Section 4, foreign policy

Bangladesh
Bitterness bc of the loss
Zulfiqar ali bhutto felt greatly ab this
Called it the great tragedy
Refused to recognize
Bangladesh na manzur
Bhuttos govt threatened to break diplomatic relations w anyone recognizing bangladesh
Britain recognized; pak left commonwealth and SEATO
1972, simla accord
Pak accepted its post war situation
India drew back its troops
Did not formally recognised bangladesh
Islamic summit, 1974
Sheikh mujib was invited and he attended
Significant occasion
Sense of pride for pak
Hoisting a huge event
Private meeting w mujib
Bhutto recognized them
In return, few remaining pakistani prisoners were to be returned
1974, june
Bhutto visited bangladesh
Mujib raised q of assets
Claimed that they were half of the country, so they deserve half the assets
Wanted bhutto to take all the BIHARS back bc they were non bengalis
Bhutto rejected demand
It was absurd and unreasonable
No decision ab this yet
Bihars are still in bangladesh, camping
Mujib assassinated in 1975
1976, ambassadors were exchanged
Important step towards normalizing relations
Easier to reach agreements now
Work tg on several issues
Tourism, culture, trade etc
1986, trade value boosted to $40 mil per year

India
Since independence
Very poor
India deeply resented partition
Pakistan feared indias intentions
Question of kashmir dominated the problems
Bw 1947 and 1971, three wars bw them took place
Three imp issues
Religious minorities
Minorities agreement in 1950
Lak and jawahrlal nehru
Agreed to protect minorities
Encourage them to stay where they are
Instead of ending up as refugees
Resources
Difficulty in sorting out assets
Disagreement and resentment
Pakistan felt cheated on
Important military equipment was robbed
The canal water dispute
Damaging arguments
Mutual mistrust
Kashmir
Single most imp reason for tension
Pak determined: 4 mil kashmiri muslims belonged to pak

1947 war
India rushed troops to aid hindu ruler in kashmir
Hari singh
Under threat from muslim majority
Kasmiri muslims and indian troops captured as much land as they could
1948, pakistan joined
Realized they couldnt end e/o
Ceasefire agreed on by UN
1st january 1949
1965
India went to war w china over border dispute
Indian pm was forced to talk it out w pak
Talks failed
Pak frustrated at lack of progress
Only force could drive a solution
Involvement of india w war w china encouraged them
Thought they had chinas joint support
Operation grand slam was launched
Against indian forced in kashmir
Indians retaliated and crossed LOC
Moved towards lahore, said theyll drink chai in lahore
UN brought up a ceasefire again
1966, talks organised by ussr in tashkent
Agreed that the issue of kashmir will be settled by negotiations
War had been a waste
Pakistan made no apology
Bhutto thought pakis were right in their place
People killed were considered martyrs to the cause of freedom
1971 war
India became actively involved
Pakistan was weak
Disunity
Mukti bahini
India supplied weapons and trained them
Angered, pakistan hit a few suprise attacks on indian air force
India invaded e.pak and captured lots of territory
Made its way to dhaka, the capital
Heavy fighting along kashmir ceasefire line
Pak forced to give up
Agreed on a ceasefire
Surrender of east pakistan
Yahya khan resigned, replaced by bhutto

After 1971
India clearly had much stronger military
1974, alarmed when india blew a nuclear device
Pakistan intiated its own nuclear programme
Critisicm internationally
Bhutto gave order to develop
Very expensive for pakistan, but v imp too
Even if we have to eat grass
Own nuclear arm race
Ussr invasion in afghanistan, 1979
India refused to condemn russians
Pak w usa support was helping afghans
1970s and 1980s, sikh uprising in india, punjab
Campaign for separate homeland
Strong and violent
Indians convinced that pakistan provoked them
Indian PM indra gandhi was assasinated by a sikh
Pakistanis were shocked
General zia declared national mourning day
Rajiv gandhi said pakistan was indirectly responsible for this
For stirring up the sikhs

Siachen glacier
1977, indian colonel
Narinder kumar
Led team of climbers
In 1981 he returned and walked the length of glacier
Pakis realised indians had been there when a patrol found box of indian cigarettes
Pak wanted to defend its interests b4 india did smth
This part of kashmir was never properly bordered
Pakis found 300 indian soldiers
The siachen was of great importance now
Several attempts to drive out forces of india
1987, pervez musharraf, led assault to gain control
In aug 1989, benazir bhutto visited the remote glacier
Highlighted pakistan’s determination
Constant shootings till this day
Death tolls at siachen glacier is a military secret
Military experts say for both countries its 3000-5000 people
Temp drops below -55C
Lack of oxygen
Nine meetings bw pak n india, failed to reach agreement on siachen

Cricket diplomacy
War nearly broke out in 1987
Indian military carried out massive military exercise
Rajastan desert
Not far from pak border
Zia ul haq flew to india
To watch a pak india match w rajiv gandhi
Threatened him and told him to draw back troops
Pakistan won the match

AFGHANISTAN
Pakistan expected a friendly neighbour
Border dispute
Great difficulties
Afghanistan was the only vote against pakistan joining UN
1947, dispute over NWFP
Majority of people were pathan tribes
Worlds largest tribal society
Extreme independent people
Gave british a hard time in 19th cen
Referendum, people voted to stay in pak
Some people wanted a 3rd option for an independent country, pakhtunistan
British did not allow this option
Afghans sided w the pashtuns
Claimed that nwfp was captured from them 200 years ago
Border known as durand line
Ran thru pathan territory
Leader of separatist movement
Abdul ghaffar khan
Called on a boycott of the referendum
Socient union had joined afghanistan
Russians found it a good opportunity to spread influence
Afgh is landlocked
Needs transit route for its goods
Pakistan offered afghans a route thru pak
In return, expected afghanistan to drop demand of pakhtunistan
Afghan refused and signed agreement w ussr for their transit route
Disappointing for pakis
1950s, situation worsened
Afghanistan encouraged anti pakistan movement
A mob of afghans 1955
Attacked paki embassy in kabul
Pakistan broke off diplomatic relations
For 5 months, border closed

1956, president iskander mirza went for state visit

Attempt to improve relations
Success limited
Relations worsened
Ussr and india supported their demand
1961, afghan soldiers broke into nwfp
Paki soldiers drove them back
Intervention of us president kennedy couldnt stop this
Efforts of shah of iran, diplomatic relations continued
Afghanistan continued to promote pakhtunistan separatisst movement
Remained neutral in 1965 war

Bhuttod govt
Bhutto keen to promote good relations
3 weeks after taking office, bhutto visited kabul
Afghan monarchy was overthrown
Replaced by republic
Bhutto worked hard to befriend the new govt
Mohammed daud
Improved
Allowed afghan aircraft to fly over pakistan
Allowed afghan trucks to pass thru pak on the way to india
Zia
Alliance bw 2 countries
Daud was killed
Replaced by communist
Clash of ideas
Rebellion inside afghanistan
Ussr interfered
Muslims organized an organisation, mujahideen
Using pakistan as main base
Supplied afghanistan w weapons
Military intelligence provided afghans w information and advice
Pak became soviet unions target too
Border villages were bombed
Explosions
Ussr troops withdrew
Pakistan left w millions of refugees

IRAN
Strong links
Neighbours
Urdu language close to persian
Border fixed by british over 100 years ago
Early dispute
Ownership of qila sufaid
Solved quickly
1960, agreement on border reached
Iran gave up 95 miles of territory to pakistan
Town of zahidan given to iran
Good relations
Promoted pakistan’s interests
Defence n trade

Baghdad pact
Joint defence agreement
Iran iraq turkey
Deter any sovient expansions in middle east
After iran quit, turned into CENTO
central asia treaty organisation
Promoted by usa, though they didnt join
Pakistan disappointed that cento didnt have its own military command
Gave pakistan no protection against india (cento)
Disbanded in 1979
Overthrow of shah of iran’s govt
Regional cooperation for development RCD
1964, islamabad
Ayub khan’s suggestion
Join iran and turkey w this pact
Supplement to cento
Strengthen economic technical educational social etc stuff
Rcd was most successful
1979, rcd had come to an end
Zia ul haq revived it in 1985
1990, organisation renamed to Economic Organisation Cooperation ECO
Newly independent muslim countries also joined

During 1965 war, iran was quick to support pakistan

Offered military assistance
1973, helped pak tackle the problem
Shah of iran depended much on usa’s support
Usa applied pressure, iran dropped its offer for help
1979, shah of iran overthrown
Replaced by strongly anti american govt
Pak was one of the first countries to accept this new govt
Iran was suspicious of pak, previous close relations w shah of iran
Critical of pakistan for accepting large amounts of aid from usa
During iran iraq war, difficult to reach any close relation

CHINA
China engaged in civil war during independance
1949, communist peoples republic came into being
Support from india to china discouraged pak
Was an imp neighbour, on the border of kashmir
Alr had problems w afgh n india
Couldnt afford problems w any other neighbour
Gave a diplomatic relation recognition
Usa bitterly opposed this
Early 1950s- friendly attitude
1952- voted to have china in the UN
1953- objected to the blockading of chinese coast by usa, hindered paki trade
Followed pro american policy, relation w china cooled
Trade w china flourished
Pak said they had no ill will
1959- pak voted against china’s admission in un, condemned military action in tibet
1950s- border hadnt been decided
Chinese maps showed pak territory as china
1959- ayub khan insisted they be resolved/settled
Negotiations proceeded smoothly
Voted in support of china in UN
Relations were improving
Trade was growing
1960s- china bought more n more raw cotton from pak
1962- sino-india war
Pakistan adopted policy of friendship w chinese people
Support from china for kashmir
Britain refused landing of PIA in britain colony HONG KONG
Air agreement, china allowed them
America suspended 4.3$ million aid
China gave a $60 mil, interest free loan
For import of machinery
Repay loan over long period w raw cotton
Increased number of visits
Journalists, athletes, scientists
1964- chinese PM made 8 day visit to pakistan
Supported pakistan’s proposal for a referendum for kashmir
Ayub khan sought good relations but didnt want to offend USA

Full support during 1965 war

Military support + aircraft
Chinese weapons were out of date
China threatened india, remove various border posts
Mobilized troops along the borders
India agreed and withdrew troops
Bc of chinese support, pakistan got a better ceasefire deal
Ussr agreed to support india if china ever helped pak
Ruled out support for 1971 war
Economic aid, loans for 1965 were written off
Opening of karakoram highway
First road link bw the 2 countries
Highway opened up areas and easier access
Signed a cooperation treaty
Concerning civil use of nuclear power

TURKEY AND MIDDLE EAST

Quaid e azam’s foreign policy
Common position on int issues
Unity must be present
MAJ sent senior colleague to visit 5 muslim countries
1949- pak hosted world muslim conference in karachi
Attended by delegates from all muslim countries
In spite of speeches, few actual decisions were made
Accused pakistan of assuming leadership
Saudi arab and egypt opposed pakistan for signing baghdad pact
1956- failure of pakistan to support egypt for suez crisis angered many muslims
Egypts president naseer refused to accept pak troops as a part of a UN force
Pak’s close relations w usa was werid to everyone
Bc usa was the sole reason for the existence n survival of israel
1948- quaid e azam brought the palestine issue to notice
Pakistanis have clearly supported palestine
Israel attacked al aqsa mosque
1969- summit of muslims held in morocco
Pakistan suggested setting up an organisation
OIC, organisation of islamic conferenc3e