Study of Cebu Province

The government's initiative to modernize traditional jeepneys in the

Philippines has transformed the public transportation system significantly. This
study explores the impact of this shift on mobility in Toledo City, Balamban, and
Asturias in Cebu. Modern jeepneys, designed for safety and eco-friendliness,
contrast with outdated traditional models criticized for safety and environmental
issues. Challenges arise from the cost of transitioning, affecting driver
employment. New transportation patterns and industry changes affect these areas'
overall transportation systems.
The research assesses traffic patterns, accessibility, and socio-economic
changes due to modernized jeepneys. It examines challenges faced by drivers,
employment impacts, route changes, and the need for new modern vehicles.
Qualitative methods and traffic assessments, like volume counts and route
analysis, gather data.
The findings reveal a mix of traditional and modern vehicles, indicating
competition and advancements in safety and sustainability. Coexistence highlights
the need for balanced innovation and regulation in transportation.
Recommendations include inclusive policies, infrastructure investment, community
engagement, and further research for a robust transportation system.
Understanding this transition's impacts is vital for shaping the Philippines' public
transportation future.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rationale 1
1.2 Conceptual Framework 4
1.3 Problem Statement 4
1.4 Significance of the Study 5
1.5 Scope and Limitations 6
1.6 Definition of Terms 6

Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 9

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 14
3.2 Research Environment 14
3.3 Research Instrument 17
3.4 Research Procedure 17
Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS 19
AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Chapter 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary of Findings 35
5.2 Conclusion 36
5.3 Recommendation 36
BIBLIOGRAPHY 38
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APPENDIX A TRANSMITTAL LETTER 41

APPENDIX B TIMETABLE OF ACTIVITES 42
APPENDIX C RESEARCH BUDGET 44
APPENDIX D TABLE AND GRAPH 45
APPENDIX E DOCUMENTATIONS 109
APPENDIX F SURVEY FORM 112
APPENDIX G CURRICULUM VITAE 115
1
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

Traditional jeepneys have been recognized as one of the main

transportation in the Philippines and have been known to the tourists due to its
unique designs. They are primarily known as the existing public transport system
for many years but wore out as new vehicles exist and these vehicles have long
been criticized for their outdated design, unsafe conditions, and for being
environmentally unfriendly, as they emit high levels of pollution. Although both
modern and traditional jeepneys can bring you from one location to another, they
vary when it comes to safety because modern jeepneys are more feasible than
traditional jeepneys. Additionally, when it comes to climate-friendly, the modern
ones is the best suitable as it doesn’t rely on gas but instead, it runs on electricity
or solar power as a source of engine stimulation while traditional jeepneys are
made of heavy and stainless-steel box type frames, runs on diesel that serves as
fuel of it with long hours of usage which is subject to corrosion of materials wherein
gets old quickly (Dogelio, 2023).

Mobility, in this research context is used to describe the manner of

movement from one location to another via different modes of transportation to
attain satisfaction or to meet daily needs.The Public Transportation System in the
Philippines has a significant role in climate-friendly transport system like searching
an alternative ways in order to make it more sustainable and they also has a
significant role in meeting the challenges of the society both rural and urban areas.
Unfortunately, there may be difficulties to reach its potential due to the lack of
comprehensive policy makers, inefficient institutions and planning procedures,
lack of enforcement and financial incentives. In response, the Philippines
government has launched the modernization program, the Modernization of Public
Utility Jeepneys (PUJs) is one of the program which was implemented during
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Duterte’s administration and primarily aims to replace traditional jeepneys with

more efficient and environmentally friendly models and to transform the road sector
(DOTr, 2018). According to the LTFRB, it states that “ the PUV modernization
program would make the commuting and public transportation system into a safe,
more efficient, climate- friendly and environmentally sustainable”. Aside from this.
There are also other components that need to be considered such as the route
rationalization and industry consolidation.

The problem presented the impacts of modernized jeepney towards the

mobility of a certain target location in Cebu that has been influenced by many
factors particularly, the changes in transportation patterns, accessibility,
employment or source of income, etc. With the implementation of the said
program, the employment of drivers is affected in such a way that not all drivers
can afford to acquire or comply with the expenses of transforming traditional to
modern jeepneys because it is very expensive (Malasique, et al.). Rebano as
president of the Federation of Jeepney operators and Drivers Association of the
Philippines (Fejodap), pointed out that “in order to operate 15 modern jeepneys,
the operators must pay a monthly amortization of P475,000”. Furthermore, another
things to consider when it comes to transportation pattern is that new routes were
also analyzed after the establishment of the modern jeeps and there is also a
comparison between traditional routes to new routes and weigh together through
observation on how effective it is. Base on the news that was published a while
ago, as in the case of Cebu, there were 12 MPUJs that was launch from Lahug
Apas Transport Cooperative (LATRANSCO) which can also ply routes going to
Balamban-Toledo and Asturias-Toledo (Palaubsanon, 2022).

When they face challenges, it affects the entire transportation system and
can have broader implications for the economy, environment, and public health.
These challenges facing PUJs have a significant impact on the transportation
systems as a whole. As mentioned earlier, PUJs are a major component of the
public transportation network. According to Philippine statistics (2021), there are
42.6 thousand public utility jeepneys that operates locally however, the total
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number of operation may vary due to COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, there are
982 modern public utility jeepney and the survey was updated last 2021. Today,
there are a total of 721 modern public utility jeepney equipped for active operation
in Metro Cebu, 70 MPUJs under LATRANSCO, and 80 units that was launch and
are able to transport from Cebu City to Cebu South province with an additional 28
units of MPUJs. The number of units of existing new vehicles will increase further
for the upcoming years as other places in Region 7 will participate the
modernization program.

This study investigated how modernizing public utility jeepneys affected the
mobility of Cebu province, specifically Toledo City, Municipality of Balamban, and
Municipality of Asturias. Specifically, it examined the changes in traffic patterns,
accessibilities, and socio-economic outcomes resulting from the introduction of
modernized jeepneys. Furthermore, the justification for conducting the study was
based on the requirement to solve the longstanding problems that the nation's
public transportation system was currently experiencing. As a result, this study
sought to close the gap by analyzing how the modernization of PUJs had affected
the mobility of the three Cebu municipalities described above, which represented
a variety of socioeconomic conditions. However, due to the present scenario and
circumstances beyond the control of the researcher, the study was limited by the
availability of data and sources provided by Philippine Government Agencies for
public utility vehicles.

The results of this study are important because they can provide information
to decision-makers, transportation providers, and other interested parties
regarding the direction that public transportation in the Philippines will take in the
future. This study can enhance the standard of transportation services and
increase the safety of both passengers and drivers by recognizing the difficulties
and potential of updating PUJs. Reduces environmental effects and aids in the
overall growth of the nation's transportation sector. Ultimately, the goal of this study
is to help develop a public transportation system that is more efficient and can
better meet the needs of Filipinos living in both urban and rural local.
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1.2 Conceptual Framework

INPUT

• Evaluation of the study area’s current mobility situation

• Data gathering of the number of operated & registered public
transportation.

PROCESS

• Traffic Count (Manual Counting)

• Omnibus Guideline (Estimating Number of Units)
• Table Graph and Calculation

OUTPUT
• Number of public registered transportation vehicle Volume count
• Number of Traditional Jeep have been phased out.
• Routes being added and replaced.
• Forecasted number of modern jeepney needed.

Figure 1 Scheme Diagram of Study

1.3 Problem Statement

The initiative of the government on the modernization of the iconic jeepney

may have positive and negative impact. This paper aims to identify the impact of
the modernized jeepney of the mobility needs locals of Municipalities of Asturias
and Balamban, and the City of Toledo Province of Cebu.

Furthermore, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the existing condition of public transportation in Municipalities of

Asturias and Balamban, and the City of Toledo, Province of Cebu?
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2. How many traditional jeepneys have been phased out or replaced in

effect implementation of PUV modernization?
3. What routes are being replaced and what routes were added as a result
of the implementation?
4. How many modern jeepneys are in operational and what is the
forecasted needs for Municipalities of Asturias, Balamban, and City of
Toledo, Province of Cebu?

1.4 Significance of Study

With the increasing numbers of Modernized Jeepney, this study will provide
knowledge about it’s impact of modernized public utility jeepney to the mobility of
the Municipality of Asturias - Municipality of Balamban and Toledo City , Cebu.
Thus, the findings and crucial study outcome measures may be beneficial and
highly significant, particularly for the following:

Cooperative. This will provide them further information about the impact of
modernized PUJs in terms of the services and insights about improvements of their
mobility in transporting passengers.

Commuters. As the user in modernized PUJs, this study will assist the commuters
in terms of safety as they travel and the services that they need as they move using
the modernized PUJs.

Locals of Municipalities(Asturias, Balamban and Toledo). As residents of the

said municipalities, this study will assist them in gaining further knowledge and
awareness of impacts of modernized PUJs in mobility of their respective
municipalities.

Local Government Agencies (DPWH, LPTRB, LTFRB in Region VII). The

outcome of this study will give them bases for the possible upgrade and installation
of efficient roads both in public and highway roads. This study assists them by
identifying the most important variables to consider in accommodating these
modernized PUJs in roads.
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Future Researchers. This study will be a useful resource for researchers

undertaking similar studies.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The study focused on evaluating the mobility needs of the Municipality of

Balamban and Asturias, as well as the City of Toledo in the Province of Cebu. To
ensure accuracy, unregistered public transportation vehicles were not considered
within this assessment, as their inclusion could skew the analysis. Similarly, the
study omitted intra-area transportation due to the vastness of the municipality and
inner city, with the researcher opting instead to travel end-to-end between
terminals for a comprehensive understanding.

When conducting traffic volume counts, the study accounted for various public
vehicles such as traditional jeepneys, modernized jeepneys, buses, and UV
express vehicles. Each station had a distinct starting observation time, strategically
chosen based on the travel time required to reach the station.

Furthermore, in designing the routes, the researchers took into account the
length of the route as well as significant landmarks within specific areas or
barangays. This approach aimed to ensure that the routes were named in a
manner that accurately reflected the geographical features and destinations they
served.

1.6 Definition of Terms

Commuters -a passenger train that is ridden primarily by passengers who travel

regularly from one place to another job.

Jeepney-These vehicles show how innovative Filipinos are, by taking a beat up

piece of metal and transforming it into a work of transportation as well as art.

Jeepney Modernization – an initiative of the government to gradually phase out

old and poorly-maintained jeepneys and replace them with newer and safer ones.
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PUV Modernization Program – public utility vehicles (PUVs) that are at least 15
years old will gradually be phased out in favor of safer, more comfortable, and
environmentally friendly alternatives.

Licensed Plate Traffic Survey -The implementation of a computerized vehicle

registration system makes it economically feasible to conduct a surveying method
that records license plate information.

Local Public Transport Route Plan (LPTRP) – An illustration of the route

network, modes, and needed units for each mode for providing public land
transportation services prepared by the Local Government Units and approved by
the Department. This plan will act as the framework for a thorough local
transportation strategy.

Local Transport Master Plan (LTMP) – It relates land use to modes of transport
and provides traffic management measures.

Mobility-The Motability Scheme enables disabled people to lease a new Jeep

every 3 years by exchanging their weekly mobility allowance to run the vehicle.
You may be eligible if you receive either the following:

Modern Jeep- Traditional jeepneys face possible extinction with the full
implementation of the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP).

Passenger Load Count - measures the capacity utilization of public transport

services.

Public Transportation – includes buses, trains, subways, and other vehicles that
operate on regular routes and have predetermined fares.

PUJs- can help improve the quality of transportation services and enhance the
safety of passengers and drivers.

Speed Limit Speed limits on road traffic, as used in most countries, set the legal
maximum speed at which vehicles may travel on a given stretch of road.
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Registered Vehicles - Vehicle registration is one of the most important things for
all vehicle owners aside from having a valid driver’s license to be able to drive or
operate a particular vehicle on any major roads of the country.

Traffic Demand- Network is the number of vehicles traveling along each of the
road sections and making turns at the road junctions.

Transport-Operators- means any public or private entity that is responsible for

the maintenance and management of the transport service;

LTFRB – Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board is an agency of

the Republic of the Philippines under the Department of Transportation.

Travel Survey- The travel survey shall also be designed to serve as a database
for the design, implementation and monitoring of trip reduction programs.

Vehicle Speed -The vehicle’s speedometer may be used to measure speed of the
vehicle, but the instrument must be accurately calibrated.

Volume Count- Counting of the number of vehicles passing through a road over
a period of time. It is usually expressed in terms of Passenger Car Unit.

Routes – These are paths or courses taken to travel from one place to another.
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CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

As society advances over time, there’s a continuous progression

demanding a high-quality service to sustain functionality, particularly within the
transportation sector. Transportation remains integral in meeting societal demands
and supporting economic activities. In fact, the transportation system is a very
important means of supporting successful development of a country, especially in
supporting community economic activities and regional development (M. Solly
Lubis, 2009).

Transportation systems do not only facilitate the mobility of people and

goods. Their operational characteristics have a significant impact on quality of life,
economic growth, and land use. However, with global progress and the rapid rise
in population and vehicle numbers, the transportation sector faces challenges in
keeping pace with growing needs. Issues arise due to inadequate governance and
planning resulting to significant traffic congestion issues, negatively affecting the
nation’s economy and the welfare of society as a whole, especially noticeable in
developing countries. Notably, transportation sector is a source of a wide range of
persistent and intractable societal problems such as congestion, carbon emissions
and accident (Moradi & Vagnoni, 2018). Reforming the transportation sector must
therefore be a matter of great urgency. To address these challenges and sustain
overall national development, modernizing transportation system has become
essential.

Modernizing the mode of transportation system can eliminate isolation and

provide a stimulant towards development in all spheres of society, including
commerce, industry, and other sectors evenly in all regions. Modernizing public
transportation systems can result in increased economic productivity, job growth,
and greater efficiency. By increasing the efficiency of public transportation,
modernizing systems can reduce costs and improve services. (Vista Residence,
2023). Moreover, Modern public transport accommodates more passengers,
reducing space utilization and subsequently lowering greenhouse gas emissions
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resolving the sustainability issues. The Community’s economic activities will

develop if they have strong transportation network and accessible facilities.
Stimulating the process of interaction between regions to the most remote areas
so as to create equitable development, the study of transportation systems and
regional development has a wide and complex dimension of problems (E.
Herjanto, 2019). Furthermore, the modernization of the transportation mode
system is a business venture that aims to make a profit and on the other hand to
serve the needs of the community seen in the reality of life in everyday life (L.M.
Samryn, 2012) and contributing to the overall development of the country.

Particularly, A study conducted by Lanori and Supriyanto (2023) in

Indonesia concludes that the development of the modernization of the
transportation system has contributed greatly to the convenience of transportation
such as the availability of public vehicles, which used to take a long time to travel
but now only takes a few hours to arrive destination. They further stated that the
development of modern transportation in Indonesia is influenced by several factors
namely; economy, geography, politics, and technology. These factor encompass
government regulations, integrated management, policies from central and
regional authorities, and active engagement, and economical transportation
systems. Additionally, the success of modernizing transportation heavily relies on
user demand, making it more pivotal aspect shaping the modern transportation
system among the community.

Public utility vehicles, or PUVs, are the main mode of transportation for the
majority of Filipinos, who travel within and beyond the country. Despite the fact that
some people in the Philippines may have their own cars, a substantial percentage
of people commute. Public Utility Vehicles, or PUVs, such as cars, tricycles,
motorbikes, boats, airplanes, and even jeepneys, are the go-to form of
transportation for the majority of Filipinos.

The PUV Modernization Program is focused on achieving an array of UN-

established sustainable development objectives (SDGs). The program specifically
aims to achieve SDGs 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure with the target of
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establishing efficient transportation services, generating employment and wealth,

and driving economic development, SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities
with the target of granting access to safe, affordable, accessible, and sustainable
transport systems for all, and SDG 13 - Climate Action with the target of taking
immediate action to combat climate change (UNDP, 2017).

As mentioned earlier, the goal of PUV modernization is to provide

Philippines citizens with safe, environmentally friendly, high-quality public
transportation services. To do so, the PUVMP’s ten component have been set up
not only to transform public transport fleet to be cleaner and low emitting, but also
organize and consolidate operators that competed for and in routes (DOTr, 2016).
This includes institutionalizing LPTRP manual. The LPTRP manual is a
comprehensive document that serves as a guideline for the planning,
development, and management of public transport routes in the country.
Additionally, it provides a systematic approach to route planning, considering
factors such as population density, travel demand, land use patterns, and existing
infrastructure.

As the manual offers guidance on identifying key origin-destination pairs,

determining optimal route alignments, and establishing appropriate service level
to satisfy the needs of commuters. For that reason, it would be a quite beneficial
in assessing the impact of PUVMP. One of the key advantages of modernized
PUJs is their ability to carry a large number of passengers, making them efficient
mode of transportation, especially during peak hours. In fact, most modern
jeepneys are shorter in length than traditional jeepneys but would still fit more
people in (Dogelio, 2023). This helps reduce traffic congestion and promotes
sustainable urban mobility by accommodating multiple passengers in a single trip.
Thus, facilitating LPTRP manual as a basis to fully comprehend the impact of the
PUVMP, understanding of traffic volume count, passenger load count, and license
plate survey would be great in analyzing the data and achieving the desired output.

According to Westerman 2018, In Manila, there is a significant resistance

movement fighting to preserve the jeepney, a well-liked mode of public
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transportation. The government's proposal to update outdated jeepneys and

replace them with newer, more environmentally friendly versions is being resisted
by George San Mateo, 51, who is leading the charge. Between 180,000 and
270,000 franchised jeepneys, with 75,000 just in Metro Manila, are thought to be
on the road throughout the Philippines. Jeepneys are the most widely used form
of transportation in the nation, carrying millions of people to and from work each
day. They are the least expensive choice; rides typically cost 8 PA GE 10 Filipino
pisos, or about 16 cents. For two days of work, drivers and operators make
between 500 and 600 pesos, or roughly $11. The new model that the government
plans to buy will set them back between $30,000 and $35,000, or 1.6 million and
1.8 million pesos. San Mateo issues a warning that commuters will bear the price
of operating and maintaining these more recent types.

In the Philippines, jeepneys have been in use for almost 80 years. It should
come as no surprise that these cars have established themselves as national
symbols and cultural icons that represent creativity( Manila Bulletin,2023). Agaton
et al. 2019's case study intends to assist transportation companies in choosing
between the upgraded diesel jeepney and the fleet of electric jeepneys when
making investment decisions. It recommends government actions to raise
subsidies and base prices, set up public charging stations, and keep up efforts to
rely on cleaner, less expensive, and renewable sources of electricity. It uses the
real options technique to analyze option values and optimal investment strategies.
The study by Herrera et al 2001 looks at the COVID19 pandemic, the implications
of the PUVMP on jeepney operations, and the future of GenSan's public
transportation. SafeTravelPH was made available through a research collaboration
in order to collect daily vehicle monitoring data from participating jeepney
operators. Findings demonstrate that numerous modernization expenses were
ignored when the PUVMP was created, which has only made matters worse by
the COVID19 pandemic and there is a necessity of policy changes, which should
be supported by innovative studies. More than P753 million in loans have been
rendered available by the Development PA GE 10 Bank of the Philippines (DBP)
to assist cooperatives and transportation companies in purchasing cutting-edge
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jeepney units. The Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) of the
National Government was the inspiration behind the Bank's Program Assistance
to Support Alternative Driving Approaches (DBP PASADA) program, which was
created in 2017. The DBP PASADA Financing Program is a unique loan financing
option offered to businesses and cooperatives that have been registered with the
Office of Transportation Cooperatives, are taking part in the PUVMP, and are
eligible to receive franchises from the Land Transportation Franchising and
Regulatory Board (Development Bank of the Philippines, 2023).

A cooperative established in Cebu known as People's Jeep announced that

starting in 2019, it will send 200 more modern jeepneys to the Visayas. At least 70
of the initial 60 brand-new units will be stationed in Bacolod City, Negros
Occidental, by January 2023. Quevedo urged the government to expedite the
execution of the public transportation modernization initiative because their rivals
are traditional jeepneys with more expensive fares (Inquirer.net,2023) As stated of
Open Gov Asia 2022, Although the e-jeepney provides benefits like low-carbon
electric vehicle technology and production standards, standardization of common
parts and components is crucial to reduce costs, maintain safety, and ensure
reliability. A speedier transition to a circular economy depends on digital
transformation.
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

The study utilized qualitative research methods and objectively used

engineering judgment to assess the impact of modernizing public utility jeepneys
on the mobility of Municipality of Asturias - Municipality Balamban and Toledo City,
Cebu. The researchers assessed how many jeepneys passed, were phased out,
new routes that were opened due to modernized jeepneys, and how many
modernized jeepneys were needed in Municipality of Asturias - Municipality
Balamban and Toledo City, Cebu. Moreover, the researchers employed an actual
observation approach in which adopted assessment surveys were utilized. The
information that was gathered on the impact of modernized public utility jeepneys
on mobility was used to determine what steps should be taken to understand the
impact of modernized public utility jeepneys on the mobility of Municipality of
Asturias - Municipality Balamban and Toledo City, Cebu.

3.2 Research Environment

The study took place in Toledo City, Municipality of Balamban, and Asturias,
one of Cebu’s provinces.

Toledo, a coastal city in Cebu has a land area of 216.28 square kilometers,
and a population density of 959 people per square kilometer.
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Balamban, a coastal municipality in Cebu has a land area of 333.56 square

kilometers and a population density of 285 people per square kilometer, or 739
people per square mile.
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Asturias, a coastal municipality in Cebu has a land area of 190.45 square

kilometers, and population density of 291 people per square kilometer, or 753
people per square mile.
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3.3 Research Instrument

The two categories of research tools were primary and secondary

instruments. Primary research entailed empirical investigation gathered via
surveys. Primary research comprised first-hand inquiry acquired through surveys,
whereas secondary research compiled data from earlier studies
(SmartSurvey2023).

The researcher utilized both primary and secondary source documents in

that study. In qualitative research, the researcher's own participation in data
collection was the primary tool (Ary, 2010).The researcher performed the Traffic
volume count, Passenger load count, and Licensed Plate Traffic Survey and traffic
demand forecasting was determined . Nevertheless, the researcher also used
documents as a secondary instrument and further understand the phenomena
being studied because the researcher collected, analyzed, and acquired
information from the Local Public Transportation Route Plan (LPTRP) manual.

Lastly, researchers utilized Google Earth, Quantum Geographic Information

System (QGIS), and Microsoft Excel in consolidating all the data.

3.4 Research Procedure

In the gathering of the data, the researchers submitted formal request letters
to the LFTRB offices in the municipalities of Balamban, Asturias, and Toledo City,
for the acquisition of data needed for the study. The following data to be acquired
were the quantity of registered public transportation vehicles, the number of
phased-out traditional jeeps or replaced through modernization, as well as the
identification of routes that had been added or replaced between the years 2022
and 2023.

The researchers conducted a traffic volume count with three different

stations (Station 1: Poblacion Toledo City; Station 2: Pondol, Balamban; Station
3: Asturias (Poblacion)), passenger load count, and licensed plate traffic survey
following the guidelines in the Department of Transportation’s Land Public
Transportation Route Plan (LPTRP) manual. These surveys were carried out at
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strategic locations. Relevant information was being collected on public

transportation usage, the researchers selected survey stations in areas where
commuters were likely to have specific destinations during the service period of
6:00 am to 8:00 pm. The LPTRP manual included survey forms that were used to
record important information, such as the time of passing, vehicle license plates,
passenger seating capacity, and passenger load of the public transport vehicle
observed at each survey station. Furthermore, the researchers produced video
documentation or requested recorded CCTV footage from nearby establishments
located near strategic survey locations to augment the data collection process and
ensure accuracy and provide visual evidence that could enhance the reliability and
comprehensiveness of the study. Lastly, the data collected from the survey
underwent a comprehensive analysis using the LPTRP approach.
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CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, & INTERPRETATION OF DATA

In this chapter, we took a look at the data gathered from instruments used
in the study and discussed how they supported the statement of the problem. The
data collected were the results of the following:

4.1 Existing Condition of Public Transportation

The national highway connecting Asturias, Balamban, and Toledo City

serves as an essential component for population mobility specifically within those
areas. This roadway operates various routes that either transverse or along within
the boundary. Among these routes, Toledo -Asturias via Balamban covers a
distance of 39.2km, stretching from downtown of Toledo to the periphery of
Asturias. This route was recently established recently following the introduction
of MPUJs. Parallel to this new route is the Toledo-Balamban routes, spanning
18km, which has been in existence prior to the introduction of MPUJs.

Figure 1. Recently Implemented Transportation Routes (Source: Google Earth)

 20

As described in the following table, the provided data predominantly focuses

on intercity transportation units across various routes. Traditional PUJs, MPUJs,
PUBs, and UVs outnumber units serving intra-city routes. The UV category has
the most permitted units, totaling 159. This mode includes routes such as Asturias-
Cebu city, Balamban-Cebu City, and Toledo City-Cebu City, all of which have a
significant presence on the intercity network. The mode with the fewest units is
intra-city conventional PUJ, which is represented by a single route- Toledo City-
Cantabaco and only one approved unit. This huge differences indicates a greater
emphasis on easing mobility between cities compared to the city commuting within
the area.

Table 1. Number of Authorized PUVs Plying Balamban, Asturias, and Toledo City.

Number of Authorized Units

Route Name (Intercity Routes)
(NAU)
Traditional PUJ
Asturias-Pinamungahan 1
Balamban-Lutopan via Toledo City 2
Balamban-Naga 1
Balamban-Pinamungahan via Toledo
4
City
Balamban-Pinamungajan 4
Balamban-Toledo 7
Balamban-Toledo via Pinamungahan 2
Balamban-Toledo-Tabunok & Vice
1
Versa
Naga-Toledo City 6
Naga-Toledo City via Lutopan 3
Naga-Toledo via Balamban 1
Toledo City-Aloguinsan via
10
Pinamungahan
 21

Toledo City-Balamban 5
Toledo City-Naga Cebu 3
Toledo City-Naga via Lutopan 2
Toledo-Tabunok 2
Modern PUJ
Toledo – Balamban 5
Toledo- Asturias via Balamban 9
PUB
Balamban-Toledo 14
Toledo City-Aloguinsan via
4
Pinamungajan
Balamban-Cebu City 24
Cebu City-Asturias via Toledo City 15
Cebu City-Toledo City 5
UV
Asturias-Cebu City 6
Asturias-Cebu City (AYALA) and Vice
1
Versa
Balamban-Cebu City & Vice Versa 53
Cebu City-Asturias Via Balamban 4
Cebu City-Balamban via Toledo 2
Cebu City-Toledo City Via Lutopan 3
Toledo City-Cebu City 90
Toledo City-Cebu City(CITILINK) &
1
VV
Number of Authorized Units
Route Name (Intra-city Routes)
(NAU)
Traditional PUJ
Toledo City-Cantabaco 1
 22

TRAFFIC VOLUME

Table 2. Traffic Volume flow at Toledo Station

TOLEDO
PUJ MPUJ BUS UV
25 40 0 0
22 39 0 0
21 38 0 0
29 40 0 0
21 42 0 0
24 38 0 0
20 39 0 0
23.1 39.4 0.0 0.0

TOTAL VEHICLES IN TOLEDO

39.4

23.1

0.0 0.0

PUJ MPUJ BUS UV

Figure 2. Number of Vehicles Traffic at Toledo Station

Based on the data, the MPUJ has the highest numbers of vehicles while the
bus and the UV express have the lowest number of vehicles since our station of
getting the data is near where the MPUJ terminal located.
 23

Table 3. Traffic Volume flow at Balamban Station

BALAMBAN
PUJ MPUJ BUS UV
11 42 38 26
13 41 35 28
14 38 34 30
11 40 31 32
15 42 36 27
16 38 32 33
12 39 31 31
13.1 40.0 33.9 29.6

TOTAL VEHICLES IN BALAMBAN

40.0

35.0

30.0
25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
PUJ MPUJ BUS UV

Figure 3. Number of Vehicles Traffic at Balamban Station

Based on the data above, the MPUJ has the highest numbers of vehicles
while the PUJ has the lowest number of vehicles because there are a lot of busses
and UV Express that passes our station where we gather the data.
 24

Table 4. Traffic Volume flow at Asturias

ASTURIAS
PUJ MPUJ BUS UV
39 28 0
41 25 0
38 27 0
40 27 0
42 34 0
38 30 0
37 38 0
39.3 29.9 0.0

TOTAL VEHICLES IN ASTURIAS

40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
PUJ MPUJ BUS UV

Figure 4. Number of Vehicles Traffic at Asturias Station

Based on the data above, the MPUJ has the highest numbers of vehicles
while the PUJ and UV Express has the lowest number of vehicles because based
on the passengers in Municipality of Asturias that the PUJ is only in the Balamban
and in UV Express, we didn’t get the data because our station is farther away than
the UV Express terminal.

Table 5. Average Vehicle Count across 3 areas

AVERAGE NUMBER OF VEHICLES IN 3 MUNICIPALITIES

PUJ MPUJ BUS UV
18.1 39.6 21.2 9.9
 25

TOTAL AVERAGE NUMBERS OF VEHICLES

PUJ MPUJ BUS UV

Figure 5. Total Average Vehicle count

Based on the gathered data, above is the average of vehicles in seven days
that passes within the three municipalities. The MPUJ has the an average of 39.6
vehicles within a week and it has the highest number of vehicles while the UV
Express has the lowest number of vehicles within a week which has an average of
9.9 vehicles.

Passenger Demand

Table 6. Tabulation of Passenger Demand

AVERAGE
TYPE OF
NUMBER OF SEATING CAPACITY TOTAL
VEHICLE
VECHICLES
PUJ 18.1 16 289.6
MPUJ 39.6 26 1029.6
BUS 21.2 30 636
UV 9.9 16 158.4
2113.6

Based on the table, the calculated total passenger demand is 2,113.6

passengers within the route of the three municipalities. The result was calculated
by getting the total average number of vehicles multiplied by each designated
seating capacity.
 26

License Plate

Table 7. Presents the number of trip for very unit Routing to Toledo City-
Municipality of Balamban and Vice Versa

PLATE NUMBER OF TRIPS PER DAY

NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
NIE336 2 1 1 3 2 2 3
NID1717 3 3 3 2 3 3 3
NIE3379 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
NIE3335 3 2 2 2 3 3 3
NID1314 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
NIE3367 4 4 4 3 3 3 3
NID1318 4 4 4 3 3 3 3
NID1709 4 4 3 4 3 3 3
NID1315 3 3 3 4 3 3 3

Most vehicles, such as NIE336, NID1717, NIE3379, NIE3335, NID1314,

NIE3367, NID1318, and NID1315, consistently made three trips per day on
average throughout the week. However, variations were observed; for instance,
NID1318 and NID1709 made four to five trips on certain days, deviating from their
usual pattern of three trips per day. Similarly, NID1709 had a notable drop in trips
on the seventh day compared to previous days. Overall, while most vehicles
maintained a consistent daily trip count, some displayed fluctuations, indicating
potential schedule changes or specific fluctuations in demand on certain days

Table 8. Presents the number of trip for very unit Routing to Toledo City-
Municipality of Asturias Via Balamban

PLATE NUMBER OF TRIPS PER DAY

NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
NIE336 2 1 1 3 2 2 3
NID1717 3 3 3 2 3 3 3
 27

NIE3379 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
NIE3335 3 2 2 2 3 3 3
NID1314 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
NIE3367 4 4 4 3 3 3 3
NID1318 4 4 4 3 3 3 3
NID1709 4 4 3 4 3 3 3
NID1315 3 3 3 4 3 3 3

The vehicles with plate numbers NIK1711, NIK1710, NIK1709, NIK1713,

NIK1708, NIK1707, NIK1715, NIK1720, and NID1308 made consistent trips over
the seven days. Most of them had a mix of two to three trips per day across the
entire week.Plate numbers NIK1711, NIK1713, NIK1708, and NIK1707 had one
day with a higher number of trips (four trips) compared to the rest of the days.
Plate number NIK1720 had a variation in the number of trips on the seventh
day compared to the other days, having only two trips on that day.
Overall, the vehicles seem to maintain a relatively consistent number of trips
throughout the week, with occasional variations on specific days for certain
vehicles.

Graph 1. Average daily number of passengers for the seven days that the Toledo
City terminal and stations, as well as the municipalities of Balamban and Asturias.
Number of Passenger Per Day
DAY OF THE
5:00 AM – 9:00 AM- 12:00 PM- 4:00 PM-
WEEK
8:00 AM 11:00 AM 03:00 PM 6:00 PM
Day 1 23.375 14.67 14.125 27.375
Day 2 22.625 14.67 13.125 24.625
Day 3 22.75 17.6 12.875 23
Day 4 23.5 17 14.375 24.75
Day 5 18.625 11 13.625 22.75
Day 6 17.75 12 12.875 11.5
Day 7 16.875 12.167 11.5 21.875
Average: 20.78 14.158 13.21 22.26
 28

On the first day, there was a robust start with an average of 25.375
passengers from 5:00 am to 8:00 am, followed by a decline to 19 passengers from
9:00 am to 11:00 am. The midday period remained relatively steady at 21.5
passengers from 12:00 pm to 3:00 pm, but there was a significant drop to 6
passengers from 4:00 pm to 6:00 pm, indicating decreased late afternoon
traffic.The second day averaged 22.625 passengers overall, with varying counts
across different time frames but no prominent peaks or declines. Meanwhile, the
third day sustained consistency at 22.75 passengers in the early morning and
throughout the afternoon, showing stability across those periods. Day four
experienced a peak of 23.5 passengers early in the morning, followed by
fluctuating counts in subsequent time frames. Day five started at 18.625
passengers, marking a slightly lower morning count compared to previous days,
and maintained a consistent decline throughout the day. Day six began at 17.75
passengers, indicating a continued decrease in the morning count, and followed
familiar patterns throughout the day. Finally, day seven commenced with 16.875
passengers, reflecting a further dip in the early morning count. The mid-morning
saw a rise to 12.167 passengers, maintaining consistency at 11.5 passengers at
midday, and settled at 21.875 passengers in the late afternoon. These fluctuations
portrayed a consistent trend of varying passenger counts across the different time
slots over the course of the week.

Figure 6. Average amount of time spent waiting for a modern jeepney at the
terminal upon arrival and before it departs for the next trip.
 29

The amount of time it takes to go from Toledo City to the Municipality of

Balamban and from Toledo City to the Municipality of Asturias via Balamban is
another metric that the researchers take while collecting data. The following data
are as follows.

Table 9. Travel Time from Origin to Destination

Route Name Duration of Travel

Toledo to Balamban 55 minutes -65 minutes
Balamban to Asturias 35 minutes -45 minutes
1 hour and 35 minutes- 1 hour and 45
Toledo to Asturias via Balamban
minutes

Considering the gathered data above the average waiting time was
calculated. On the first the day, the average waiting time with varying times are
as follows 60 minutes from 5:00 am to 7:00 am, 60 minutes from 8:00 am to 10:00
am, 60 minutes from 11:000 am to 01:00 pm, and 70 minutes from 2:00 pm to
4:00 pm.

On the second the day, the average waiting time with varying times are as follows
45 minutes from 5:00 am to 7:00 am, 60 minutes from 8:00 am to 10:00 am, 60
minutes from 11:000 am to 01:00 pm, and 75 minutes from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm.

On the third the day, the average waiting time with varying times are as follows 85
minutes from 5:00 am to 7:00 am, 95 minutes from 8:00 am to 10:00 am, 75
minutes from 11:000 am to 01:00 pm, and 45 minutes from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm.

On the fourth the day, the average waiting time with varying times are as follows
70 minutes from 5:00 am to 7:00 am, 100 minutes from 8:00 am to 10:00 am, 95
minutes from 11:000 am to 01:00 pm, and 45 minutes from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm.

On the fifth the day, the average waiting time with varying times are as follows 90
minutes from 5:00 am to 7:00 am, 120 minutes from 8:00 am to 10:00 am, 95
minutes from 11:000 am to 01:00 pm, and 70 minutes from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm.
 30

On the sixth the day, the average waiting time with varying times are as follows
90 minutes from 5:00 am to 7:00 am, 75 minutes from 8:00 am to 10:00 am, 90
minutes from 11:000 am to 01:00 pm, and 75 minutes from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm.

On the seventh the day, the average waiting time with varying times
are as follows 75 minutes from 5:00 am to 7:00 am, 80 minutes from
8:00 am to 10:00 am, 90 minutes from 11:000 am to 01:00 pm, and 90
minutes from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm.

Boarding and Alighting

Boarding and Alighting

100 94 95
82
80 70 73 69
63
56
60
37
40 29 30 28
26 26
20

0
Toledo Luray II- Calong-calong Balamban Baliwagan - Asturias Looc Norte -
Talavera - Aliwanay (Poblacion) Owak New Bago

Boarding Alighting

Figure 7. Boarding and Alighting

Figure 7 is the graphical representation of the average boarding and

alighting across seven consecutive days for a single round trip, the area with the
highest boarding activity appears to be the Calong-calong to Aliwanay segment,
which recorded a significant boarding count of 94 passengers. In contrast, the
segment with the largest alighting activity is Asturias, where 63 passenger
disembarked, indicating a notable trend of passengers leaving at this location. The
Toledo and Luray II- Talavera sectors, on the other hand, demonstrate a more
balanced flow of passengers, showcasing nearly equivalent boarding and alighting
numbers. These segments exhibit a relatively lower overall activity compared to
the aforementioned high traffic areas. Meanwhile, passenger activity on Balamban
and the Baliwagan-Owak segments is moderate, with alighting marginally
 31

outnumbering boarding. Furthermore, the Looc Norte-New Bago area has a high
alighting count, indicating a common tendency of passengers disembarking at
these stations.

Figure 8. Boarding and Alighting Survey Map

According to Figure 3, the station with the highest number of boarding is

Asturias (Poblacion), while Balamban (Poblacion) has the most alighting 73
passengers. Conversely, Luray I has the lowest boarding count with just 1
passenger, and San Roque and Calong-calong have the lowest alighting counts,
with only 1 passenger each. Furthermore, the stations showcase diverse
behaviors; some primarily facilitate boarding while others maintain a balance
between boarding and alighting. Overall, Balamban (Poblacion) emerges as an
important node, which shows almost equal amounts of people boarding and
alighting, suggesting the Balamban serves the transportation network’s main
center for transfer. Asturias follows closely, exhibits steady and significant
passenger engagement, emphasizing its significance as another key transit
location.

4.2 Decline in Traditional Public Utility Jeepneys

As per the LTFRB statistics as shown in Table 1.1 and the record in charge
stated, there is no evident phased-out of traditional PUJs. Contrary to a reduction,
the emphasis appears to be on the integration and addition of modern PUJs into
 32

the transportation systems. The mobilization of MPUJs expand the horizon of

transportation options among commuters as which the flagship program envision
fast, safe, and comfortable transportation service. However, the implementation of
the said program amped up competitions among public vehicle for passenger. This
surge in competition potentially poses challenges to the livelihood and income of
existing transport operators, particularly those operating traditional PUJs. The
simultaneous operation of traditional, modern PUJs and other public utility vehicle
such as PUBs and tricycle along shared routes could result in a redistribution of
passengers, leading to a subsequent decline in their daily earnings and poses a
significant challenge in managing traffic flow efficiently within these areas.

In addition, The Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board

(LTFRB) initially required individual operators of traditional jeepneys to join a
cooperative or corporation by December 31, 2023, to obtain provisional authority
for franchise. However, due to a transport strike in March, this deadline was
extended. Currently, an exact timeline for the complete phase-out of traditional
Jeepneys is yet to be determined.

4.3 Routes Modifications

According to the data provided by the LTFRB, the pre-existing route linking
Toledo to Balamban remains operational after the introduction of MPUJs.
Additionally, the newly established route from Toledo to Asturias via Balamban
spans a distance of 39.2 kilometers, extending from the Toledo City Public
Market to Baranggay New Bago in Asturias. It indicates an effort to extend
transportation access to more areas. This expansion could signify a push to
improve connectivity between these locations, potentially opening up new
opportunities for commuters, businesses, and local communities along this
route. Seeing how transportation networks change to meet new demands and
improve accessibility is commendable.
 33

Figure 9. Routes Modifications Map

The map illustrates the implementation timeline of MPUJs, categorizing them

based on their routes. Variations in colors signify the distinction between new and
old routes. Traditionally, jeepneys from Poblacion, Toledo City, to Poblacion,
Balamban, operate along the yellow line. Meanwhile, the added route in
turquoise blue aims to accommodate the increased number of modern jeepneys
traveling from Poblacion, Toledo City, to Santa Lucia, Asturias, via Balamban.

4.4 Increased Public Transportation Needs

- Utilization Rate (UR): No. of Units in Operation per Day =

14=0.875 Total Number of Proposed Units
16

- Number of Round Trips: Service Period

(NRT) Time to complete one-round trip from origin to

destination
= 14hrs =4.31 round trips
3.25hrs
 34

- Average Seating Capacity (ASC): 26

- Viable Load Factor = Gross Revenue = 6000

=0.43
(VLF) FxRxSc 15x35.8x26

- Gross Revenue= 6000

- Fare per seat, based on LTFRB’s rates (F)= 15
- Seating Capacity (Sc) = 26
- Route Length =35.8

Number of Units (NUn): PD = 2113.6 =56.67=57

URxVLFxASCxNRT 0.875x4.31x26x0.43

Additional Units= NUn-NUo=57-14= 43 additional Units

NUn- Required number of Units =57
NUo- Existing number of Units=14

The computation revealed a necessity for an additional allocation of 43

MPUJs units, which is an essential modification to accommodate the network’s
increased demand. By allocating these extra units, resources are distributed more
effectively and efficiently, exactly meeting the changing needs noted within the
scope of the analysis.
 35

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary of Findings

The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of Modernized Public Utility
Jeepneys (MPUJs) utilizing the matrices outlined in the Local Public Transport
Route Plan (LPTRP Manual). After the analysis of the gathered data, the following
findings are:

● The statistic reveals a diverse mix of registered public transportation

vehicles transversing the routes connecting Toledo to Asturias. Among these,
traditional PUJs and MPUJs account for a total of 28 vehicles, each equally
amounting to 14 registered units specifically passing through this corridor.
Moreover, alongside PUJs, a significant number of UVs total 61 units. Additionally,
a subset of FCs and PUBs provides 20 authorized vehicles.

● The traditional PUJ units operating on the Toledo-Balamban route have

remained unchanged, indicating no decrease in their numbers. In contrast, MPUJ
units have been introduced on these same routes, along with the establishment of
new routes, expanding the existing transportation options.

● The introduction of the MPUJ has not replaced existing routes but rather
introduced a new route from Toledo to Asturias via Balamban. Despite this addition,
the pre-existing route from Toledo to Balamban remains operational alongside the
newly established route.

● When it comes to passenger demands, the data reveals critical stations

along the route that experience significant boarding and alighting activities.
Balamban (Poblacion) emerges as a primary boarding point, with significant
passenger boardings, whereas Asturias (Poblacion) acts as a crucial alighting
destination. The area between Aliwanay and Balamban (Poblacion) has a
consistent flow of commuters, highlighting it as a significant transit corridor.
 36

5.2 Conclusion

In essence, the introduction of Modern Public Utility Jeepneys (MPUJs) has

significantly impacted the transportation landscape, presenting both challenges
and opportunities. The transition to MPUJs has expanded the transportation
network, introducing new routes while coexisting with traditional jeepneys. This
expansion diversifies transportation options, although it poses challenges such as
increased competition among operators and potential traffic management issues
due to the simultaneous operation of various vehicle types on shared routes.
Moreover, the shift to MPUJs brings advancements in safety, efficiency, and
environmental sustainability, notably reducing air pollutants and addressing
climate change concerns. However, while MPUJs offer these benefits, their higher
maintenance costs and relatively fewer numbers in targeted areas compared to
traditional jeepneys remain apparent. The coexistence of both modernized and
traditional jeepneys underscores the importance of balancing innovation,
regulation, and inclusivity in ensuring an efficient and accessible transportation
system for all.

5.3 Recommendation

Based on the findings, it's imperative to establish a comprehensive strategy that

maximizes the benefits of Modern Public Utility Jeepneys (MPUJs) while mitigating
their limitations. Here are some key recommendations for a robust transportation
system:

1. Inclusive Policy Framework: Develop policies that support the coexistence

of MPUJs and traditional jeepneys. This can involve phased modernization
programs to gradually integrate MPUJs while ensuring the sustainability of
traditional operators.
2. Infrastructure Investment: Invest in infrastructure development to support
the transition. This includes dedicated lanes, charging stations for electric
MPUJs, and efficient terminals to optimize routes.
3. Community Engagement and Training: Engage with local communities and
provide training programs for drivers and operators to adapt to modern
 37

technologies. Additionally, educating the public about the benefits of MPUJs

can encourage acceptance and usage.
4. When releasing the number of modern jeepneys to meet passenger
demand and provide convenience for those traveling from Toledo City,
Municipality of Balamban, and Municipality of Asturias, LATRANSCO or the
administration may take the anticipated amount of jeepneys into
consideration.
5. The following topics are recommended for further research:

a. Long-Term Socioeconomic Impact: Investigate the long-term

socioeconomic effects of the transition to MPUJs on traditional operators,
drivers, and commuters. This could include studying income changes,
employment patterns, and quality of life indicators.

b. Comparative Cost-Benefit Analysis: Conduct a comprehensive cost-

benefit analysis comparing the long-term financial implications
ofmaintaining traditional jeepneys versus investing in MPUJs. This
analysis should consider not only operational costs but also societal
benefits and externalities.

c. Navigating Challenges: Perceived Difficulties in Implementing the Anti-

Overloading Law in the Context of Modern Jeepneys. to investigate the
obstacles and complexities linked to enforcing the Anti-Overloading Law
within modern jeepneys, exploring the challenges faced by operators,
drivers, regulators, and commuters in adhering to these regulations in the
context of modernized public utility jeepneys.

d. User Preference and Behavior Analysis: Analyze commuter preferences,

behavior patterns, and satisfaction levels regarding MPUJs and traditional
jeepneys. Understanding user preferences can aid in optimizing route
planning and service delivery.
 38

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 40

https://www.eltis.org

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https://etrr.springeropen.com

APPENDIX A
 41

TRANSMITTAL LETTER
 42

APPENDIX B

TIMETABLE OF ACTIVITIES

WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
LIST OF
Oct Nov
ACTIVITIES Oct 1- Oct 8- Oct Octo Nov 5- Nov Nov
29- 25-
7 14 15-21 22-28 11 12-17 18-24
Nov 4 Dec1
TASK 1
Collecting of
data for
MPUJs, PUV
Express,
Traditional
jeepney.
Making a
survey
interview for
operators
and drivers
of the
jeepneys.
Printing of
letter signed
by Engr.
Pacana and
Engr.
Encabo.
TASK 2
Finalizing of
survey
questionnaire
and
scheduling of
individual
tasks.
Printing the
survey
questionnaire
for both
operators
and drivers,
lay-outing of
tag message
for driver’s
token and
conduct a
meeting.
TASK 3
Survey for
the operators
and drivers.
 43

Survey for
the
passengers.
TASK 4
Tabulating
the data.
Analyzing of
the data.
Finalizing of
the chapter 4
and 5.
 44

APPENDIX C

RESEARCH BUDGET

DESCRIPTION AMOUNT

Fare 3110
Food 2000
Survey Instrument 800
Manuscript 700
Honorarium 1000

TOTAL RESEARCH COST 7610

 45

APPENDIX D

TABLE AND GRAPHS

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
 59

Table 1.1 Number of Public Vehicles Passing through Toledo City, Municipality of
Balamban, and Municipality of Asturias after the Addition of Modern Jeepneys.
 60

LICENSE PLATE SURVEY

Table 3.1.1 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo – Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 12, 2023
 61

Table 3.1.2 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger
Load) Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Balamban- Toledo
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 12, 2023
 62

Table 3.1.3 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count ( Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo to Asturias Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 12, 2023
 63

Table 3.1.4 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count ( Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Asturias to Toledo Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 12, 2023
 64

Table 3.2.1 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo – Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 13, 2023
 65

Table 3.2.2 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger
Load) Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Balamban- Toledo
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 13, 2023
 66

Table 3.2.3 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo to Asturias Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 13, 2023
 67

Table 3.2. 4 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count ( Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Asturias to Toledo Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 13, 2023
 68

Table 3.3.1 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo – Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 14, 2023
 69

Table 3.3.2 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger
Load) Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Balamban- Toledo
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 14, 2023
 70

Table 3.3.3 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo to Asturias Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 14, 2023
 71

Table 3.3. 4 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count ( Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Asturias to Toledo Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 14, 2023
 72

Table 3.4.1 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo – Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 15, 2023
 73

Table 3.4.2 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger
Load) Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Balamban- Toledo
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 15, 2023
 74

Table 3.4.3 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo to Asturias Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 15, 2023
 75

Table 3.4. 4 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count ( Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Asturias to Toledo Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 15, 2023
 76

Table 3.5.1 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo – Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 16, 2023
 77

Table 3.5.2 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger
Load) Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Balamban- Toledo
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 16, 2023
 78

Table 3.5.3 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo to Asturias Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 16, 2023
 79

Table 3.5. 4 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count ( Passenger Load)
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Asturias to Toledo Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 16, 2023
 80

Table 3.6.1 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load
) Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo – Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 17, 2023
 81

Table 3.6.2 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load
) Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Balamban- Toledo
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 17, 2023
 82

Table 3.6.3 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load
) Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo to Asturias Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 17, 2023
 83

Table 3.6. 4 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count ( Passenger Load
) Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Asturias to Toledo Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 17, 2023
 84

Table 3.71 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load )
Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo – Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 18, 2023
 85

Table 3.7.2 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load
) Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Balamban- Toledo
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 18, 2023
 86

Table 3.7.3 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count (Passenger Load
) Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo to Asturias Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 18, 2023
 87

Table 3.7. 4 Presents the License Plate and Occupancy Count ( Passenger Load
) Survey Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Asturias to Toledo Via Balamban
Public Transport Mode: Modern Jeepney
Date of Survey: October 18, 2023
 88

TOLEDO
 89

BALAMBAN
 90

ASTURIAS
 91

TOLEDO
 92

BALAMBAN
 93

ASTURIAS
 94

TOLEDO
 95

BALAMBAN
 96

ASTURIAS
 97

TOLEDO
 98

BALAMBAN
 99

ASTURIAS
 100

TOLEDO
 101

BALAMBAN
 102

ASTURIAS
 103

TOLEDO
 104

BALAMBAN
 105

ASTURIAS
 106

TOLEDO
 107

BALAMBAN
 108

ASTURIAS
 109

APPENDIX E

DOCUMENTATION

Figure 10. Data request processing at LTFRB

Figure 11. Consultation and Advisory

 110

Figure 12. License plate assessment at three distinct stations, namely Toledo,
Balamban, and Asturias, for the prior seven days of observation

Figure 13. Boarding and Alighting survey

 111

Figure 14. Traffic volume count survey at three specific stations, for the prior seven
days of observation
 112

APPENDIX G

SURVEY FORM

Boarding and Alighting Survey

Department of Transportation (DOTr)
Route Name: Toledo-Balamban-Austrias
Plate No: Date:
 113

Boarding and Alighting Survey

Department of Transportation (DOTr)

Route Name: Austrias-Balamban-Toledo

Plate No: Date:
 114

LICENSE PLATE SURVEY

Route Name:
Public Transport Mode:
Date of Survey:
 115

APPENDIX H

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME : DEISON P. APAT

Address: San Isidro, San Francisco,
Camotes, Cebu
Contact Number: 095-382-9385
Email address: deisonapat8@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 22

Date of Birth : December 18,2000

Gender : Male

Nationality : Filipino

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Seventh-Day Adventist

EDUCATIONAL
BACKGROUND

Tertiary Cebu Institute of Technology- University N.

Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, Cebu (2019-
Present

Senior High School Camotes National High School Southern

Pob., San Francisco, Cebu (2017-2019)

Junior High School Campillo Progressive School Inc. Western

Pob., San Francisco, Cebu (2013-2017)

Elementary San Isidro Elementary School

San Isidro, San Francisco, Cebu
(2006-2013)
 116

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME : GENEVIEVE B. CABANILLA

Address:Carmen
, Toledo City
Contact Number:
09452710213
Email address: genevievecabanilla187@gmail

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 22

Date of Birth : April 14, 2001

Gender : Female

Nationality : Filipino

Civil Status : Single

Religion :Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL
BACKGROUND

Tertiary Cebu Institute of Technology-University N. Bacalso

Avenue, Cebu City, Cebu (2019- Present

Senior High Toledo National Vocational School Technical-

School
Ilihan, Toledo City, Cebu (2017-
2019

Junior High Toledo National Vocational School

School
(2013-2017)

Elementary Carmen Elementary School

Carmen Toledo City Cebu (2007-
2013)
 117

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME : DOMINIC STEVEN O. MIRAMON

Address: Tayud West-
Binabag,Consolacion,Cebu
Contact Number: 09154867182
Email address: madgrasses@gmail

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 23

Date of Birth : November 24, 1999

Gender : Male

Nationality : Filipino

Civil Status : Single

Religion :Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL
BACKGROUND
Cebu Institute of Technology-University
Tertiary
N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, Cebu (2019-
Present

Senior High University of Cebu Lapu-lapu and Mandaue

School
Fortuna,Mandaue,Cebu (2016-2018)

Junior High Tayud National Highschool Tayud,

School Consolacion, Cebu (2012-2016)

Elementary St Clare Learning Center Tayud

Consolacion Cebu (2006-2012)
 118

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME : MART RENZO RAVELO

Address: Purok Sunflower, Mohon,
Talisay City, Cebu
Contact Number: 09123900475
Email address: martrenzo.ravelo1001@gmail

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 22

Date of Birth : October 28, 2000

Gender : Male

Nationality : Filipino

Civil Status : Single

Religion :Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL
BACKGROUND
Cebu Institute of Technology-University
Tertiary
N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, Cebu (2019-
Present
Senior High Saint Paul University Surigao Science,
School San Nicholas Street, Surigao City, 8400
(2017-2019)
Surigao State College of Technology- Del Carmen
Junior High
Campus Brgy. Del Carmen, Surigao del Norte
School
(2013-2017)

Elementary Numancia Central Elementary School Brgy.

Poblacion, Del Carmen, Surigao del Norte
(2007-2013)
 119

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME : REGINE F. SUMALPONG

Address: Upper Mangga Village,
Consolacion, Cebu
Contact Number: 09070683892
Email address: regineflores2000@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 22

Date of Birth : October 11, 2000

Gender : Female

Nationality : Filipino

Civil Status : Single

Religion :Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Cebu Institute of Technology-University

N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, Cebu
(2019- Present

University of Cebu-Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue

Senior High School
A.C. Cortes Avenue, Looc. Mandaue City, Cebu,
(2019)

Junior High School Manila Science High School

Taft Avenue, corner Padre Faura St,
Ermita, Manila, 1000
(2017)

Elementary Jugan Elementary School Consolcion,

Cebu
(2013)
 120

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME : VERNADITH F. WASAWAS

Address: Tanibag,Pinamujahan
Cebu City
Contact Number: 09917427905
Email address: vernadithw@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 23

Date of Birth : November 13, 1999

Gender : Female

Nationality : Filipino

Civil Status : Single

Religion :Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Cebu Institute of Technology-University

N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, Cebu
(2019- Present
Awihao National High School TVL Strand
Senior High School
(2019)
Junior High School Awihao National High School Awihao Toledo
Cebu City 2013-2019

Elementary Tanibag Elementary School Tanibag

Pinamungajan Cebu 2007 -2013