Editorial

The Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary

(Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu) has been one of the major field
research stations of the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS).
Identified in 1962 as an area of high significance in conservation of
birds by the late Dr. Salim Ali, its avifauna (and other wildlife) has
been extensively documented and monitored under various projects of
the BNHS, most of them funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Large scale bird banding operations were carried out under some of
these projects, and to date, about a lakh (1,00,000) birds have been
ringed from the Sanctuary area by the BNHS. These, and other
studies, have generated an enormous amount of data on the avifauna of
the Sanctuary, and helped trace the migration routes of the wintering
migrants from the Palearctic region into the Indian subcontinent.
Besides the BNHS, the AVC College, Mayiladuthurai, which offers a
wildlife biology course, has been using Point Calimere as its field base
for many postgraduate students. The Great Vedaranyam Swamp,
which forms part of the Sanctuary, was the site for some doctoral
studies of the Centre for Advanced Studies in Marine Biology,
Parangipettai (Porto Nova), attached to the Annamalai University.
This has made Point Calimere one of the most well documented
wildlife sanctuaries in India.

This issue of Buceros describes the salient features of Point

Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary, discusses some of the findings
of the research projects and dwells on the problems that confront the
Sanctuary and the Forest Department. Additionally, it lists the
publications that have appeared on the Sanctuary. This issue has been
prepared on the lines of an earlier issue (Vol. 2, No. 3) on another
important field station of the BNHS, the Keoladeo National Park,
Bharatpur, Rajasthan.
 POINT CALIMERE WILDLIFE AND BIRD SANCTUARY

INTRODUCTION

The Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary is situated on a low

promontory on the Coromandel Coast in Nagapattinam district, Tamil
Nadu. The Sanctuary forms one of the seaward apexes of the Cauvery
river delta. Point Calimere or Kodikkarai (10° 18' N; 79° 51' E), the
headquarters of the Sanctuary, was connected by a branch line of the
Southern Railway from 1936, but the train service was discontinued in
1986. It is now accessible only by road from Vedaranyam (11km).

Point Calimere is associated with Hindu religion and mythology.

The forests of Point Calimere, earlier known the Vedaranyam forests, mean
forests (aranyam) of the Vedas (sacred text of the Hindus). Legend says
that Lord Rama visited it enroute to Lanka (Sri Lanka). Ramarpatham
(meaning Rama’s feet in Tamil), the highest point (4 m above msl) of the
Sanctuary, has two foot impressions on a stone slab, and is supposed to be
the place from where Rama stood and reconnoitred Ravana’s kingdom in
Sri Lanka (48 km away). On realising that Point Calimere faced the rear of
Ravana’s fort, he proceeded to Rameswaram, to observe the propriety of a
frontal attack.

In 1967, the forests of Point Calimere with an area of 24.17 km2,

was declared the Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. In 1988, a proposal
was sent to the Tamil Nadu Government to extend the area of the Sanctuary
to include the Great Vedaranyam Swamp and the Talaignayar Reserve
Forest (Fig. 1). The new Sanctuary, with a total area of 377 km2, will bear
the name Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SANCTUARY

Climate
The climate of the area is monsoonal, but it is not typical of
monsoonal climates due to its asymmetrical rainfall regimes. The main
contribution to the rainfall is from the Northeast Monsoon, and to a lesser
degree, the Southwest Monsoon. The average rainfall ranges from 1000-
1500 mm. The highest temperature (34°C) is recorded in May, and the
minimum (25°C) in January and February. Relative humidity remains high
throughout the year due to coastal influence. Strong winds are prevalent
during certain months, especially in May and June.

Physical Features
The Sanctuary may be divided into three divisions: the Tropical
Dry Evergreen Forest at Point Calimere (24.2 km2), the Great Vedaranyam
Swamp (349 km2), and the mangrove forests of Talaignayar Reserve Forest
(12.4 km2) − see map.
The northern boundary of the Point Calimere forest starts about six
kilometres south of Vedaranyam and extends further south for about 4 km
till the Palk Strait. It is bounded on the east by the Bay of Bengal and the
Great Vedaranyam Swamp on the west. The forest is not continuous but
interrupted by many tidal inlets and creeks of varying lengths and widths,
which are flooded during the monsoon and in May and June with the
coming of the westerly winds. The forest is classified as a Tropical Dry
Evergreen Forest. It harbours many species of medicinal plants, which find
use in the Indian systems of medicine. There are also broken stretches of
open grazing lands, especially at the southern and western portions;
mangroves along the Muniappan lake and near the the lighthouse; and dune
vegetation on the coast. There are two villages, Kodikkarai and
Kodikkadu, at the south-western outskirts of the forest. The major
occupations of the locals are fishing and tobacco cultivation.

The Great Vedaranyam Swamp (GVS) comes under the category of

‘bar-built’ estuaries and is estimated to be around 2000 years old (Tissot
1987). The GVS lies parallel to the Palk Strait and is separated from it by a
sand bank, breached at a few places. Five irrigation channels connected to
the River Cauvery empty into the Swamp. The GVS is flanked on the
northern boundary by a number of villages. The habitat of the Swamp is
varied. It has a mangrove lined lagoon (Mullipalam Lagoon) in about one-
third of its western portion. The other two-thirds is a continuous sheet of
shallow, fresh/brackish/saline (depending on the season) water during the
monsoon and during the period of the south westerly winds (May and
June). At other times, the waterspread dries up, creating mudflats, and
during very dry periods, there is water only in the Seruthalaikkadu Creek.
The GVS has a number of uninhabited islets, which are now predominantly
covered by the exotic Prosopis juliflora.

The Talaignayar Reserve Forest, which is not contiguous with Point

Calimere Forests and the Great Vedaranyam Swamp, is approximately 18
km north of Point Calimere. It is situated near the estuary of the River
Adappar, which flows into the Bay of Bengal near Kallimedu. The region
has characteristic salt-marsh vegetation − see Sebastine and Ellis (1967) for
details.

WILDLIFE

Most of the accounts of the wildlife in the Sanctuary given below

pertain to the forest and the area of the Great Vedaranyam Swamp around
Point Calimere. These areas have been more in focus by researchers,
tourists and the Forest Department than the western portion of the Swamp
and the Talaignayar Reserve Forest.

Mammals: Eighteen species of mammals have been reported from the

Sanctuary. The larger mammals are the Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra,
Spotted Deer Axis axis, Wild Boar Sus scrofa and Jackal Canis aureus. The
Spotted Deer, and the Bonnet Macaque Macaca radiata, were introduced
into the Sanctuary in 1965. The other major mammals are Jungle Cat Felis
chaus, Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica, Toddy Cat Paradoxurus
hermaphroditus and Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis. The Common
Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi and the Three-striped Palm Squirrel
Funambulus palmarum are seen both in the forest and the villages. The
Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus roosts in large flocks on trees in the interior
parts of the forest of Point Calimere and the mangrove forest in the extreme
western part of the Great Vedaranyam Swamp. The Short-nosed Fruit Bat
Cynopterus sphinx has also been recorded. Feral ponies and cattle frequent
the grazing lands along with Blackbuck. The Common Dolphin Delphinus
delphis is seen near the shore during the monsoon.
 THE BLACKBUCK OF POINT CALIMERE

The Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra of Point Calimere

represents one of the three isolated populations of blackbuck existing
in Tamil Nadu, with the other populations in the Guindy National
Park (Chennai) and near Satyamangalam (Erode district). The
Blackbuck of Point Calimere are unique in that males do not attain
the black colouration of adults, as in parts of central and northern
India, and remain a dark tan throughout their lives.

Locally known as Velimaan (open country deer), the blackbuck

inhabits the open stretch of grazing lands (ca. 700 ha), south and west
of the forest of Point Calimere. The population fluctuates at around
400 to 500 animals (see Natarajan 1994) and there is hardly any
possibility for further increase in numbers due to the limited habitat.
The ratio of males to females at Point Calimere is about 1:5. This
isolated population of blackbuck at Point Calimere probably survived
unmolested throughout the centuries due to the locals now declining
belief that eating its meat causes leprosy.

An intensive study was conducted on the blackbuck by the

BNHS between 1988-1991 looking into the population structure,
movements, activity pattern, feeding ecology and threats facing the
species, such as competition for forage from cattle and predation by
jackals and village dogs (Natarajan 1994).

Birds: Point Calimere is one of the major wintering grounds for many
species of migratory birds in southern India. More than 250 species of
birds, representing both waterbirds and land birds, have been recorded from
the Sanctuary. Some of the major species are the Greater Flamingo
Phoenicopterus roseus, Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus (=Phoeniconaias)
minor, the Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis, Spoon-billed
Sandpiper Calidris (=Eurynorhynchus) pygmeus, Asian Dowitcher
Limnodromus semipalmatus and White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus
leucogaster.
 The BNHS has undertaken large scale banding or ringing of birds in
Point Calimere. Bird banding was first carried out during 1969-1972, in a
project funded by the World Health Organisation, investigating the role of
migratory birds as vectors for certain tick-borne human diseases. Then,
during the course of two U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service sponsored projects,
bird banding (and other studies) continued almost uninterrupted for more
than a decade (1980-1991). A total of one lakh (1,00,000) land and
waterbirds have been ringed during these projects at Point Calimere. These
studies have generated an enormous amount of data on the avifauna of the
Sanctuary, and helped trace the migration routes of the wintering migrants
into the Indian subcontinent.

Waterbirds and Salt Works

Three industrial salt works and a number of small and large

scale edible salt works operate in the Great Vedaranyam Swamp
(GVS). Industrial salt works are heterogeneous in nature, with a
system of reservoirs (for storage and partial condensation of brine),
condensers (condensation of brine) and crystallizers (harvest pans).
Edible salt works are composed almost entirely of crystallizers,
with a well to store the brine.

The impact of salt works on waterbirds in the GVS was

investigated by the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)
during 1980-1981 (Ali 1981) and 1988-1990 (Manakadan 1992).
The findings of Manakadan’s study suggest the following: The
impacts of salt works on waterbirds are either negative or positive
depending on the species or guilds of birds, season (monsoon, early
and peak salt season), and microhabitats within salt works. The
impacts could vary depending on the location of a salt work in a
swamp, the terrain and the management practices adopted by the
salt company. Industrial salt works, with their system of reservoirs,
condensers and crystallizers, have less adverse impacts on
waterbirds than edible salt works. The latter are almost entirely
composed of crystallizers, resulting in an almost total loss of habitat
for waterbirds during the salt season. They support some bird
populations during the monsoon (off-season for salt works).
Species that are adversely affected by salt works are the ducks,
 plovers and sandpipers, while fish eating birds are generally
benefited.

The results of the study are applicable only to salt works on the
east coast of India, where the migratory season of birds coincides
with the monsoon (the off-season for salt works). The impacts of
salt works on waterbirds on the west coast is expected to be more
adverse, as the salt season there coincides with the migratory season
of birds.

Reptiles: Twenty five species of reptiles have been recorded, among them
are the Starred Tortoise Geochelone elegans, Indian Pond Terrapin
Melanochelys trijuga, Indian Chameleon Chameleon zeylanicus, Common
Indian Monitor Varanus bengalensis, Common Indian Tree Snake
Dendrelaphis tristis, Common Green Whip Snake Ahaetulla nasutus,
Indian Cobra Naja naja, Common Rat Snake Ptyas mucosus, Dumeril's
Blackheaded Snake Sibynophis subpunctatus and Saw-scaled Viper Echis
carinatus. The Olive Ridley Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea nests in the
shore near the lighthouse.

Fishes: The Great Vedaranyam Swamp is the spawning and nursing

ground for commercially important maritime prawns and fishes, such as
Penaeus indicus, P. monodon, Hilsa ilisha and Chanos chanos. Other than
these anadromous species, the fish fauna of the Swamp is mainly
represented by mullet species. The Marsh Crab Scylla serrata is a
commercially important species from the Swamp. The exotic Oreochromis
mossambicus (=Tilapia mossambica) is abundant in the reservoirs and low
salinity condensers of industrial salt works, and in inundated areas of the
Sanctuary during the monsoon. The coast of Point Calimere is an important
fish landing site for fishes and prawns from November to February.
 Flamingos - The prima donnas of the Sanctuary

Both the species of flamingoes that inhabit the Old World viz.,
the Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus and Lesser Flamingo
Phoenicopterus (=Phoeniconaias) minor inhabit the Great
Vedaranyam Swamp (GVS). The origin of flamingo species of the
GVS is uncertain. The earlier general presumption that they originate
from Kutch is belied by the recovery of Iranian and Russian ringed
Greater Flamingoes from the GVS. The Lesser Flamingo is presumed
to be of African origin since little breeding has been recorded in India.
The Greater Flamingo appears to be largely a monsoon visitor to the
GVS. The movements of Lesser Flamingo in the GVS are erratic, it is
sedentary for some months and then moves to other haunts.

Flamingoes inhabit highly alkaline and saline lakes and are

considered to be partial to saltworks. The Greater Flamingo is
attracted to reservoirs and low salinity condensers of industrial salt
works in the GVS during the monsoon, due to increase in food
supplies. The Lesser Flamingo avoids salt works all through the year.
The main reason for this difference is that the Greater Flamingo is a
generalist feeder (plant and animal) and can shift to feeding on
different species of food, where and when abundant, while the Lesser
Flamingo is a specialist feeder (blue green algae) and cannot shift to
such opportunistic feeding. For more information, see Manakadan
(1992, 1995).
 A POINT TO PONDER

The tranquil exterior of the Point Calimere Sanctuary is deceptive −

it is beset by problems. One major contributory factor is the burgeoning
human population bordering the Sanctuary, which exerts pressures on the
Sanctuary. Almost the entire firewood requirement of Kodikkarai and
Kodikkadu is being illegally obtained from the forest. Traditionally, the
tribals, called Seenthikodi Valaiyars, (who live around the forest boundary
in Kokikkadu), are allowed to collect dry twigs from the forest for their
own use. With the increasing demand for firewood, the tribals now lop
trees to supply wood to the villages. The burden increases during the
fishing season (December to February), when there is a influx of five to six
thousand fishermen from other areas. Besides firewood, there is illegal
collection of forest produce, such as fruits of Manilkara hexandra,
Zizyphus mauritiana, Carissa carandus, Syzigium cumini, Sapindus
emarginatus, rhizomes of Gloriosa superba and leaf litter for use as
manure for the tobacco crop. Illegal extraction of wood also occurs in the
mangrove forests in the Sanctuary.

The Great Vedaranyam Swamp (GVS) has a long history of salt

works. A number of domestic and industrial salt works operate in the
Swamp. There have been demands from different quarters for setting-up of
more salt works, including a huge (24,000 ha) salt complex. Though a
BNHS study (Manakadan 1992) showed that the impacts of salt works on
waterbirds depend on many factors and can be beneficial for some species,
the overall impact of a salt complex of such a magnitude will definitely
alter the ecosystem, affecting the flora and fauna of the GVS, besides
having possible repercussions on the fisheries of the coast.

The flow of freshwater from the River Cauvery is now restricted to

the monsoon period due to the presence of dams all along the river’s
course. Elderly people recall the days when the northern parts of the
Swamp had extensive reed beds, which have now been transformed into
mudflats or mangroves. The reduced freshwater flow (and the setting-up of
salt works) must have altered the water chemistry, affecting the flora and
fauna. Inflow of pollutants with the waters of the Cauvery, which traverses
nearly 850 km, as it flows across towns, agricultural areas and industrial
zones, is another cause of concern.
 The other two major problems are over-fishing and poaching.
There are no restrictions on fishing, as a result of which fishes of small size
and non-target species are also caught. Poaching of waterbirds in the GVS
is a serious problem that confronts the Forest Department. A study by the
Salim Ali Wild Wings Trust (Daniel et. al 1999) found that certain families
in the villages that border the GVS depend on bird trapping for their
livelihood.

To sum up, there are a multitude of problems that confront the

Sanctuary and the Forest Department. Solutions to some of these problems
are complex and cannot be tackled by the Forest Department alone. It will
require the cooperation of different government departments, non-
governmental organisations, social workers and environmentalists to set
things right.

STUDIES UNDERTAKEN

The Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary was identified as

an area of high significance in conservation of birds from the time the late
Dr. Salim Ali made an exploratory visit to the area in 1962. From 1980 for
nearly a decade, the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) had been
monitoring the avifauna and other wildlife (and their habitats) of the forests
of Point Calimere and the Great Vedaranyam Swamp, under two U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service sponsored projects. However, the Talaignayar
Reserve Forest, which is part of the proposed Sanctuary, has largely been
overlooked, probably since it is at some distance from Point Calimere.
Besides the BNHS, the AVC College Mayiladuthurai, which offers a
wildlife biology course, has used the Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird
Sanctuary as a field base for many postgraduate students. Students of the
Centre for Advanced Studies in Marine Biology, Parangipettai (Porto
Nova) have also undertaken a few research projects in the Great
Vedaranyam Swamp. Listed below are the publications that have appeared
on the Sanctuary.

Theses

∗ Alagarrajan, S. (1990). The ecology of Indian Ring Dove Streptopelia

decaocto decaocto (Frivaldszky) and the Indian Spotted Dove
 Streptopelia chinensis suratensis (Gmelin) at Point Calimere Wildlife
Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Bombay, Bombay.

∗ Alagarrajan, S. (1996). The avifauna of the Tropical Dry Evergreen

Forest of Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Bombay, Bombay.

∗ Ali, S.Q. (1991). Ecology and behaviour of the Grey Francolin

Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin) Class: Aves, Family: Phasianidae.
M.Sc. Thesis, University of Bombay, Bombay.

∗ Anbazhagan, P. (1988). Hydrobiology and benthic ecology of

Kodikkarai Coastal Sanctuary (southeast coast of India). Ph.D. Thesis,
Annamalai University, Parangipettai.

∗ Asokan, R. (1989). Field studies on the dung beetle (Scarabaeus

gangeticus) with special reference to diurnal activities in Point Calimere
Wildlife Sanctuary. M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Ayyadurai, M. (1984). A preliminary survey of helminthic infection in

the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) of Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. M.Sc.
Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Balamurugan, T. (1998). Study on habit-habitat analysis of some

selected migratory birds at Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary.
M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1982). Study of the flora of Vedharanyam

Reserve Forest. M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1990). Plant-animal interrelations at Point

Calimere Sanctuary. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bombay, Bombay.

∗ Baskar, N. (1986). A study on the feeding habits of Herring Gulls

(Larus brunnicephalus) and Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus) with
special emphasis on their role as natural cleaning agencies of fishery
 wastes at Point Calimere. M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Bharathidasan, V. (1983). Studies of the population dynamics and

behaviour of Blackbuck of Vedharanyam Reserve Forest. M.Sc.
Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Gnanaprakasam, M. (1983). Distribution of litter fauna in relation to

moisture in the Vedaranyam Reserve Forest. M.Sc. Dissertation,
Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Jayakumar, S. (1987). Feeding ecology of wintering Brahminy Kite

(Haliastur indus) near Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. M.Sc.
Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Jayaraman, V. (1982). Food of Anurans at Kodikkarai area. M.Sc.

Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Kalaiarasan, V. (1986). The comparative study of water requirements of

Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra and Cheetal (Axis axis). M.Sc.
Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Kamaraj, G. (1992). Status and ecology of gulls wintering at Point

Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan
University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Manakadan, R. (1992). Ecology of waterbirds of Point Calimere

Sanctuary with special reference to impact of salt works. Ph. D. Thesis,
University of Bombay, Bombay.

∗ Mathivanan, L (1984). Studies on the seasonal variation in the ortho-

dihydroxy phenol, total phenol, potassium and dry weight in the leaves
of Mono Dub to leaf spot fungal infection in Vedharanyam Reserve
Forest. M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Muralidharan, S. (1985). Foraging ecology of Blackbuck (Antilope

cervicapra), and its interaction with cattle at Point Calimere. M.Sc.
Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.
∗ Natarajan, S. (1983). Studies on the primary productivity of selected
plants in Vedharanyam Reserve Forest. M.Sc. Dissertation,
Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Natarajan, V. (1982). Parasites infecting insects of Kodikkarai and

Vedharanyam. M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Natarajan, V. (1990). The ecology of the Southern Crow-pheasant

Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann (Aves: Cuculidae) at Point
Calimere, Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bombay, Bombay.

∗ Nedumaran, R. (1987). Dietary overlap between Blackbuck and cattle

at Point Calimere Sanctuary. M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan
University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Nedumaran, R. (1987). Influence of cattle grazing on the food and

feeding habits of Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) at Point Calimere
Wildlife Sanctuary. M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Neelamegam, R. (1984). Studies on the seasonal variations in the

nitrogenous compounds, phosphorus, and dry weight in the leaves of
selected plants, Glycosmis cochinchinensis, Memecylon umbellatum,
Pongamia glabra and Manilkara hexandra due to leaf spot fungal
infection in Vedharanyam Reserve Forest. M.Sc. Dissertation,
Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Rajamani, R. (1982). Bionomics of the larvae of aquatic ecosystems of

Vedharanyam Reserve Forest. M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan
University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Rajasekaran, G. (1988). Food habits of Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)

of Point Calimere Sanctuary. M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan
University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Rajendran, T. (1985). Studies on the primary productivity in the grass

field of Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. M.Sc. Dissertation,
Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.
∗ Ravi, N. (1985). Habitat preference in comparison with the food
availability of Curlew-Sandpiper (Calidris testacea) at Point Calimere.
M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Sakthivel, R. (1992). Habitat utilization and time activity budget of

egrets and herons at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. M.Sc.
Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Sampath, K. (1982). Amphibian parasites of Kodikkarai area. M.Sc.

Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Sampath, K. (1989). Studies on the ecology of shorebirds (Aves:

Charadriiformes) of the Great Vedaranyam Swamp and the Pichavaram
mangroves of India. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, Parangipettai.

∗ Sankar, K. (1987). Habitat utilization of some wintering shorebirds in

Point Calimere Sanctuary. M.Phil. Dissertation, Bharathidasan
University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Selvam, V. (1991). Environmental concerns of the hydrobiology of the

Muthupet mangrove ecosystem, Tamil Nadu, India. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Madras, Madras.

∗ Singaravelan, G. (1985). Studies on the ectoparasites of migratory and

non-migratory birds of Point Calimere Bird Sanctuary. M.Sc.
Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Sridharan, J. (1982). Systematics and distribution of mycoflora of

Vedharanyam Reserve Forest. M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan
University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Sridharan, U. (1982). Systematics of the insects of Vedharanyam

Reserve Forest. M.Sc. Dissertation, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Veerasamy, T. (1983). Studies on the seasonal variation in the

decomposition of sugar, starch, chlorophyll, and organic carbon in
selected plants Memecylon umbellatum, Manilkara hexandra, Cassia
 emarginata of Vedharanyam Reserve Forest. M.Sc. Dissertation,
Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Venkatesan, S. (1983). Distribution of litter fauna in relation to

temperature in the Vedharanyam Reserve Forest. M.Sc. Dissertation,
Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.

∗ Vijayan, V.S. (1975). Ecological isolation of bulbuls (Family

Pycnonotidae, Class Aves) with special reference to Pycnonotus cafer
cafer (Linn.) and P. luteolus luteolus (Lesson) at Point Calimere,
Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bombay, Bombay.

Papers, Reports and Articles

∗ Abdulali, H. (1985). Comments on “Some aspects of the avifauna of the

Point Calimere Sanctuary, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu by R.
Sugathan”. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 79(3): 567-575, (1983). J.
Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 82(1): 209-210.

∗ Alagarrajan, S. (1992). Unusual foraging site of Goldenbacked

Woodpecker Dinopium benghalense. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 89(3):
374.

∗ Alagarrajan, S. (1994). Impact of forest degradation on the avifauna at

Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, pp. 51-69. In: Daniel, J.C. & Y.N.
Rao (Eds.) Ecology of Point Calimere Sanctuary (An Endangered
Ecosystem). Final Report 1988-1991. Bombay Natural History Society,
Bombay.

∗ Alagarrajan, S. & P. Balasubramanian (1989). Tool using behaviour in

Indian House Crow Corvus splendens. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 86(3):
450.

∗ Alagarrajan, S., S. Balachandran & P. Balasubramanian (1987).

Unusual nest site of a Threestriped Palm Squirrel Funambulus
palmarum at Point Calimere. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 84(2): 426.
∗ Alagarrajan, S., P. Balasubramanian & V. Natarajan (1992). Eastern
Steppe Eagle Aquila rapax nipalensis Hodgson killing mobbing
Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary,
Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 89(2): 247.

∗ Ali, S. (1963). Point Calimere as a refuge for wintering shorebirds. J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 60(2): 458-460.

∗ Ali, S. (1981). Ecological reconnaissance of the Vedaranyam Swamp,

Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu. Bombay Natural History Society,
Bombay.

∗ Ambedkar, V. C. (1983). Occurrence of the Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata)

at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 80(1): 215.

∗ Anon. (1992). Synopsis of thesis “The ecological isolation of bulbuls

with special reference to Pycnonotus cafer cafer and P. luteolus luteolus
at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu, by V. S. Vijayan”. Newsletter for
Birdwatchers 32(3 & 4): 8-9.

∗ Anon. (1998). Bird Migration Studies in India (1980-1992). Final

Report. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai.

∗ Ayyadurai, M., V. Natarajan, P. Balasubramanian & S. Alagarrajan

(1987). A note on the food of the Small Indian Civet (Viverricula
indica) at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay
nat. Hist. Soc. 84(1): 203.

∗ Balachandran, S. (1988). Some observations on unusual feeding

behaviour of Whitebreasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus). J.
Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 85(3): 615-616.

∗ Balachandran, S. (1994). Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochrurus and

Southern Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus - New bird records
to Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist.
Soc. 91(2): 322.
∗ Balachandran, S. (1995). Comments on “The Occurrence of Black Tern
Chlidonias niger at Point Calimere by Vivek Menon”. J. Bombay nat.
Hist. Soc. 91(3): 453-454.

∗ Balachandran, S. & S. Alagarrajan (1994). Philippine Shrike Lanius

cristatus lucionensis, a regular winter visitor to south India. J. Bombay
nat. Hist. Soc. 91(1): 143-144.

∗ Balachandran, S., S. Alagarrajan, P. Balasubramanian, V. Natarajan &

S.Q. Ali (1986). Some storm-blown pelagic birds in Point Calimere. J.
Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 83(2): 436-438.

∗ Balachandran, S. & S.A. Hussain (1994). Longest longevity record for

the Lesser Sandplover Charadrius mongolus Pallas. J. Bombay nat.
Hist. Soc. 91(1): 140-141.

∗ Balachandran, S. & V. Natarajan (1992). Possible occurrence of four

subspecies of Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus at Point
Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.
89(1): 118-119.

∗ Balachandran, S. & V. Natarajan (1992). Unusual behaviour or an

adaptation against predator in Terek Sandpiper Tringa terek. J. Bombay
nat. Hist. Soc. 89(3): 373.

∗ Balachandran, S. & V. Natarajan (1997). Biometrics, moult, age

structure and subspecies of Broadbilled Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus
wintering at Great Vedaranyam Swamp in south-east India. Stilt 31: 23-
25.

∗ Balachandran, S. & V. Natarajan (1998). Moult, age structure,

biometrics and subspecies of Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus
wintering along the south-east coast of India. Stilt 33: 3-9.

∗ Balachandran, S., L. Rosalind & S. Alagarrajan (1992). Range extension

of the Rubythroat Erithacus calliope. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 89(1):
126.
∗ Balachandran, S. & L. Rosalind (1992). Occurrence of the Southern
Ashy Wren Warbler Prinia socialis at the Point Calimere Wildlife
Sanctuary. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 89(3): 377.

∗ Balachandran, S. & R. Sakthivel (1994). Site-fidelity to the unusual

nesting site of Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.
91(1): 139.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1988). Shortnosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus sphinx

Vahl.) feeding on the leaves of Cassia fistula at Point Calimere
Sanctuary. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 85(1): 183.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1988). A note on Roseringed Parakeet Psittacula

krameri feeding on the leaves of Salvadora persica in the Point
Calimere Wildlfe Sanctuary. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 86(1): 103.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1989). Nectar feeding by Threestriped Palm

Squirrel Funambulus palmarum at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary,
Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 86(3): 437.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1989). On the dispersal of Wild Lime Atalantia

monophylla (L.) Corr. Serr. (Rutaceae) seeds by Shortnosed Fruit Bat
Cynopterus sphinx Vahl in Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, south
India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 86(3): 482-483.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1990). Behaviour of Southern Spotted Owlet

Athene brama brama (Temminck) and Jungle Crow Corvus
macrorhynchos at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist.
Soc. 87(1): 145.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1990). Seed dispersal of Cassytha filiformis at

Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 87(3): 472.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1990). Feeding association between Jackal Canis

aureus (Linnaeus) and two species of egrets at Point Calimere Wildlife
Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 87 (1): 138-139.
∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1990). Jatropha gossypifolia L. and Jatropha
curcus L. New host plants for the Long-horned Beetle Sthenias grisator
Fb. (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera). J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 87(1):
165-166.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1990). Indian House Crow Corvus splendens

preying upon Pied Ground Thrush Zoothera wardii at Point Calimere,
Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 87(2): 301-302.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1991). Excoecaria agallocha L. – An additional

host to the Long-horned Beetle Sthenias grisator Fb. (Cerambycidae:
Coleoptera) from Point Calimere Sanctuary. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.
88(2): 299-300.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1991). Bulbuls feeding on the pulp of Cassia

fistula pod in Point Calimere Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat.
Hist. Soc. 88(3): 456.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1992). A note on Southern Goldenbacked

Woodpecker Dinopium benghalense feeding on the nectar of Banana
tree Musa paradisiaca. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 89(2): 254.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1992). Food plants of Blister Beetle Mylabris

pustulata Thunb. (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) from Point Calimere
Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 89(2): 262-
263.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1992). A note on the food items of Common

Madras Snail, Cryptozona bistrialis from Point Calimere Wildlife
Sanctuary. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 89(2): 267.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1993). Food plants of Roseringed Parakeet

Psittacula krameri in Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. Indian J.
Forestry 16(3): 282-284.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1994). Floristic studies of Great Vedaranyam

Swamp, pp. 7-16. In: J.C. Daniel & Y.N. Rao (Eds.) Ecology of Point
Calimere Sanctuary (An Endangered Ecosystem). Final Report (1988-
1991). Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay.
∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1995). Animal activity and seed dispersal of
Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard. Indian J. Forestry 18(3): 201-
204.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. (1996). Interactions between fruit-eating birds and

bird-dispersed plants in the Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Point
Calimere, south India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 93(3): 428-441.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. & P.V. Bole (1993). Seed dispersal by mammals

at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat.
Hist. Soc. 90(1): 33-44.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. & P.V. Bole. (1993). Fruiting phenology and

seasonality in the Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Point Calimere
Wildlife Sanctuary, India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 90(2): 164-177.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. & V. Karunanidhi (1988). On the occurrence of

Holcolemma canaliculatum Stapf et Hubbard, Nees ex Stued, a rare
grass to south India at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. J. Bombay
nat. Hist. Soc. 85(1): 244-245.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. & Y.N. Rao (1993). Phytosociological analysis of

wetland vegetation in Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. Indian J.
Forestry 16(2): 144-150.

∗ Balasubramanian, P. & R. Sugathan (1986). Some notes on the

distribution, nature of hosts and symptoms of flowering parasite
Dendrophthoe falcata (L.F.) Ettingsh at Point Calimere Wildlife
Sanctuary. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 83(2): 461-463.

∗ Blasco, F. (1975). The Mangroves of India. Institute Francais de

Pondicherry, Pondicherry.

∗ Blasco, F. & P. Legris (1973). Dry Evergreen Forest of Point Calimere

and Marakanam. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 70(2): 279-294.

∗ Daniel, J. C. (1967). The Point Calimere Sanctuary, Madras State.

(May 1967). J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 64(3): 512-523.
∗ Daniel, J.C. (1975). Bird migration studies in India: The migrant
waders of the family Charadriidae. J. Mar. biol. Ass. India 17: 10-205.

∗ Daniel, J.C. (1985). India’s Wetland Resources, pp: 39-42. In:

Conserving Asia’s Natural Heritage (Ed. J. Thorsell). IUCN,
Switzerland.

∗ Daniel, J.C., S. Balachandran & S. Alagarrajan (1999). Community

participation in conservation of the waterbirds of Vedaranyam Swamp.
A case study on the bird trappers. Salim Ali Wild Wings Trust,
Mumbai.

∗ Daniel, J.C. & Y.N. Rao (1994). Ecology of Point Calimere Sanctuary
(An Endangered Ecosystem). Final Report: 1988-1991. Bombay
Natural History Society, Bombay.

∗ Hussain, S.A. & S. Balachandran (1993). Recovery of Russian ringed

Grey Plover Charadrius squatarola at Point Calimere. J. Bombay nat.
Hist. Soc. 90(3): 508.

∗ Hussain, S.A., R. Sugathan & P. Balasubramanian (1984). Some

aspects of the Point Calimere vegetation and phenology of the Tropical
Dry Evergreen Forest in Point Calimere Sanctuary. Technical Report
No. 1. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay.

∗ Hussain, S.A., R. Sugathan & R. Pandian (1985). Importance of

Vedaranyam Swamp as a major ecological entity in the south-east coast
of India. Proc: Symposium on Endangered Marine Animals and Marine
Parks. Paper No. 38. Cochin 12-16 January 1985.

∗ Hussainy, H.S.H. & J. Azariah (1985). Point Calimere Marine Park:

Conservation and management priorities. Proc: Symposium on
Endangered Marine Animals and Marine Parks. Paper No. 39. Marine
Biological Association of India, Cochin, India.

∗ Jamdar, N. (1987). Additions to the birds of Point Calimere, south

India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 84(1): 206.
∗ Johnson, J.M. (1975). The Blackbuck in Point Calimere Sanctuary,
Tamil Nadu. Population dynamics and observations on behaviour.
Indian Forester 101: 484-494.

∗ Harrap, S. C. & N.J. Redman (1989). Some observations of scarce

birds in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 86(3): 460-
461.

∗ Kazmierczak, K.J., S. Balachandran & L. Rosalind (1992). Occurrence

of Caspian Plover Charadrius asiaticus at Point Calimere, south India.
J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 89(3): 373.

∗ Krishnan, M. (1972). An ecological survey of the larger mammals of

Peninsular India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 75 (Suppl.): 1143-1152.

∗ Krishna Raju, K.S.R. & P.B. Shekar (1971). Some interesting bird
records from Point Calimere. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 68(2): 457-459.

∗ Krishna Raju, K.S.R., P.B. Shekar & P.J. Selvin (1972). Movement of
Blyth’s Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus dumetorum) through Point
Calimere. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 69(1): 186.

∗ McClure, H.E. (1974). Migration and survival of the birds of Asia U.S.
Army Medical Component, SEATO Medical Project, Bangkok,
Thailand.

∗ Manakadan, R. (1991). Greenshank Tringa nebularia feeding on large

fish. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 88(3): 451-452.

∗ Manakadan, R. (1991). A flock of one-legged Greenshanks Tringa

nebularia. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 88(3): 452.

∗ Manakadan, R. (1993). The White Stork Ciconia ciconia - A new record

for the Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.
90(2): 295.

∗ Manakadan, R. (1993). The Common Toad Bufo melanostictus and the

Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor feeding on swarming termites. J.
Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 90(3): 522.
∗ Manakadan, R. (1995). Impact of salt works on the status, population of
the Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber roseus and the Lesser
Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor in the Great Vedaranyam Swamp. J.
Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 92(3): 364-371.

∗ Manakadan, R. (1994). Impact of salt works on waterbirds and their

habitats in the Great Vedaranyam Swamp, pp. 95-131. In: Daniel, J.C.
& Y.N. Rao (Eds.). Ecology of Point Calimere Sanctuary (An
Endangered Ecosystem). Final Report (1988-1991). Bombay Natural
History Society, Bombay.

∗ Manakadan, R. & V. Natarajan (1992). Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus

(Boddaert) preying on bats. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 89(3): 367.

∗ Melville, D.S. (1995). Notes on primary moult in the Rednecked

Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus (Linn.). J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 92(2):
263-265.

∗ Morrison, D., L. Rosalind & S. Balachandran (1992). Unusual nesting

site of Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 89(1):
126.

∗ Nair, S.S. (1976). A population survey and observations on the

behaviour of the Blackbuck in the Point Calimere Sanctuary, Tamil
Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 73: 304-310.

∗ Natarajan, V. (1992). Wintering waterbirds at Point Calimere, Tamil

Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 89(2): 316-320.

∗ Natarajan, V. (1992). Food storing behaviour of the Jungle Crow

Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 89(3): 375.

∗ Natarajan, V. (1993). Awakening, roosting and vocalisation behaviour

of the Southern Crow-pheasant at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu, pp. 158-
160. Proc: Bird Conservation, Strategies for the 90s & Beyond..
Ornithological Society of India, Bangalore.
∗ Natarajan, V. (1993). Food and feeding habits of the Southern Crow-
pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann (Aves: Cuculidae) at Pt.
Calimere, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 90 (1): 11-16.

∗ Natarajan, V. (1993). Time budgeting by the Southern Crow-pheasant

Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann (Aves: Cuculidae) at Pt.
Calimere, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 90(1): 92-95.

∗ Natarajan, V. (1994). “Biology of the Blackbuck”, pp. 70-94. In:

Daniel, J.C. & Y.N. Rao (Eds.) Ecology of Point Calimere Wildlife and
Bird Sanctuary (An Endangered Ecosystem). Final Report (1988-1991).
Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay.

∗ Natarajan, V & S. Alagarrajan (1991). Range extension of the

Dumeril's Blackheaded Snake Sibynophis subpunctatus (Dum. &
Bibr.). J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 88(1): 123.

∗ Natarajan, V. & P. Balasubramanian (1988). Additional notes on the

prey items of Green Whip Snake from Point Calimere Sanctuary, Tamil
Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 85(2): 438-439.

∗ Natarajan, V. & S. Balachandran (1990). Marsh Crocodile Crocodylus

palustris (Lesson) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist.
Soc. 87(2): 307-308.

∗ Natarajan, V. & P. Balasubramanian (1990). Additional notes on the

occurrence of Black Tern Chlidonias niger (Linn.) in India. J. Bombay
nat. Hist. Soc. 87(3): 451-452.

∗ Natarajan, V. & P. Balasubramanian (1990). Occurrence of Hair-

crested Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus (Linnaeus) in Point Calimere,
Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 87(1): 147.

∗ Natarajan, V. & P. Balasuramanian (1992). Dew-bathing by

Purplerumped Sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.
89(3): 377.
∗ Natarajan, V., P. Balasubramanian, S. Alagarrajan & R. Manakadan
(1990). Further additions to the avifauna of Point Calimere. J. Bombay
nat. Hist. Soc. 87(3): 457.

∗ Natarajan, V., P. Balasubramanian, Y.N. Rao & S. Alagarrajan (1992).

Crows feeding on the seeds of Albizia lebbeck and the exotic Acacia
melanoxylon. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 89(3): 375.

∗ Natarajan, K.N., T.S.P.S. Raj & C.K. Shah (1978). Blackbuck (Antilope
cervicapra) at Point Calimere. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 75(1): 209-
211.

∗ Natarajan, V., R. Sugathan, & S.A. Hussain (1984). Prosopis juliflora -

Profile of an exotic in the Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Point
Calimere. Technical Report No. 5, Bombay Natural History Society,
Bombay.

∗ Perennou, C. & V. Santharam (1990). An ornithological survey of

some wetlands in south-east India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 87(3): 354-
363.

∗ Rao, Y.N. & P. Balasubramanian (1994). Vegetation Ecology of the

Point Calimere Sanctuary, pp. 17-50. In: Daniel, J.C. & Y.N. Rao (Eds.)
Ecology of Point Calimere Sanctuary (An Endangered Ecosystem).
Final Report 1988-1991. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay.

∗ Rosalind, L. (1991). A Point to Ponder. Hornbill (1): 2-7.

∗ Sampath, K. (1991). Food habits of shorebirds from the Great

Vedaranyam Salt Swamp of Tamil Nadu, India. Stilt 19: 50-52.

∗ Sampath, K. & K. Krishnamurthy (1989). Shorebirds of the salt ponds at

Great Vedaranyam Salt Swamp. Stilt 15: 20-23.

∗ Sebastine, K.M. & J.L. Ellis (1967). A contribution to the vascular

flora of Vedaranyam and Talaignayar Reserve Forests, Tanjore District,
Madras State. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: 190-200.
∗ Spillett, J.J. (1968). A report on wildlife surveys in south and west
India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 65(3): 633-663.

∗ Stracy, P.D. (1960). The Blackbuck of Point Calimere. Cheetal 3: 67-

69.

∗ Sugathan, R. (1982). Some interesting aspects of the avifauna of the

Point Calimere Sanctuary, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay
nat. Hist. Soc. 79(3): 567-575.

∗ Sugathan, R. (1985). Observations on Spoonbilled Sandpiper

(Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus) in its wintering ground at Point Calimere,
Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 82(2): 407-
408.

∗ Sugathan, R. & S. Alagarrajan (1988). Notes on feeding behaviour of

Amaurornis phoenicurus at Point Calimere. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.
85(1): 191.

∗ Sugathan, R., D.S. Melville, & S. Alagarrajan (1987). Further additions

to the avifauna of Point Calimere. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 84(1): 206-
207.

∗ Tissot, C. (1987). Recent evolution of mangrove vegetation in the

Cauvery delta: A palynological study. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India 29: 16-
22.

∗ Varatharaj, P. (1988). Management Plan for Point Calimere Wildlife

and Bird Sanctuary (1988-1994). Tamil Nadu Forest Department,
Madras.